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Systematic Studies on the Family Cucurbitaceae of Eastern Bihar, India

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Systematic Studies on the Family Cucurbitaceae of Eastern Bihar, India M. Ajmal Ali and Arun K. Pandey Plant Systematics Research Centre, Department of Botany, T. M. Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur, Bihar, 812007 India (Email: [email protected]) In India, the family Cucurbitaceae is Benincasa, Coccinia, Cucumis, Cucurbita, represented by 36 genera and 100 species Citrullus, Diplocyclos, Lagenaria, Luffa, (2). Cucurbitaceae are a major family Melothria, Momordica, and Trichosanthes. among economically important The genera Benincasa, Coccinia, domesticated species, particularly those with Diplocyclos, and Lagenaria were edible fruits including cucumber (Cucumis represented by one species each. Citrullus, sativus), melon (Cucumis melo), watermelon Melothria, Momordica and Cucumis (Citrullus lanatus), squash and pumpkin included two species, whereas Cucurbita (Cucurbita spp.), bitter melon (Momordica and Trichosanthes included three species charantia), chayote (Sechium edule), loofah each. The genus Luffa was the largest genus (Luffa spp.), bottle gourd (Lagenaria represented by four species. It is evident siceraria), snake gourd (Trichosanthes from the study that the species collected cucumerina var. anguina) and wax gourd during field surveys are found in all the (Benincasa hispida). Some of these districts of Eastern Bihar except a few represent the earliest cultivated plants. Some species which are confined to a particular have medicinal and other uses. Those with district. Luffa echinata and Melothria hard- shelled fruits, particularly Lagenaria, heterophylla are confined to Katihar, have been used to manufacture containers Citrullus colocynthis are confined to and musical instruments since ancient times. Kishnaganj, Luffa hermaphrodita and Trichosanthes tricuspidata are confined to Bihar lies between 24°20’10’’ N to Bhagalpur and Melothria maderspatana is 27°31’15” N and 83°19’50” E to 88°17’40” confined to Purnia. E. Its boundaries touch Nepal in the North , the SState of Jharkhand in the South, the Cucurbitaceae in Eastern Bihar include both State of West Bengal in the East, and the wild and cultivated taxa. The wild species State of Uttar Pradesh in the West. Bihar collected during this study were Coccinia State covers an area of 99,200 km2 and is grandis, Cucumis melo var. agrestis, divided into 38 districts. In Bihar, the river Diplocyclos palmatus, Luffa echinata, Ganga flows from West to East. The Melothria maderspatana, M. heterophylla, Gangetic plain, created by the Ganga and its Trichosanthes cucumerina, and T. tributaries Kosi, Sone, Gandak, etc., forms tricuspidata. Cultivated species were: almost a flat alluvial plain except for the Benincasa hispida, Citrullus colocynthis, C. Himalayan foot hills and the tarai regions in lanatus, Coccinia grandis, Cucumis melo, the extreme northwest. The eastern Bihar var. momordica, C. melo. var utillissimus, consists of 7 districts viz., Bhagalpur, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita maxima, C. Purnia, Katihar, Saharsa, Madhepura, Araria moschata, C. pepo, Lagenaria siceraria, and Kishanganj. The rich vegetation and Luffa acutangula, L. cylindrica, L. diversity of Bihar have attracted the hermaphrodita, Momordica charantia, M. attention of a number of explorers and dioica, T. cucumerina var. anguina, and T. botanists during history (1). dioica. The cultivated taxa (Benincasa For this study, a total number of 11 genera hispida, Coccinia grandis, Cucurbita and 24 species were collected from different maxima, C. moschata, C. pepo, Lagenaria areas is Eastern Bihar. The genera included siceraria, Luffa acutangula, L. cylindrica, L. 66 Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report 28-29: 66-69 (2005-2006) hermaphrodita, Momordica charantia, M. round, 1.5-2.0 cm deep round on both dioica, T. cucumerina var. anguina, and T. surfaces in Trichosanthes dioica. The tendril dioica.) are mainly grown in “diara” bifid in Citrullus lanatus, Cucurbita pepo, regions. Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis melo, Diplocyclos palmatus; 3-fid in var. momordica, C. melo. var utillissimus, C. Trichosanthes tricuspidata, Luffa sativus are cultivated for their edible fruits. acutangula, L. cylindrica; 2-6 fid in Luffa hermaphrodita is cultivated mainly in Cucurbita maxima; 2-3 fid in T. cucumerina Bhagalpur district. Cucumis melo var. var. anguina, T. cucumerina, many fids in agrestis, found growing in a wild condition Cucurbita moschata. The shape of tendril in all the districts of eastern Bihar, is sold in varies from slender to filiform. The male the market as a vegetable crop. flowers fasiculate in Cucumis melo, C. sativus, Melothria maderspatana; solitary in Cucurbits are also used in the indigenous Momordica charantia, M. dioica, Cucurbita system of medicine. Lagenaria siceraria, moschata; racemose or paniculata; either Trichosanthes dioica, T. cucumerina, T. solitary, robust in Trichosanthes cucumerina cucumerina var. anguina, and Benincasa var. anguina; few to many - flowered in hispida are rich in protein and vitamin C. Melothria heterophylla; 5-12 flowered in Each and every part of pointed gourd has Luffa echinata; 15-20 flowered in Luffa high nutritional value. The roots contain cylindrica; 17-20 flowered at the apex in amorphous saponin. Species of Momordica Luffa acutangula. The female flower is are used in diabetes. The seeds of Citrullus solitary in Cucurbita maxima, C. moschata, lanatus are used as cooling medicine. Root, Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina, T. stem, and leaves of Coccinia grandis are dioica, T. tricuspidata, solitary, solitary or used in indigenous medicine against skin fasciculate in Cucumis sativus; solitary or diseases. Fruits of melons are eaten when sub fasciculate in Melothria maderspatana; ripe and are also used in chronic eczema. solitary or with axillary male flowers in Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), ribbed Melothria heterophylla. The fruit ovoid in gourd (Luffa acutangula), white gourd Momordica dioica, Luffa echinata, (Benincasa hispida), cucumber (Cucumis Benincasa hispida; ovoid, conical tappering sativus), and pointed gourd (Trichosanthes at both ends with a long sharp beak in dioica) are some of the most common Trichosanthes cucumerina; oblong in vegetables (3). Melothria heterophylla; oblong, glaborous in Cucumis sativus; oblong, glabrous, Plants included in the study are extensive smooth in Trichosanthes dioica; oblong- climbers, generally monoecious. The stem ellipsoidal, angular, smooth, compressed varies from slender to robust, sulcate, leaves inconspicuously winged in Luffa are cordate to acute or, upper surface of the hermaphrodita; oblong, muricate- lamina is 3- lobed, lobes obtuse in tuberculate, trivalved in Momordica Diplocyclos palmatus; 3-7 lobed in charantia; oblong, constricted at the middle Trichosanthes tricuspidata; shortly trilobed in Cucurbita moschata; oblong-clavate, or angular or apex acute or shortly angular, acutely 10-angled in Luffa acuminate, basal sinus broad, deep in acutangula; globose in Diplocyclos Lagenaria siceraria; 5-lobed in palmatus; globose, slightly depressed in Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina; Citrullus colocynthis; globose, smooth, deeply 5-lobed or obscurely 5-angled, apex echinate in Melothria maderspatana; round in Luffa echinata; 5-7 lobed in globose, glabrous, ellipsoid in Trichosanthes Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina; tricuspidata; subglobose or ellipsoid in terminal lobe acute, others round in Citrullus lanatus; fusiform, obtuse in Luffa Citrullus lanatus; entire to palmately lobed cylindrica; cylindric often twisted/coiled in in Coccinia grandis; basal lobes narrow Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina; Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report 28-29: 66-69 (2005-2006) 67 subglabrous, round at both ends in Coccinia Cucurbita maxima; March to December in grandis; polymorphous in Cucumis melo; Cucurbita moschata; July to October in variable in shape in Cucurbita pepo; Cucurbita pepo; July to May in Lagenaria variously shaped in Lagenaria siceraria, siceraria; June to October in Luffa dehiscent at apex in Momordica charantia. acutangula; June to December in Luffa The seeds are oblong in Citrullus lanatus, cylindrica; September to January in Luffa Coccinia grandis, Cucumis melo, C. sativus, echinata; August to November in Luffa oblong, corrugated, finely rugulose; hermaphrodita; June to March in Melothria undulate in Trichosanthes cucumerina var. heterophylla; July to December in Melothria anguina; Luffa acutangula, L. cylindrica, maderspatana; June to October in Cucurbita maxima; ovate- oblong in Momordica charantia; June to October in Citrullus colocynthis, ovate-oblong, Momordica dioica, Trichosanthes undulate, truncate or slightly in cucumerina; May to August in Trichosanthes cucumerina; ovate, beaked in Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina; Luffa hermaphrodita; ovate, broad, attenuate March to September in Trichosanthes in Diplocyclos palmatus; ovate, slightly dioica; and June to November in verrucosa in Luffa echinata; broadly or Trichosanthes tricuspidata. narrowly ovate in Cucurbita moschata, C. pepo; obovate-oblong or triangular in Coccinia grandis is one of the most Lagenaria siceraria; ovoid in Benincasa common cucurbitaceous plants found hispida. The spermoderm pattern varies throughout the State, spreading or climbing, from rugulate to retico-rugulate in the family rather vigorously on bushes, trees, walls and Cucurbitaceae. The majority of the taxa old buildings. Cucumis melo var. agrestis is show rugulate pattern of spermoderm viz., common in waste places and cultivated Benincasa hispida, Cucumis
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    R EVIEW ARTICLE doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2021.S012 Chemical constituents of the genus Trichosanthes (Cucurbitaceae) and their biological activities: A review Wachirachai Pabuprapap, Apichart Suksamrarn∗ Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240 Thailand ∗Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received 11 May 2021 Accepted 31 May 2021 ABSTRACT: Trichosanthes is one of the largest genera in the Cucurbitaceae family. It is constantly used in traditional medications to cure diverse human diseases and is also utilized as ingredients in some food recipes. It is enriched with a diversity of phytochemicals and a wide range of biological activities. The major chemical constituents in this plant genus are steroids, triterpenoids and flavonoids. This review covers the different types of chemical constituents and their biological activities from the Trichosanthes plants. KEYWORDS: Trichosanthes, Cucurbitaceae, phytochemistry, chemical constituent, biological activity INTRODUCTION Cucurbitaceae plants are widely used in traditional medicines for a variety of ailments, especially in Natural products have long been and will continue the ayurvedic and Chinese medicines, including to be extremely important as the most promising treatments against gonorrhoea, ulcers, respiratory source of biologically active compounds for the diseases, jaundice, syphilis, scabies, constipation, treatment of human and animal illness and
  • Section 3441. Guava Fruit Fly State Interior Quarantine

    Section 3441. Guava Fruit Fly State Interior Quarantine

    Section 3441. Bactrocera correcta (Guava Fruit Fly) State Interior Quarantine A quarantine is established against the following pest, its hosts, and possible carriers: A. Pest. Guava Fruit Fly (Bactrocera correcta). B. Area Under Quarantine. 1. An area shall be designated as under quarantine when survey results indicate an infestation is present, the Department has defined the infested area and the local California County Agricultural Commissioner(s) is notified and requests the quarantine area be established. The Department shall also provide electronic and/or written notification of the area designation(s) to other California County Agricultural Commissioners and other interested or affected parties and post the area description to its website at: www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/gff/regulation.html. An interested party may also go to the above website and elect to receive automatic notifications of any changes in quarantine areas through the list serve option. 2. An infestation is present when: a. In urban areas, either eggs, a larva, a pupa, a mated female or eight or more adult guava fruit flies of either sex are detected within three miles of each other and within one life cycle, and all detections shall be more than 4.5 miles from any commercial host production area; or b. In rural or commercial host production areas, either eggs, a larva, a pupa, a mated female or six or more adult guava fruit flies of either sex are detected within three miles of each other and within one life cycle; ore c. Satellite infestations: a detection of a single life stage of guava fruit fly within any established quarantine area may be considered a satellite infestation and may be used as the epicenter using an additional 4.5 mile radius surrounding the detection to expand the quarantine area.