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University of California Santa Barbara Symmetrical Voice Constructions in Besemah: A Usage-based Approach A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics by Bradley James McDonnell Committee in charge: Professor Marianne Mithun, Chair Professor Bernard Comrie Professor Stefan Gries Professor Sandra Thompson Professor Michael Ewing, University of Melbourne June 2016 The Dissertation of Bradley James McDonnell is approved. Professor Bernard Comrie Professor Stefan Gries Professor Sandra Thompson Professor Michael Ewing Professor Marianne Mithun, Committee Chair June 2016 Symmetrical Voice Constructions in Besemah: A Usage-based Approach Copyright © 2016 by Bradley James McDonnell iii For Anna Ruth iv Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without help from many different people. First, I am grateful to my dissertation committee: Marianne Mithun, Bernard Comrie, Sandy Thompson, Stefan Gries, and Mike Ewing. I could not have asked for a better committee. I am so thankful for the unique perspective that each member gave me while I was writing this dissertation. Many of the ideas in this dissertation were developed during five fruitful months at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in 2013. I am thankful to Bernard Comrie for the invitation and providing support while I was in Leipzig. During my time at UCSB, I was fortunate enough to work with many of the faculty, including Matthew Gordon, Carol Genetti, Mary Bucholtz, and Jack Du Bois, all of whom shaped the way that I think about language. Finally, I am grateful for all of my classmates and friends for enriching my graduate school experience. The fieldwork on Besemah that formed the basis for the dissertation was supported by numerous people and organizations. First and foremost, I would like to acknowledge the people of Karang Tanding who welcomed me and my family into their village. They treated us as their own. While I owe a deep debt of gratitude to the entire village, I would like thank my three Besemah language teachers Sarkani, Hendi, and Sutarso in particular. They were so patient with me and provided a real window into Besemah language and culture. Furthermore, I am thankful to my Besemah friends who participated in the recordings that constitute the corpus of Besemah, which is now archived at the Pacific and Regional Archive for Digital Sources in Endangered Cultures (PARADISEC). Finally, I would not have been able to conduct fieldwork in Karang Tanding at all without Asfan Fikri Sanaf and Kencana Dewi kindly allowing my family to stay at their home. I am so thankful for their kindness. I would also like to thank those who supported me during my stays in Jakarta and Palembang. The Center for Languages and Cultures at Atma Jaya University in Jakarta not only acted as a spon- sor on two different occasions, but also supported my research on Besemah more generally. I am indebted to Bamabang Kaswanti Purwo, Yassir Tjung, Katharina Endriati Sukamto, and Yanti. The Language Institute at Sriwijaya University in Palembang supported my research while in Palembang, and Sofendi, Rita Hayati, Diemroh Ihsan, and Chuzaimah Diem, in particular, provided logistical support and encouragement during my time in Palembang. The Jakarta and Padang Field Stations of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology provided me with an enormous amount of support throughout my time in Indonesia. I would like to thank David Gil and Uri Tadmor, in particular, for their expertise and encouragement. I would also like to thank Hengky Firmasyah and his family for introducing me to the Besemah language and for his assistance throughout my field- work. Finally, many others supported me during my time in Indonesia, including Andri, Hesti, John Bowden, Karl Anderbeck, Matt Connor, Tom Conners, Tim McKinnon, Hanum Tyagita, and Tessa Yuditha. The research in Indonesia was funded by a Fulbright scholarship, Blakemore Freeman Fellow- ship Language Grant, and Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad scholarship. I would like to thank Cathy Scheibner and Griffith Way at the Blakemore Foundation and Nelly Paliama at American Indonesian Exchange Foundation for all of their help in making my fieldwork run as smoothly as possible. I am also grateful to the Ministry of Research and Technology in Indonesia for allowing me to conduct this research on Besemah. v I would like to thank my friends and family whose love and support got me through the chal- lenges of fieldwork and graduate school. I am so thankful that Anna and I had a special group of friends in Arizona, Jack DeBartolo, Tricia DeBartolo, Chad Littell, Cassie Littell, Dave Traina, Kiersten Traina, Justin Roth, and Keri Roth, and in Santa Barbara, Nick Pope, Kristen Pope, Than Matanick, Christi Matanick, Garret Meade, Kim Meade, Saul Moreno, and Megan Moreno. I am so thankful for how they cared for my family during our time in Indonesia. I am so grateful to family for their support. My in-laws, Mark Rentz, Barbara Rentz, Isaac Rentz, and Kate Rentz, for their love and support throughout the years. My brother, Phillip McDonnell, and my sister, Brooke McDonnell, for their love for me. My mom, Kris McDonnell, for telling me every chance she had that ‘it takes so little to be above average’. She always believed in me, prayed for me, and encouraged me to think big. My dad, Bob McDonnell, for his willingness to sacrifice whatever he had to support me in my academic endeavors. Finally, I am so thankful for the love of my life, Anna, who has been with me through this entire experience. She has been right by my side for the successes and failures, for the good times and diffi- cult times. We have been so blessed with our precious daughter Mabel who has been an inspiration to me over the past five years. Most of all, I thank God for His unending love for me. vi Vita of Bradley James McDonnell June 2016 Education 2016 PhD in Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara. Dissertation: Symmetrical voice constructions in Besemah: A usage-based approach Chair: Marianne Mithun 2014 C.Phil in Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara. 2013 MA in Linguistics, University of California, Santa Barbara. 2010 MA in Linguistics, Arizona State University. 2003 MA in Teaching English as a Second Language, Arizona State University. 2002 BA in History (Magna Cum Laude), Arizona State University. Professional appointments 2012/2016 Teaching Associate, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Bar- bara. Introduction to Language & Linguistics, Historical Linguistics 2010-13 Teaching Assistant, Department of Linguistics, University of California, Santa Bar- bara. Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Historical Linguistics, Language in Society, English Grammar for Teachers, Second Language Acquisition 2005-07 Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of English, Arizona State University. English Grammar & Usage, First Year Composition for ESL Students, First Year Composition I, First Year Composition II. Publications 2016 McDonnell, Bradley (to appear) Acoustic correlates of stress in Besemah. NUSA: Lin- guistic studies in and around Indonesia. 2013 McDonnell, Bradley (in press) Roadblocks in the grammaticalization highway: When phonology gets in the way. In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley Linguistics Society. vii 2013 McDonnell, Bradley (2013) Distributed reduplication in Kankanaey. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley Linguistics Society. 2013 Sato, Yosuke ; Bradley McDonnell (2013) Indonesian reduplication and the lexical- ist hypothesis. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. Berkeley Linguistics Society. 2012 Gordon, Matthew, Edita Ghushchyan, Bradley McDonnell, Daisy Rosenblum, ; Pa- tricia Shaw (2012) Sonority and central vowels: A cross-linguistic phonetic study. In Steve Parker (ed.) The Sonority Controversy. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 219–256. 2009 McDonnell, Bradley (2009) A preliminary description of Ende phonology. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2: 197–228. 2008 McDonnell, Bradley (2008) A conservative vowel phoneme inventory: The case of Besemah. Oceanic Linguistics 47(2): 409–432. 2008 McDonnell, Bradley (2008) Possessive structures in Ende: A language of eastern In- donesia. In Lou Hohulin (ed.) Studies in Philippine Languages and Cultures: Aus- tronesian Language Papers 18: 108–118. Scholarships & grants 2014-15 Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad Scholarship, “Symmetrical Voice Constructions in Besemah: A usage-based approach”. 2013 Invited visiting PhD candidate, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig. 2013-14 Dean’s Fellowship, University of California, Santa Barbara. 2011-12 Dean’s Fellowship, University of California, Santa Barbara. 2009-10 Blakemore Freeman Fellowship for Advanced Asian Language Study, “Besemah & Indonesian language study.” 2007-08 Fulbright Research Scholarship, “Fieldwork on Besemah” & “A corpus of Indone- sian.” 2007 Foreign Language Association Scholarship, Advanced Indonesian language study, Southeast Asian Studies Summer Institute. 2005-06 Graduate Professional & Student Association Research Grant, “A grammatical de- scription of Ende: A language of eastern Indonesia,” Arizona State University. Invited Presentations 2016 McDonnell, Bradley (2016) Transitivity and voice
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