Politik Regionalisme Dan Perlindungan Manusia Di Pasifik Selatan Menghadapi Kepentingan Negara Besar Dan Kejahatan Transnasional

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Politik Regionalisme Dan Perlindungan Manusia Di Pasifik Selatan Menghadapi Kepentingan Negara Besar Dan Kejahatan Transnasional EI a g,w .U -o !- ? F = =o, 0 CL .J N o, FI 5' := 4 'u .rbz \ aY,,1 ! FI 4., -: b ,iII KAITAN ASIA PASIFIK Politik Regionalisne dan Perlindangan Manuia di Patfik Selatan Mengbadapi Kepentingan Negara Besar dan Ke1 a h a tan T ran m as io n a I KAJIAN ASIA PASIFIK Politik Regionalitne dan Perlinfungan Mantuia di Pasifk.l'elatan Mengltadapi kepenhngan Ncgara Buar dan kjaha lan'I'rannational Pcrpustakaan Nasional: Katalog DalamTcrbitan (KDT) Pertama kali diterbitkan di [ndonesia dalam bahasa lndonesia oleh Intrans I'ublishing. Hak KAII.AN ASTA PASIFTK cipta dilindungi oleh undang-undang. Dilarang mengutip atau memperbanyak baik sebagian ataupun keseluruhan isi buku dengan cara apapun tanpa iiin tertulis dari penerbit. Copyright @ September 2015 Politik fugionalisne dan Perlindangan Manasia Ukuran: 15,5cm x 23cm; flal: i-vii +221 di Pasifk Selatan Mengbadapi Kepentingan Negara Besar ISBNI 978 - 979 - 3580 - 82 - 1 dan Kej a h atan T ran s n asi o na I Penulis: Baiq L.S.W.Wardhanl, MA..Ph.D Penerbit lntrena Publichlng WismaKalimetro Jl. foyosuko Metro 42 Malang tatim Telp. 0341-573550, 7079957 Fax. 0341-573550 Baiq L.S.W.Wardhani, MA., Ph.D Email : redaksi.intrans@gmail,com. intrans_malang<ayahoo.com. Anggota IKAPI Didistribueikan oleh: Cita Intrans Selaras Intrans Publishing 201,5 lain. Demikianpun juga secara dari sisi wilayah Asia dan Pasifik sebenarnya tidak berada dalam satu kawasan, jika pemahaman Pengantar Penerbit tentang kawasan itu menyangkut aspek lain seperti lokasi yang sama atau minimal ada keterkaitannya satu sama Iainnya, budaya- nya berdekatan, dan lain sebagainya. Saat ini, kawasan Asia dan Pasifik seolah meniadi satu tarikan Saat ini posisi geopolitik Asia Pasifik dalam tata politik global dalam geopolitik dan ekonomi, khususnya dalam perjanjian- tidak hanya sebatas meniadi pendukung semata bahkan secara perjanjian bilaterar yang kemudian menjadi kebutuhan bersama ekonomi pun tidak bisa hanya dilihat sebagai pasar saia namun bagi kawasan Asia dan Pasifik. lebih dari itu posisi Asia Pasifik mempunyai peran yang sangat Buku ini memberikan gambaran tentang bagaimana kaiian strategis baik secara politik maupun ekonomi dengan luas Asia dan Pasifik secara khusus mengenai Pasifik Selatan menjadi geografis yang dimiliki, kepadatan penduduk, maupun sumber- "satu kesatuan" kawasan terutama masalah politik, ekonomi, dan daya alam yang dimiliki. Pendek kata, Asia Pasifik tidak bisa budaya. Buku yang ditulis oleh seorang yang memang mendalami dipandang remeh dan sederhana, Terlebih pada saat ini, Pertukar- tentang kajian kawasan ini telah memberikan perspektif lain an politik, ekonomi, dan budaya sudah teriadi sedemikian rupa tentang bagaimana sebenarnya tata kelola di kawasan Asia-Pasifik serta mengalami perubahan yang luar biasa cepatnya. yang berkaitan dengan kebijakan-kebijakan negara yang berada di Mengemukanya sebutan Asia Pasifik semenjak tahun 1980-an kawasan tersebut dengan tata global dunia yang semakin kuat dimulai dengan adanya pertumbuhan ekonomi yang mengesan- untuk saling memengamhinya. kan kawasan di ini yang pada akhimya memberikan pandangan Akhimya, penerbit sampaikan terimakasih dan apresiasi se- baru bagi tata dunia baru. Bahkary belakangan Asia Pasifik tinggi-tingginya atas terbitnya buku ini dan kepercayaan penulis menjadi salah satu kawasan yang sangat diperhitungkan terutama pada penerbit kami. Perludi sampaikan pula bahwa dalam proses dalam kancah politik-ekonomi bagi kepentingan negara-negara penataan (layout) isi buku ini, beberapa kutipan endnote dari inter- maju. di masa lampau Asia dengan daerah kawasan Pasifik fika net telah kami rubah kedalam bentuk footnote. Hal ini kami laku- adalah hal berbeda. Dimasa lalu pula telah peran Asia memainkan kan -seizin penulis- untuk memberikan kenyamanan dalam mem- penting dalam percaturan ekonomi dan politik bagi tata dunia baca. Semoga terbitnya buku ini dapat memberikan sumbangan global demikian pula dengan posisi kawasan Pasifik. besar pada pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan di Indonesia. Secara geografis sebenarnya sebutan kawasan Asia Pasifik tidak menfadi salu kawasan yang cukup berdekatan apalagi dari sisi politik dan budaya. Sebutan ini menjadi dikenal oleh khalayak semenjak pengujung tahun 1970-an dan kemudian semakin era 1980-an karena ekonominya menunjukkan pertumbuhan luar biasa terutama dalam sektor perdagangan saham dan interaksi ekonomi lainnya diantara kawasan dan relasinya dengan kawasan dengan memanfaatkan segala kelebihan yang dimiliki wilayah tersebut. Penulis berterima kasih kepada semua pihak yang telah secara Pengantar Penalis... langsung maupun tidak langsung membantu selesainya tulisan ini: Yang Maha Kuasa, anak-anak saya Rizka dan Nadya, para mahasiswa, parasejawat di Departemen Hubungan Internasional, FISIP Universitas Airlangga, dan berbagai pihak yang tidak mungkin disebutkan satu persatu. Semoga buku ini membawa Tidak ada kawasan yang paling dekat namun paling ter- manfaat bagi penulis maupun siapapun yang tertarik dengan abaikan dari perhatian Indonesia selain kawasan Pasifik Selatan. kajian Pasifik Selatan. Keterpencilan, kerawanan dari bencana alam, dan kemiskinan yang menandai secara umum wilayah ini menyebabkan ia tidak Surabaya, 15 Mei 2015 terlalu diperhitungkan oleh para pengambil kebijakan Indonesia. Baiq L.S.W. Wardhani Selama berpuluh-puluh tahun politik luar negeri Indonesia telah meninggalkan Pasifik Selatan hanya karena wilayah ini dianggap tidak memberikan keuntungan ekonomi. Berbeda dengan sikap negara-negara besar, seperti Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Prancis, Jepang, Rusia dan Tiongkok, sekali pun tidak menempati urutan atas dari kebijakan strategis mereka, wilayah ini cukup memperoleh perhatian, terbukti dari banyaknya tawaran bantuan yang diberikan. Situasi Perang Dingin yang telah berakhir tidaklah mengakhiri kepentingan strategis negara-negara tersebut di Pasifik Selatan. Buku ini secara umum merupakan upaya memperkenalkan Pasifik Selatan kepada khalayak peminat hubungan intemasional. Secara khusus, buku ini mencoba mengisi kekosongan bacaan dalam kafian studi wilayah Pasifik Selatan. Sekali pun secara geografis Pasifik Selatan berada tepat di sebelah barat daya Indonesia, wilayah ini belum dianggap penting karena berbagai alasan. Dalam peta geopolitik Indonesia, Pasifik Selatan masih diletakkan sebagai "halaman belakang", yang konsekuensinya banyak membawa kerugian diplomatik, ekonomi dan strategis lain. Sudah saatnya Indonesia melakukan reorientasi geografis DAFTAR ISt Bi$r^ lQArA^ . Pengantar Penerbit_u Pengantar Penulis_uii DIIvTRNAKAH Pns I FI K STTRTnN? Baginn Kesntu Dimanakah Pasifik Selatan? 1 Bagian Kedua Kep entingan Strategis Negara-Negara Besar_35 Wilayah Pasifik Selatan dikenal juga dengan nama Oceania Bagian Ketiga dan Pasifik Barat Daya,' Pasifik Selatan tidak terlalu dikenal dalam The Pacific Paradox dan Karakteristik Perekonomian Pasifik perpolitikan dunia karena signifikansinya yang tidak terlalu tinggi Selatan-75 dalam perhitungan strategis dunia. Salah satu penyebabnya karena secara geografis negara-negara di wilayah ini adalah negara-negara Bagian Keempat I Perpolitikan dan Regionalisme di Pasifik Selatan_97 Terdapat bebetapa versi tentant penggunaan nama untuk wilayah ini. Secara geografis, batas-batas wilayah ini mengalami perubahan melalui setidaknya tiga fase. Fase pertama, sekitar tahun 1980-an, wilayah Pasifik terbagi dua, yaitu Pasifik Barat Baginn Kelima Daya dan Pasifik Selatan. Pasifik Barat Daya terdiri dari negara-negara yang terletak Eco-Suicide dan Krisis Pangan: Kasus Nauru_120 di Samudra Pasifik, seperti Australia, Indonesia, dan negara-negara ASEAN lainnya yang bersinggungan dengan Samudra Pasifik. Sementara itu, Pasifik Selatan adalah negara-negara kepulauan seperti Fiji, French Polynesia, Cuam, Kiribati, New Bngian Keenam Caledonia, Solomon Island, Vanuatu, Westem Samoa, pulau-pulau di Micronesia Lost Paradise: Keamanan Regional dan Kejahatan dan Polynesia, dan New Zealand. Perkembangan pada fase kedua terjadi ditandai Transnasional_L52 dengan penyatuan antara Pasifik Barat Daya dengan Pasifik Selatan, dan sccara bersama disebut sebagai Pasifik Barat Daya. Fase ketiga, wilayah ini disebut s:bagai Pasifik Barat Daya, yang batasan geografisnya ditcntukan dengan kcbcradaan scmua Bagian Ketujuh negara/teritori yang yang terbentang mulai Papua Ncw Crrinca di scbelah barat N eighb ours F oreo er: Hubungan den gan Indonesia_l 72 sampai Kepulauan Pitcaim di rbelah timur. Pasifik Barat Daya berbatasan dengan lndonesia, Australia dan New Zealand. Dengan demikian Australia dan Ncw Zealand tidak l"g, dikategorikan dalam wilayah Pasifik [Jarat Dava Daftar Kepustakaa n_209 (http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history, Diakses 271112015) walaupun Tentang Penulis_221 sesungguhnya secara geografis termasuk dalam wilayah terscbut. Pcrlu diketahui bahwa penamaan dan penyebutan untuk wilayah ini tidak pemah fixed, tertantung pada konteks dan definisi politik, ekonomi maupun buaya. Bcrdasarkan hal te rscbut buku ini menggunakan sebutan Oceania, Pasifik Selatan dan Pasifik Barat Daya secara bergantian. Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea and the Vice-President of the Republic of Indonesia, 2000. foint Statement. Jakarta: Depar- temen Luar Negeri RL TTNTRNG PENULIS Shibuya, Eric, t.t, The Problems and Potmtial of the Pacific lslands Forum. [pdf]dalam http://www.apcss.org/Publications/Edited%20Volumes/Region alFinal%20chapters/ChapterTShibuya.pdf [diakses 2 Novem- Baiq Lekar SinaYang WahYu ber 20111. Baiq Warrlhani atau dikenal dengan Ulack, Richard, 2O07. Pacificlslands, Microsoft 2008.
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