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Sediment Characteristics of Streams in the Eastern Piedmont and Western Coastal Plain Regions of North Carolina

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Sediment Characteristics of Streams in the Eastern Piedmont and Western Coastal Plain Regions of North Carolina Sediment Characteristics of Streams in the Eastern Piedmont and Western Coastal Plain Regions of North Carolina GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1798-O Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Natural and Economic Resources Sediment Characteristics of Streams in the Eastern Piedmont and Western Coastal Plain Regions of North Carolina By CLYDE E. SIMMONS SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1798-O Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Natural and Economic Resources UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1976 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THOMAS S. KLEPPE, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Simmons, Clyde E. Sediment characteristics of streams in the eastern Piedmont and western Coastal Plain regions of North Carolina. (Sedimentation in small drainage basins) (Geological Survey water-supply paper; 1798-Q) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs.: I 19.13:1798-0 1. Sediments (Geology) North Carolina. 2. Rivers North Carolina. I. North Carolina. Dept. of Natural and Economic Resources. II. Title. IIII. Series. IV. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Water-supply paper; 1798-0. QE471.2.S55 551.3'5'409756 75-619334 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-02754-2 CONTENTS Page Glossary ____ ___ IV Metric-English equivalents ____ - VI Abstract __ Ol Introduction ____ _ 2 Purpose and scope __ - 2 Previous .sediment studies ___ 2 General features of the study area 2 Physiography _ 2 Geology and soils __ _ _ 4 Climate _____________-___ - 6 Vegetation ________ _ 6 Sediment characteristics _________ _ 7 Methods of sampling and analysis __ 7 Unmeasured sediment discharge ____ __ 7 Method of computations _ 10 Suspended-sediment concentrations and yields __ _ _ ___ 15 Effects of land use on suspended sediment ___ ______ __ 15 Major river basins ____________ ___ _____ 18 Roanoke River basin ____________ _________ ig Pamlico River basin ________ _____ _ ___ __ 22 Neuse River basin _____________ ____________ 22 Cape Fear River basin ______________________ 23 Particle size of suspended sediment ________________ 25 Summary _____________________________________ 25 Selected references ___ ___________________________ 27 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Map showing study area and locations of sediment-sampling stations _ _ _________________________ O3 2. Generalized geology of study area _____________ 5 3. Graphs showing comparison of annual precipitation during the study period with long-term averages at selected points ____ __________________________ g 4. Duration curve of daily mean discharge of Eno River near Durham, 1969-73 water years _________________ 11 5. Sediment-transport curve for Eno River near Durham, 1969- 73 water years __ ____________________ 13 HI IV CONTENTS Page FIGURE 6. Map showing average annual sediment yields, 1969-73 _____ 016 7. Map showing ranges in approximate suspended-sediment con­ centrations equaled or exceeded 1 percent and 95 percent of the time during 1969-73 _ ___ 19 8. Graph showing relation of percentage of forest cover and average annual suspended-sediment yield for sediment stations ____________ __ 21 9. Graph showing percentage distribution of clay, silt, and sand in suspended-sediment samples collected during floods at selected stations, 1969-73 _____ 26 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Computations of average annual suspended-sediment yield of the Eno River near Durham, 1969-73 __________________ 012 2. Comparison of sediment yields at Yadkin River near Yadkin College using the sediment-rating curve method and daily sediment samples ___________ _ ______ __ 14 Summary of computed annual suspended-sediment yields and other sediment characteristics ___________ _- 17 Summary of land use of the subbasins _____________ 20 Locations of sampling stations used in this report ______ 30 GLOSSARY Because many of the terms related to fluvial sediment are not completely standardized, the following definitions are included as a guide to the terminolo­ gy used in this report: Bed material. The shifting part of the granular material that forms the bed of most streams. Bedload or sediment discharged as bedload. Includes both the sediment that moves in continuous contact with the streambed and the material that bounces along the bed in short skips or leaps. Drainage area of a stream at a specified location. That area, measured in a horizontal plane, enclosed by a topographic divide from which direct surface runoff from precipitation normally drains by gravity into the stream above the specified point. Figures of drainage area given herein include all closed basins, or noncontributing areas, within the area. Particle size. The diameter, in millimetres (mm), of suspended sediment or bed material determined by either sieve or other sedimentation methods. CONTENTS V Particle-size classification. Agrees with recommendations made by the Ameri­ can Geophysical Union Subcommittee on Sediment Terminology. The classi­ fication is as follows: Classification Size ( mm ) Clay ____________ 0.00024- 0.004 Silt _____________ .004 - .062 Sand ___________ .062 - 2.0 Gravel ___________ 2.0 -64.0 Sediment. Solid material that originates mostly from disintegrated rocks and is transported by, suspended in, or deposited from water; it includes chemi­ cal and biochemical precipitates and decomposed organic material such as humus. Sediment-transport curve. Usually the relation between water discharge and suspended-sediment discharge, but it can be between water discharge and bedload discharge or between water discharge and total sediment discharge (sum of sediment discharge in suspension and bedload). Suspended sediment. The sediment that at any given time is maintained in suspension by the upward components of turbulent currents or that exists in suspension as a colloid. Suspended-sediment concentration The velocity-weighted concentration of sediment in the sampled zone (from the water surface to a point approxi­ mately 0.1 m (0.3 ft) (above the bed) expressed as milligrams of dry sediment per litre of water-sediment mixture (mg/1). Suspended-sediment discharge. The rate at which sediment passes a section of a stream or is the quantity of sediment, as measured by dry weight, or by volume, that is discharged in a given time. When expressed in tons per day, it is computed by multiplying water discharge in cubic feet per sec­ ond (ftVs) times the suspended-sediment concentration in milligrams per litre (mg/1) times the factor 0.0027. Tons per day. The quantity of sediment that passes a stream section during a 24-hour day. Total sediment discharge or total sediment load. The sum of the suspended- sediment discharge and the bedload discharge. It is the total quantity of sediment, as measured by dry weight or volume, that is discharged during a given time. Water discharge or discharge. The amount of water and sediment flowing in a channel expressed as volume per unit of time. The water contains both dissolved solids and suspended sediment. METRIC-ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS Metric unit English equivalent Metric unit English equivalent Length Specific combinations Continued millimetre (mm) = 0.03937 inch (in) litre per second (1/s) = .0353 cubic foot per second metre (m) = 3.2S feet (ft) cubic metre per second kilometre (km) = .62 mile (mi) per square kilometre [(m3/s)/km2] Area square mile [(ft3/s)/mi2] metre per day (m/d) square metre (m2) = 10.76 square feet (ft2 ) conductivity) (ft/A) square kilometre (km2) = .386 square mile (mi2) metre per kilometre hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres (m/km) 5.28 feet per mile (ft/mi) kilometre per hour (km/h) = .9113 foot per second (ft/s) Volume metre per second (m/s) = 3.28 feet per second cubic centimetre (cm3) = 0.061 cubic inch (in3) metre squared per day o litre (1) = 61. OS cubic inches (m2/d) = 10.764 feet squared per day (ft2/d) o cubic metre (m3) = 35.31 cubic feet (ft3 ) ( tr ansmissi vity ) cubic metre = .00081 acre-foot (acre-ft) cubic metre per second cubic hectometre (hms) =810.7 acre-feet (m*/s) = 22.826 million gallons per day litre = 2.113 pints (pt), (Mgal/d) litre = 1.06 quarts (qt) cubic metre per minute litre = .26 gallon (gal) (rnVmin) = 264.2 gallons per minute (gal/min) cubic metre = .00026 million gallons (Mgal or litre per second (1/s) = 15.85 gallons per minute 108 gal) litre per second per cubic metre = 6.290 barrels (bbl) (1 bbl = 42 gal) metre [(l/s)/m] = 4.83 gallons per minute per foot [(gal/min) /ft] Weight kilometre per hour (km/h) .62 mile per hour (mi/h) gram (g) = 0.035 ounce, avoirdupois (oz urdp) metre per second (m/s) = 2.237 miles per hour gram = .0022 pound, avoirdupois (Ib avdp) gram per cubic tonne (t) = 1.1 tons, short (2,000 Ib) centimetre (g/cm3) = 62.43 pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3) tonne = .98 ton, long (2,240 Ib) sram per square centimetre (g/cm2) gram per square Specific combinations centimetre = .0142 pound per square inch (lb/in2) kilogram per square centimetre (kg/cm2) = 0.96 atmosphere (atm) Temperature kilogram per square centimetre = .98 bar (0.9S69 atm) degree Celsius (°C) = 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) cubic metre per second degrees Celsius (m*/s) = 35.3 cubic feet per second (£ta/s) (temperature) = [(1.8X°C)+ 32] degrees Fahrenheit SEDIMENTATION IN SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS SEDIMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAMS IN THE EASTERN PIEDMONT AND WESTERN COASTAL PLAIN REGIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA By CLYDE E. SIMMONS ABSTRACT The sediment-transport characteristics of streams were determined in a 15,500-square-kilometre (6,000-square-mile) area of the Coastal Plain and Pied­ mont regions of eastern North Carolina during 1969-73. The study covered all or parts of 21 counties and included data for 28 sediment-sampling stations in parts of 4 major river basins the Roanoke, Pamlico, Neuse, and Cape Fear.
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