Pilgrimage to Northern Poland & Lithuania
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The Oder-Neisse Line As Poland's Western Border
Piotr Eberhardt Piotr Eberhardt 2015 88 1 77 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/ GPol.0007 April 2014 September 2014 Geographia Polonica 2015, Volume 88, Issue 1, pp. 77-105 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0007 INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES www.igipz.pan.pl www.geographiapolonica.pl THE ODER-NEISSE LINE AS POLAND’S WESTERN BORDER: AS POSTULATED AND MADE A REALITY Piotr Eberhardt Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw: Poland e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article presents the historical and political conditioning leading to the establishment of the contemporary Polish-German border along the ‘Oder-Neisse Line’ (formed by the rivers known in Poland as the Odra and Nysa Łużycka). It is recalled how – at the moment a Polish state first came into being in the 10th century – its western border also followed a course more or less coinciding with these same two rivers. In subsequent cen- turies, the political limits of the Polish and German spheres of influence shifted markedly to the east. However, as a result of the drastic reverse suffered by Nazi Germany, the western border of Poland was re-set at the Oder-Neisse Line. Consideration is given to both the causes and consequences of this far-reaching geopolitical decision taken at the Potsdam Conference by the victorious Three Powers of the USSR, UK and USA. Key words Oder-Neisse Line • western border of Poland • Potsdam Conference • international boundaries Introduction districts – one for each successor – brought the loss, at first periodically and then irrevo- At the end of the 10th century, the Western cably, of the whole of Silesia and of Western border of Poland coincided approximately Pomerania. -
GDANSK EN.Pdf
Table of Contents 4 24 hours in Gdańsk 6 An alternative 24 hours in Gdańsk 9 The history of Gdańsk 11 Solidarity 13 Culture 15 Festivals and the most important cultural events 21 Amber 24 Gdańsk cuisine 26 Family Gdańsk 28 Shopping 30 Gdańsk by bike 32 The Art Route 35 The High Route 37 The Solidarity Route 40 The Seaside Route (cycling route) 42 The History Route 47 Young People’s Route (cycling route) 49 The Nature Route 24 hours in Gdańsk 900 Go sunbathing in Brzeźno There aren’t many cities in the world that can proudly boast such beautiful sandy beaches as Gdańsk. It’s worth coming here even if only for a while to bask in the sunlight and breathe in the precious iodine from the sea breeze. The beach is surrounded by many fish restaurants, with a long wooden pier stretching out into the sea. It is ideal for walking. 1200 Set your watch at the Lighthouse in Nowy Port The Time Sphere is lowered from the mast at the top of the historic brick lighthouse at 12:00, 14:00, 16:00 and 18:00 sharp. It used to serve ship masters to regulate their navigation instruments. Today it’s just a tourist attraction, but it’s well worth visiting; what is more, the open gallery at the top provides a splendid view of the mouth of the River Vistula and Westerplatte. 1300 Take a ride on the F5 water tram to Westerplatte and Wisłoujście Fortress Nowy Port and the environs of the old mouth of the Vistula at the Bay of Gdańsk have many attractions. -
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania
A Short History of Poland and Lithuania Chapter 1. The Origin of the Polish Nation.................................3 Chapter 2. The Piast Dynasty...................................................4 Chapter 3. Lithuania until the Union with Poland.........................7 Chapter 4. The Personal Union of Poland and Lithuania under the Jagiellon Dynasty. ..................................................8 Chapter 5. The Full Union of Poland and Lithuania. ................... 11 Chapter 6. The Decline of Poland-Lithuania.............................. 13 Chapter 7. The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania : The Napoleonic Interlude............................................................. 16 Chapter 8. Divided Poland-Lithuania in the 19th Century. .......... 18 Chapter 9. The Early 20th Century : The First World War and The Revival of Poland and Lithuania. ............................. 21 Chapter 10. Independent Poland and Lithuania between the bTwo World Wars.......................................................... 25 Chapter 11. The Second World War. ......................................... 28 Appendix. Some Population Statistics..................................... 33 Map 1: Early Times ......................................................... 35 Map 2: Poland Lithuania in the 15th Century........................ 36 Map 3: The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania ........................... 38 Map 4: Modern North-east Europe ..................................... 40 1 Foreword. Poland and Lithuania have been linked together in this history because -
Pomorskie Voivodeship Development Strategy 2020
Annex no. 1 to Resolution no. 458/XXII/12 Of the Sejmik of Pomorskie Voivodeship of 24th September 2012 on adoption of Pomorskie Voivodeship Development Strategy 2020 Pomorskie Voivodeship Development Strategy 2020 GDAŃSK 2012 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. OUTPUT SITUATION ………………………………………………………… 6 II. SCENARIOS AND VISION OF DEVELOPMENT ………………………… 18 THE PRINCIPLES OF STRATEGY AND ROLE OF THE SELF- III. 24 GOVERNMENT OF THE VOIVODESHIP ………..………………………… IV. CHALLENGES AND OBJECTIVES …………………………………………… 28 V. IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEM ………………………………………………… 65 3 4 The shape of the Pomorskie Voivodeship Development Strategy 2020 is determined by 8 assumptions: 1. The strategy is a tool for creating development targeting available financial and regulatory instruments. 2. The strategy covers only those issues on which the Self-Government of Pomorskie Voivodeship and its partners in the region have a real impact. 3. The strategy does not include purely local issues unless there is a close relationship between the local needs and potentials of the region and regional interest, or when the local deficits significantly restrict the development opportunities. 4. The strategy does not focus on issues of a routine character, belonging to the realm of the current operation and performing the duties and responsibilities of legal entities operating in the region. 5. The strategy is selective and focused on defining the objectives and courses of action reflecting the strategic choices made. 6. The strategy sets targets amenable to verification and establishment of commitments to specific actions and effects. 7. The strategy outlines the criteria for identifying projects forming part of its implementation. 8. The strategy takes into account the specific conditions for development of different parts of the voivodeship, indicating that not all development challenges are the same everywhere in their nature and seriousness. -
Archaeological Heritage in Lithuania After the 1990S: Defining, Protecting, Interpreting 161
Archaeological Heritage in Lithuania after the 1990s: Defining, Protecting, Interpreting 161 Archaeological Heritage in Lithuania after the 1990s: Defining, Protecting, Interpreting Justina Poškienė Abstract The paper seeks to present developments in the state system of archaeological heritage protection in Lithu- ania after the 1990s. National legislation was essentially modified twice: in 1994 and in 2004. As- pects of defining (inventarisation, assessment and listing in the national Register of Cultural Properties), protecting (requirements for archaeological heritage protection, regulations on archaeological excavations’ procedures) and the interpreting of archaeological heritage (preservation of archaeological remains in situ) are under consideration. Keywords: archaeological heritage, assessment, archaeological excavations, in situ. Santrauka Straipsnyje pristatomas Lietuvos archeologinis paveldas bei apžvelgiama valstybinė archeologinio paveldo apsaugos sistema po 1990 metų. Teisinis paveldo apsaugos reglamentavimas iš esmės keitėsi 1994 ir 2004 metais. Straipsnyje aptariami šie archeologinio paveldo apsaugos aspektai: apskaita (archeologinio paveldo vertinimas, įrašymas į Kultūros vertybių registrą, archeologinių objektų paveldosauginis statusas), ap- sauga (reikalavimai archeologiniams tyrimams, ardomųjų archeologinių tyrimų apimtys, archeologinių tyrimų kontrolės sistema) ir archeologinio paveldo interpretacija (archeologinio paveldo apsauga in situ). Recent_developments_FINAL.indd 161 9.1.2017 12:41:33 162 Justina Poškienė -
IV SA/Wa 558/07 - Judgment of the Regional Administrative Court in Warsaw LEX No 460565 Judgment of the Regional Administrative Court in Warsaw of 8 November 2007
IV SA/Wa 558/07 - Judgment of the Regional Administrative Court in Warsaw LEX No 460565 Judgment of the Regional Administrative Court in Warsaw of 8 November 2007. IV SA/Wa 558/07 THESIS (current) A resolution of the regional council concerning the spatial development plan of the voivodship is not an act of local law and thus does not have any direct legal effect. Since the resolution is not universally binding, it does not interfere with the applicants' proprietary rights with respect to the plots of land through which the planned road route is to run. It is only at the stage of the planning work and adoption of the local spatial development plan that the applicants will be able to raise such an objection. JUSTIFICATION Chairperson: WSA Judge Małgorzata Miron. WSA Judges: Alina Balicka (spr.), Assessor Marta Laskowska. Protokolant: Dominik Nowak. Sentence The Regional Administrative Court in Warsaw, having examined on the hearing on 8 November 2007 the case of Elżbieta K. and Janusz K. against the resolution No. 65/2004 of the Regional Assembly of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship of 7 June 2004 on adopting the Spatial Development Plan for the Mazowieckie Voivodeship - dismisses the complaint. Factual reasons By Resolution No. 65/2004 of 7 June 2004, the Regional Assembly of the Mazowieckie Voivodeship acting on the basis of Article 18 point 3 of the Act of 5 June 1998 on regional self- government (Journal of Laws 2001 No. 142, item 1510 as amended) in connection with Article 85 point 2 of the Act of 27 March 2003 on spatial planning and development (Journal of Laws No. -
Polish Consular Law and Practice After Regaining Independence in 1918 – the Selected Key Issues of the Interwar Period
POLISH REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN LAW 2020, Vol. 9, Issue 1 Paweł Czubik* Polish Consular Law and Practice after REGaininG Independence IN 1918 – the Selected KEY Issues of the Interwar Period Abstract: The article discusses the selected issues of Polish consular law and practice in the period 1918-1939. The complicated interwar political situation had a direct impact on the practice of Polish consular offices. The consular relations with the Germans were particularly difficult. The enormous scale of the political problems in the Polish-German relations increased particularly during the years 1933-1939. The efficiency of consular intervention in favour of Polish citizens was insignificant. The relations with Soviet Russia were even more difficult. In the interwar period, Poland was the only country to have a consular convention signed with the Soviet state. The convention was considered to be very innovative with regard to immunities and privileges. However, the Soviets did not feel obligated by the treaties signed. As a result, Polish consuls and diplomats had no knowledge of the scale of the tragedy of the Polish population in the Soviet Union i.e. mass genocide committed by the NKVD in 1938. The exercise of consular functions, in this case, was practically impossible. The paper demonstrates that regardless of the difficult experiences with the neighbours, Poland after the rebirth of the statehood constructed a professional consular service, which performed its legal and supportive * Associate Professor, the Head of the Department of International Public and European Law, Cracow University of Economics, Judge of the Supreme Court, Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Affairs, ORCID: 0000-0003-0268-8665. -
ESCOR TED T OURS in English POLISH and LITHUANIAN
2008 5 (2).eng 8/9/08 11:11 Page 14 POLISH AND LITHUANIAN SPLENDOURS 8 days Route: Krakow – Wieliczka – Krakow – Cz´stochowa – Warsaw – Kaunas – Vilnius Vilnius Warszawa Kraków reconstructed Old Town. The morning sightseeing tour includes the Royal Route and the Old Town with the Royal Castle, St. John’s Cathedral, the Old Town Market Square and the Barbican. In the afternoon, we offer an optional excursion to the Royal ¸azienki Park with the Palace on the Water. The evening offers an optional Polish dinner at Res- taurant “Podwale”. Day 6. Warsaw – Kaunas – Vilnius We continue through the well-forested North Poland along the eastern fringe of the Masurian Lakeland, a my- Vilnius – Ostra Brama riad of postglacial lakes representing some of the most Day 1. Krakow Day 3. Krakow – Wieliczka – Krakow beautiful natural sites in Poland, and continue into Lithua- Arrival in Krakow, optional transfer to Hotel Novotel Cen- The morning offers an optional excursion to the famous nia to reach Kaunas, a genuine Lithuanian city. We take trum Krakow**** or similar, check-in, welcome meeting. Wieliczka Salt Mine, an amazing labyrinth of tunnels a stroll in the Old Town with its elegant Old Town Hall and Day 2. Krakow going down as far as 327 meters. The afternoon is Gothic cathedral. Then, we continue eastwards and arrive For half a millennium, Krakow was the royal capital of reserved for exploring more of Krakow’s secrets individu- soon in Vilnius. Check-in at the hotel. Poland and for centuries the city walls have guarded its ally. The evening offer includes an optional dinner at Res- Day 7. -
Societies East European Politics &
East European Politics & Societies http://eep.sagepub.com Leading the Way to Regionalization in Post-Communist Europe: An Examination of the Process and Outcomes of Regional Reform in Poland Jennifer A. Yoder East European Politics and Societies 2007; 21; 424 DOI: 10.1177/0888325407303786 The online version of this article can be found at: http://eep.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/21/3/424 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: American Council of Learned Societies Additional services and information for East European Politics & Societies can be found at: Email Alerts: http://eep.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://eep.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Citations http://eep.sagepub.com/cgi/content/refs/21/3/424 Downloaded from http://eep.sagepub.com at Glasgow University Library on January 9, 2009 Leading the Way to Regionalization in Post-Communist Europe: An Examination of the Process and Outcomes of Regional Reform in Poland Jennifer A. Yoder* This article examines Poland’s process of regionalization since the late 1990s. It identifies several factors that led Poland to introduce self-government at the regional level both earlier and to a greater extent than its neighbors in East Central Europe. The analysis then turns to the competences and financing of the Polish regions, or voivodeships. Although Poland has taken steps to decentralize, it remains a unitary state. Keywords: Poland; decentralization; regionalization; regions; self-government In 1998, the Poles elected members of new regional councils, fol- lowed by the Czechs in 2000, and the Slovaks in 2002. -
Zbiorcze Sprawozdanie… PLH 220044 Ostoja W Ujściu Wisły
Zbiorcze sprawozdanie z analizy dostępnych danych i przeprowadzonych inwentaryzacji przyrodniczych (zebranie i analiza wyników inwentaryzacji, materiałów niepublikowanych i opracowań publikowanych, przydatnych do sporządzenia projektów planów) Ostoja w Ujściu Wisły (PLH 220044) w ramach Zadania pn.: Opracowanie projektów planów ochrony obszarów Natura 2000 w rejonie Zatoki Gdańskiej i Zalewu Wiślanego Kierownik Zadania: dr Lidia Kruk-Dowgiałlo Pod redakcją: Moniki Michałek i Lidii Kruk-Dowgiałło Gdańsk, SIERPIEŃ 2013 Zbiorcze sprawozdanie… PLH 220044 Ostoja w Ujściu Wisły Wydawnictwa Wewnętrzne Instytutu Morskiego w Gdańsku Nr 6758 a Praca zrealizowana na zlecenie Urzędu Morskiego w Gdyni w ramach umowy nr 02/IOW/POIŚ/2011 z dnia 15 kwietnia 2011r. Autorzy: Siedliska lądowe i rośliny: M. Falkowski (UP-H Siedlce) J. Solon (IGiPZ PAN) A. Horbacz (NFOŚ) Siedliska wodne: J. Nowacki J. Fac-Beneda (UG) H. Boniecka (IM w Gdańsku) L. Kruk-Dowgiałło (IM w Gdańsku) M. Michałek (IM w Gdańsku) P. Pieckiel (IM w Gdańsku) W. Gawlik (IM w Gdańsku) A. Gajda (IM w Gdańsku) R. Opioła (IM w Gdańsku) Zwierzęta: T. Kuczyński (IM w Gdańsku) P. Pieckiel (IM w Gdańsku) M. Szulc (AM w Szczecinie) M. Ciechanowski (UG) M. Olenycz (IM w Gdańsku) L. Kruk-Dowgiałło (IM w Gdańsku) M. Michałek (IM w Gdańsku) M. Błeńska (IM w Gdańsku) A. Osowiecki (IM w Gdańsku) Analiza dokumentów planistycznych: J. Pankau M. Matczak (IM w Gdańsku) J. Zaucha (IM w Gdańsku) B. Borusiewicz (NFOŚ) Charakterystyka hydrologiczna i geomorfologiczna: T. Szarafin (PIG PIB) A. Karwik (PIG PIB) S. Uścinowicz (PIG PIB) J. Fac-Beneda (UG) Jacek Nowacki H.Boniecka (IM w Gdańsku) A. Gajda (IM w Gdańsku) W. -
September 2018
Marian Thoughts of Pope Francis September 2018 September 2 – Angelus –Translated conclusion (September 1, 2018, Vatican.va). May the example and intercession of the Virgin Mary help us to always honour the Lord with our heart, witnessing to our love for him in concrete choices for the good of our brothers and sisters. September 5 – General Audience –Translated extract (September 5, 2028, Zenit.org). This choice is the Virgin Mary’s “fiat”, it’s openness to the Holy Spirit, who puts us in the steps of Christ, He who entrusts himself to the Father in the most dramatic moment and thus enters the way that leads to resurrection. September 6 – Audience (International Convention for Consecrated Widows) –Translated conclusion (September 6, 2018, Zenit.org). With this hope, I entrust you to the Lord and, through the intercession of the Virgin Mary, I impart to you my Apostolic Blessing, which I extend to those who are part of the Fraternité Notre Dame de la Résurrection and of the Communauté Anne la Prophetesse. September 9 – Audience (To Participants at the Communio Internationalis Benedictinarum Symposium) –Translated extract (September 9, 2018, Zenit.org). You bring a precious gift to the life of the Church through your feminine witness of goodness, faith, and generosity, imitating the Holy Mother of the Church, the Virgin Mary. You are icons of the Church and of our Blessed Mother: do not forget this. Icons … For more of what the pope said about Mary: https://zenit.org/articles/pope-to-benedictines-the-precious-gift-of-your-witness/ September 9 – Angelus –Translated conclusion (September 9, 2018, Vatican.va). -
Trakai History Museum, Exhibition of Liturgical Art
Newsletter No.5 For everyone interested in improving the accessibility of cultural heritage and tourism development Trakai History Museum, Exhibition of Liturgical Art Trakai History Museum was founded in 1948, in a natural scenery spot and the most famous complex of Lithuanian defensive architecture - in Island and Peninsula Castles. More than 290 thousand exhibits have been collected over 60 years of museum’s activities. The administration of the museum is located in the territory of Trakai Peninsula Castle, in the renovated building of former Dominican monastery. The first Dominican monks came to Trakai in the 17th century as some land in the territory of Trakai Peninsula Castle was granted to them. In 1799, the construction of the church was started. The construction was not finished due to the turmoil in the country and the church was abandoned until 1820. When L. Glovickis became the prior of the monastery, the naves of the church were rebuilt: the southern - into the monastery with cells, the northern - into the chapel. In 1822, the chapel was consecrated in the name of Saint Archangel Michael. In 1823 a monastery with eleven cells, a sacristy, a dining room and a kitchen was opened. There was a school near the monastery. Trakai Dominican monastery was closed after the 1863-1864 uprising. During the Soviet era the building was given to the KGB and militia and it was used for the imprisonment of political prisoners. In 1986, the architectural complex of Trakai Peninsula Castle and Dominican monastery was transferred to Trakai History Museum. Trakai History Museum, Exhibition of Liturgical Art Address: Kestucio str.