Index

Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables.

Abiespollenites triangularis 29 Australiceras 39 Acanthotriletes 37 Axial Delta-Lobe depositional element 159, 160, 162, accommodation, field trips 12 168, 170–172, 173, 185 Actinosporites 41 Adria foreland 93, 94, 95, 96, 103, 105 Bagh Group 25, 26, 30–34, 50 Alba Field 84 Balder Formation 76, 77,80 sandstone intrusions 78, 79 banding, sand injection complexes 80, 84, 85,90 Algeria Barroisiceras haberfellneri 33 geological setting 135, 137 Barroisiceras onilahyense 33 shallow-marine sandstone analogues 5 basalt see Faroe Islands Basalt Group Alisporites ovalis 29 Base-Chattian Unconformity 100, 103 allostratigraphy, TPB 97, 98, 99, 102–107, 128 Base-Langhian Unconformity 100, 105 Alpine orogenic collapse 95, 96, 102 Base-Serravallian sequence boundary 100, 105, 126 Alps-Apennines Junction Beinisvørð Formation 56, 57 deformation 107, 109, 110 bentonite, Eagle Ford Formation 200, 201 geological setting 93–97 Bhaduka Limestone Member 34, 38, 49 sequence stratigraphy, Tertiary Piedmont Basin Bhuj Member 39, 40,49 102–129 reservoir environment and provenance 42–43 Amguid-el Biod High 136, 137 reservoir quality 44, 46 Amherstia Field 152, 161 Bideford Group, turbidite vein spacing 212 ammonites bites and stings 12 Bagh Group 31, 32, 33 Biticinella breggiensis 42 Jaisalmer Basin 41, 42 Bombay High 23 Kutch Basin 39 Boquillas Formation 193, 197, 198 Amplipura Oyster Bed 26 braid-deltas 126–127 analogues British Geological Survey, digital field systems 219–228 field-based studies 2, 3, 207–216 BGS-SIGMA 221–224, 226, 227 sedimentological 207–208 Tajikistan case study 226, 227 structural 207–208 UAV field data collection 224, 225, 227, 228 developing techniques 213, 215 Virtual Field Reconnaissance 224, 226, 228 direct comparison 208, 209, 211 bryozoans models 211–212 Coralline Limestone Formation 28, 29, 33 sub-seismic investigation 212–213, 214, 215 Nodular Limestone Formation 31 testing hypotheses 212 Buda Formation 194, 196, 198 Anchonichnus 173 Bunter Sandstone Formation 233 Anomozamites 41 antidunes 141 calcispheres, Nodular Limestone Formation 28, 31, 32 Antonio Creek Member 198, 200–201, 203, 204, 205 Callialasporites 37 Apennines Callialisporites dampieri 29, 37 frontal splays 95 Callialisporites trilobatus 29, 37 rotation 93, 95, 96, 102, 103 Callispora 37 tectonics 93, 95, 96, 97, 102, 107, 111, 113 Cambay Basin 23, 24, 49 see also Alps-Apennines Junction Cambay Rift 23, 25, 45 Appendicisporites 35, 39 Cambo discovery 55 aquifers Cannonball Field 152, 161 deep saline 231 carbon capture and storage 231–244 CO2 storage 232, 242–243 Sherwood Sandstone Group 233–234 Araucariacites 37 carbon dioxide Araucariacites australis 29 injection Aravalli Supergroup 30 modelling 231, 240, 241–243 reservoir quality 44 reservoir-caprock interface 232–233 Aravalli Trend 23 storage 231–244 Arenicolites 138, 141, 142, 143 mechanisms 232–233 Argenticeras 39 carbonate platforms, TPB 105 Argir Beds 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 71 carbonate ramps, TPB 105, 113, 119 Aulacosphinctites occultefurcatus 41 Carupano Basin, analogue 121–122 Aulichnites 39 Cassia Field 152, 185–186 Austin Chalk 194, 195, 196, 198 Cedar Grove Fault 152, 154 262 INDEX

Celle-Sanda fault system 94, 95, 106, 117 depositional setting 156–157, 158–159, 160 Cenomanian, Eagle Ford Group 198, 200–202 see also Mayaro Formation Cenomanian/Turonian stage boundary 198, 200, 201 Deola Marl 26 channel-bar/channel plug complexes, Pennington Point Deshayesites bodei 42 Member 235–236 Dharwar Trend 23, 45 Chiplonkarina 33, 38 Dhrangadhra Group sandstones 34–37, 49 Chiplonkarina dimorphopora 29, 33, 34 palynoflora 34–35 Chiselbury Bay Member 235, 237, 239 reservoir environment and provenance 42–43 Chondrites 39, 138, 166, 173, 174, 176, 177, 183 reservoir quality 35, 44, 46 Cicatricosisporites 46, 49 digital elevation models 224, 225 Cicatricosisporites cf. australis 46 digital field systems, BGS 219–228 Cicatricosisporites cooksoni 37 BGS-SIGMA 221–224, 226, 227 Cingutriletes 29 PDAs 220 Cladophlebes 41 tablet PCs 220–221 Classopollis 37, 46 Tajikistan case study 226–227 Classopollis classoides 38 UAV 224, 225, 227, 228 Classopollis pflugi 37 Digital Terrain Model 220, 224, 227 Cleoniceras 39 discontinuities clothing, field trips 15–16, 17,18 TPB 97, 102, 112 Coilopeceras 32 see also allostratigraphy; unconformities Columbus Basin Distal Delta-Front depositional element 158, 161–164, accommodation space 153, 164 168, 181–184, 185 deltaic origin 157 Distal Delta-Lobe depositional element 159, 164, 165, depocentres 153, 154 168, 176–178, 185, 186 faults 152, 153, 165 Distal Distributary depositional element 158–159, 165, outcrop analogues 5, 151–187 167, 168, 169–170, 171, 185 reservoir architecture 167, 169–186 Dolphin Field 152, 180, 186 reservoir characteristics 151–153 drowning unconformities, TPB 97, 98, 102, 105, 108, sedimentation 153, 154, 157, 160, 161, 164–165 111–123, 128–129 parasequences 157, 161 dunes 141, 146 Cooksonites 49 see also antidunes Coptospora 49 dykes Coralline Limestone Formation 26, 49–50 interlava beds 66, 68, 69, 70 age 33–34 sand injection complexes 80, 82, 84 depositional environment 33 randomly oriented 86, 87, 88 fossil fauna 28,33–34 lithology 30, 31,33 Eagle Ford Formation Cornabispora valdensis 34 Lower 193, 196, 197, 198, 199–205 Cremnoceramus deformis erectus 196 Antonio Creek 198, 200–201, 203, 204, 205 Cretaceous Lozier Canyon 198, 199–200, 201, 203, 204 Eagle Ford Group 193–205 sequence stratigraphic units 199–201 Indian offshore petroleum potential 22–23 Upper 193, 196, 197, 198, 201–205 Indian onshore outcrops 21–42 Langtry 198, 202, 203, 204 source rock potential 44–47, 49–50 Scott Ranch 198, 201–202, 203, 204, 205 Cruziana 176 sequence stratigraphic units 201–202 Cyathadites 37 Eagle Ford Group 193–205, 195, 198 Cyathidites australis 29 d13C isotope data 195, 196, 197, 198, 201, 202, Cyathidites minor 29 203, 205 Cycadopites gracilis 29 geological setting 194 Cycadopites sakrigaliensis 29 GR 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205 Cylindricus 39 sequence stratigraphy 203, 204, 205 SGR profiles 194–195, 196 Danica sand injectite prospect 81, 87 stratigraphy 197–198 Deccan Traps 29–30, 33, 34, 35, 45 TOC 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 203, 205 underlying petroleum potential 23, 24–25 U, K and Th 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 205 deformation bands, Yasamal Valley 209, 211 XRF and XRD data 195 Del Rio Formation 194 Elatocladus conferta 41 Delta-Front depositional element 158, 160, 168, English Channel, comparison with Ordovician deposits 169, 178–181, 185, 186 147–148 deltas Enni Formation 56, 57,58 Apenninic margin 126–128 environment, impact of field trips 18, 20 Columbus Basin 153–155, 164–165 Eocene, TPB 102–103 depositional elements 156, 158–159, 167–185 Ephedrites 39 and reservoir architecture 169–184 Erinpura Granite 24 INDEX 263 erosive margins, sand injection complexes 82–83, 84 Geographical Information Systems (GIS) 3, Euomphaloceras septemseriatum 201 221, 226 Euporophyma lefebvrei 32 geomechanics, of structures 208, 209, 216 evaporites, TPB 119, 121 geometry, of structures 208, 209, 216 Exesipollenites tumulus 34 GeoVisionary 224, 226, 227 expectation, in petroleum exploration 248, 257 Ginkgocycadophytus deterius var. majus 37 glaciation, Ordovician, Algeria 137 Faroe Islands Basalt Group 56 Gleichenites 37, 41 stratigraphy 56, 57,58–59 Gliscopollis 34 Faroe Islands interlava system 5, 55–71 Glossifungites 167 3D photogrammetry 5, 56, 59–60 Glyvursnes-1 borehole 57,58 geology and stratigraphy 56, 57,58–59 Goru Formation 41, 42, 49 Faroe-Shetland Basin 55, 56 hydrocarbon reservoirs 42 lineaments 58–59 Granatricolpites 37 potential hydrocarbon reservoirs 69 Granatriporites 37 faults graptolites, Tiguentourine Field 138 Alps-Apennine Junction 94, 95, 96, 103, 106 Greig Field 76 FIBG 68, 69, 70 Grognardo Fault 94,95 sub-seismic investigation 213, 214, 215, 216 Gros Morne Formation 153, 154, 155 Favussella washitensis 42 field-based studies 1–5, 2 Habur Formation 41,42 accommodation 12 Haradisporites mineri 29 as analogues to subsurface reservoirs 207–216 Harding Field, sand injectites 78–79 communications 16 hazards, field trips 10, 11,12–13 contingency plans 12 Health and Safety Executive digital techniques 6, 219–228 briefing 18 early days 2 leadership 10, 11, 12, 15 first aid 13–15, 16 plans 9–12 frontier and mature basins 5 regulations 9 group shelter 16, 17 risk assessment 10, 11, 16, 18, 19 hazards 10, 11,12–13 risk mitigation training 13–15 health risks 11, 12–13, 18 health and safety, field trips 1, 5, 9–20 health and safety 1, 5, 9–20 accommodation 12 HSE briefing 18 environmental impact 18, 20 incident management 18 first aid 13–15 injury 12 hazards 10, 11,12–13 leadership 10, 11, 12, 15 health risks 11, 12–13, 18 participants 10 HSE briefing 18 permits and access 12 HSE leadership 10, 11, 12, 15 personal health 12–13 incident management 18 personal protective equipment 15–16, 17 logistics 9–10 planning and preparation 9–12 participants 10 reconnaissance 10 permits and access 12 risk assessment 10, 11, 16, 18, 19 personal health 10, 12–13 risk mitigation 13–18 planning and preparation 9–12 safety equipment 15–16, 17,18 contingency plans 12 travel 11, 12, 13, 18 reconnaissance 10 first aid, field trips 13–15, 16 risk assessment 10, 11, 16, 18, 19 floodbasin muds, Pennington Point Member risk mitigation 13–18 237, 239 safety equipment 15–16, 17,18 flow lobes, FIBG 60–61, 62, 63, 64, 65 travel 11, 12, 13, 18 fracture networks, characterization 213, 215, 216 Heimdal Formation 76 Frigg Formation 76, 77 Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica 32, 42 frontier basins 5 Hemiaster 38 Fugloy 57 Hemiaster integer 32, 34 interlava beds 60, 61, 63, 66, 67,70 Hemiaster subsimilis 34, 38 lava tube 68, 69 Hermod Formation 76 Hestur 57 Galeota see SE Galeota sequence set interlava beds 61 Gara Nessaret East, Ordovician synglacial deposits Hiboulites 41 142, 146 Himatnagar Sandstone Formation 24, 25, 49 Gara Nessaret West, Ordovician synglacial deposits Hordaland Group 76 141–142, 143, 144 Høvdhamarin Flow 58, 61 Gavelinella tourainensis 32 Hvannhagi Formation 57 264 INDEX

Iceland plume 56 Late Tortonian Unconformity 100, 107 Illizi Basin 135, 136 latest-Tortonian sequence boundary 100, 107 Imirhou Formation 135 lava channels, FIBG 61, 66, 67, 68, 69–70 Immortelle Field 152, 161 lava flow, FIBG 60–61, 62, 63–66, 67, 68, 70 Impardecispora 35 see also flow lobes In Amenas gas complex 135 lava tubes, FIBG 61, 68, 69, 69,70 India lava-sediment interaction onshore outcrops as analogue for offshore models Faroe Islands 55, 58, 59,60 21–51 see also interlava systems petroleum systems 42–44 Law of Total Probability 248–250, 254, 257 regional correlation 47–50 Lemme Fault 94,95 reservoir quality 44 Lemuroceras 39 source rock potential 44–47 Leptosalenia keatingei 32, 34 tectonic evolution 23–24 LiDAR technology 1, 3, 226, 227 Indus Basin 49 Ligurian-Piedmont back-arc basin 103 injectites 75 Ligurian-Piedmont Ocean Nappes 94–95 see also sand injection complexes; sand injectite plays; Liguro-Provenc¸al Basin 93, 96, 105 Volund Field Lodhika-1 well 34, 35, 46, 47 Inoceramus 31–32 logistics, field trips 9–10 Inoceramus cf. dimidius 202 Lopra Formation 58 Inoceramus cf. rotundatus 32 Lozier Canyon Inoceramus pedalionoides 32 borehole data 195, 196 Inoceramus perplexus 202 Eagle Ford Group outcrop 193, 194, 198 Insubric Fault 95 Lozier Canyon Member 198, 199–200, 201, 203, 204 interlava systems, Faroe Islands 55–71, 59, 60 Lycopodiumsporites 37 compartmentalization 66, 68, 69, 70 Lygodiumsporites 37 connectivity 64–66, 67,69–70 correlation difficulty 68–69 Malinstindur Formation 56, 57, 58, 61 description 61 Mammites 201 extent 69 Marca Shale 83 geometry 61, 63–64, 70 Marginotruncana coronata 42 volcaniclastic remobilization 70–71 Marginotruncana sigali 42 Intra-Burdigalian Unconformity 100, 105, 113 Matonidium geopperti 37 Intra-Langhian sequence boundary 105 mature basins 5 Intra-Messinian Unconformity 100, 112, 118, 121 Maximum Accommodation Intervals, TPB 110 Intra-Rupelian sequence boundary 100, 103 Mayaro Formation intra-volcanic drainage systems 55 depositional elements 156–157, 158–159, 167–186 Intra-Zanclean Unconformity 112, 113, 114, 118, 119 and reservoir architecture 169–186 geological setting 152, 153–155 Jabalpur Group 49 outcrop analogue for Columbus Basin 151–187 jack up, sand injection complexes 77, 80–81, 83,87 regressive surfaces of marine erosion 116, 164, 165, Jaisalmer Basin 22, 23, 39–42 166, 167, 173, 176 reservoir environment and provenance 42–43, 44 sequence architecture 162, 163–167 Jurassic, Kutch Basin 38–39, 44, 50 sequence stratigraphy 157, 161 facies 158–159, 160, 161–164, 167, 169, 170 Kapok Field 152, 161 MB4 161, 162, 164, 166 Kilve, North Somerset MB5 161, 162, 164–167, 168, 170, 172, 179, 182 fracture network characterization 213, 215, 216 parasequences 157, 161, 162, 163, 164 relay ramps 210, 211–212 sequence sets 157, 158–159, 161, 162, 163 sub-seismic fault investigation 213, 214 sequences 157, 162 kinematics 208, 209, 216 transgressive surface of erosion 167 Klausipollenites 29 transgressive-regressive cycles 157 Koltur 57 Mecaster mutabilis 32, 34 interlava beds 61, 66 Medial Delta-Lobe depositional element 159, 163, 165, Kutch Basin 22, 23, 38–39, 40,49 168, 169, 173–176, 185 reservoir environment and provenance 42–43, 44 Mediterranean Salinity Crisis 107 reservoir quality 44 Merana-Monte Acuto en echelon fault system 94, 95, 103, Kutch Rift 23,24 106, 117 Mercia Mudstone Group 232, 233, 234 Labour Theory of Value 247–248 porosity and permeability 241 Lameta Formation 24, 25, 26, 49 transition with Otter Sandstone Formation 235, 236, Langtry Member 197, 198, 202, 203, 204 237, 238–244 Late Rupelian Unconformity 100, 103, 112, 117–119 Mesemborioxylon 41 Late Serravallian Unconformity 100, 105, 126 Messinian sequence boundary 100, 107 INDEX 265

Micracanthoceras 39 Oued Imhirou 139, 141 Microchryidites antarcticus 34 Orinoco Delta 169 Miocene, TPB 103, 105, 107, 108, 109 see also palaeo-Orinoco Delta modelling Osmundacidites wellmanii 37 CO2 injection 231, 240, 241-243 Otozamites imbricatus 41 numerical 3 Otter Sandstone Formation 232, 233, 234 stochastic 2 porosity and permeability 239, 240, 241 structural 221-212 transition with Mercia Mudstone 235, 236, 237, Wessex Basin 237-243 238–244 Monferrato frontal splays 105, 108 Ottone-Levanto Fault 94,95 Monosulcites 37 Oued Imhirou, Ordovician deposits 139, 141 Morozzo fault system 94,95 mudstone, fractured, sand injection complexes Pagiophyllum 41 85–86, 87, 88 palaeo-Orinoco Delta 115, 116, 122, 151, 153, mudstone-clast breccia, sandstone intrusions 84, 155, 160, 165 86, 88, 90 Palaeophycus 39, 138, 173 Mukta field 22 Palmiste Formation 154, 155 Mytiloides ex gr. striatoconcentricus 32 palynoflora Mytiloides incertus 32, 196 Dhrangadhra Group 34–35, 37 Wadhwan Formation 38 Namadoceras 32 palynomorphs, Nimar Sandstone Group 29 Narmada Basin 23, 24–34, 49 Panna field 22 depocentre/basin fill 25 Panoche Giant Injection Complex 76, 78 pre-Deccan sequence 26–34 Sill Zone 86, 88,90 reservoir environment and provenance 42–43, 44 parasequences 157, 161, 162, 163, 164 reservoir quality 44 Parastantonoceras 32 source rock potential 44–45 Parh Formation 41, 42, 49 stratigraphy 25–26 Pariwar Formation Narmada Fault 25 fossils 41 Narmada Graben 49 lithofacies 40–41 Narmada Rift 23,25 reservoir environment and provenance 42–43 Narmada-Son Lineament 24, 45 reservoir quality 44, 46 Navania Limestone Member 34,38 Pennington Point Member 237, 238, 239 Ness Formation 124 lithofacies 235–237, 239 Nimar Group 25, 26–30 performance prediction 3, 4 Nimar Sandstone Group 49 Perinipollenites elatoides 38 age 29 Perisphinctes 41 depositional environment 26, 27,29 permeability 4 fossil flora and fauna 28,29 see also Mercia mudstone; Otter Sandstone lithology 26, 27, 28 Formation; turbidites petrography 28, 29, 42–43 permits and access, field trips 12 reservoir environment and provenance 42–43 personal protective equipment 15–16, 17 reservoir quality 44, 46 petroleum potential, offshore India 22 sediment provenance 30 petroleum systems, India 42–44 source rock potential 44 Phlebopteris 41 Nodular Limestone Formation 26, 49 photogrammetry 1, 3 age 31–32 Faroe Islands 5, 56, 59–60 depositional environment 31 Phygraea 38 fossil fauna 28, 30–31, 32 Piedmont Basin see Tertiary Piedmont Basin lithology 28,30–31 Pisotrigonia ventricosa 39 North Viking Graben, analogue 124, 125 Pityosporites 37 ‘Placenticeras’ 31, 38, 49 Ocean Anoxic Event 2 195, 202 Placenticeras kaffrarium 31, 32 Oligocene, TPB 102–103, 104, 106 Placenticeras mintoi 32 Onychiopsis 49 Planolites 37, 39, 166, 167, 173, 176, 179, 183 Onychiopsis psilotoides 37 Planomalina buxtorfi 42 Ophiomorpha 37, 39, 163, 166, 167 Platiceramus mantelli 33 Ophiomorpha nodosa 170, 172, 174, 177, 179 play risk 254 Ordovician Pliocene, Mayaro Formation 151–187 glaciation, Algeria 137 Po Plain-Adriatic Basin 112, 113, 114, 118, Illizi Basin 135, 136 126–127 synglacial deposits 139, 141–143, 144, 145, 146 Podocarpidites 37 Gara Nessaret East 142 Podocarpidites ellipticus 29 Gara Nessaret West 141–142, 143, 144 Podocarpidites multesimus 29 266 INDEX point-bar deposits, Pennington Point Member 236 sand injection complexes, Volund Field 5, 75, 78, Polypodiaceoisporites speciosus 37 87–88, 89–90 Praeglobotruncana stephani 32, 42 erosive margins 82–83, 84 pre-Deccan sequence fractured mudstone 85–86, 87 Narmada Basin 26–34 internal structures 83–85, 90 petroleum potential 22–23, 35, 46–47, 50 irregular surfaces 79,81–82 Saurastra Basin 34–38 mudstone-clast breccia 84, 86, 88, 90 Prediscosphaera 32 outcrop analogues 80–87 Prestfjall Formation 57 randomly oriented dykes 86, 87, 88 Prionocyclus germari 32, 33, 196 reservoir risk constraint 87–88 Pro-Delta depositional element 158, 161, 162, saucer/conical intrusions 79, 80–82, 83,87–90 164, 168, 184–185 sills 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 87–88, 89 probability see Law of Total Probability sub-surface analogues 78–80 prospect risk 247, 250–251 sand injectite plays 75, 78, 81 change in light of new information 251–258 Sandoy 57 play risk 254 interlava beds 61, 64, 68, 70 Ptilophyllum acutifolium 41 sandstone Punctatriporites 37 intrusion see sand injection complexes shallow-marine Quadrum eneabrachium 32 Tiguentourine Field 137–139, 140, 141–143, 144 Quadrum gartneri 32 depositional setting 143–144, 146 Sarasinella 42 Ranipat Formation 34,49 Satpura Horst 25 depositional environment 37 Satpura Trend 23, 45 lithofacies 36,37 saucer sandstone intrusions 79, 80–82, 83,87–90 reconnaissance, field trips 10 Saurastra Basin 22,34–38 regressive surfaces of marine erosion 111, 113, 114, pre-Deccan stratigraphy 34 116, 124–126 reservoir environment and provenance 42–43, 44 Mayaro Formation 164, 165, 166, 167, 173, 176 reservoir quality 44 relay ramps, North Somerset 210, 211–212 source rock potential 45, 47 remobilization, volcaniclastic sediments 70–71 Saurastra Horst 23, 25, 34, 35 reservoir appraisal 5 scallops 83, 84 reservoir architecture, Columbus Basin 169–184 Scott Ranch Member 198, 201–202, 203, 204, 205 reservoir development 2 Scrivia Fault 94, 95, 105 reservoir quality, India 44 SE Galeota sequence set 161, 162, 163 reservoir risk constraint, sand injection 87–88 seal, Tiguentourine Field 135 reservoir systems seepage, pre-Deccan source rock 47 description 3, 4 Sele Formation 76, 77,88 modelling 3, 4 Sembar Formation 49 performance prediction 3, 4 sequence sets 157, 158–159, 161, 162, 163 reservoir-caprock interface 232–233 sequences 157, 162 Wessex Basin 234, 235–237 Sestri-Voltaggio deformation zone 94,95 dynamic flow model 241–243 shale, graptolitic marine, Tiguentourine Field 137, 138, static geological model 237–241 139, 141–142, 146 Re´union hotspot 23 Sherwood Sandstone Group 234, 235 Rhizocorallium 39, 173 CCS 233–234 rift basins, India 23–42 CO2 injection 232 risk transition with Mercia Mudstone Group 235–244 play 254 Sidmouth Mudstone Formation 235, 237 prospect 247–258 sills, sand injection complexes 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, shared 254 87–88, 89 risk assessment, field trips 10, 11,16 Skolithos 37, 39, 141, 142, 143, 144, 166, 167, 179, 183 risk mitigation, field trips 13–18 Skopunarfjørður Fault 70 Rock Pens Member 197, 198 Sku´gvoy 57 Rockeval analysis 22, 24, 45, 46 interlava beds 61, 64, 65, 66, 70, 71 Rosebank Field 5, 55 slump scars 112, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120, 121, 126 Rotalia cf. algeriana 33 Sneis Formation 57, 58, 69 Rotalipora cushmani 42 Songir Group 25 Rupelian source rock potential, India 44–47 Late Rupelian Unconformity 112, 117, 118, 119 South Viking Graben 76, 80 Lower, deposition 118–119 Spheripollenites psilatus 34 Spheripollenites subgranulatus 34 safety equipment, field trips 15–16, 17,18 splay sandstones, Pennington Point Member 236–237 sand fluidization 78, 79, 81, 83, 86 Stereisporites 29 INDEX 267

Sto´ra Dı´mun, interlava beds 61, 64, 71 fossil flora 37 stratigraphic analysis, structurally complex margins, lithology 35–37 TPB 96, 97, 99–100, 102, 128–129 source rock potential 45–46 Streymoy 57, 58, 59 Tiguentourine Field 135, 136 Striatites 29 depositional model 148, 149 structurally complex margin, stratigraphic analysis, depositional setting 143–144, 146 TPB 96, 97, 99–100, 102, 128–129 erosional surface 138–139 Stura Fault 94,95 glaciation 137 subduction, Alps-Apennine Junction 93, 95, 96, 97, graptolitic marine shale 137–139, 141–142, 146 107, 110 Ordovician synglacial deposits 139, 141–143, Suðuroy 57 144, 145, 146 lava flows 63 comparison with modern tidal shelves 147–148 Surajdeval Formation 34 reservoirs 138–139, 140 depositional environment 37 stratigraphy 137 lithofacies 36,37 Tihemboka Arch 136, 137 Surat Depression 23,24–25 topology 208, 209, 213, 215, 216 Suredranagar Sandstone Member 34, 38, 49 total organic carbon Svı´noy, interlava beds 61, 62, 63, 64–66, 68, 70 Dhrangadhra Group 35 onshore Indian outcrops 22, 45, 46 Tajikistan, BGS digital fieldwork case study 226, 227 Wadhwan Formation 35 Tamadjert Formation 135 transgression, onshore India 49, 50 Tapti Field 22 transgression/regression Tarbert Formation 124 Mayaro Formation 157 Tassili N’Ajjer outcrop 135, 136 TPB 97, 98, 100, 102, 103, 105, 107, 110–129 comparison with English Channel 147–148 transgressive surfaces of marine erosion glaciation 137 Mayaro Formation 167 Teichichnus 173 TPB 115, 116, 126 temperature, extreme 11,12 traps Tertiary Piedmont Basin erosional remnant 115, 116, 118, 119, 120 accommodation space 97, 102, 103, 107, 110, 113, 117, stratigraphic 112, 113, 115 118, 119 structural, CO2 storage 232 allostratigraphy 96, 97, 98, 99, 102–107, 112, 128 travel, field trips 11, 12, 13, 18 Alpine orogenic collapse 95, 96, 102 Triassic basins 233 as analogue 121–124, 125 Trigonia 40 bounding surfaces 107, 108, 109, 110 Trilobatus apiverrucatus 37 elementary depositional sequences 111, 126, 127, Trilobosporites 37 128, 129 Tropaeum aff. australis 39 erosional remnant traps 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, turbidites 128–129 Narmada Basin 29, 32, 34, 49, 50 facies and depositional systems 98, 102–107 sand injection complexes 76, 78, 82 geological setting 93–97, 99 Tigentourine Field 135, 138, 141, 143 regressive surfaces of marine erosion 111, 113, 114, porosity and permeability 138, 139 116, 124–126 TPB 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110–111, 117, sea-level cycles 100, 102, 103, 105, 107, 112, 113–129 119, 120, 126, 129 Maximum Accommodation Intervals 110 vein spacing 212 stacking patterns 110–111, 126 Turonian, Eagle Ford Group 196, 202 sediment-fill 97–100, 102–107 sequence sets 111 UAV field data collection, BGS 224, 225 stratigraphy 96, 98, 99, 102–107 Uchad (Umrali) Flagstone 25, 26 structurally complex margin, stratigraphic analysis 96, Ukra Member 39 97, 99–100, 102, 128–129 Umia Member 39 tectono-stratigraphy 102–107, 110 uncertainty characterization thrust-propagation folds 126 subsurface risk 2, 3,6 transgressive surfaces of marine erosion 115, 116, 126 CCS 231–232, 243–244 unconformities 96, 97, 98, 99, 102–103, 105, unconformities 107–110, 111–123 TPB 96, 97, 98, 99, 102–103, 105, 107–110, 110, Tetragramma besairei 34 111–123 Texas Upper Cretaceous, onshore India 49–50 Eagle Ford Group 193–205 see also allostratigraphy Late Cenomanian, palaeogeography 199 uplift, pre-Deccan 29–30 Thalassinoides 31, 37, 39, 166 ‘Upper Nimars’ 26, 28 Than Formation 34 age 37 valley incision, TPB 112, 114, 115, 119, 120 depositional environment 37 Villalvernia-Varzi fault system 94, 95, 105 268 INDEX

Virgatosphinctes communis 41 Wadhwan Formation 34, 35, 37–38, 49 Virgatosphinctes densiplicatus 39, 41 fossils 38 Virtual Field Reconnaissance, BGS 224, 226 Watznaueria barnesae 32 volcaniclastic sediments 61, 63, 66, 68, 70 weather, extreme 11,12 volcanism, and sedimentation 55, 56, 70–71 Weichselia 49 Voliceramus involutus 31 Weichselia reticulata 37 Volund Field Wessex Basin 233, 234, 235 exploration wells 76–78 dynamic flow model 241–243 geological setting 76–78 static geological model 237–241 sand injection complex 5, 75, 78 West Coast Fault 23 outcrop analogues 80–87, 87–88, 89–90 Westray Transfer Zone 70 reservoir risk constraint 87–88 sub-surface analogues 78–80 Yellowbank Creek intrusion 83