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Frames, Blunders, Vulnerabilities, Polarization, and Facebook: the Struggle of the Anti-Mae Wong Dam Movement in Thailand

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Frames, Blunders, Vulnerabilities, Polarization, and Facebook: the Struggle of the Anti-Mae Wong Dam Movement in Thailand Frames, Blunders, Vulnerabilities, Polarization, and Facebook: The Struggle of the Anti-Mae Wong Dam Movement in Thailand By Bhanubhatra Jittiang B.A. in Political Science, May 2011, Chulalongkorn University A Thesis submitted to The Faculty of The Elliott School of International Affairs of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts May 17, 2015 Thesis directed by Christina Lammert Fink Professor of Practice of International Affairs © Copyright 2015 by Bhanubhatra Jittiang All rights reserved ii This thesis is dedicated to Ajarn Pranee Thiparat and Ajarn Chaiwat Khamchoo. iii Acknowledgements Working on this thesis has been a wonderful yet arduous journey. It is my pleasure to finally have a chance to thank the individuals and institutions that have made this a great experience. First and foremost, I wish to thank my excellent thesis advisors, Professor Cathy Schneider and Ajarn Christina Fink, and my reader and program director, Dr. Sean Roberts, for their guidance, understanding, patience, and unlimited support not only for this work, but also for other matters while I was in a master’s program at the Elliott School of International Affairs. Professor Schneider has had the most profound influence on me for the past two years. She introduced me to social movements and has been a source of inspiration for me to continue working on this topic. Ajarn Christina has been a “caring mentor” who has provided me with emotional and academic support. She has always been there to listen to my concerns and to motivate me to complete this thesis, especially at the time when I was overwhelmed by classes, Ph.D. applications, and personal issues. Dr. Roberts is a great source of academic support and intellectual inspiration. Through several discussions with him, I was able to realize gaps in my research. I hope one day to achieve their standards of scholarship and collegiality. My special debt is also due to Ajarn Pranee Thiparat of Chulalongkorn University whose guidance, wisdom, and care as a teacher and mentor has been a source of intellectual nourishment and motivation. I also want to thank Ajarn Chaiwat Khamchoo of Chulalongkorn University and the Office of the Higher Education Commission of Thailand for making my opportunity to pursue graduate studies in the US possible. iv My fieldwork in Thailand would have been impossible without help from many people. I am so grateful to Niwat Muentaisong, Piyanat Soikham, Naphaphanni Singsuwan, Hannarong Yaowalers, the Manopkawee Family, and the Seub Nakasathien Foundation. I would like to especially thank Kusuma Prapawicha and Panyarat Luewanich for their tireless assistance in arranging my interview schedule. While writing this thesis, I thank Kanoksyn Khemjinda, Wimolrat Tangmanwitayasak, Patavee Intara-apaipong, Worrawit Nakpan, Ittipat Meewan, Wichanon Sae-jie, George Chantarachot, Phusima Pinyosinwat, Sitarom Boonrod and Witchaya Kaewkoed for providing me with all sorts of emotional support, especially during the time when I was depressed and despaired. I also want to thank Mohammad Hamze, Tanvi Lal, Deep Pal, Scott Neilitz, and Cara Fulton for help correcting my English and for their friendship over the past two years. Mare and David Hull, who were my host family when I came to the US for the first time from 2005 to 2006, also contributed to this research. I thank them for their endless love and care and for their hospitality in allowing me to use their home as a working station for data analysis. The journey toward my master’s degree would be less memorable without Pichawut Manopkawee. His presence by my side for the past two years provided me with courage, emotional strength and spiritual support. His research in fluvial morphology also inspired me to be interested in water related issues, particularly dam construction, which was the origin of the topic for this thesis. Last but not least, I am grateful beyond words to my parents for providing me with funding for this research and for their infinite love, attention, and care which have v sustained me while I have been pursuing graduate studies in the US. Their faith and shared joy in my pursuit of higher education will always be treasured. Needless to say, no one above is responsible for any mistake that might occur in this thesis. vi Abstract of Thesis Frames, Blunders, Vulnerabilities, Polarization, and Facebook: The Struggle of the Anti-Mae Wong Dam Movement in Thailand This thesis investigates how an anti-dam movement that had minimal support from local people was successful in attracting a multitude of support from different sectors in Thai society to pressure the government to reconsider the dam’s construction. It argues that the adoption of several frames that resonate with the interests of different groups of people and a reliance of social media allowed the anti-dam movement to appeal to a broad swath of Thai society, many of whom had dramatically different goals in joining the movement. This, as well as the blunders and vulnerabilities of the government, resulted in the movement successfully pressing the government to reconsider the dam construction project. However, the multifariousness of the movement and the use of social media for mobilization allowed some actors to propagate their own political agenda and shift the attention of the movement’s participants to other issues, leading to the downfall of the movement. This thesis adds to the understanding of collective action frames in that the effectiveness of frames is determined not only by their relevance to people’s concerns but also by the movement’s strategies and its means of communication. At the same time, blunders and vulnerabilities could also serve as a bridge linking groups that may not share the same goal. Most importantly, this thesis argues against the recent scholarship on the relationship between social media and social movements that mostly highlights the positive impacts of social media on collective actions. While the use of social media for vii mobilization can allow a movement to succeed, over-reliance on social media for mobilization can lead to the downfall of the movement as well. Keywords: anti-dam movement, Mae Wong Dam, frame, social media, blunder, vulnerability, Thailand viii Table of Contents Dedication………………………………………………………………………………...iii Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………….iv Abstract of Thesis………………………………………………………………………..vii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………..x List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………..xi List of Symbols / Nomenclature…………………………………………………………xii Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 2: Thai Political Context and the Mae Wong Dam Project……………………..24 Chapter 3: The Anti-Mae Wong Dam Movement and A Quest for Popular Support…...47 Chapter 4: Responses from the Government and Pro-Dam Supporters: Counter Mobilization, Blunders, and Vulnerabilities………………………..73 Chapter 5: The Beginning of the End: The Involvement of Political Actors in the Anti-Dam Movement………………………………………………………...82 Chapter 6: Conclusion…………………………………………………………………....94 References……………………………………………………………………………..…97 ix List of Figures Figure 1…………………………………………………………………………………..29 Figure 2…………………………………………………………………………………..30 Figure 3…………………………………………………………………………………..35 Figure 4…………………………………………………………………………………..37 Figure 5…………………………………………………………………………………..38 Figure 6…………………………………………………………………………………..39 Figure 7…………………………………………………………………………………..39 Figure 8…………………………………………………………………………………..42 Figure 9…………………………………………………………………………………..62 Figure 10…………………………………………………………………………………66 Figure 11…………………………………………………………………………………90 x List of Tables Table 1…………………………………………………………………………………...40 Table 2…………………………………………………………………………………...43 Table 3…………………………………………………………………………………...46 xi List of Symbols / Nomenclature 1. BS The Board of Specialists in Water Resources Development 2. EIA Environmental Impact Assessment 3. EIMP Environmental Impact Management Plan 4. EHIA Environmental and Health Impact Assessment 5. FROC The Flood Relief Operations Center 6. INGO International Non-Governmental Organization 7. IRB Institutional Review Board 8. JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency 9. MNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment 10. NESDB The National Economics and Social Development Board 11. NEB The National Environmental Board 12. NWFPC The National Water Resources and Flood Policy Committee 13. ONEP The Office of the Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning 14. ONWFPC The Office of the National Water Resources and Flood Policy Committee 15. PAD People’s Alliance for Democracy 16. PDRC People's Democratic Reform Committee 17. PPP People’s Power Party 18. RID Royal Irrigation Department xii 19. SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment 20. SMO Social Movement Organization 21. SNF Seub Nakhasathien Foundation 22. SNS Social Network Site 23. THB Thai Baht (currency) 24. TRT Thai Rak Thai Party 25. UDD United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship 26. USD United States Dollar (currency) 27. WCS Wildlife Conservation Society 28. WFMC The Water and Flood Management Commission 29. WWF World Wild Fund for Nature (formerly the World Wildlife Fund) xiii Chapter 1 Introduction Thesis Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to explain the origin, dynamics, and outcomes of the Anti-Mae Wong Dam Movement in Thailand between April 2012 and December 2013. My study focuses on the relationship between; 1) online and offline mobilization; 2) a domestic social movement and international
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