Le Précurseur Oublié De La Coccinelle

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Le Précurseur Oublié De La Coccinelle HISTOIRE VIVANTE 23 LA LIBERTÉ MAGAZINE VENDREDI 12 JUIN 2020 La célèbre «voiture du peuple» d’Hitler doit beaucoup aux prototypes d’un inventeur juif, Josef Ganz Le précurseur oublié de la Coccinelle K PASCAL FLEURY Automobile L «Tout mon amour va à l’automobile. L’auto m’a valu les plus belles heures de ma vie, je suis vraiment forcé de le dire.» Adolf Hitler était un passionné de voiture. Pas éton- nant qu’à peine nommé au poste de chancelier, il ait voulu inaugurer, en février 1933, le Salon international de l’auto- mobile et de la moto, à Berlin. Le Führer «connaissait tous les types de véhicules et, notam- ment par la lecture des revues spécialisées, savait tout sur les soupapes, les arbres à came, la suspension des roues ou les ca- pacités des moteurs», assure l’historien allemand Volker Ullrich¹. Parcourant les stands, Hitler s’attarde devant un mo- dèle avant-gardiste de Standard Superior, une petite voiture éco- nomique aux formes rondes et aérodynamiques que son concepteur, Josef Ganz, destine au grand public. L’ingénieur en mécanique de 34 ans, natif de Budapest mais de nationalité allemande, n’en est pas à son coup d’essai. De- puis 1923, il travaille au projet d’une petite voiture pour le peuple, bon marché, à l’instar de la Ford T proposée depuis 1908 outre-Atlantique et pro- L’ingénieur Josef Ganz en 1935 à Zurich, sur le toit de sa Standard Superior (type 2). Ce modèle de «Volkswagen», ainsi nommé dans la publicité, était vendu 1590 reichsmarks en 1934. duite à la chaîne à 16,5 millions A droite, en haut, le prototype Ardie-Ganz de 1930, au capot bombé. Et au centre, l’Adler «Maikäfer» de 1931, qui porte déjà le nom d’un coléoptère... RTS/josefganz.org/DR d’exemplaires en vingt ans. Mais les fonds lui manquent pour réaliser son prototype. nal: «La nouvelle Allemagne une «petite voiture de qualité Amérique pour apprendre les designer industriel et journa- Alors le fils de journaliste se met devra être une Allemagne mo- pour chacun», la Porsche techniques industrielles de fa- liste hollandais Paul Schilpe- à écrire dans des magazines torisée», écrit-il. Pour lui, sa Typ 12, à la demande de la socié- brication de masse, afin de par- roord, qui a enquêté durant des auto-moto. Il teste les nouveaux Standard Superior modèle 2 à té Zündapp. Pour Adolf Hitler, venir au prix très bas exigé par années sur l’histoire de Josef modèles, n’hésite pas à critiquer 1590 reichsmarks, qu’il qualifie l’objectif est désormais clair: il Hitler. Il visite les usines Pac- Ganz², Ferdinand Porsche a as- ces «antiques» limousines, de Volkswagen dans sa publicité s’agit de mettre sur le marché kard, Ford et General Motors, surément pu profiter des tra- chères, lourdes et peu stables de 1934, sera le véhicule popu- une voiture ne devant pas dépas- ainsi que le carrossier Budd. vaux préliminaires de l’ingé- dans les virages, devient bientôt laire idéal pour mener à bien cet ser les 1000 reichsmarks. Lors Pour amener des fonds, l’achat nieur juif. Les similitudes ne rédacteur en chef de Motor-Kri- ambitieux programme. de l’Exposition automobile inter- de la future VW va se faire par concernent pas que le design, tik, jusqu’à se faire remarquer Mais l’ingénieur juif, qui offi- «Ferdinand nationale de février 1936, le souscription: 300 000 foyers mais aussi le châssis tubulaire par les grands constructeurs. cie également comme consul- Porsche Führer, qui doit faire face aux allemands investissent dans un central, le moteur monté à l’ar- tant pour plusieurs prototypes résistances de l’industrie auto- plan d’épargne. rière ou encore la suspension Déjà des «coléoptères» de Mercedes-Benz et de BMW, a assurément mobile, le martèle: l’automobile La forme finale de scarabée indépendante des roues avec C’est finalement une fabrique de doit vite déchanter. Déjà arrêté doit quitter son statut d’«objet de de la Volkswagen, dévoilée en essieux oscillants. «La Standard motocycle qui lui ouvre ses ate- une première fois par la Gestapo pu profiter luxe pour quelques-uns» et deve- 1938 et nommée par Hitler KdF- Superior est le précurseur abso- liers. En 1930, Josef Ganz peut en mai 1933 sur la base de des travaux nir «un objet d’usage pour tous». Wagen – d’après l’organisation lu de la Volkswagen.» réaliser son premier prototype fausses accusations de chan- d’encadrement des loisirs Kraft Mais comme bien d’autres dans l’entreprise Ardie, à Nu- tage à l’encontre de l’industrie de Josef Ganz» Vague aérodynamique durch Freude, la Force par la chercheurs sous le régime d’Hit- remberg. La petite Ardie-Ganz, automobile, il se retrouve bien- Paul Schilperoord Relevant le défi, Ferdinand joie –, s’inspire aussi en partie ler, l’ingénieur juif s’est fait qui présente des allures de co- tôt interdit de travail et doit Porsche surfe alors sur la vague de certains modèles du confisquer ses brevets par les léoptère avec son capot bombé, s’exiler en Suisse dès l’été 1934 de l’aérodynamisme et du cou- constructeur tchécoslovaque nazis. Après la guerre, ses ten- passe avec succès les tests sur (lire ci-dessous). rant artistique Streamline mo- Tatra, dessinés par le designer tatives de procès sont restées route. Au printemps suivant, Pendant ce temps, le mandat derne qui débarque des Etats- Hans Ledwinka. La ressem- vaines. En 1950, son permis de l’ingénieur indépendant peut pour la création d’une «Volkswa- Unis, avec la Chrysler Airflow de blance de la VW Coccinelle, sur- séjour lui est retiré en Suisse. Il constuire un autre prototype gen» est attribué au bureau Carl Breer, la Dymaxion Car du nommée Käfer en allemand, émigre alors en Australie, où il dans la fabrique automobile d’études de Ferdinand Porsche. designer Richard Buckminster avec la Standard Superior de décède en 1967, quasiment ou- Adler à Francfort, où il est deve- Le brillant ingénieur et designer Fuller ou la Scarab de William 1934 de Josef Ganz est toutefois blié de tous. Au bilan, seules nu consultant technique. Cette avait déjà développé en 1931 Stout. En été 1936, il se rend en plus frappante encore. Pour le 381 unités de son avant-gar- fois, la référence au scarabée est diste «voiture du peuple» ont été manifeste: le véhicule cabriolet mises en circulation jusqu’à la deux-places, aussi léger que JOSEF GANZ AVAIT MIS AU POINT UNE «VOITURE DU PEUPLE» SUISSE guerre, alors que la VW Cocci- maniable, est surnommé Maikä- nelle a été produite à 21,5 mil- fer (hanneton) par son inven- Interdit de travail en Allemagne, verte (Louwman Museum/DR). En lions d’exemplaires. L teur. «Cette voiture prouve que l’ingénieur juif Josef Ganz se réfugie octobre 1938, le constructeur la ¹Volker Ullrich, Adolf Hitler, une dans certaines conditions, il est à Zurich en 1934 pour poursuivre teste à travers tout le pays, emprun- biographie, Editions Gallimard, 2016. possible de faire un véhicule ses projets de voiture légère et bon tant les cols pour démontrer qu’elle ²Paul Schilperoord, Die wahre extrêmement léger avec une marché. Son prototype Maikäfer et sa fonctionne «à merveille». Sa produc- Geschichte des VW Käfers – Wie die bonne tenue de route et une Nazis Josef Ganz die VW-Patente Standard Superior semblent convain- tion est confiée à la société zurichoise stahlen, Orell Füssli Verlag, 2011. bonne suspension, ce que prati- cants: les autorités zurichoises se Rapid Motormäher AG, spécialisée F Voir aussi le site: josefganz.org quement tout le monde quali- montrent enthousiastes, constatant dans les machines agricoles, mais fiait jusqu’à présent d’utopie», pour le cabriolet «une tenue de route tout est bloqué par la guerre. Près de souligne alors le concepteur. étonnamment bonne et une capacité quarante exemplaires seront HISTOIRE VIVANTE L’idée de la voiture accessible à s’adapter à un terrain ouvert». Un construits en présérie en 1946, une Radio: Ve: 13 h 30 à tout public fait son chemin. accord de développement est signé expérience toutefois sans suite, les TV: Le véritable Lorsque en septembre 1933, et, courant 1937, trois nouveaux pro- Suisses se tournant vers la Coccinelle inventeur de la Coccinelle Hitler donne le premier coup de totypes peuvent être construits par ou la Fiat Topolino. Un exemplaire Di: 20 h 55 Lu: 23 h 05 pelle aux chantiers autoroutiers Motosacoche à Genève. C’est ainsi restauré de la «Volkswagen suisse» qui doivent relancer l’économie qu’a pu voir le jour la «Volkswagen peut être admiré au Musée des trans- histoirevivante.ch allemande après la Grande Dé- suisse» biplace, avec carrosserie ou- ports, à Lucerne. PFY Voir le documentaire dès maintenant pression, Josef Ganz applaudit laliberte.ch/hv en première page de son jour-.
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