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Media Representation of Western Women Joining to Isis ISIS, WOMEN AND THE WEST - MEDIA REPRESENTATION OF WESTERN WOMEN JOINING TO ISIS By Veronika Cseke-Táskai Submitted to Central European University Department of International Relations In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Supervisor: Professor Paul Roe Word Count: 13 336 CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2018 Abstract This study analyses the media representation of Western women who joined to the Islamic State. Their case is specific because in that conflict, a terrorist organization was able to attract more women than any other before, therefore it is a question how the West explains this phenomenon. Media often represents violent women using traditional gender stereotypes, as naïve, passive victims, even if their act is political. This pattern can be found in this specific case in two narrative schemas. While both argue that women are passive agents and lack the capability for rational decision, one depicts them in a positive value, other in a negative, depending on how they fit to the standard Western norms. The thesis argues that, as placing the responsibility on other than the individual or their home society, the West is able to maintain its normative position in the fight against ISIS. CEU eTD Collection i Tale of contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 - Theoretical framework ............................................................................................ 7 1.1 Feminism in International Relations ................................................................................ 7 1.1.1 Poststructural feminism ........................................................................................... 11 1.1.2 The representation of women and political violence............................................... 14 1.2 Orientalist representation of women .............................................................................. 19 Chapter 2 - Case study ............................................................................................................. 23 2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 23 2.2 Methodology .................................................................................................................. 26 Chapter 3 - Findings ................................................................................................................. 28 3.1 Innocent Children – Teenage girls in ISIS ..................................................................... 29 3.2 Monsters – Stories about Al-Khansaa Brigade and Sally Jones .................................... 31 3.3 The other side of the picture ........................................................................................... 35 3.4 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 37 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 40 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 42 Online sources for the case study ............................................................................................. 46 CEU eTD Collection ii Introduction Jaelyn Delshaun Young, a woman from Mississippi decided to leave her country and joined to the Islamic State. Young, the daughter of a police officer, was 20 years old at that time, and just recently converted to Islam.1 She was arrested as a result of an undercover FBI interaction, in which she was engaged in numerous conversations with FBI agents disguised as ISIS recruiters. Young was charged with conspiring to provide material support to the terrorist group in 2015.2 She also had a fiancée, with whom she planed the journey,3 but the media often forgets about him. There were many other girls who followed the example of Jaelyn Delshaun Young, and left their countries in the hope of a better life in the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). These women are of different ages and have various demographic and educational background, social status and country.4 What is common in them, is that they all received huge attention from the media. The phenomenon of female foreign fighters – or as they call themselves, muhajirat, is very relevant, as there is an unprecedented number of women from Western countries who have decided to join to the Islamic State.5 This fact is even more surprising knowing that the Islamic State is famous for its brutality towards women and is in sharp opposition with the Western values of liberties. It is an interesting question, why certain women decide to leave these liberties behind, but it is even more interesting, what do we, the West, think about them and their motivations. How do we explain this decision and how does it shape popular understanding about women’s place in times of conflict? CEU eTD Collection 1 The thesis is based on a paper which has been created in the framework of Új Nemzeti Kiválóság Program. 2 Joshua Berlinger and Catherine E. Shoichet, “Woman Pleads Guilty on Charge That She Tried to Join ISIS,” CNN, March 30, 2016, https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/30/us/mississippi-isis-guilty-plea-jaelyn- young/index.html. 3 Ibid. 4 Anita Perešin, “Fatal Attraction: Western Muslimas and ISIS,” Perspectives on Terrorism 9:3 (2015), http://www.terrorismanalysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/427. 5 Perešin. 1 The question of this specific case of violent women is interesting in two folds. First, because these women completely contradict to mainstream female stereotypes about peaceful, naive beings who are in need of protection,6 as they engage in activity which is generally thought as male activity – political violence. I consider these women as ‘violent women’ as most of the women who travelled there ‘celebrate the violence of ISIS’7 and ‘indicate a desire to inflict violence themselves’,8 thus I assume that they are willing to engage in terrorism. Although there is a debate about the proper definition of terrorism, what is common in these definitions is that it is understood as a political act.9 However, despite the political nature of terrorism, political goals are often absent from these stereotypes about women. And second, this case is interesting because these women grown up in the West but somehow decide to join to a group which is in opposition to general Western values and is perceived as part of the Other. In the thesis I examine the media representation of the motivation of Western women migrating to the Islamic State. As the existing literature shows, many motivating factors can be discovered behind the travelling, from political or religious to personal ones.10 However, despite these diverse push and pull factors, media usually leaves out the possibility of this rationality and objectifies women leaving no space for their agencies.11 Therefore, in this thesis, I examine how this special case of female violence fits to the previous literature. To test my assumption about the representation of leaving women as passive victims, I use discourse analysis on five Western media sources. I argue that they are depicted as naturally peaceful “beautiful souls”,12 who are influenced by men, but political reasons are completely missing. The thesis does not 6 CEU eTD Collection For example, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Women and War (Brighton: Harvester, 1987). 7 Carolyn Hoyle et al. Becoming Mulan: Female Western Migrants to ISIS, (Institute for Strategic Dialogue: London, 2015). p. 28 8 Ibid. p.31 9 Bruce Hoffman. Inside Terrorism, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2006) p.1-41. 10 For example Perešin, “Fatal Attraction.”; Brigitte Nacos, „The Portrayal of Female Terrorists in the Media: Similar Framing Patterns in the News Coverage of Women in Politics and in Terrorism”. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 28:5 (2005) pp. 435-451. 11 Jessica West, “Feminist IR and the Case of the ‘Black Widows’: Reproducing Gendered Divisions,” Innovations: A Journal of Politics 5 (2005): 1-16. 12 Elshtain, Women and War. 2 take into consideration the real situation in the Caliphates and do not try to answer what are the real reasons behind this act in two reasons. First, it does not influence the way media depicts women and second, as it is a war zone, it is very difficult to access reliable information from there. The thesis uses an interdisciplinary approach, which poses it between the field of feminism in international relations (IR) and postcolonial studies. While it finds its theoretical background in the poststructural school of feminist approach of IR theory, it also uses the works of postcolonial literature, with special attention to the topic of orientalism. The connection of the two areas is important, because it can shed a light on how women are represented when taking part in a highly man related activity, in a country far from the West. As a result, it can contribute to the field of gender in international security in two folds. In one hand, it connects to the discourse about media representation of violent women with testing how the specific case of ISIS women fits to the previous literature about the topic. On the other hand, it connects to the othering discourse of the East, and uncovers how the West could explain itself the phenomenon
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