Training Courses Run by the Department of Atomic Energy India [981

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Training Courses Run by the Department of Atomic Energy India

[981 Training Cojurses Run by the Department of Atomic Energy

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1. Comprehensive Multi-Disciplinary Course in Nuclear Sciences and Engineering 4

2. Safety Aspects in the Medical Uses of Radiation .. .. 53

3. Safety Aspects in the Research Applications of Ionising Radiations 55

4. Safety Aspects in the Industrial Applications of Radiation Sources .. 56

5. Industrial Radiography and Safety Aspects 57

6. Industrial Radiographer's Certification Course .. .. 63

7. Hospital Physics and Radiological Physics (Post-Graduate Course) 64

8. Diploma in Medical Radioisotope Techniques (DMHIT) .. 66

9. Diploma in Radiation Medicine (DRM) (Revised Course) .. 69

10. Operation and Maintenance of Research Reactors and Facilities 72

11. Operation and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Stations .. 75

12. Exploration for Atomic Minerals—Courses offered by the Atomic Minerals Division 95 Y virtue of its long experience in running a diverse nuclear programme, B India is in a position to share the expertise it has developed in building up its skilled manpower in the nuclear field. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) conducts a large number of courses covering the whole range of activities relating to research and development in a variety of fields, and the utilisation of atomic energy for power generation. Courses covering a range of nuclear applications are detailed here.

1. One year course in the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Training School covering enginering (mechanical, chemical, ele- fronics, electrical and instrument technology), metallurgy, physics and chemistry (conducted by the Training Division of BARC).

2. Safety Aspects (a) 4-week training course on safety aspects in the medical use of radiation (conducted by the Division of Radiological Protection, BARC). (b) 2-week training course on safety aspects in the research applications of ionizing radiation (conducted by DRP, BARC). (c) 4-week training course on safety aspects in the industrial applications of radiation sources, conducted by DRP, BARC. (d) 6-week training course on industrial radiography and safety aspect (conducted by the Isotope Group, BARC). (e) Industrial radiographers certificate course, conducted by DRP, BARC.

3. Medical Applications (a) 1-year post-graduate diploma course in hospital physics and radiological physics (Dip. R. P. awarded by Bombay University) conducted by DRP, BARC. (b) Diploma in Medical Radioisotope Techniques (DMRIT) awarded by Bombay University, conducted by the Radiation Medicine Centre (RMC)). (c) Diploma in Radiation Medicine (DRM, awarded by Bombay University, conducted by RMC). A DRM course is also offered by the University of Delhi and conducted by Institute for Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, New Delhi), (d) 2-week advanced course on specific nuclear techniques (conducted by RMC of BARC.)

2 4. Training Courses for Operations & Maintenance Personnel (a) Programme for operation and maintenance of research reactors and facilities, conducted by Reactor Operations Division (ROD), BARC. (b) Programme for training engineers, scientists and technicians for operation and maintenance of power reactors, conducted by Nuclear Training Centre (NTC) of the Power Projects Engineer- ing Division (PPED).

5. Courses offered by the Atomic Minerals Division - (a) Course 1. For exposing fresh graduates to atomic minerals < exploration work. (b) Course 2. Refresher course for professionals in the field. (c) Course 3. Three month training course in atomic minerals exploration for professional geologists from developing countries. (d) Course 4. Field workshops & Group Discussions for newly recruited geologists of AMD.

In the following pages detailed infoxmation on these courses, institutions of the Department of Atomic Energy where they are conducted, method of admission, and syllabi etc. are given. Comprehensive Multi-Disciplinary Course in Nuclear Sciences and Engineering

This is the main course for graduate engineers and scientists. On successful completion of the course all the engineers and scientists are absorbed in the various units of the Department of Atomic Energy. The course is organised by the Training Division and the lecturers are drawn from the various Divisions of BARC and other units of the Department of Atomic Energy.

Institution: Training School, BARC.

Duration: One academic year (full- time)

Qualifications: Graduation in Engineer- ing, Metallurgy, Physics, Hot cell in the Isotope Division of BARC. Chemistry. to sign a bond to serve DAE for a Admission to this course is advertised period of 3 years after successful in the national newspapers. completion of the training course. No. of seats: Upto 200 SYLLABUS: General: The selected candidates are required to stay in the Training School Mathematical Methods hostel. During the period of their 1. Matrix Methods (8 lectures) training, the trainees are paid a 2. Linear and Non-linear Differential monthly stipend of Rs. 1000/-, out of Equations (8 lectures) which they have to pay for the hostel 3. Partial Differential Equations (10 accommodation, food and other expen- lectures) ses. In addition, the trainees are also given Rs. 200 as a book allowance. The 4. Integral Equations (6 lectures) trainees avail of the medical facilities 5. Integral Transforms (5 lectures) of DAE on payment of a nominal con- 6. Calculus of variations (8 lectures) tribution. At the time of admission to 7. Some topics in Probability Theory the Training School, the trainees have (5 lectures). PROJECT WORK IN PHYSICS Signal Processing Instruments 5. Time LABORATORY TECHNIQUES Derivation Instruments 6. Data Handl- ing Equipments 7. Special Purpose Electronics Instruments. I Circuit Elements and Waveforms (1) Resistors (2) Capacitors (3) Induc- Statistical Physics tors (4) Transformers (5) Sources of 1. Conceptual foundations of classical power (6) Common Wave forms (7) and quantum statistical mechanics, Waveforms as applied to the circuit including a detailed discussion of all the elements (8) Tuned Circuits ensembles. Applications to simple systems, as for example perfect gas, im- II Active Devices perfect gas etc. (1) Diodes (2) Simple rectifier circuits (3) Zener Diodes (4) Zener regulated 2. Phase transitions, vapour—liquid and power supply (5) Transistors & Tran- magnetic systems. Elementary discus- sistor characteristics (6) Transistor sion of I-D Ising Model. 3. Quantum amplifier configurations (7) Emitter fol- Fluids. 4. Transport phenomena and lowers-^-various types (8) The differen- elementary ideas of fluctuations. tial amplifier (9) FETs & MOSFETS. Numerical Methods and Computer III Operation Amplifiers Programming (1) Ideal Operational Amplifier (2) Ideal Operational Amplifier Circuits (3) I Introduction Real Amplifiers: Estimation of errors Number systems: Decimal, binary octal (4) Bounding; Input & Output Protec- and other number systems. Binary tion (5) Frequency Characteristics & representation of quantities, general Stability. configuration of a digital computer: Memory arithmetic unit, central pro- IV TTL logic circuits cessing unit, input/output devices. (1) The Boolean Variable. Truth Tables (2) Boolean Algebra (3) Gates: The II IntrodtictioTi to Fortran Programm- standard TTL Gate (4) Flip Flops: ing Truth Tables: Excitation tables (5) Control instructions, logical instruc- Combinatorial Circuits (6) Flip-Flop tions, flow charts, constants, variables, circuits: Counters: Shift Registers. arithmetic statements input/output statements, transfer of control, subs- V 1. Ionisation Chambers 2. G. M. Detec- cripted variables, the "Do" statements; tors—Proportional counters 3. Scintilla- simple Fortran programs, Fortran sub- tion Detectors 4. Solid State Detectors routines." i. Neutron Detection Methods. Ill Advanced Programming Techni- VI 1. Pre-Amplifiers 2. Pulse Shaping ques Systems 3. Pulse Amplifiers 4. Linear Computer time, evaluation of programs. IV Accuracy in Numerical Calculations X Numerical differentiation and solu- Approximate numbers, absolute, relation of differential equations tive and percentage errors, signifi- Systems of linear equations with con- cant figures, accumulation of errors in stant coefficients, general first order arithmetic, loss of significant digits in equation, Runge-Kutta method, predic- subtraction. tor & corrector methods, partial differential equations. V Numerical Evaluation of Functions XI Monte Carlo Methods Review of statistical terms and probabi- VI Solution of Algebraic and Transcen- lity, random numbers. General princi- dental Equations ples of Monte-Carlo. Some simple ap- Graphical approximation, the bisection plications. method, the method of interation, Ne v- ton-Raphson method, speed of convergence implicit functions. Functions of In addition to the above lectures, several variables, real and complex it is recommended that one hour of rools of polynomial equations. practical assignment involving the use of the computer per two hours of lectures would be included in the course. VII Systems of Linear Equations and To this end, the use of the in-house Matrix Algebra machine H-400 would be made available Over-determined and under-determined for the students. In addition the trainee system of linear equations, Cramers would also be encouraged to use the rule. The elimination method, Gauss- computer during the entire course, as Seidal method, Grouts method, other and when the need arises. iterative methods, Evaluation of determinants, eigen-values and eigen-vectors and matrices, power method, Leverrier Solid State Physics Feddeev Method. 1. Basic concepts in Solid State Physics (Quiz-cum-discussion session reviewing the following topics): VIII Treatment of experimental data (i) Simple crystal structures Elementary probability theory. Data (ii) Crystal diffraction evaluation: Error estimates, propaga- (iii) Crystal binding tion. Data manipulation: Interpolation, (iv) Lattic heat capacity—Einstein and extrapolation techniques. Data analy- Deyye models. sis: Curve fitting method of least (v) Free electron theory of metals. squares, maximum likelihood method, This discussion shall be complemented hypothesis testing. by lectures on some topics.

IX Numerical Integration 2. Symmetry, Structure and Physical Simpson and other quadrature formula, Properties accuracy considerations, improper inte- (i) Neumann's principle and tensor grals. properties of crystals; stress and strain

6 tensors, effect of crystal symmetry on slip, twin, kinking, elastic constants. (ii) Plastic deformation of materials, (ii) Reciprocal lattice—Brillouin zone, —yield point, yield strength, ultimate (iii) Total Hamiltonian of a solid, adi- tensile strength, fracture strength, rela- abatic principle, lattice vibrations, elec- tion between strength and grain size, tron-phonon interactions, (iii) Strengthening mechanisms in (iv) Energy bands in solids—self con- solids, sistent field approximation, Pseudo- —Work hardening, potential—screening, dynamics of elec- —Solid solution hardening, tron in a magnetic field—Fermi surfare, —Dispersion hardening, Hume—Rothery rule. Precipitation hardening, Radiation hardening. 3. Phase equilibria and phase transformations 6. Dielectric Materials Phase rule, unary and binary diagrams; Background discussion of dielectric classification of phase transformations; constant and polarisability. Lyddans— methods of determining phase boun- Sachs—Teller Relation. Piezoelectric daries and phase transformations; poly- and Ferroelectric crystals and their morphism. applications.

4. Defect Solid State 7. Magnetic Materials (i) Point defects—vacancies and inter- Background discussion of Para. Ferro, stitials. Antiferro and Ferrimagnetism; Magne- (ii) —Application to diffusion processes tic domains. Soft and Hard materials, in solids and in annealing of cold- dependence of their properties on inter- worked materials. nal and external parameters, Ferrites, (iii) Line defects—Edge, screw and Magnetic bubbles. mixed dislocations, —Determination of Burgers Vector, 8. Superconducting Materials —production of dislocations, Phenomenology, theories of supercon- —Interaction of dislocations, ductivity, Type I and Type II. Super- —Dislocation loops and production of conductors, high field magnets. loops due to irradiation, (iv) Stacking Faults—Intrinsic and Ex- 9. Reactor Materials trinsic faults in FCC, HCP and BCC Radiation damage and choice of mate- materials, rials for fission and fusion reactors. —Determination of stacking fault energy of materials, 10. High Strength and High Tempera- (v) Grain Boundaries, ture Materials (vi) Voids. (i) Metallic materials—Superalloys, Directionally Solidified Entectics, 5. Mechanical Behaviour of Materials (ii) Stability of microstructures at ele- (i) Basic deformation mechanisms— vated temperatures, (iii) Creep resistant alloys—Dynamic elements, shape isomers, density iso- microstructural changes and creep resis- mers etc. tance, (iii) Nuclear size and density distribu- (iv) High temperature ceremic mate- tions of nuclei, electron scattering,— rials—Mechanical properties of ceramic mesic, X-rays and the Coulomb energy materials at elevated temperatures. difference. (iv) Magnetic and electric multipole 11. Seminars moments of nuclei-definition and Seminars on some special materials measurements, like ceramics, cermets, composite mate- (v) Systematics of binding energy of (ii) Neutron diffraction patterns from deuteron, size of the nucleus using un- magnetic materials, certainty principle. (iii) Mechanical testing of materials, Solution of the two nucleon Schrodinger (Study of damaged materials), equation for a square well potential for (iv) Optical and electron metallogra- the bound and the free states. Parame- phy, (Study of damaged materials), trization of the low energy scattering (v) Conductivity measurements in data in terms of scattering length and semiconductor materials. effective range. Inference about the nucleon-nucleon force from the low NUCLEAR PHYSICS energy scattering data and the binding energy of deuteron. I Baste properties of nuclei Magnetic dipole and electric quadru- (i) Laws of Invariance and the quan- pole moments of deuteron and the non- tum number associated with them. central nature of nucleon-nucleon for- Quantum description of nuclei in terms ces. Saturation properties of nuclear of these quantum number iriz. Energy forces. Exchange character of nucleon- (E), Angular moment (J) Parity (K) nucleon force. High energy nucleon- and Isospin (T). Construction of the nucleon scattering. density of a nucleus from its wave (ii) Outline of Yukawa's Meson Theory function. of nuclear forces. (ii) Systematics of nuclear ground state masses: The semi-impirical mass for- Ill Nuclear Models mula and its refinements-nuclear stabi- 1. Nuclear many body problem, volume lity: the microscopic macroscopic ap- energy. proach to nuclear masses and potential 2. Finite nuclei-approximations-correla- energies—shell corrections energies- tion-nuclear models—need for nuclear new regions of stability. Super heavy models. Fermi gas model-shell model- residual interactionsj-need for refining will be revised through problem sets the shell model; collective model—con- and quiz sessions. If required by nection between the various models- trainees, a few lectures may be given unified description. on some topics such as introductory Electromagnetic properties of nuclei- relativistic quantum mechanics, quan- gamma decay—internal conversion pro- tum mechanics in abstract vector space cess. etc. Nuclear beta decay—general descrip- 2. Approximation methods for bound tion—non-conservation of parity—beta stttes: Perturbation theory, variational decay rates—selection rules—spectral method, WKB approximation. shapes. 3. Collision theory, method of partial Explanation of electromagnetic proper- waves, born approximation, optical ties and nuclear beta decay in terms of theorem, the S-matrix and its analyti- nuclear models. cal properties. 4. Time-dependent perturbations, evolu- IV Nuclear Reactions tion operator, periodic perturbations, Introductory definitions, conservation Fermi golden rule. of angular momentum and parity illus- 5. System of identical particles, Hartree trated by suitable examples. Concept Foek equation, Permutation group and of phase shift. Description of the scat- Young's tableaux. tering and reaction cross-sections in 6. Addition of angular momenta. terms of phase shift. Optical model 7. Applications of quantum theory to and its microscopic description. Breit- problems in atomic and molecular phy- Wigner formula for resonance scatter- sics. ing. Concept and significance of level width. Compound Nucleus Theory. Reactor Physics Decay of compound nucleus. Concept Basic ideas about neutron tempera- of temperature, entropy and level den- tures, flux, cross-sections, neutron sity. Fission and heavy ion reactions. reactions, nuclear fission and nuclear Description of nuclear reactions at in- chain reactions. Diffusion of neutrons. termediate energies and the nuclear Solution of diffusion equation for vari- structure information extracted from ous special cases. Concepts of buckling them. and albedo. Slowing down of neutrons, mechanism V Applications of nuclear physics of slowing down by elastic collisions. Radioactivity, dating, activation analy- Fermi's Age Theory, the group approxi- sis* radiography, application of reson- mations, slowing down and diffusion ances in analysis, nuclear physics me- for finite media. thods used in geophysical prospecting. Experimental determination of slowing down and diffusion constant migra- Quantum Mechanics tion area, diffusion length and diffusion 1. Knowledge of elementary quantum coefficient. mechanics will be assumed. This part Basic homogenous thermal reactor:

9 Derivations of the critical equations clad and structural materials, modera- and solution for different geometries. tor and reflector materials. Homogenous thermal reactors with reflectors. One and two group theories. Reactor fuels Types of reflectors and relative merits. Metal fuels and properties. Oxide fuels, Heterogenous reactors: Calculation of their advantages and disadvantages, infinite multiplication factor using the carbide fuels. Fuel element cladding, Wigner and Seitz approximations. Cal- bonding materials. culations of the resonance escape probability and thermal utilisation factor Coolants for lattice cell. Calculation of the Properties of water and heavy water material buckling and critical size. as coolants, gaseous and liquid metal Control of nuclear reactors: Tempera- coolants. ture, fission products and voids. Role of control rods. One and two group Heat removal and thermal hydraulics theory effect on reactivity of Xe poison- Conduction, convection and radiative ing. heat transfers. Solution of heat conduction equations in slab, spherical Time-behaviour of reactors and solution and cylindrical geometries. Free and of the time-depsndent equation. forced convective heat transfer, New- Effect of delayed neutrons. ton's law of cooling, heat transfer co- Experiments with critical and sub- efficient. critical assemblies : Determination of critical size. Danger Boiling heat transfer. Surface and co-efficient experiments and the pita volume boiling, boiling heat transfer oscillator. Calibration of reactor power in reactors. Burnout phenomenon. and flux measurements. Use of a reac- Basic concepts of fluid flow. Euler's tor in the study of fission physics, solid and Nevier-Stokes equations and their state physics and shielding experiments. simple applications. Caorse hydraulics x in reactors, pressure drop due to friction, two phase pressure drop. Nuclear Engineering Control and Safety Reactor Systems Reactivity control requirements, Introduction. Description of thermal methods of reactivity control. Reacti- and fast reactors. Research and power vity effects of changes in power, reactors. temperature and coolant density. Reac- tor transients during normal and ab- Properties of reactor materials normal conditions. Control instru- Requirements of reactor materials, mentation. Initial start up, start up mechanical strength, stability at high after shut down, Xe-poisoning and Xe- temperatures and pressures, corrosion oscillations. Shut down mechanisms. resistance, radiation damage (swelling), Requirements of shut down system. general principles of atomic displace- Maximum credible accidents. Accident ments, zircalloy and stainless steel for analysis. Reactor Shielding Environmental impact of nuclear facili- Primary and secondary radiations: ties. Thermal and biological shields. Reactor Industrial hygiene and safety. shielding requirements. Attenuation of Need—physical and chemical agents— radiations, gamma rays and fast neu- their harmful effects—evaluation—con- trons. Shielding calculations in plane, trol—need for accident prevention— spherical and cylindrical geometries. safety organisation.

Fuel cycles and fuel management LASER PHYSICS Physics aspects of fuel cycles, Compari- 1. Basic Phenomenology : Stimulated sion of Uranium-Plutonium and Tho- emission, population inversion, rium cycles, their relative advantages Laser amplif cation, oscillation con- in thermal and fast systems. Batch and dition, characteristics of laser light, continuous fuelling. In-out, out-in and line broadening mechanism, spec- checker-board fuelling. Optimum power tral narrowing in a laser, gain shape, control road sequences, burnable clamping, spatial and spectral hole poison management. Fuel management burning, and their consequences, of Tarapur and RAPS reactors. lamp dip spectroscopy. Preliminaries of reactor design. 2. Theory of Optical Resonators : Con- cept of cavity modes, Kirchoff's Health Physics diffraction treatment for transverse Radiation Dosimetry. modes, stability criterion, Gaussian Radiation Quantities & units—Relation laser beams and their propagation. between flux and exposure—Solid^ State 3. Time dependence of laser emission : Dosimetry—Neutron Dosimetry. Radia- Rate equations for three and four tion protection standards. level systems, Normal mode oscil- Maximum permissible dose. lations, Q-switching and mode lock- Maximum permissible body burden. ing techniques of laser pulse gene- Maximum permissible concentration in ration. air and water—ICRP Recommendations 4. Methods of obtaining population —Risk concepts. inversion: Optical pumping, elec- Techniques of air monitoring. trical pumping by discharge in Assessment of radiation hazards due to gases, chemical pumping and gas airborne activity. dynamic pumping. Application of meteorology in nuclear 5. Types of lasers: (To be illustrated operations. by standard examples of each type) Tritium—production— hazards —moni- Solid state ion lasers, atomic and toring/measurements—applications. molecular gas lasers, dye lasers, Techniques of radiation monitoring and semiconductor lasers, chemical la- protection. sers, excimer lasers. Radiation emergencies. 6. Nonlinear optics: Crystal optics, Types—evaluation of hazards—handling Electro-optic effect, wave propaga- —planning for emergencies. tion in nonlinear media, phase mat-

11 ch second harmonic generation, density, Debye length, Plasma fre- optical parametric oscillator, two quency. photon absorption, stimulated Ra- man Effect and Raman Laser. 2. Basic Processes of Gaseous Iomza- 7. Laser Applications in Research: tion High Resolution Spectroscopy, La- Different processes of gas ionization, ser Raman Spectroscopy, selective Different types of collisions in plasma, excitations, high density plasma Collision cross-section and collision generation, pico-second physics. frequency for various types of colli- 8. Laser applications in technology: sions, Diffusion of charged particles and Holography, optical communica- diffusion under magnetic field, Mobility tions, range findings, pollutant of electrons and ions, Recombination of detection, energy production. charged particles. •

PLASMA PHYSICS 3. Kinetic Theory of Plasma Distribution functions in plasma, Bolt- 1. Introduction zmann transport equation, Different Definition of plasma, Collective behav- forms of Boltzmann equation under ing of plasma, Plasma temperature and various plasma conditions, Solution

Plasma focus set-up at the FURNIMA Laboratories of the BARC, Trombay.

12 of Boltzmann equation for some impor- 5. Thyristor Characteristics tant applications. 6. Multivibrators 7. Linear Pulse Amplifier 4. Waves and Instabilities in Plasma 8. Operational Amplifier Plasma oscillations, Electron and ion 9. Study of Recorder waves in plasma, Propagation of such 10. Logic Circuits waves in magnetized plasma, Ion aco- 11. D. C. Amplifiers ustic waves, Alfven waves, Whistler 12. Analog Computer—working and waves. Plasma stability, various types use. of instabilities in plasma, some important instabilities related to plasma heat- Experiments in Physics ing. 1. G. M. Counter 2. Gamma-ray Scintillation Spectro- 5. Electrical Discharges meter Electrical breakdown of gases under 3. Thermal Neutron Flux distribution D.C. and alternating fields, Glow dis- in water using Ra-Be source neu- charge, Arc Discharge, Thermal plasma, trons Plasma boundary interaction. 4. Alpha Spectrometry with Solid State Detector 6. Plasma Diagnostic Techniques 5. Study of beta decay using Solid Electrostatics probes, various radiative State Detector processes in plasma, Spectroscopic diag- 6. Vacuum Techniques nostics in different spectral regions, 7. Attenuation of Thermal Neutrons Interferometric techniques using micro- in concrete, iron and lead using a waves and lasers, Line reversal method BF, counter and Ra-Be source for temperature determination, RF con- 8. Servo Control ductivity probes, Photographic techni- 9. Ionisation Chamber ques. 10. Study of Laser.

7. Applications Advanced Experiments Physics of fusion plasma and power 1. Analysis of pi and mu decays using from controlled fusion, MHD energy nuclear emulsion plates conversion. 2. Gamma-Gamma coincidence using scintilation spectrometer LIST OF EXPERIMENTS INCLUDED 3. Beta-gamma coincidence using IN THE PRACTICAL COURSE Solid State Detector 4. Gamma ray Spectrometer usirg Ge Experiments in Electronics (Li) Detector 1. Transistor Characteristics 5. Beta ray Spectrometer (Magnetic) 2. Study of Oscilloscopes 6. Mossbauer effect (a) student type 3. Use of Multimeter and V.T.V.M. spectrometer (b) regular unit 4. Study of Power Supply 7. Measurement of neutron mass.

13 COURSES FOR CHEMISTRY programme. TRAINEES Level of impurities—Nature of analysis required. Mathematics Classification of methods and techniques—Macro and micro analyses—Sen- General sitivity—selectivity and specificity—Se- Resume of differential and integral cal- lection of a method. culus and first order differential equations. Sampling Theory of sampling—Random and Vector analysis stratified sampling—Sampling units— Vector algebra—Gradient—Divergence Estimation of sample size—Sampling —Curl—Laplacian operator — Curvili- procedures. near coordinates—Stake's, Gauss's and Green's theorems. Complexation in Analytical Chemistry 'Formation constants and their impor- Matrices tance and use in Analytical Chemistry. Linear operators—Addition—Multipli- Definition of terms—Evidence for com- cation — Inverse — Eigen - values and plex formation—Absolute and apparent eigenvectors—Diagonalisation — Simi- stability constants—Nature of bonding larity transformations. in complexes—Role of complexes in analytical methods of separation and Linear differential equations estimation—Chelatometric titrations. Linear operators—First and second order differential equations with con- Methods of Separation stant coefficients—Series method of solution as applied to simple equations Solvent Extraction —Some ideas of Laplace transforms and Principles of solvent extraction separa- their use in solving differential equations—Classification of extraction sys- tions. tem—Quantitative treatment of equali- bria—Optimum conditions for separa- Partial differential equations tion—Solvent extraction as a separation One-dimensional wave equation—Four- technique in analytical chemistry — ier series—Diffusion equations—Lapla- Analytical and industrial applications. ce's equation in cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates. Ion exchange Ion exchange systems — Quantitative Analytical Chemistry treatment of exchange equilibria—Fac- tors affecting the distribution of an General element between resin and solution Role of analytical chemistry in the phases—Separation using ion exchange Atomic Energy Programme. resins—Ion exchange chromatography Reactor materials—Prospecting of —Glueckauf's theory of elution—Ap- minerals and ores of im]L->rtance to our plications.

14 Chromatography X-RAY EMISSION SPECTROMETRY Advanced concepts—theoretical princi- X-ray spectra—photoelectric adsorption ples—partition chromatography—ad- —coherent and incoherent scattering— sorption chromatography—high pres- Absorption edges—mass absorption sure liquid chromatography. coefficient—Auger effect and Fluores- Gas chromatography—theory—experi- cence yield. Primary and Secondary mental approaches. Excitation. Wavt length and Energy dispersion. Gas ionisation, scintillation Homogeneous and heterogeneous preci- and semiconductor detectors. Counting pitation method?- statistics. Matrix effects. Typical XRF Precipitates—solubility product — Nu- analysis. cleation—Theories of Becker—Doring OTHER SP/ICTT.UCHEMICAL METHODS and Christiansen and Nielsen—Growth Principles, instrumentation and appli- of precipitates. Precipitation from cations c's. X-ray excited optical fluores- homogeneous solution. Methods of pre- cence ^XEOF). Atomic Absorption and cipitation—Differences in the twa me- Atomic Horescence spectrometry, Fluo- thods. Contamination of precipitates— rimetry and Flame Emission Spectro- Adsorption—Solid solution formation— metry. Particle induced X-ray emission Occlusion—Post precipitation. (PIXE) and Electron microprobe Ana- lysis (EMPA). Methods of Estimation Trace analysis and characterisation Spectrophotometry Role of trace analysis in modern tech- Modes of light absorption in visible and nology—methods of trace analysis— ultraviolet region — complementary comparison—macroscopic and microsco- colours—Beer—Lambert's law, Defini- pic homogeneity—reference materials— tion of terms—deviations—errors— in- preparation and characterisation. strumentation — relative absorbance photometry—photometric titrations— Spectrochemical Methods analysis of multicomponent mixtures— OPTICAL EMISSON SPECTROSCOPY pK values of indicators—photometric (OES) methods of investigating complex ions. General principles. Excitation sources- Flames—D C Arcs—A C Arcs—Spark." Electroanalytical methods —Plasmas—Hollow cathodes—Electro- Controlled-potential electrolysis, elec- deless discharges, and Lasers. Prism and tro-gravimetry and coulometric ana- grating spectrographs—Dispersion and lysis. Polarography and anodic stripping Resolving power. Photographic photo- in trace analysis. Differential electroly- metry—Densitometry — Photoelectric tic potentiometry and ion selective photometry—Densitometry — Photoele- electrodes. Electrometric end-point tric devices. Volatilisation characteristi- detection :Use of potentiometric, dif- cs— carriers — buffers — internal stan- ferential potentiometric, pH, conduc- dards—working curves. Typical ana- tometric, high-frequency, dead stop and lysis methods. amperometric methods.

15 Thermal methods 6. Differential Thermal Analysis: Calorimetry: Introduction to thermo- Decomposition of Sodium Bicarbo- chemistry — thermochemical laws — nate. types of calorimeter—enthalpy and 7. Spectrochemical analysis: Quanti- entropy changes. Other methods (ther- tative estimation of boron in U3Og mogravimetry, differential thermal ana- matrix by carrier distillation lysis, thermoluminescence, thermome- method. tric titrimetry) : Principles—apparatus 8. Electrogravimetry : Determination —Influence of experimental parameters of copper and nickel by controlled —limitation*—application to kinetics potential electrogravimetry. and analysis. 9. PolarOgraphy: Determination of the concentration of lead using (i) Mass spectrometry diffusion current constant and (ii) Positive X-ray analysis—instrumenta- standard addition methods. tion—analysis of gaseous mixtures— 10. Potentiometry : Determination of isotopic analysis—impurities in solids— stability constants of copper-Tiron isotope dilution technique. complexes. 11. Cbelatometry: Simultaneous esti- Radroanalytical methods mation of thorium and lanthanum Radioisotope dilution—direct, reverse using diethyl trunine penta-acetic and derivative methods. acid. Activation analysis—activation, prompt 12. Spectrophotoiiietry: Composition measurements—radio-chemical, in- and stability of ferric-salicylic acid strumental approaches—different me- complex. thods of activation — multielement 13. Radioanalytical techniques: (i) analysis—high resolution gamma-ray Activation analysis using portable spectrometry. neutron source—Manganese in steel. Laboratory 14. Solvent extraction: (a) determina- 1. Gas chromatography: Analysis of tion of the distribution ratios at dif- (i) some mixture of inorganic gases ferent pH values and finding out and (ii) liquified petroleum gas. the optimum conditions for the 2. Gas Analaysis: Analysis of ura- separation of Cu (II) and Ni (II) by nium oxide for O/U ratio by low extraction with dithizone in carbon pressure technique. tetrachloride. (b) studying the com- 3. Mineral analysis: Analysis of felds- mon ion effect in the extraction of par for silica, alumina and iron. ferric choride with isopropyl ether. 4. Homogeneous precipitation: Copre- 15. Ion exchange: (a) determination of cipitation of lead on barium sul- the Capacity of a cation exchange phate using the conventional and resin, (b) separation of Co (II) and homogeneous methods. Ni (II) on a cation exchange column 5. Calorimetry: Heat of combustion using citric acid as eluent. Con- of salicylic acid. struction of the elution curves.

16 16. Conductivity: (a) Conductometric Amplifiers titration. (b) Determination of Transducers and their application. Im- Solubility Product. pedance, signal level and noise considerations and need for amplification. Basic principles and application of Chemical Instrumentation small signal amplifiers, power ampli- Electrical fundamentals fiers, feed back amplifiers, direct coup- Charge, current, voltage, power, energy, led amplifiers (electrometer, chopper Force, electric and magnetic intensities, established d-c; operational amplifiers) electric and magnetic flux densities, selective amplifiers, pulse amplifiers. Resistance, capacitance, inductance. Generators: (1) DC generators like dry- Servo mechanism cells, Storage batteries and power sup- Basic principles of servo mechanism lies, and its application in automatic record- (2) Sinusoidal or AC Generators, ave- ing potentiometer. Range extension and rage, apparent and reactive power, zero suppression of the recorder. power factor correction. (3) Non-sinusoidal generators like Test Instruments multivibrators time bases etc. Basic principle^ and operation of multimeter, V.T.V.M., C.rl.O. Circuit Elements Analog and digital devices and their Different types of resistors, capacitors, applications in chemical instrumenta- inductors, transformers with their ap- tion. plication. Creation, sensing, measurement and control of (1) temperature (2) press- Vacuum diode, triode, tetrode, pen- sure (3) flow (4) radiation (Nuclear tode, gas diode, Gas triode, multi- radiation, UV, visible, I.R., microwaves) electrode tube like Dekatron Semi- (5) current and voltage. conductor diode, transistor, Thyris- tors, Photo-emissive, voltiac conduc- tive cells, photo transistor, photo- • laboratory multiplier. 1. Alternating current bridges: Mea- surements of inductances, capaci- Integrated circuits, different types and tance & frequencies. their application. 2. Multi-test meter: -Design, con- Switching circuits and their application struction and use. in instrumentation. 3. Cathode ray tube and its applications. Power Supplies 4. Characteristics of a triode, pentode Halfwave, fullwave and bridge rectifi- and a transistor. cation, with brief mention of smoothing 5. Power Supplies: Construction and filters. characterisation of half wave and Voltage and current regulators. full wave rectifiers. Studying the DC to AC inverters. characteristics of a regulated

17 power supply. and dispersion; expected values;. nor- 6. Continuous balancing potentio- mal, binomial, poisson and exponential meter : Study of the principle of its distributions and their properties. Point operation range extension, calibra- estimates and interval estimates. T, 'F' tion and its use in measurement of and 'Chi-' distributions and their appli- temperature. cation to testing of hypotheses regard- 7. Assembling and testing of a colori- ing mean and standard derivation. meter. Analysis of variance, correlation and 8. Assembling and testing of a thermo- linear regression; propagation of ran- stat using a thyratron or thyristor dom errors. relay. Treatment of systematic errors—addi- 9. Use of operational amplifier for tive and proportional errors, possible integration, differentiation etc. sources, methods of locating and cor- 10. Creation and measurement of low recting systematic errors and improving pressures. accuracy. Computer Methods and Statistics Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy Fortran Programming Constants, variables, arrays, expressions Basic postulates of quantum mechanics and arithmetic replacement statements; Operators—eigen values—eigen func- declarative and storage allocation state- tions. ments, control statements, input and output statements; functions and sub- Application to simple systems programmes. Exactly solvable systems—free particle —particle in one dimensional box— Numerical methods simple harmonic oscillator—hydrogen Numerical integration —trapezoidal and atom—rigid rotator. Simpson's rule; solution of transcen- dental equations;—False position me- Review of atomic spectra thod; Newton-Ralphson method, con- Variation and perturbation methods. dition for convergence. Solution of simultaneous linear equations—Gauss Theories of valence Seidel method, iterative method, matrix MO and VB theories—Huckel approxi- method, inversion of matrix. mations and its applications— benzene Least squares method of curve fitting and some polyenes—metal sandwich —solution of ordinary differential equa- compounds and related compounds— tions—Euler's method, Runge-Kutta hybridisation, scheme for sigma and pi method. orbitals for different molecular symme- tries —valence shell electron pair re- Statistical methods and error analysis pulsion theory. Separation of electronic Classification of errors—systematic and and nuclear motions—origin of infrared random errors. Treatment of random and electronic spectra—movements of errors—measures of central tendency inertia-rotational spectra and molecular

J8 geometry—electronic states of diatomic Laboratory molecules and their classification, 1. Interpretation of NMR spectra of a classification of rotational levels of dia- simple molecule. tomic molecules—effect of nuclear spin. 2. Magnetic susceptibility of a para- Infrared and Raman spectra symmetry magnetic material. and its applications—vibrational structure of electronic transitions in diato- Nuclear and Radiochemistry mic molecules. Nuclear Properties Lasers and their applications in chemis- Spin, parity, angular momentum, mag- try. netic and electric moments, size of nucleus, Molecular Stereochemistry Theory of metal-ligand bonding—crys- Nulcear Stability and Nuclear Models tal field theory—splitting of d-orbitals Binding energy, nuclear forces, charge —magnetic, spectral, structural (Jahn- independence, isotopic spin, mirror nu- Teller distortion) and thermodynamic clei. effects due to crystal field splittings— Liquid drop model, semi-emperical reaction mechanisms. Ligand field mass formula and its applications in theory—orbital overlap in bonds—effect decay systematics—shell model and its of orbital overlap—MO theory of octa- applications—prediction of nuclear pro- hedral complexes—charge transfer perties like spin, parity, magnetic and spectra. electric moments. Laboratory Decay Processes 1. Infrared spectra of a simple mole- a -decay, decay systematics and theory cule. «-decay—fi-decay, energy spectrum, 2. d-d transition in a transition metal theory of j$—decay, Curie plot, parity complex. non-conservation, log ft values, selection rules—oc-decay, nuclear isome- Solid State Chemistry rism, internal conversion, Auger pro- Crystal structure—X-ray power and cess, selection rules, branching decay. single crystal techniques —Difference between X-ray, electron and neutron Nuclear Reactions diffraction. Simple ionic crystals (AB, Q—values—cross-sections and their AB2 ABO3)—ideal and real crystals— measurements—excitation functions— defects. compound nucleus. Solid State reactions—preparation Neutron cross-sections, charged particle techniques—sintering—crystal growth. reaction cross-sections—concept of Magnetic susceptibility — magnetic transmission coefficients—continuum ordering. theory—I/v law for neutrons—com- High resolution NMR—Broad line NMR pound nucleus and direct interactions —SRE—Mossbauer and Laser-Raman model—level spacing and level density spectroscopy—applications. —resonance region—Breit-Wigner for-

19 mula—optical model—introduction to Laboratory statistical theory—high energy nuclear 1. Plateau, Statistics and Paralysis reactions. time of a G. M. Counting assembly. Fission—mass, charge and kinetic 2. Use of micropipettes and gross energy distribution, experimental scintillation counting. techniques in fission, theories of fission 3. Back scattering of beta particles. processes, ternary fission, shape isomers • 4. Self absorption of beta particles. in fission, spontaneous fission. 5. Growth and decay study of Th B~ ThC. Advanced Nuclear Models 6. Isotopic exchange reaction Fe2+/ Collective model—re' tional and vibra- Fe»+. tional states, permanently deformed 7. Fission track experiment using nuclei—unified model, Nilsson level solid state track detector : Estima- diagrams, fission barriers, stability of tion of 23r>U content in natural superheavy elements. uranium. 8. Determination of fission •• yield of Detection and Measurement of Radiation selected mass chains in the thermal Interaction of radiation with matter— neutron fission of snsU. types of detectors, viz. gaseous scintillation and solid state and dielectric Reactors and Reactor Fuels track detectors—determination of abso- Elementary reactor physics—principles lute disintegration rates—discussion of of neutron induced fission; concepts of various methods—practical aspects of critical mass, neutron flux, cross sec- counting viz., geometry, scattering, tion; fuel, moderator, coolant; time absorption, etc.—statistics in radioactive dependence of chain reaction, control measurements. and kinetics. Introduction to reactors—TAPS, RAPS, Techniques in Radiochemistry CIRVS, FBTR, PVRN1MA. Carrier and carrier-free methods—pre- Characteristics of reactor fuels, types paration of sources—concept of hold- of fuels—chemical processes for the back carriers, scavengers etc. recovery of natural thorium and uranium; enrichment of uranium—235 by Applications of Radioactivity different methods, properties of the . Tracer techniques—applications to che- oxides of thorium, uranium and pluto- mical problems—Szilard-chalmer reac- nium, other promising nuclear fuels. tion—Geo-and Cosmo-chemistry. Fabrication and quality control re- .quirements of thermal reactor and fast Actinides breeder reactor fuels. Tracer—rseparation—nuclear and chemi- Fuel behaviour, post irradiation studies, cal properties—analysis—uses and burn-up measurements, advanced fuels, handling facilities. -Introduction to fuel- reprocessing che- Neutron sources and charged particle mistry. accelerators. Nuclear material accounting. Chemistry in .Nuclear Technology in cyclotrons—application of radioiso- Introduction topes and radiation in medicine. Syn- thesis of labelled compounds—produc- Role of chemistry in. nuclear techn- tion methods—separation and purifica- ology. tion procedures—criteria of purity— quality control—methods of storage— Moderators application in studies- on reaction Chemical processes for the production mechanisms and biochemical research. of heavy water—Graphite and its compatability in a reactor. Chemistry of waste management Dilution and disposal—concentration Coolants and confinement—chemical treatment Properties of water at high tempera- for 00Sr, and 137Cs—ion exchange— tures and pressures—Demineralisation evaporation —containment of high level —impurity pick-up and activity carry wastes—fixation in glasses—treatment over by coolant water—properties and of gaseous wastes. reactions of liquid metals, molten salts and gaseous coolant—Analysis of cool- Chemtieal Thermodynamics ants—Corrosion of reactor materials by Caratheodary's principle and the en- different coolants. tropy of a system. Thermodynamic potentials and equilibria, the nature of Reflector and cladding materials solutions including metallic, molten Chemical processes for the production electrolytes and polymers: of high purity zirconiobium, zircaloy— Thermodynamic characterisation of a 2 and zirconiobium—compatability of system, sources of thermodynamic data reflector and cladding materials in a and the method (or methods) of a criti- reactor. cal evaluation of these data from different experimental measurements. Chemical Control Application to practical problems in- Chemical control in BWR and PHWR cluding systems under extreme cons- —Chemical additives for the modera- traints of high temperature and/or high tor, heat transport and other secondary or low pressures: systems of water moderated and cooled power reactors. Material Science Classification of materials—Crystalline Production and application of isotopes and amorphous—metallic, semiconduct- and labelled compounds ing, polymeric, composites. Production.of radioisotopes in reactors Properties of materials: electrical, —nuclear reaction?—targets—separa- thermal, magnetic and optical. tion and purification procedures—R&- Need for tailor-made materials with diopharmaceuticals — production — cri- illustrations, teria of purity—quality control—radio- Characterisation and evaluation of isotope generators—radioimmunoassay. materials with examples. Production of medically useful isotopes Corrosion: nature and mechanism—

21 corrosion tendency—electrode poten- studies). Chemical effects of electrical tials—polarisation and corrosion rates discharge. —passivity—Pourbaix diagram—general principles of corrosion control—Selec- Rad'.ation chemistry of water tion of corrosion resistant materials for Material balance—Radical and molecu- nuclear reactor applications—corrosion lar yields—Evaluation of rate constants testing procedure. —Hydrated electron—Electron solva- Advanced methods of surface and struction in polar and non-polar media. ture analysis: Electron spectroscopy • (SEM, XPS, ESCA, Auger), PAS, Radiation Chem.'stry of organic SLAM etc. systems Bond energy relationships—Different Laboratory types of radiation chemical reactions. 1. X-ray diffraction analysis of a Organic liquids—Energy transfer—Cage simple compound. effects—LET and dose rate effects, pro- 2. Corrosion behaviour of stainless cess reagents. steel as a function of pH and chlo- ride ion concentration and observa- Study of transient species tion of the microstructure of the ESR—Optical methods—Flash photoly- samples. sis and pulse radiolysis—Radical and ionic yields.

Radiation and Photochemistry Radiation chemistry of solids Basic principles of photochemistry Study of trapped species and their in- Excited and triplet states—Predissocia- teractions—Defects in solids—Thermo- tion—Intersystem crossing and their luminescence—Biological systems. role in photochemistry. Photosensitisation—Fluorescence and Radiation polymerisation phosphorescence—Photoionisation. Radiation effects on polymers.

Primary processes in radiation Hot atom chemistry chemistry Chemical consequences of nuclear trans- A comprehensive treatment of interac- formations. tion of radiation with matter— LET equations—Electromagnetic and parti- Laboratory culate interactions—Low energy elec- 1. Demonstration experiment on pho- tron interactions—Energy localisation togeneration and decay kinetics of —Ionisation, excitation and track effects a transient species. —Chemical consequences—Formation 2. Fricks and Ceric-cerous dosimetry. of intermediates and products—Diffu- 3. Evaluation of G (trapped electron) sion kinetics. for C2H5OH glass at 77 K using Radiation chemistry of gases (Ion- ESR. (g factor, line width, hyper- molecule reactions—Mass spectrometric fine splitting of the species.) 4. Recoil effects in ethyl iodide sys- reaction with isopropanol. tem. 4. Chain reaction—Radiation Poly- 5. Products of pentane radiolysis— mediation. Use of GLC and mass spectrometry. Health Physics Chemfcal Kinetics Radiation Dosimetry. Radiation Quantities and units—Rela- General Introduction tion between flux and exposure, Solid Mathematical Formulation of complex State Dosimetry—Neutron Dosimetry. rate laws. Treatment of data. Radiation protection standards. Theories of reaction rates—Collision Maximum permissible dose. theory—Partition functions—transla- Maximum permissible Body Burden. tional, vibrational and rotational- Maximum permissible concentration in transition state theory—Application of air and water—ICRP Recommendations partition functions for different orders —Risk concepts. of reactions. Techniques of Air Monitoring. Assessment of radiation hazards due to Gas Phase reactions air borne activity. Chain reactions, steady state concepts, Application of meteorology in Nuclear industrial kinetics—Flow system. Ton Operations. Molecule reactions. Kinetic isotope effects. Tritium—production—hazards — monitoring/measurements—applications. Techniques of radiation monitoring Homogeneous reactions in condensed and protection. phase Radiation emergencies. Solvent effect, diffusion controlled reac- Types—evaluation of hazards—Handl- tion, isotope exchange reactions. Acid ing—Planning for emergencies. and enzyme catalysed reactions. Environmental impact of nuclear faci- Physico-chemical dynamics of excited* lities. states. Laser induced reactions. Heterogeneous reactions: Application of Industrial Hygiene and Safety. transition state theory. Adsorption and Need—Physical and chemical agents— its effects. Their harmful effects—evaluation—con- Catalysis. Theories and kinetic aspects. trol—Need for accident prevention— Fast Reactions—Modulation techniques Principles of accident prevention— — Flow techniques — Relaxation me- Safety organisation. thods. Electrochemical methods, ESR and NMR. COURSES FOR ENGINEERING TRAINEES Laboratory Mathematics 1. Kinetics of proton exchange. 1. FORTRAN Programming 2. Temperature jump method of fast Introduction to Digital Computer, num- reaction measurement. ber system, features of BESM-6 Compu- 3. Competition kinetics. OH radical ter, flow charting.

23 Fortran Language Program. 5. Introduction to programming, elements Numerical Quadrature: 1. of FORTRAN language, constants and Various quadrature schemes, programs (a variables, arithmetic expressions, arith- for integration. metic operators replacement statements Numerical solution of ordinary differ- —arithmetic and logical, Boolean logic, ential equations: GO TO statements, IF statements, DO (a) Initial value problems, Euler's (b loops, DIMENSION statements, I/O method, Runge-Kutta Methods, statements, Format statements, Tape Milne's Method, etc., Errors and handling, other declarative statements, Error propagation, comparison of. Functions, Subroutines and Library methods, computer applications. functions. (b) Boundary value problems : Intro-

A duction, trial-and-error method, J (c Use of BESM-6 Computer System Eigenvalue problems, programs. Control cards and job running proce- Solution of partial—differential equa- dure, hints for writing neat programs. tions : 2 Introduction, Elliptic p.d.e., parabolic 2. Numerical Methods p.d.e. and Hyperbolic p.d.e., problems. 3 Errors in numerical computations. 3. Finite Element Method Solution of non-linear equations: What is the Finite Element Method : A Incremental search method, the Bisec- brief introduction and the history of tion method, the linear interpolation F.E.M., Range of applications, limita- method, Newton's methods, Graeffe's tions and the future of the method. root-squaring method, Bairstow's me- Basic techniques: Direct approach, thod and programming of methods to variational and the method of v/eighted solve equations. residuals. Matrices and Solution of Simultaneous One-Dimensional finite elements. Equations: Advanced one-dimensional finite ele- (a) Matrices: Matrix Operations, Eig- ments concepts : Lagranugian and Her- envalues and eigenvectors, special mitian elements, the interpretation of matrices, matrix functions, Norms discontinuous finite element functions, of vectors and matrices, transfor- problems. mation of vectors and matrices, Finite Elements in Two Dimensions limits of matrices. including Axi-Symmetric problems (b) Solution of simultaneous equations: Advanced two and three dimensional Various direct and iterative me- finite elements: thods for solving sets of equations, (Co), (C,) and related elements. computer programs for sets of equa- Semi-Analytical Methods. tions; Further study of the finite element Interpolating Polynomials: method. Difference operators, Interpolation for- A mulae, Error terms and error of inter- 4. Special Functions • 1 polation, Interpolation in a Computer Legendre, Bessel and Hermite. n 24 5. Statistics Quantum theory and uncertainty 1. Review of basic concepts : principle. (a) Introduction — Random Variable, Relativity : Samples and population; Determin- Special theory, variation of mass with stic & statistical models, statistical velocity and equivalence of mass and distributions; Tests of significance. energy. (b) Frequencies & probabilities—fre- Matter waves and electron diffraction. quency distributions—discrete & Bohr—Rutherford atom, electronic continuous, cumulative, Mode, structures and periodic table. Electro- mean & Variance; Moments of dis- nic process; Electrical conductivity; tributions; elementary probability electron energies, magnetic behaviour mathematics. and optical behaviour. Atomic and (c) Distributions & their properties— molecular spectra. Zeeman effect. Binomial, Poisson, Normal, Log- X-rays: non:.al, Gamma, Beta. Production, Laus theory, Bragg's law 2. Sampling distributions—Chisquare, and X-ray spectra . Student t, Risher F. 3. Acceptance sampling—Producer's Elementary Nuclear Physics consumer's risk, operating charac- Binding energy, Bethe-Weizacker mass teristic curves, acceptable quality formula and significance of the diffe- level (AQL), average outgoing rent terms. quality level (AOQL), MILSTD— Properties of nuclei: 105 plans. Isotopes, spins, magnetic moments struc- 4. Estimation of lot and process cha- ture of nuclei and nuclear models. racteristics—Point estimates, Con- Radioactivity: fidence interval, Tests of hypothesis Decay law, half life* mean life etc. pertaining to fraction defective, uni- Modes of nuclear decay. Properties verse mean & standard deviation. of three types of radiations. Natural 5. Regression & Correlation: Biva- radioactive series. riate distribution & standard error Accelerating machines: of an estimate from a sample data, Van-de-Graaff generators and linear line of regression, coefficient of cor- accelerators. relation, analysis, of covariance. Nuclear reactions: 6. Design of experiments—for analy- Compound nucleus formation, stripping sis of effects of single as well as reactions, direct interactions, fission and multiple factors—factorial design. new heavy elements. 7. Theory of error—Systematic & ran- Nucleosynthesis—Periodic Table. dom errors & their treatment. Electronks Atomic & Elementary Nuclear Physics (For Electrical and Instrument Atomic Physics Technology trainees only) Electron, its motion in electric and mag- 1. Semiconductor Devices Review: netic fields, mass spectra and isotopes. Principles of operation and application of Bipolar devices, FETs, UJTs, SCRs, 3. Logic Circuits : Boolean algebra and TRIACs, Opto-Isolators, LED/LCD dis- binary arithmetic, gates, Flip-flops, plays, Integrated Circuits. counters, registers, arithmetic and logic 2. Circuit Analysis and Design : Design circuits, combinational and sequential and analysis of Bipolar and FET am- logic, circuit design using TTL gates. plifiers. Differential amplifiers, Opera- 4. Introduction to Electronic Equip- tional amplifier circuits and applica- ments : Signal generators, power sup- tions. plies, oscilloscope, D/A and A/D con- Voltage regulators, Comparators. verters, DVNs, Nuclear counting set- 3. Logic Circuits: Review of Boolean ups, pulse height analysers. algebra, Combinatorial and sequential 5. Computers : Analog computers, digi- circuits, IC Logic families, Gates, Flip- tal computers, Organisation of digital flops, counters, registers, Arithmetic/ computers, number systems and codes, Logic circuits. Arithmetic using binary numbers, pro- 4. Digital Systems: Semi-conductor gramming digital computers, simulation static/dynamic memories, ROMs, PLAs techniques. and applications. D/A and A/D systems. ,5. Computers: Analog computer, Simu- Passage of Radiation Through Matter lation Techniques, Digital computer and Radiation Detectors architecture, Organisation of CPU and General introduction memory, Instruction types, Addressing Different types of radiations, various modes, I/O handling. Micro-processors types of collisions and scattering, exci- and applications. Computer program- tation and ionisation of atoms, laws of ming principles and languages. conservation of energy and momentum. 6. Power Electronics : Controlled rec- Loss of energy of charged particles by tifiers, choppers Inverters, Cyclo-con- ionisation, range energy relation, Bethe verters. Industrial applications in AC/ Bloch formula and its applications. DC motor control, uninterrupted power supplies and Induction heating. Bremsstrahlung and Cererikov Radiation Electronics Qualitative explanation, difference bet- (For Chemical Engg., Mech. Engg. & ween Bremsstrahlung and Cerenkov Metallurgy trainees only) detectors and associated experimental 1. Semiconductor Devices: Principles techniques. of Operation, Applications of diodes, Passage of photons through matter Zener diodes, Transistors, FETs UJTs, Photoelectric and Compton effects, pair- thyristors and Triacs. production and electromagnetic casca- 2. Circuit Design & Applications: des. Small signal low frequency model of transistors, transistor amplifiers, darl- Radiation Detectors ington, saturated and differential am- General introduction: Gas filled coun- plifiers. Principles of operational am- ters, solid state detectors and scintilla- plifiers. tion counters. Gas filed counters operation of a reactor, reactivity coeffi- Energy spent in producing ion pairs, cients, xenon poisoning. mobility of ions and electrons, recom- Fuel burnup, fuel management, fertile bination and diffusion. Geiger counters, and fissile materials, conversion and proportional counters, fission counters breeding, strategy in nuclear power (BF3), pulse ion chambers and D.C. programmes. Chambers, Quenching effects, spark Subcritical and critical experiments, chambers, cloud chambers and bubble research reactors, power reactors (ther- chambers. mal and fast), description of reactors in India. Scintillation Counters Organic and inorganic crystals, plastic Detailed Exposition and liquid scintillators, photo multiplier Nuclear Fission: Fission process, pro- sensitivity, speed and resolution, phos- ducts of fission and their importance phor counting, light guides and pulse in reactors. shaping. Diffusion of Neutrons in a Moderator: Solid State Counters Fick's law and its validity, formulation Ge (Ld), Si (Li) and intrinsic Ge dete- and solution of the diffusion equation, ctors. Silicon surface barrier detectors. diffusion length. Activation method of detecting neutrons. Nuclear emulsion techniques. Bare Homogenous Reactors (one group model): Derivation of the criticality Reactor Physics condition, solution of the wave equa- iton for different geometries, geometri- Basic Concepts of Reactor Physics cal and material bucklings, effect of re- Concept of a nuclear reactor, cross-sec- flectors, reflector savings. tions and neutron reactions, nuclear fission and energy release, neutron flux, Slowing-down of Neutrons: Loss * of density and current, moderators, slow- energy in elastic collisions, comparison ing down, slowing down density, neu- of moderators, slowing down density, tron spectrum. resonance escape probability, Fermi age Types of reactors and their constituents, theory, thermal neutron spectrum, neu- chain reaction, four factor formula, tron temperature. buckling (material and geometric), diffusion coefficient, diffusion area, age, Heterogeneous Reactors: Unit cell, migration area, leakage probabilities, heterogeniety effects on lattice para- effective multiplication factor and reac- meters. tivity, criticality reflected reactors. Non-stationary conditions, kinetics para- Reactor Kinetics: One group kinetics meters, subcriticality and supercritica- equation with and without delayed lity, role of delayed neutrons, delayed neutrons, inhour equation, effect of and promp criticality, fission products, delayed neutrons, reactivity and its reactor control, approach to critical, units.

27 Control: Effects of temperature, fission mal and Adiabatic flow, One Dimension- products and voids, coefficients of reac- al Two-dimensional and- Three-Dimen- tivity, xenon poisoning. sional flow, Single Phase and Two Burnup: Long term reactivity variation, Phase flow. units of burnup, breeding. Velocity Potential and stream Func- tion, Translation, Linear. Deformation, Fundamentals of Engineering Design Angular Deformation and Rotation.

(Except Mech. Engg. trainees) Basic equations for ideal and Newtonian Fundamental laws of elasticity. Theo- fluids rems of elasticity and their applications The Continuity Equation, Euler's equa- to design. tions, Bernoulli's equation, Pressure Plain stress and plain strains. drop in pipes, bends and fittings, expan- Theory of failure: Creep, fatigue and sion and contraction losses. thermal cycling. Navier-stokes equations, Velocity Pro- Engineering requirements of materials. files in circular tubes. Criteria for selecting construction materials. Techniques used for metal fabrication Heat conduction and their limitations. Derivation of the general three dimen- Pressure Vessel Design: Introduction to sional heat conduction equation in codes for' design and fabrication of cartesion, cylindrical and spherical co- pressure vessels, including vessels for ordinates. high pressure, high temperature and Solution of general heat conduction cryogenic applications. Design of end equations for steady state unidirection enclosures, nozzles, flanges and gaskets. heat flow through slab, cylinder and Piping Design: Code9 and standards; sphere of uniform conductivity with design consideration and lending limits, heat generation. Conduction through allowable stresses and allowable stress composite walL range. Convection Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics and Natural and forced convection, film and Heat Transfer overall heat transfer co-efficients and their inter-relations, development of (For Electronics, Electrical Engg. & mathematical expressions for the film Instrument Technology trainees only) coefficients of free and forced convection by the method of dimensional analysis, Basic Concepts of Fluid flow discussion on different heat transfer Types of Fluids : ideal, Newtonian, Non- correlations. newtonian. Types of Flow: Uniform and Non-uni- Radiation form flow, Tjimiwar and Turbulent flow, Reflection, Absorption and Transmission Steady and Unsteady flow, Compres- of Radiation; Concept of Black Body, sible and Incompressible flow, Isother- Non-black body and Gray Body, Laws

28 of Radiation, Heat Transfer between Computer requirements. two Bodies by Radiation. Development of Management information system—Reporting requirements Combined Effect of Basic Modes from various levels of organisation and Heat flow through furnace and refrige- forms of reporting—result representa- rator wall, Heat loss from steam pipe tion and aid to management—Manage- or conductor surface, optimum thick- ment Milestone reports. ness of pipe lagging. Applications of PERT in Atomic Power Projects—the advantages resulted from Heat Transfer Equipment—Basic Design PERT in actual application. and Application Application of PERT in refuelling out- (a) Different types of Heat Exchangers ages and other maintenance outages— and their applications. Man rem budgetting—its vital impor- (b) Routing the fluid; Selection of tube tance—Methodology of working man diameter; Advantages and disadvan- rem requirements, availability. tages of triangular and square pitch; Other examples in network construc- Use of baffles, Concept of equivalent tion and analysis. diameter, Log Mean Temperature dif- Civil engineering, production, mecha- ference for parallel and counter-current nical maintenance, small proto-type flow, Fouling. project. (c) Design procedure for a shell and Revision, case study. tube type Heat Exchanger. Health Physics and Radiobiology Critical Path Programming (PERT) Health Physics Introduction: History—barcharts CPM, Radiation Dosimetry. PERT—General discussion on produc- Radiation Quantities & units—Relation tion planning and project planning. between flux and exposure, Solid State Principle of Anticipatory Management. Dosimetry—'Neutron Dosimetry. Network management techniques and Radiation protection standards. terminologies of PERT. Maximum permissible dose. Network construction. Maximum permissible Body Burden. Time Estimation—Production work— Maximum permissible concentration in Project work, PERT. air and water—ICRP Recommendations Statistical approach. —Risk concepts. Network analysis—Slack calculation— Techniques of Air Monitoring. critical path identification. Assessment of radiation hazards due to Allocation of resources and resource airborne activity. levelling. Application of meteorology in nuclear MAP technique—Single resource allo- operations. cation—mutiple resource allocation— Tritium—production—hazards — Moni- Resource based networks. toring/measurements—applications. PERT Cost—Project cost control. Techniques of radiation monitoring and Applications of computer in PERT— protection.

29 Radiation emergencies. heavy water —graphite and its compa- Types—evaluation of hazards—Handling tibility in a reactor—compatibility of —Planning for emergencies. beryllium metal for use on reflector. Environmental impact of nuclear facilities. Chemistry o/ Coolants Industrial Hygiene and Safety. Properties of water at high temperatures Need—Physical and chemical agents— and pressures—Radiolysis of water— Their harmful effects—evaluation— Impurity pickup by coolant and activity control—Need for accident prevention— carry over—Properties and reactions of Principles of accident prevention— liquid metals, molten salt and gaseous Safety organisation. coolants—various types of corrosions and compatibility of reactor construc- Radiobiology tion materials with different coolants. Basic cell Biology Radiation effects at molecular level Chemical control Radiation Biology—chemical aspects Purification of moderator and coolant Somatic and genetic effects of ionizing by filteration and demineralisation— radiations. chemical additives in primary and secondary water circuits of power reactors Chemistry in Nuclear Technology for pH and dissolved oxygen control — (Far Mechanical Engg., Electronics use of boric acid for chemical shim con- Engg., Electrical Engg. and Instrument trol. Technology trainees) Thermodynamics Introduction (For Chemical Engg. trainees only) Role of Chemistry in Nuclear Techno- First, second, third laws of thermo- logy. dynamics, application of energy and Chemktry of Fuel Materials entropy, balance in flow and non-flow Uranium and Plutonium—Uranium systems. oxides—uranium and plutoniurn based Activity, fugacity, free energy calcula- fuels—use of thorium as fertile mate- tion, use of generalised charts. rial. Vapour liquid equilibrium—Gibbs Duhen relations, Clausiium clapeyron Chemistry of cladding materials equation. Use of Aluminium, stainless steel, Properties of solutions—minimum work Zirconium and its alloys as clad mate- of separation. rials—Chemical processes for the pro- Equilibria in chemical reactions. duction of high purity zirconium, Thermodynamics of power plant cycles zircaloy-2. and other engineering applications.

Chemistry of moderators and reflectors Process instrumentation and control Chemical processes for the production 1. Industrial Measurement and Trans- of heavy water—upgrading of used mission of Process Variables Theoreti-

30 cal aspects of measurements. principles of conductivity meters, a) Principles of force balance and d) Measurement of electrical, mecha- motion balance system for pneumatic nical and physical properties. and electronic instrumentation. b) Error and Error Analysis: Defini- 2. Principles of automatic control sys- tion of Errors (Accuracy, Precision, tems and safety : Feed back control Dead band, Hysterisis, Resolution, Sen- theory as applied to Process Instru- sitivity etc..) Error analysis of a sys- mentation; modes of control and gene- tem. Standards and their traceability. ration of control modes. (Both c) Sensing, transmission and receiving pneumatic and electronic) Control of the following Process- Variables: valves and their sizing, valve positioner; Temperature: Filled systems, Thermo- fail safe principles, coincidence logic, couples, RTD's; Thermisters, Optical annunciators, simple logic circuits for Pyrometers, Cryogenic temperature control action (safety). measuring instruments. 3. Description of commercial equip- Flow: Mechanical flow meters (Dis- ment : D/P transmitters, PID controll- placement type, Inferential type); Diff- ers, Indicators and Recorders—Pneuma- erential pressure meters; Variable area tic, electrical and electronic. meters, Magnetic flow meters, Target flow meters, Mass flow meters, shunt Advanced electronics flow meters. (For Electronics Engg. trainees only)

Levels Direct methods (gauge glass, 1. Semiconductor Devices float, torque tube etc.); Indirect Method a) Field effect devices: Theory of ope- (Pressure gauge, Diaphragm type, ration of JEET/MOSFET, Device Purge type, differential pressure type, parameters applications. ultrasonic type, Nuclear type, electrical b) Four layer devices: Theory of ope- conductivity type, capacitance type ration of SCR, Device parameters, etc.); Interface level measurement. Applications. Pressure: Pressure standards (Dead c) Optoelectronic components and dis- weight Tester, Manometer, Mcleod play devices LED/LCD, 7 segment and Gauge); different types of mechanical dot matrix, opto-isolators. pressure transducers (Manometers, Bourdon, Bellows, diaphragms etc.) 2. Analog circuits strain gauges; vacuum gauges. a) IC operational ampl. design, modell- pH: definition, different types of elec- ing, General applications (differentia- trodes, pH meter. tor, integrator etc.) Viscosity : Definition and different units. b) Active Filters: Bessel, Butterworth Viscosity measuring instruments (On- and chebysher Filters, Gain and phase line and batch types) characteristics, practical examples, Humidity: Definition of all the related limitations, computer aided design. terms, psychrometer. c) Non-linear circuits: Log-amplr. Conductivity : Definition, operating Analog multipliers dividers, squaring

31 and square roots extracting circuits, b) Sample and hold circuits, choice of Function Generators. ADC quantization effects. c) Signal conditioning techniques 3. Digital Electronics d) Fourier Integral a) IC logic families e) Fast Fourier Transforms b) Semiconductor memories f) Windowing schemes c) MSI Functions (ALU, Shift register, g) Digital filters via FET and via time multiplexer demultiplexer etc.) series, hardware implementation d) LSI Functions (PLA). h) Correlation and convolution in time .domain 4. Nuclear Instrumentation i) Signel averages, base car integrators, a) Nuclear Detectors lock-in amplifiers. b) Preamplifiers, Main amplifiers, pulse shaping circuits, SCA 8. Reactor Instrumentation c) Linear Gates, base line restoration a) Detectors and other transducers d)' Timing circuits, coincidence circuits, b) Control channels TAC c) Data Loggers and alarm annoncia- e) NIM and CAMAC systems and their tors interfacing to real-time digital compu- d) Control Systems. ters. Chemical Engineering 5. Digital computers (For Chemical Engg. trainees only) a) Introduction to computers b) Computer architecture, CPU structure, ALU organisation Instruction 1. Mass Transfer types, Addressing schemes, Input Hand- i) Common concepts in all mass trans- ling. fer operation viz. Equalibrium data, Phase rule application, ideal stage mate- c) Number codes, error detecting and rial balance and kinetics; Concept of correcting codes, LRCC equilibrium (Steady & unsteady sta- d) Peripheral Devices tes); Theoretical stage concepts vs e) Memory organisation Transfer unit concept, f) Programming languages: Machine ii) Solvent Extraction: Simple calcu- language, Assembly language, High lation methods for counter current con- level languages. tact with illustrations of practical g) Microprogramming cases; phenomenon of diffusion includ- h) Computer applications. ing, different models of mass transfer; 6. Micro processors equipment and their applications; Un- a) Micro processor families steady state analysis in mass transfer. b) Controller and other typical applications. 2. Chemical Kinetics Reaction Rate laws, kinetics and tem- 7. Signal processing perature dependence of equilibrium a) Sampling theory and applications. constant; Rate theories and mechanism

32 of reaction; interpretation of rate data; mination. Reactor Design; Heat balance and Reac- Electronic materials—semiconductor, tor stability. piezo electric and dielectric materials— properties and preparation. Engineering Metallurgy Metallic phases and their properties, For Chemical Engineers only properties of pure metals, plastic defor- Welding. mation, structural imperfections, atom movement and strengthening mechani- For Electrical, Electronics & sms. Instrumentation Engrs. only Metal Corrosion—Cause and remedy. Heat Treatment. Stress corrosion cracking, corrosion testing and procedures. Reactor Control Engineering Stainless steels and their properties, (For Electronics Engg., Electrical special features of their fabrication, Engg. & Instrument Technology trainees zirconium alloys, properties and their only) fabrication. Introduction to Feedback control sys- Nuclear fuels, metallic and oxide pro- tems—Typical Control Elements and perties and their fabrication, Effect of their transfer functions—Analysis of process variables and heat treatment on closed loop control systems—Nyquist structure. Radiation damage. stability criterion —Attenuation con- NDT—radiography, ultrasonic exami- cepts for use in Feedback control sys- nation, eddy current testing, magnetic tem design. particles examination, dye penetrant Modern Control Concepts —Analysis of examination. multiple input —multiple output systems—controllability —observability — For Mechanical Engineers only stability. Fracture toughness, various fracture Analog computers and their applications parameters, their determination and in control system analysis. applications, crack growth correlations, Direct Digital Control (Introduction). critical crack length. Welding and welding technology. Physics o; Reactor Control Fracture Mechanics & Metal Fabrica- Neutron balance. Reactivity—Its fac- tion, including power metallurgy. tors. Power coefficient of reactivity.

For Chemical, Electrical, Electronics & Reactor Kinetics Instrumentation Engrs. only Fundamental Kinetic equations. Reactor Equilibrium diagrams, phase relation- response to step, armp and harmonic ships, iron carbon alloys and multi- reactivity input. Stable and transient component phase systems. reactor period. Electrical materials—magnetic steel, insulating materials, oils, jelly etc. Reactor System Transfer Functions their properties, preparation and deter- Basic zero energy transfer function.

33 Feedback loop transfer functions—effect Reactor Kinetics of temperature, poison, void, fuel burn- Fundamental Kinetic equations. Reactor up coolant flow etc. response to step, ramp and harmonic reactivity input stable and transient re- Reactor Stability actor period. Application of transfer function technique for small perturbation. Xenon in- Reactor System Transfer Functions stability. Basic zero energy transfer function. Feedback loop transfer functions—effect Reactor Control Methods and Devices of temperature, poison, void, fuel burn- Control rods and their drive mechani- up coolant flow etc. sms. Reactor Stability Operational problems in reactor control Application of Transfer Function tech- Problems during start-up, power pro- nique for small perturbation. Xenon duction and shutdown. instability. Different programmes for a power plant control Reactor Control Methods and Devices Different average coolant temperature Control rods and their drive mechani- programs, constant coolant outlet tem- sms. perature program etc. Reactor Protection systems. Reactor Protection System. Reactor Engineering & Radiation Reactor Control Engineering Shielding (For Mechanical Engg. trainees only) A. Reactor Engineering Introduction to Feedback Control Sys- Characteristics of research, test and tems— Laplace transforms— Typical power reactors. Control Elements, their transfer func- Criteria of selecting fuel, moderator tions—Block diagram reductions— and coolant for the reactor system. transfer function of closed loop systems. Heat transfer to reactor coolant with Types of control systems—Error coeffi- special reference to boiling and burn cients—advantages of feedback sys- out phenomena. tems. Design of fuel elements. Frequency response analysis—Nyquist Engineering problems and limitations plot-Bode plot—performance specifica- in design of nuclear reactors integrat- tions based on frequency.response. ing the requirements of core design, Methods of determining Linear system flux flattening and control, choice of stability—Routh's criterion, Nyquist's design parameters illustrated by a spe- criterion. cific design example. Nuclear hazards and safety analysis; Physics of Reactor Control reliability evaluation. Neutron balance. Reactivity—Its fac- Fuel management and fuel cycles. tors. Power coefficient of reactivity. Engineering -economic optimisation.

34: Computer application in reactor design. b) Thermal stresses in circular plates Publications in Nuclear Engineering. and cylindrical shells. c) Peak stresses. B. Radiation Shielding Introduction to analysis of pressure ves- Build-up factors and streaming of sel components such as flange, nozzle gamma and neutron radiations through and supports. gaps and voids. Selection of materials, 6. Introduction to design of tube and irradiation damage on materials. sheets (1 lecture). Design of shielding for reactors, heat 7. Design of piping systems. Piping generation in shields; shielding for flexibility analysis (3 lectures). reactor primary system; spent fuel and 8. Stress analysis by finite element isotope carriers. Shielding features of method. Evaluation of stiffness proper- reactors in India. ties for beam element and two dimensional elements. Assembly of element Engineering Design stiffness matrices, boundary conditions and solution of finite element equations. (For Mechanical Engg. trainees only) Isoparametric elements. Derivation of 1. Theory of failure, yield condition, element stiffness matrix using isopara- Plastic potential, Flow rules. Solution metric elements. Consistent and Lump- of Plane stress and Plane strain elastic- ed mass matrices. Introduction to plates plastic problems. limit analysis. (6 and shell elements. Exposure to advanc- lectures) ed technique in finite elements. 2. Creep rupture, Low cycle fatigue, Fracture mechanics. (4 lectures). Vibrations 3. Introduction to ASME boiler and pressure vessel code section VIII Divn. (For Mechanical Engg. trainees only) I Design of Cylindrical shells; end 1. Introduction to vibrations of elastic closures, nozzles and flanges. (4 lectu- system and free vibration of single res). degree of freedom system. 4. Stress categories, stress intensity, Comparison of ASME Sec. VIII and III. 2. Vibrations of single degree of free- (2 lectures). dom system to 5. Stresses and deformations in plates a) Harmonic excitation of mass and shells (18 lectures). b) Harmonic movement of support Bending stresses in circular flat plates c) Impulsive forcing function with various loadings. Navier and d) Transient excitation (convolution) Levy's solution for rectangular plates. integral. Energy formulation. Membrane and bending stresses in 3. Multi degree of freedom system axisymmetric cylindrical and hemi- Detailed derivation of a two degree spherical shells. freedom system to bring out the follow- Secondary mechanical stresses: ing concepts— a) Discontinuity stresses in cylinder— a) Mass and stiffness matrix hemisphere and cylinder flat end cover. b) Natural modes and modal matrix

35 c) Orthogonality of natural modes Need for Reliability; Reliability, Main- d) Response calculations using normal tainability and Availability; Definitions mode method. and Indices such as Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), Mean Time to Repair 4. Continuous systems (MTTR). a) Relation between discrete and con- Exponential law of Reliability; Constant tinuous system and Non-constant hazard rate function. b) Definition of general eigenvalue Reliability of Electronic and allied problem and orthogonality of eigen- parts. functions. Redundancy; Types such as series, c) Derivation of governing equation of parallel and voting redundancies. following cases— 1. Axial vibration of beam 2. Environmental Testing 2. Bending vibration of beam Environmental factors; Natural and \ Torsional vibration of beam. Man-made, Climatic and Mechanical, d) Solution of bending vibration of Electromagnetic and Accoustics; Dura- beams to bring out following concepts— tion and severities of environmental 1. Orthogonality of eigenvectors factors; Effects on components and 2. Response calculations using nomal materials; Environmental Testing stan- mode method. dards for cbmponents and equipments. 5. Approximate methods jor continuous 3. Reliability Testing systems Estimation and Demonstration; Reliabi- a) Rayleigh's method lity as a probability; Sampling Confi- b) Rayleigh-Ritz method dence and Risks; Operating characteri- c) Transfer matrix method. stic Curves (OC curves). Acceptance Plans; Time Terminated, 6. Application to earthquake Failure Terminated and Sequential engineering tests. a) Need for mathematical modeling of Reliability Testing Standards. structures b) Accleration, velocity displacement 4. System Reliability, Availability and spectra and its use Safety c) g—method Use of Conditional probability and d) Introduction to IS code. Baye's Theorem; Boolean Functions and Fault Trees; Network Flow-graphs; 7. Vibration measurement techniques Failure Mode and effect analysis. and its importance. 5. Management Aspects of Reliability 8. Introduction to flow induced vibia- Controlling factors for achieving relia- tions. bility; Design, Components, processes, people and organisational structure; Reliability Enguwning Failure Data sources and Information 1. Introduction to Reliability Collection, reduction and processing. Additional 6 lectures for Electronics general manner. Approximately five Engg. trainees only lectures would be devoted to cover this 1. Reliability Prediction for Electronic portion. Equipments & Systems: (b) Engineering aspects of core design : Environmental stress factors (K-fac- Role of fast breeders in a nuclear power tors); Marginal Testing; Schmoo dia- programme and important parameters gram; Tolerance evaluation. which affect the growth of fast breeder reactors. Choice of fuel coolant struc- 2. Reliability of electronic components tural and control materials. Optimisa- Failure rate models; Arrhenins, Eyring, tion of core design parameters. Thermal, Eyerson etc. models; Reliability Screen- hydraulic and engineering considera- ing; procurement of electronic compo- tions affecting the detailed core design. nents as per EEC, IS, BS etc. specifica- This topic will be covered in about 5 to tions. 6 lectures. (c) Technological features of the cool- 3. Electronic Measurements ant circuits utilising liquid sodium as Theory of errors; accuracy and preci- a coolant: sion, error propagation; procedure for Choice of sodium as a coolant. Purifica- rounding off numbers; SI system of tion of sodium to enable its use as a Units; Traceability of measurements; reactor coolant. Sodium circuits used Differential and absolute measurements. as heat transport system and engineering features of the principal compo- 4. Case Studies nents of the circuits. Special features of Reliability and safety aspects of a process instrumentation of sodium cir- typical Reactor Control System. cuit. Design features of steam water circuit associated with sodium circuit. Power Reactors and Power Plant The course material would be covered Engineering in 5 to 6 lectures. A. Fast Power Reactors (d) On-line data processing systems: (a) Neutronic aspects of fast breeder With FBTR as a reference, a typical reactors: computer based data processing sys- Multi-group cross-section sets employ- tem required to ensure smooth and ed in the study of the physics of fast safe functioning of a sodium-cooled breeder reactors and the resultant neu- fast breeder reactor will be outlined tron spectrum. Core and blanket cha- (2 to 3 lectures). racteristics—breeding ratios and doubling times for different fuel, coolant, B. Thermal Power Reactors structural material combinations. Reac- RAPP/MAPP/NAPP Systems and Com- tivity changes and safety considerations, ponents including sodium void co-efficient, the Fuel and Fuel Management doppler co-efficient, fuel expansion and Reactor Vault Components bowing. Shielding aspects of the fast Primary Heat Transport System breeder reactors are also treated in a Moderator System

37 Auxiliary System reprocessing of irradiated fuels, Containment System (iii) Management of Radioctive wastes, Electrical Systems (iv) Commercial production of heavy Equipment for reactor cooling systems— water. Special pumps, valves, pressurising (v) Thorium and Zirconium production, systems. (vi) Cascade Theory of Isotope Separa- Power plant dynamics & control. tion and Isotope Separation processes, (vii) Desalination C. Power Plant Engineering (viii) Radiochemical Aspects. Power reactors in India and projected growth of nuclear power. Electrical Engineering System Design Different power reactor systems such as (For Electrical Engg. trainees only) light water, heavy water and gas cooled Introduction to nuclear power station thermal reactors. in power systems (general perspective). Introduction to nuclear power plants, Interaction of nuclear power station choice of nuclear and conventional sys- with grid. tems and plant layout. Power system and power plant control. Phases of plant design and construction. Power system, voltage regulation, calcu- Station economics & system economics lation, effect of voltage operation on with special reference to nuclear power; electrical equipments, remedial mea- economics of nuclear power. sures. Planning operation of nuclear power Selection of transformers, accessories, stations, station performance and opti- types, specifications and testing. Selection of switchgear, accessories, Ecological aspects of nuclear power types, specifications and testing. plants. Selection of motors, accessories types, Modern thermal power stations, design specifications and testing. of steam supply systems and steam Selection of cables, types, specifications cycles; Turbo generators for nuclear and testing. power stations. Power system design & stability ana- Power system analysis lysis. (i) Power system representation—sin- Ventilation and Air conditioning. gle line diagram, sequence networks, graph, cut-set, tie-set and incidence Nuclear Chemical Engineering matrices. Bus impedance matrix and (For Chemical Engineering trainees bus admittance matrix formation, only) (ii) Bus impedance matrix formation Application of Chemical Engineering to algorithm. the processing of materials for and from (iii) Modification of bus impedance nuclear reactors. matrix for changes in the network. (i) Uranium Ore Processing, refining Short circuit calculations-ohmic, p.u., of uranium and production of UF0. and percentage methods using bus im- (ii) Fuel cycles for nuclear reactors and pedance matrix.

38 (iv) Short circuit calculations using Z methods and selection of lightning ar- bus. resters. (v) Load flow studies Gauss—Sedial method using Y bus. Operations Research (vi) Load flow studies Newton-Raphson Planning on Operations Research—Pro- method using Y bus. bability Theory—Statistical Inference (vii) Newton-Raphson method (Contd.) and Decision Theory. Comparison of the two methods for load Mathematical Programming: Linear flow study. Comparison of Y bus and Z Programming—Special type Transpor- bus. tation algorithim—Scheduling. Probabilistic Models—Queueing Theory Power System Protection —Applications—Inventory theory. (i) Transmission line protection (distance, o/c relays). Fluid Mechanics & Heat Transfer (ii) Station equipment and machinery protection (Reactors, motors, genera- (For Mechanical Engg. & Chemical tor). Engg. trainees only). a) Convective Heat Transfer Turbine governing system Convection—differential and integral (i) Types of governing system—Throt- equations of the boundary layer, me- tle governing, Nozzle governing, thods of approximate solution. (ii) Methods of governing—Electric, Momentum transfer : Flow inside circu- hydraulic & mechanical governing, lar tubes and complex geometries. (iii) Mechanical—governing system— Heat Transfer : Laminar and turbulent parts of the system, flow inside smooth tubes and complex (iv) Speeder gear, geometries. Analogy between momen- (v) Speed droop. tum and heat transfer, liquid metal (vi) Problems faced in governing sys- coolants, influence of Prandtl No. on tem at RAPS-1. temperature profile, the influence of (vii) Interaction between boiler pres- temperature dependent properties and sure control and governing system at convective heat transfer at high velo- RAPS operation of load limiter. cities. (viii) Brief introduction of turbovisory. Natural Convection. Auxiliary power system classification Numerical Methods in Heat Transfer. and introduction. Emergency transfer and synchronising b) Reactor Heat Transjer scheme, including load shielding. Conduction, conduction in nuclear fuel Introduction of 220 KV switchgear elements, heat generation in structures, equipment, including generator and moderator and shield. transformer. Temperature profiles in coolant, clad Protection scheme as adopted for RAPP and fuel, contact resistance. and NAPP. Subchannel analysis, hot channel and Insulation coordination and grounding hot spot factors, core hydrodynamics,

39 flow coast down analysis, transient heat (g) Panels and Racks transfer and safety studies. (h) Instrumentation power supply scheme—both pneumatic and electrical; c) Process Design of Thermal quality of pneumatic air. Equipment (i) Change of range : Recorders; zero Choice of heat exchangers, heat exchan- suppression and elevation for level ger design, introduction to TEMA and measurement. HEI standards. 2. Installation Practice d) Two Phase Fluid Flow and Heat (a) Venturi Transfer (b) Orifice plates Introduction to boiling heat transfer, (c) Flow nozzle heat transfer regimes in pool and flow (d) Pito tube boiling, bubble nudeation, heat trans- (e) Thermocouples fer correlations for pool boiling and (f) RTDs forced convection boiling, critical heat (g) Thermistors flux phenomenon. (h) Filled system Condensation heat transfer. thermometers Introduction to two phase flow, flow (i) Purge probes regimes, basic equations, void fraction (j) Pressure gauges and phase velocity ratio, various mo- (k) D/P Transmitter for flow and dels for calculating pressure drop, cri- level tical flow. (1) Rotameters (m) Wiring and cable trays etc. Applied Process Instrumentation (n) Pneumatic tubing. (For Instrument Technology trainees only) 3. Specifications: Typical ISA specifi- cation sheets for individual instruments. 1. Design Principles (a) Flow elements: Office plates, ven- 4. Instrument Accessories turi tubes for liquids and gases. (a) Integrators (b) Orifice flanges (b) Square root extractors (c) Thermowells (c) Fittings—brass and s.s. (d) Null balance type measuring cir- (d) Tubing —copper, HDP, Nylon cuits for temperature measurement us- (e) PRV's ing. (f) Electro/Pneumatic Transducer (i) T/c (g) Volume booters and pneumatic (ii) RID relays (iii) Thermistors (h) Solenoid valves (e) Logic circuits as applied to start (i) Extension cables and trip of equipment to satisfy a num- (j) Electrical relays ber of interlock conditions. (k) Control wiring (f) Annunciation—different sequences. (1) Terminal strips.

40 5. Instrument selection criteria State Detector (a) Pneumatic us electronic 6. Vacuum Techniques (b) Flow elements: Orifices, venturies, 7. Attenuation of Thermal Neutrons other types in concrete, iron and lead using a (c) Temperature sensing element: BF3 counter and Ra-Be source T/C, RTD, Thermistors, filled systems. 8. Servo Control Selection of a particular sensing ele- 9. Ionisation Chamber ment from among a given type 10. Study of Laser. (d) Pressure sensing elements: Bour- don, Bellows, Capsule (diaphragm); Advanced Experiments in Electronics strain gauges. (For Electronics Engineers only) (e) Differential Pressure Transmitters 1. Tunnel diode characteristics and (f) Control modes use as a comparator (g) Recorder: Pen speed, chart speed, 2. Active niters printing interval. 3. Decoders B.C.D. to decimal and (h) Relays: Solid state vs electromag- vice-versa netic. 4. FET characteristics and use as a low noise amplifier. List of Experiments included in the 5. Testing of an I.C. operational am- Practical Course plifer Experiments in Electronics 6. Power supply fabrication and test- 1. Transistor Characteristics ing. 2. Study of Oscilloscope 3. Use of Multimeter and V.T.V.M. Special Experiments 4. Study of Power Supply 1. Experiments using reactor simulator 5. Thyristor Characteristics Relation between reactivity and period 6. Multivibrators effect of delayed neutrons 7. Linear Pulse Amplifier Prompt critical conditions 8. Operational Amplifier Kinetic behaviour of reactors of diff- 9. Study of Recorder erent fuel types 10. Logic Circuits Study of reactor control characteristics 11. D. C. Amplifiers. on the analogue computer 2. Experiments using sub-critical as- Experiments in Physics sembly 1. G. M. Counter (1) Radial and vertical flux measure- 2. Gamma-ray Scintillation Spectro- ment meter (2) Calculations of reflector savings 3. Thermal Neutron flux distribution (3) Material buckling and neutron in water using Ra-Be source neu- multiplication factor using various trons. lattices. 4. Alpha Spectrometry with Solid (4) Approach to critical curve—by State Detector fuel loading. 5. Study of beta decay using Solid 3. Experiments using nuclear reactor

41 (1) Measurement of flux distribution in Courses for Metallurgy Trainees reactor core 1. FORTRAN Programming (2) Study of gamma ray production in the core after reactor shut-down Mathematics (3) Temperature coefficient of reacti- Introduction to Digital Computer, vity number system, features of BESM—6 (4) Danger coefficient method for cross- Computer, flow charting. section measurement Fortran Language (5) Control rod calibration by various Introduction to programming, elements techniques of FORTRAN language, constants and (6) Effect of an artificial source of re- variables, arithmetic expressions, arith- activity metic operators replacement statements —arithmetic and logical, Boolean logic, (7) MK load on reactor due to an in- GO TO statements, IF statements, DO pile loop loops, DIMENSION statements. I/O (8) Shielding experiments statements, Format statements, Tape handling, other declarative statements, (9) Study of radioactivities in primary functions, sub-routines and library coolant: functions.

(a) Monitoring of reactor power during Use of BESM-b Computer System long-time operation by counting gamma Control cards and job running proce- rays for 16N and 17N in the primary dure, hints for writing neat programs. cooling water. (b) Study of the behaviour of some 2. Numerical Methods fission products in the primary water. Errors in Numerical Computations. (c) Detection of ruptured fuel elements based on D. N. monitor, gross gamma Solution oj non-linear equations activity or analysis for fission products. Incremental search method, the Bisec- (d) Measurement of gamma dose in the tion method, the linear interpolation experimental facilities used for neutron method, Newton's methods, Graeffe's flux measurement, by several different methods, i.e. thermoluminescence dosi- root-squaring method, Bairstow's me- meter, chemical dosimeter, calori- thod and programming of methods to metric method and coloration method. solve equations. Matrices' and Solution oj Simultaneous (Note: These special experiments will Equations be arranged as and when the necessary (a) Matrices : Matrix Operations, facilities are available. Each trainee is Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, special expected to do at least four of these matrices, matrix functions, norms of experiments.) vectors and matrices, transformation of

42 vectors and matrices, limits of matrices, ance; Moments of distributions; elemen- (b) Solution of simultaneous equations : tary probability mathematics, Various direct and iterative methods (c) Distributions & their properties— for solving sets of equations, computer Binomial, Poisson, Normal Lognormal, programs for sets of equations. Gamma, Beta. 2. Sampling distributions—Chisquare, Interpolating Polynomials Student t, Fisher F. Difference operators, Interpolation for- 3. Acceptance sampling—Producer's & mulae, Error terms and error of inter- Consumer's risk, operating characteris- polation, Interpolation in a Computer tic curves, Acceptable quality level Program. (AQL), Average outgoing quplity level (AOQL), MILrSTD—105 plans. Numerical Quadrature 4. Estimation of lot and process charac- Various quadrature schemes, programs teristics—Point estimates, Confidence for integration. interval, Tests of hypothesis pertaining to fraction defective, universe mean & Numerical solution of ordinary standard deviation. differential equations 5. Regression & Correlation: Divariate (a) Initial .value problems, Euler's distribution & standard error of an method, Runge-Kutta Methods, Milne's estimate from a sample data, line of re- Method; etc., Errors and error propa- gression, coefficient of correlation, ana- gation, comparison of methods, compu- lysis of covariance. ter applications. 6. Design of experiments—for analysis (b) Boundry value problems: Intro- of effects of single as well as multiple duction, trial-and-error method, Eigen- factors—factorial design. value problems, programs. 7. Theory of errors—Systematic & random errors & their treatment. Solution of partial-differential equations Introduction, Elliptic p.d.e., parabolic Atomic & Elementary Nuclear Physics p.d.e. and Hyperbolic p.d.e., problems. (30 lectures) Atomic Physics 3. Special Functions Electron, its motion in electric and mag- Legendre, Bessel and Hermite. netic fields, mass spectra and isotopes. Quantum theory and uncertainity prin- 4. Statistics ciple. 1. Review of basic concepts Relativity: (a) Introduction Random Variable, Special theory, variation of mass with Samples and population; Deterministic velocity and equivalence of mass and & Statistical models, statistical distri- energy. butions; Tests of significance. Matter waves and electron diffraction. (b) Frequencies & probabilities—fre- Bohr-Rutherford atom, electronic struc- quency distributions—discrete & conti- tures and periodic table. Electronic nuous, cumulative, Mode, Mean & Vari- process; Electrical conductivity; elec-

43 tron energies, magnetic behaviour and and sequential logic, circuit design optical behaviour. Atomic and mole- using TTL gates. cular spectra. Zeeman effect. 4. Introduction to Electronic Equip- X-rays: ments : Signal generators, power Production, Laue theory, Bragg's law supplies, oscilloscope, D/A and A/D and x-ray spectra. converters, DVMs, Nuclear counting set-ups, pulse height analysers. Elementary Nuclear Physics 5. Computers : Analog computers, Binding energy, Bethe-Weizacker mass digital computers, organisation of formula and significance of the different digital computers, number systems terms. and codes, arithmetic using binary Properties of nuclei: numbers, programming digital com- Isotopes, spins, magnetic moments, puters, simulation techniques. structure of nuclei and nuclear models. Radioactivity : Physical Metallurgy Principles Decay law, half life, mean life etc. Crystallography and diffraction Modes of nuclear decay. Properties of Lattice geometry, point group, space three types of radiations. Natural ra- group, stereographic projection, crystal dioactive series. structures, reciprocal lattice, diffraction Accelerating machines: of X-rays, electrons and neutrons. Van-de-Graaff generators and Linear accelerators. Thermodynamics and phase equilibria Nuclear reactions: Thermodynamic fundamentals, one Compound nucleus formation, stripping component system, phase rule, poly- reactions, direct interactions, fission and morphism, effect of pressure, two com- new heavy elements. ponent systems, free energy of dilute, Nucleosynthesis—Periodic Table. ideal and real solutions, deviations from ideality, quasi-chemical calculations of Electronics the miscibility gap spinodal, order-dis- 1. Semiconductor Devices: Principles order reaction, relation between free of Operation, Applications of dio- energy-composition diagrams and phase des, Zener diodes, Transistors, equilibria. Kinetics of transformation. FETs, UJTs, thyristors and Triacs. 2. Circuit Design & Applications: Crystal defects Small signal low frequency model Point defects in metallic and ionic of transistors, transistor amplifiers, crystals, point defect clusters, produc- darlington, saturated and differen- tion and annihilation of point defects tial amplifiers. Principles of opera- by various processes. tional amplifiers. Dislocation—fundamental concepts, geo- 3. Logic Circuits: Boolean algebra metry of dislocations in different crystal and binary arithmetic, gates, Flip- systems and stacking faults. flops, counters, registers, arithme- Crystal interfaces—structure and ener- tic and logic circuits, combinational gy of free surfaces, grain boundaries

44 and interfaces. Radiation Detectors Methods of direct-observation of crys- General introduction: Gas filled coun- tal defects—transmission electron ters, solid state detectors and scintilla- microscopy—kinematic theory of image tion counters. contrast, field ion microscopy, scanning electron microscopy. Gas filled counters Energy spent in producing ion pairs, Diffusion and Related Phenomena mobility of ions and electrons, recombi- Diffusion, in pure metals and alloys, nation and diffusion. Geiger counters, nucleation and grain growth pheno- proportional counters, fission counters mena. Heterogeneous and homogene- (BF3), pulse ion chambers and D. C. ous nucleation; recovery and recrysta- Chambers, Quenching effects, spark llisation. chambers, cloud chambers and bubble chambers. Transformation in metals Solidification, classification, kinetics Scintillation Counters and crystallography of solid state trans- Organic and inorganic crystals, plastic formations. Diffusional phase trans- and liquid scintillators, photo multiplier formation, martensitic transformation, sensitivity, speed and resolution, phos- and bainitic reaction. phor counting, light guides and pulse shaping. Passage of Radiation through Matter & Radiation Detectors Solid State Counters Ge (Id), Si (Li) and intrinsic Ge detec- General introduction tors. Silicon surface barrier dectors. Different types of radiations, various Activation method of detecting neu- types of collisions and scattering, ex- trons. Nuclear emulsion techniques. citation and ionisation of atoms, laws of conservation of energy and momentum. Reactor Physics Loss of energy of charged particles by Basic Concepts of Reactor Physics ionisation, range energy relation, Bethe Concept of nuclear reactor, cross-sec- Bloch formula and its applications. tions and neutron reactions, nuclear fission and energy release, nutron flux, Bremsstrahlung and Cerenkov radiation density and current, moderators, slow- Qualitative explanation, difference bet- ing down, slowing down density, neu- ween Bremsstrahlung and Cerenkov tron spectrum. detectors and associated experimental Types of reactors and their constitu- techniques. ents, chain reaction, four factor formula, buckling (material and geometric), Passage of photons through matter diffusion coefficient, diffusion area, age, Photoelectric and Compton effects, pair- migration area, leakage probabilities, production and electro-magnetic casca- effective multiplication factor and reac- des. tivity, criticality, reflected reactors. Non-stationary conditions, kinetics Reactor Kinetics: One group kinetics parameters, subcriticality and super- equation with and without delayed criticality, role of delayed neutrons, neutrons, inhour equation, effect of delayed and prompt criticality, fission delayed neutrons, reactivity and its products, reactor control, approach to units. critical operation of a reactor, reactivity coefficients, xenon poisoning. Control: Effects of temperature, fission Fuel burnup, fuel management, fertile products and voids, coefficients of re- and fissile materials, conversion and activity, xenon poisoning. breeding, strategy in nuclear power programmes. Burnup: Long term reactivity varia- Subcritical and critical experiments, tion, units of burnup, breeding. research reactors, power reactors (thermal and fast), description of reactors Mechanical Metallurgy in India. States of stress and strain in an elastic continuum, generalised Hooke's law, Detailed Exposition Critical Resolved Shear Stress, atomis- Nuclear Fission : Fission process, pro- tic derivation of CRSS, concept of dis- ducts of fission and their importance in locations, geometrical aspects of disloca- reactors. tion, strain field and stress field around dislocations, elastic strain energy around Diffusion of Neutrons in a Moderator: dislocations, and forces on dislocations. Fick's law and its validity, formulation Combination and resolution of disloca- and solution of the diffusion equation, tions, Frank's Rule and partial disloca- diffusion length. tions, dislocations in F.C.C., B.C.C. and H.C.P. crystals, glissile and sessile dis- Bare Homogeneous Reactors (One locations, stacking fault, glide, climb and group model): Derivation of the critic- cross slip, kinks and jogs. Dislocation ality condition, solution of the wave multiplication. equation for different geometries, geo- Work hardening in single crystals, work metrical and material bucklings, effect hardening in polycrystals, thermal and cf reflectors, reflector savings. athermal components to flow stress, dislocation motion as a thermally acti- Slowing-down of Neutrons: Loss of vated phenomenon, work softening. energy in elastic collsions, comparison General stress strain behaviour of of moderators, slowing down density, metals—Strengthening of metals—solid resonance escape probability, Fermi solution strengthening—yield point age theory, thermal neutron spectrum, phenomenon, precipitation, dispersion neutron temperature. and fibre strengthening, chemical strengthening, order hardening, grain Heterogeneous Reactors: Unit cell, boundary strengthening and transfor- heterogeniety effects on lattice para- mation strengthening. meters. Creep of metals—testing methods, sta-

46 ges of creep, creep evaluation para- Health Physics and Radiobiology meters, irradiation creep and factor Health Physics contributing to creep resistance. Principles of radiation dosimetry Fracture of materials—Griffith's cri- Radiation protection standards terion and its limitations, Irwin's modi- Techniques of personnel radiation fied approcah, linear elastic fracture dosimetry mechanics, KIC and other parameters for nearly elastic crack propagation, and Techniques of area and air-monitoring testing methods. Fracture in semi-bri- Techniques of personnel radiation pro- ttle materials and parameters used for tection their evaluation. Site selection for and design of nuclear installations Fatigue of metals—structural changes Handling and prevention of radiation under cyclic load, crack propagation emergencies during fatigue, factors contributing Radioactive fallout from testing of nu- the fatigue strength and fracture me- clear weapons chanical approach to fatigue. Principles of industrial hygiene and safety. Nuclear Metallurgy Fuels Radiobiology Metallic fuels—uranium, thorium and Basic processes of cell division and their alloys—properties, production, multiplication: The cell and its con- fabrication, irradiation behaviour. stituents. Mitosis and its significances Ceramic fuels—oxides—uranium oxide in building up the body. Meiosis—divi- and thorium oxide—properties, produc- sion of reproduction. tion and fabrication irradiation be- The fundamentals of radiobiology. Ge- haviour, carbides, nitrides, silicides, netic hazards of radiation. mixed oxides and carbides, cermets— properties, production and fabrication, Consolidation and Fabrication irradiation behaviour. Techniques Plutonium bearing fuels—Pu & Pu Melting and casting of metals—General alloys, Pu-oxides and mixed oxides and techniques used, special techniques of carbides—properties, production and induction, arc and electron beam melt- fabrication, design and use of glove- ing as used for reactive metals. boxes, irradiation behaviour. Mechanical working of metals—cold and Post irradiation studies of metallic & hot working, fabrication processes of ceramic fuels. rolling, forging, extrusion, drawing, swaging, wire drawing with special re- Cladding & Structural Materials ference to fabrication of metallic fuel Quality control, Quality surveillance elements and production of thin walled & Quality Assurance in the production fuel tubing. of nuclear materials.' Heat treatment of metals—Annealing, Spl. lectures on—Control rod—1, normalising, hardening, tempering, sur- Absorber—1, Boosters—1. face hardening and their application in

47 nuclear field like surface hardening of corrosion; intergranular corrosion and power reactor components, annealing stress corrosion; hydrogen cracking, during zircaloy tube fabrication, Zr-Nb fretting corrosion, corrosion fatigue. alloy heat treatment. Atmospheric corrosion, oxidation and Welding, brazing and soldering of me- tarnishing reactors. tals—with special reference to resistan- Corrosion in chemical industries and ce, argon arc and spot welding used materials selection. Corrosion in sea- in fuel assembly. Seam welding of water, fresh water and high purity zircaloy calendria tubes. water. Aqueous corrosion of reactor Powder metallurgy—General applica- components—cladding and structural tions of powder metallury, Advantages materials; materials selection for nu- and limitations, role of powder meta- clear applications, protective magnetite llurgy in nuclear field, production and formation on steels and on-load corro- characteristion of metal powders with sion of boilers. Effects of radiation on special reference to rare metals, con- corrosion. solidation techniques of cold compac- Liquid metal corrosion and materials tion, isostatic and vibratory compaction, for fast breeder reactor systems. hot pressing, slip casting, powder rolling, General principles of corrosion control extrusion. Sintering of compacts, theo- —anodic and cathodic protection, in- ries of sintering mechanism, effect of hibitors and passivators, corrosion pro- variables, compaction and sintering tection by alloying, protective metallic, equipment, powder metallurgy of nu- inorganic and organic coatings. Corro- clear materials, fabrication of ceramic sion testing procedures. fuels and fertile materials, cermet fuels, S.A.P., beryllium. Extractive Metallurgy Quality control and inspection during Metallurgical thermodynamics: First metal fabrication—various techniques law of thermodynamics. Internal of non-destructive testing. energy of a system. Tiermodynamic reversibility. Isothermal and adiabatic Corrosion of Metals processes. Heat capacity relationship. Definition and importance of corrosion; Joule-Thomson effect. Thermochemis- corrosion principles—thermodynamic try. Law of constant heat summation. and electrochemical aspects; electrode Kirchhoff equation and its application. potentials; polarization and corrosion Einstein and Debye heat capacity equa- rates; passivity. tions. Forms of corrosion—uniform attack, Second law of thermodynamics. Carnot corrosion rate measurements; environ- cycle. Entropy and its variation with mental effects—dissolved O2, tempera- temperature, pressure and volume. ture, pH, velocity, bacteria, dissolved Thermodynamic equations of state. salts and metallurgical variables— Third law of thermodynamics and the composition and heat treatment. Gal- determination of entropy of solids, vanic corrosion—pitting and crevice liquids and gases. corrosions, selective leaching; erosion Free energy and chemical equilibria in

4S metallurgical process. Gibbs-Helmholtz Allocation of resources and resource equation. The Clausius—Claperyron levelling. equation. Properties of metallic solu- MAP technique—Single resource allo- tions. Partial molar quantities and cation—Multiple resource allocation— chemical potential. Henry and Raoult's resource based networks. law. Fugacity and activity and their PERT Cost—Project cost control. determination. Gibbs-Duhem equation Applications of computer in PERT— and its application to binary system. Computer requirements. Experimental methods in Thermoche- Development of Management informa* mistry. Phase equilibria. tion systems—Reporting requirements Metallurgical kinetics: Homogeneous from various levels of organisation and reactions. Order of reaction and its forms of reporting—Result representa- determination. Complex reactions and tion and aid to management—Manage- heterogeneous reactions. Absolute ment milestone reports. reaction rate theory and its application Applications of PERT in Atomic Power to heterogeneous reactions. Diffusion Projects—the advantages resulting from kinetics. Examples of kinetics of chlo- PERT in actual application. rination, leaching, oxidation, sintering Application of PERT in refuelling out- etc. ages and other maintenance outages— Process Metallurgy: Physics-chemical Man rem budgetting—its vital impor- principles of pyro, hydro and electro- tance—Methodology of working man mechanical methods of extraction and rem requirements, availability. refining of metals. Process metallurgy Other examples in network construc- of uranium, thorium, plutonium, zirc- tion and analysis. onium, titanium, niobium and tantalum. Civil Engineering, production, mecha- Pyrometallurgical treatment of irradia- nical maintenance, small prototype pro* ted fuel elements and breeder blankets ject. for recovery of plutonium and uranium Revision, case study. and separation of fission products. Beactor Engineering & Radiation Critical Path Programming (PERT) Shielding Introduction: History—barcharts CPM A. Reactor Engineering PERT—General discussion on produc- Characteristics of research, test and tion planning and project planning. power reactors. Principle of Anticipatory Management. Criteria of selecting fuel, moderator and Network management techniques and coolant for the reactor system. terminologies of PERT. Heat Transfer to reactor coolant with Network construction. special reference to boiling and burn- Time Estimation—Production work- out phenomena. Project work PERT. Design of fuel elements. Statistical approach. Engineering problems and limitations Network analysis—Slack calculation- in design of nuclear reactors integrat- critical path identification. ing the requirements of core design,

49 flux flattening and control, choice of Reliability Engineering design parameters illustrated by a spe- 1. Introduction to Reliability cific design example. Need for Reliability; Reliability, Main- Nuclear hazards and safety analysis; tainability and availability; Definitions reliability evaluation. and Indices such as Mean Time Between Fuel management and fuel cycles. Failure (MTBF), Mean Time to Repair Engineering economic optimisation. (MTR). Computer application in reactor design. Exponential law of Reliability; Cons- Publications in Nuclear Engineering. tant and Non-constant hazard rate function. B. Radiation Shielding Reliability of Electronic and allied Build-up factors and streaming of gam- parts. ma and neutron radiations through Redundancy; Types such as series, gaps and voids. Selection of materials Parallel and voting redundancies. and irradiation damage on materials. Design of shielding for reactors, heat 2. Environmental Testing generation in shields; shielding for reac- Environmental factors; Natural and tor primary system; spent fuel and Man-made, Climatic and Mechanical, isotope carriers. Shielding features of Electromagnetic and Accoustic Dura- reactors in India. tion and severities of environmental factors; Effects on components and materials; Environmental Testing stan- Ceramics dards for components and Equipments. Special ceramic materials—their application in metallurgy and nuclear resear- 3. Reliability Testing ch and development, fabrication techni- Estimation and Demonstration; Relia- ques, ceramic microstructures, genera- bility as a probability; Sampling, Con- tion and measurement of high tempera- .fidence and Risks; Operating character- tures-T-f urnace - technology, physical istic Curves (OC curves). properties of ceramic materials and se- Acceptance Plans; Time Terminate, lection and performance of ceramics in Failure Terminated and Sequential service. tests. Reliability Testing Standards.

Operations Research 4. System Reliability, Availability and Planning on Operations Research—Pro- Safety bability Theory—Statistical Inference Use of Conditional probability and and Decision Theory. Baye's Theorem; Boolean Functions Mathematical Programming: Linear and Fault Trees; Network Flow-graphs; Programming—Special type Transpor- Failure Mode and effect analysis. tation Algorithim—Scheduling. Probabilistic Models—Queueing Theory 5. Management Aspects of Reliability —Applications—Inventory theory. Controlling factors for achieving Relia-

50 bility; Design, Components, processes, (xxvii) Thermodynamic & Kinetics of people and organisational structure; Phase Transformation Failure Data sources and information (Modern theory of alloy phases) collection, reduction and procesing. (xxviii) Application of Computers in The following are the suggested Metallurgical progress. special topics; only two or three would be covered during the year: list of Experiments Included in the (i) Solidification of Metals and Alloys, Practical Course (ii) Physics of Metals, (iii) Hallogenation Processes in the Ex- Experiments in Electronics traction of Metals. 1. Transistor Characteristics 2. Study of Oscilloscope (iv) Carbothermic and Aluminothermic 3. Use of Multimeter and V.T.V.M. Extraction of Metals, 4. Study of Power Supply (v) Modern Methods of fabrication of 5. Thyristor Characteristics Metals and Alloys 6. Multivibrators (vi) Heat treatment of Metals and 7. Linear Pulse Amplifier Alloys 8. Operational Amplifier (vii) Metallurgy of Titanium 9. Study of Recorder (viii) Internal friction studies and 10. Logic Circuits their applications to the study of meta- 11. D. C. Amplifiers llurgical phenomena 12. Analog Computer—working and (ix) Statistical methods in Metallurgy use. (x) Quantitative metallography (xi) Composite materials Experiments in Physics (xii) Corrosion of zirconium 1. G. M. Counter (xiii) Stress-Corrosion Cracking 1. Gamma-ray Scintillation Spectro- (xiv) Ceramic Materials in Electronics meter (xv) Metallurgy of beryllium (xvi) Linear Elastic Fracture Mecha- 3. Thermal Neutron flux distribution in nics water using Ra-Be source neutrons 4. Alpha Spectrometry with Solid State (xvii) Stainless Steels and their appli- Detector cation to nuclear industry 5. Study of 3 decay using Solid State (xviii) Non-destructive testing Detector (xix) Design of Vacuum Furnaces 6. Vacuum Techniques (xx) Modern Analytical Techniques 7. Attenuation of Thermal Neutrons in (xxi) Radiation Damage concrete, iron and lead using a BF^ (xxii) Application of Radioisotopes counter and Ra-Be source (xxiii) Hydrometallurgy of Rate Metals 8. Servo Control (xxiv) Vacuum Metallurgy 9. Ionisation Chamber (xxv) Heat and Mass Transfer in Pro- 10. Study of Laser. cess Metallurgy (xxvi) Experimental Techniques in Special Experiments Physico-chemical measurements 1. Calciothermic reduction of oxides of

51 niobium and tantalum Other courses offered by tbe 2. Pilot plant production of zirconium Training Division metal 3. Metallography of reactor metals; The Training Division of BARC also Microscopic examination of organizes the following courses: (i) cast and heat-treated uranium and (i) Refresher Courses in "Nuclear Phy- alloys and sics & Solid State Physics" and "Nu- (ii) zirconium clear & Radiation Chemistry" for Uni- 4. Dilatometry and thermal analysis versity Post-graduate teachers in Phy- 5. X-rays: sics & Chemistry respectively, during (a) Indexing power patterns of (i) alu- the summer every year. Normally about minium and (ii) uranium 40 teachers—20 in physics a"d 20 in che- (b) Orientation determination of single mistry selected from the various univer- crystals sities are admitted to this course every (c) Texture of rolled uranium. year, (ii) Vacation training in Research 6. Ceramics: Methodology for about 30 to 40 post- (a) Slip casting of oxide ceramics graduate National Science Talent (b) Sintering of uranium dioxide. Search Scholars under the guidance of senior scientists of BARC and (iii) Pra- ctical training for about 100 engineering students from universities and other engineering institutions in the country is arranged every year, in the various divisions of the Bhabha Atomic Rese- arch Centre.

52 Safety Aspects in the Medical Uses of Radiation

Duration: 4 weeks—once a year Institution: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay. (Division of Radio- logical Protection)

No of Seats : 20. S/cope and Aim The course provides training in radiation safety and the physical aspects of medical applications of radiation to clinicians, hospital physicists and technicians from hospitals, medical research establishments, and medical colleges using radiation sources and radioactive substances.

Syllabus An experiment by a trainee to measure the The syllabus for the course consists of radiation dotes at different depths in a tissue about 60 lectures, a dozen experiments equivalent medium. This data is essential for treating cancer patients with the help of cobatt-60 to cover the practical training aspects teletherapy units. of the course and visits to various laboratories. Subjects covered are : (1) Introductory mathematics (2) Elements (17) Transport of radioactive sub- of nuclear physics (3) Interaction of stances. radiation with matter (4) Interaction of radiation with living cells (5) Bio- Academic Requirements logical effects of ionizing radiations (6) The minimum qualification prescribed Units of radioactivity and radiation for the candidates is either a degree in (7) Operational limits of radiation ex- medicine with at least one year's expe- posure (8) Radiation detectors and rience in medical application of radia- instruments (9) Production of X-rays tion sources (X-ray machines, accelera- (10) Production of radioisotopes and tors tele-gamma units and other sealed labelled compounds (11) Radiation or open sources of rodiation) or a degree hazards evaluation (12) Radiation pro- in science with at least one year's expe- tection in hospitals (13) Principles of rience as a hospital physicist. The the diagnostic use of X-rays (14) The- qualifications are relaxable in special rapeutic use of radiation beams (15) cases. Therapeutic use of discrete sources of radiation (16) Applications of open General radioisotope source in medicine No fee is levied for the course, but the

53 living expenses and cost of travel will Where to Apply have to be borne by the participants or Application forms and particulars may by their sponsoring authorities. No be obtained from the Head, Division fcoargitgg&sd lodging facilities will be of Radiological Protection, Bhabha fnroi^pfl ^ the participants; they will Atomic Research Centre, -Trombay, have to ma&e their own arrangements. Bombay 400085.

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;.::•!.!' . Safety Aspects in the Research Applications of Ionising Radiations

Institution: Bhabha Atomic Research medicine or a degree in science with Centre (Division of Radiological Pro- at least one year's experience. The tection) qualifications are relaxable in speciil cases. Duration: 2 weeks No. of seats: 20 Scope and Aim The course provides training in radiation safety in the use of radioisotcpes in trace quantities in physico-chemical, bio-medical, agricultural and industrial research work.

Syllabus The syllabus for the course consists of about 27 lectures, six experiments to cover the practical training aspects of the course and visits to various laboratories.

Subjects covered are: (1) Introductory Preparation of radiopharmaceulieals" In an mathematics (2) Elements of nuclear aseptic glove box in thrBARC. physics (3) Interaction of radiation with matter (4) Interaction of radiation General with living cells (5) Biological effects No fee is levied for the course, but the of ionizing radiations (6) Units of living expenses and cost of travel will radioactivity and radiation (7) Opera- have to be borne by the participants or tional limits of radiation exposure (8) by their , sponsoring authorities. No Radiation detectors - .and •. instruments boarding and lodging facilities will be (9) . Production of radioisotopes and provided to the participants by this labelled . compounds (10): Radiation Division and the participants will have hazards evaluation (11) Radiation pro- to make their, own arrangements. ' :

tection in research-laboratories (12) " ' i i' > ' Legislation • ,.,.-..• Application, form and particulars, can be obtained from.'the Head, Division of Academic Requirements .. Radiological Protection, Bhabha'Atomic The minimum qualifications prescribed Research Centre, Trombay,. Bombay for the candidates is either a degree in 400085. .. . ,

55 Safety Aspects in the Industrial Applications of Radiation Sources

Institution: Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (Division of Radiological Pro- tection)

Duration: 4 weeks (2 courses a year) No. of seats: 20 (each course) Scope and Aim The course mainly deals with the safety aspects in the industrial applications of radiation sources. It provides instruction in the proper use of sealed and open sources of isotopes in industry, agriculture and research. But while emphasising the safely aspects, some of their practical applications in industrial radiography are explained in some detail so that the hazards will be ap- preciated better. Trainm receives Instruction for determining X-ray bum quality by attenuation analysis. Syllabus The syllabus for the course consists of about 60 lectures, a dozen experiments to cover the practical training aspects trial uses of radioisotopes (12) Radia- of the course and visits to various tion hazards evaluation and control laboratories. (13) Transport of radioactive substan- Subjects covered are: (1) Elements of ces. nuclear physics (2) Interaction of radiation with matter (3) Interaction of Academic Requirements radiation with living cells (4) Biologi- The minimum qualifications prescribed cal effects of ionizing radiations (5) for the candidates is a degree in physics, Units of measurements of radioactivity chemistry, engineering or technology and radiation (6) Operational limits with preferably one year's experience for exposure (7) Radiation detectors in industrial radiography or other and instruments (8) Production of X- industrial applications of X-ray machi- rays (9) Production and processing of nes or other sealed or open radioactive radioisotopes and labelled compounds sources. The qualifications are relax- (10) Industrial radiology (11) Indus- able in special cases. Industrial Radiography and Safety Aspects

Duration: Approx. 6 weeks. candidates may reappear in the exa- Institution: Bhabha Atomic Research mination conducted for subsequent Centre. courses, without undergoing the training again. This course has been drawn to meet Successful completion of the course the professional needs in industrial qualifies the candidate to act as Site- radiography and to provide instructions incharge on any radiography site in the on proper use of radiation sources. The country. The authorisation to act as course is basically designed for per- Site-incharge is issued by the Division sonnel who would be responsible for of Radiological Protection, BARC, setting up their own facilities. Besides Trombay, on application. a complete technical programme on radiography and radiation safety, a few Fee lectures and demonstrations on other Tuition fee of Rs. 2500 will be charged conventional and recent non-destructive per candidate for the course, payable in testing techniques are also included in advance. The payment should be made the course to make it comprehensive. by crossed demand draft in favour of The course consists of 69 hours of work- Accounts Officer, BARC. It may be shop practice and about 87 hours of noted that no cheques will be accepted. theoretical lecture-cum-group discussion. The emphasis is on the practical Hostel accommodation aspects and evaluation of test results. Accommodation in BARC training school hostel can be arranged for a Academic requirements limited number of persons, if the inti- Candidate should have a minimum qua- mations are received well in advance. lification of a degree/diploma in science The boarding and lodging charges will or engineering. be borne by the candidates or by their sponsoring authorities. Examination At the end of the course the candidate Syllabus will be required to undertake an exa- A. GENERAL mination, both in theory and practicals 1. Introduction to Non-Destructive to demonstrate the adequacy of under- Testing methods standing of the subjects covered in the Methods of testing—Destructive (dt) course. The examination will be con- and non-destructive (ndt) in modern ducted by a separate agency. industry, its need and importance in material evaluation and product im- Certificate provement. Growth and acceptance of On successful completion of the train- ndt methods—Economic factors. ing course, as gauged by the results of Fundamental testing methods—Charac- examination, the candidate will be teristics of dt and ndt methods; compa- awarded a Certificate. Unsuccessful rison, advantages and limitations.

57 2. Elements of nuclear physics the rem—Primary and secondary Structure of atom—Nucleus—Protons standards for the measurement of ra- and Neutrons—Isotopes. Radioactivity- diation—Concept of neutron flux and Modes of decay—Laws of radioactive its relation to the rem. decay—Concepts of half-life, average life—Properties of various radiations- 5. Radiation detectors and instruments. Radioactive equilibrium—Natural radio- Principles of radiation detection —Ioni- active series. sation chambers—Proportional counters Nuclear reactions—Artifical radioacti- j —G. M. counters—Scintillation detec- vity—Nuclear fission—Reactors—Pro- tors. duction of isotopes—Neutron sources Health Physics Instruments—Survey for industrial applications. meters—Contamination monitors—Film badges—Pocket dosimeters. 3. Interaction of radiation with matter Counting circuits—High voltage power and radiation shielding supplies—Amplifiers—Discriminators — Attenuation of X and gamma rays in Sealers—Count rate meter. matter—Half value thickness—Linear and mass absorption coefficients—Pho- B. RADIATION PROTECTION 1. Interaction of radiation with living toelectric effect, Compton effect and cells Pair production—Absorption efficiencies of various materials. Structure of a living cell—Structure of the nucleus—Chromosomes and genes Collision loss by charged particles- —Stages of cell division—Mitosis— Stopping power and Linear Energy Direct and indirect action of radiation Transfer—Energy loss by radiation- —Target theory—Free radical forma- Penetration of charged particles through tion—Inhibition of mitosis—Chromo- matter—Range of alpha and beta parti- some breaks—Gene mutations—Death cles—Scattering of beta particles. of cells. Attenuation of neutrons in matter— Inelastic and elastic scattering—Cap- 2. Biological effects of ionising radia- ture phenomenon and other nuclear tions reactions—Cross section for different Somatic effects of radiation—LD 50 dose types of interactions—Materials for and its dependence on dose, dose rate neutron shielding. and nature of radiations—Effect of radiation on blood, skin and other organs 4. Units of measurement of radioacti- —Acute and chronic effects—Sterility vity and radiation and shortening of life span—Induction Units of radioactivity—the curie and of cancer and leukaemia—Cataract for- its meaning in relation to various types mation. of radioactive decay—Concept of elec- Elementary ideas of the hereditary tron volt. mechanism—Genetic effects of radiation Units of radiation—The roentgen and —Doubling dose. its relation to the energy flux—Unit of dose—Definitions of rep and rad, Quali- 3. Operational limits for exposure ty factor—RBE—Dose equivalent and External radiation;: Historical. ,(back-

58 ground—Basic tolerance levels—Latest tective barriers—Model installations— recommendations of the International Neutron sources—Maximum permissi- Commission on Radiological Protection ble neutron influence—Safety aspects: —Categories of exposures—Permissible Radiation incidences: Typical inciden- level for neutron exposures. ces of excessive radiation exposures— Internal radiation: Concept of critical Basic philosophy of radiation protec- organs—Maximum permissible body tion: burdens for various radioactive isotopes —Permissible levels in air and water— 5. Radiation protection rules (1971) Maximum permissible levels of surface contamination—Permissible levels for C. RADIOGRAPHY single accidental contamination. 1. Radiation sources Radioisotopes: Types of sources—Pro- 4. Radiation hazards evaluation and duction and processing of radioisotopes control —Source size—Specific activity—Avail- External hazards—Dose rate calcula- ability—Design—Intensity and other tions—Area monitoring—Measurement characteristics—Range of inspection— with survey meters—Personnel moni- Useful life in radiography practices— toring films and pocket dosimeters— Exposure limitations and advantages. Medical evaluation for high levels of X-rays : Discovery of X-rays and their exposure—Effects of time, distance and properties—Industrial X-rays radiogra- shielding—Shielding calculations for phic tube—Fluoroscopic tubes—Flash electromagnetic and particulate radia- X-ray tubes—High energy X-rays—Van tions : -de-graaff generator—Linear accelera- Internal hazards—Modes of entry of tor. radioisotopes into the body—Monitoring instruments like whole body counter— 2. Film Radiography Surface contamination—Monitoring in- Industrial X-ray films : Types of X-ray struments required for an industrial films—Photographic density—Methods establishment—Types of designs of labo- of measurement—Equipment—Film ratories, location—Ventilation—Floors factors—Speed of films—Film unsharp- —Walls and ceiling—Fume cupboards ness—Graininess—Characteristics of and glove boxes—Storage facilities— films—Contrast—Sensitivity. Decontamination and waste disposal- Basic principle—Factors controlling Emergency procedures—Medical atten- film density—Film structure—Theory of tion : image formation—Geometrical princi- X-ray Installation: Cabinet installa- ples—Formation of shadows—Unsharp- tions, shielded room installations—Pri- ness—Exposure factors : mary and secondary protective barriers Processing of films : Theory of film pro- —Open installations—X-ray diffraction cessing—Laboratory practice—Process- equipment—X-ray thickness and level ing operations—Darkroom requirements gauges. —Equipment—Tank processing—Che- Megavolt installations: Equipment- micals—Development—Arresting deve- Shielding—primary and secondary pro- lopment —Fixing —Washing— Drying.

59 Special processing methods—Film tron sources—Neutron detectors and ex- defects—Processing defects and their posure methods—Recommended techni- appearances on films. Possible causes, ques—Advantages and limitations—Cost Unsatisfactory radiographs: —Standards and codes :

3. Radiographic sensitivity and image 5. Radiographic equipment and facility quality indicators planning Thickness sensitivity—Theory and ex- Design and fabrication of gamma came- periment—Detail sensitivity—Types of ras — Shielding — Transport require- penetrameters—Placement of penetra- ments—Use of heavy alloy—Portable meters. Radiographic sensitivity in re- and inhouse units—Installation design lation to crack detection. —Remote operations —Units supplied Details of image quality indicators—De- by BARC and other imported units. signs and their comparative indications Facility planning —Requirement for —Relative sensitivity—Visibility index. mobile installation —Fixed installation —Panoramic exposures. 4. Radiography techniques Exposure techniques—Selection of techniques—Direct, single wall, double wall 6. Radiographic definition and screens techniques—Elliptical imaging : Contrast—Sharpness in radiographs— Exposure time calculations—Unidirec- Effect of scattered radiation—Lead tional and panoramic exposure techni- screens—Fluorescent screens—Fluoro- ques—Image appearance—Geometrical metallic screens—Intensification effect unsharpness—placement of penetra- of screens and its effect on sharpness, meters—Source size and thickness con- contrast etc. siderations—Film length and other limitations in piping radiography : 7. Castings and forgings Inspection techniques and procedures Casting and forging defects—General for Butt welds & Fillet welds, plates, foundary and forging practices—Origin pipes, castings, etc.—Typical assembly of defects—Common defects and their inspection techniques—Inspection of appearance in radiographs—Possible non-metallic materials—Propellants— causes. Radiography in transport industries, Metallurgical importance—Preparation Ship building, Aircraft, Chemical pro- of samples—Equipment for microscopic cessing and oil refining industries: examination—Interpretation of metallo- Stereo-radiography—Depth localisation graphs for examination of fractures— and size of flaw. Double film techni- Segregation—Pipe—Internal cracks— que—Large thickness variation in spe- Porosity—Surface seams—Flow lines— cimen. Radiography with high energy Grinding cracks and quenching cracks X-rays: etc. Radiometry techniques—Principle— Measuring equipment—Sensitivity, li- 8. Welding techniques mitations and advantages: Weld defects — Welding techniques — Neutron radiography—Principle—Neu- Origin of defects—Common type of

60 defects and their appearance in radio- imaging systems—Fluoroscopy with graphs—Possible causes—Preventive gamma rays—Image intensifiers. measures. 3. Industrial uses of radioisotopes 9. Interpretation of radiographs and Radioisotope gauges—Transmission gau- inspection standards ges—Back scatter gauges—Measure Interpretation procedures—Relation of ment of thickness, coatings, densities flaws to appearance in radiographs— and compositions—Radioisotope gauges Nomenclature of defects—Classification as level indicators. Determination of of flaws and acceptance limits : moisture content in soil. Acceptance standards and codes : Radioisotopes tracing and tagging— ASME, ASTM, ISI, BS Standards- Bulk movement study with radioisoto- Army and Navy standards—Limitations pes—Detection of leaks in liquid and and advantages of codes: gaseous pipe lines—Tracing flow of materials through pipes and conduits— 10. Management in industrial radio- Flow rate measurements in pipe lines— graphy Total count techniques—Homogeneity Functions of management—Selection of of mixtures—Studies of sewage pollu- personnel—Training of personnel—Lay- tion in sea—Still movement studies— out of facilities—Equipment—Safety Determination of slag in open hearth standards—Organising protection ser- furnace—Mixing properties of cement vice— Safety regulations— Control— slurries—Activation analysis—Estima- Film badge service—Radiation moni- tion of impurities in any substance— toring—Record keeping. Wear and tear studies—G—Devil detec- Ndt codes—Purposes—Relation with tion—Radioisotope applications utilizing customers—Responsibility of the ma- the biological effect of radiations—Pre- nagement. servations of goods and drugs : Radioisotope applications utilizing the D. OTHER RADIOLOGICAL METHODS AND effects of their radiation on materials— APPLICATIONS OF RADIOISOTOPES Static eliminators—Nuclear batteries— 1. Xero-radiography Luminous dials—Traffic signals—Poly- Principle—Xero radiographic plates— merization —Halogenation —Increasing Image formation —Development—Sen- efficiency with catalysts—Radiation sitivity—Contrast—General Procedure safety in each of the specific applica- for inspection—Techniques—Advantages tions : and limitations—Equipment—Cost. 4. Other NDT methods 2. Fluoroscopy Ultrasonics: Elastic waves—Types of Principle—Factors affecting fluorosco- waves—Wave velocity in a medium— pic image—Dark adaptations—Fluore- Beam spreading—Accoustic impedance scent screens—Intensity, brightness and —Laws of reflection, refraction and Energy vs. brightness relations—Sen- transmission— Mode conversion— At- sitivity—Application cost—Advantages tenuation— Scattering— Transducers — of fluoroscopy—Vidicon and other Production— Sonic waves— Ultrasonic

61 waves—Rayleigh waves—Lamb waves, and personnel—Classification of packa- Resonance phenomenon. ges—Classification of radioisotopes— Application of sonic waves and their Packing and shielding requirements— limitations—Ultrasonic wave techni- Design of package labelling—Licensing ques—Pulse echo, transmission and —Precautions during transit—Exemp- resonance techniques— Equipment — tions. Types of scanning—Type of indications —applications—Interpretation — Inspec- Practical tion of welding, tubings etc—Type of 1. Equipment familiarization: defects and detection limits. (a) Radiography cameras and accesso- Comparison of ultrasonic testing me- ries. thods with radiography techniques— (b) Radiation monitoring equipment. Advantages and limitations. 2. Calibration of survey equipment Codes—Standards and flaw size—Sur- and Inverse Square Law. face wave applications and advances in 3. Radiation protection survey. ultrasonic test—Cost. 4. Demonstration of maloperations in Magnetic methods: Magnetic particles radiography equipment and retrieval of testing—Types of defects—magnetisa- sources. tion and magnetic particle—Guides in 5. Attenuation of x-rays and gamma application— Equipment— Limitation rays in materials. and advantages—standards and codes— 6. Film processing. Applications and advances. 7. Radiography techniques for: Dye Penetrants Testing application— (a) Imaging quality indications. Commercial penetrants techniques— (b) Inspection of butt-welded joints on Equipment—Precautions — Radioactive plates. penetrants—Filtered particle. Selection (c) Inspection of fillet-welded joints on of penetrants. Selection of developers— plates. types of defects. Limitations and advan- (d) Inspection of fillet-welded joints on tages—Standards and codes. pipes. Eddy current techniques: Eddy cur- (e) Inspection of butt-welded pipes: rents—Test coils and probes—Equip- (i) Single wall technique. ment— Detection methods—Impe- (ii) Double wall single image, dance diagram—Applications—Types (iii) Double wall double image (Ellip- of defects and their range—Selection of tical image). frequency—Limitations and advantages (f) Panoramic exposures. —Thickness measurement of magnetic (g) Inspection of castings, and non-magnetic materials —Produc- (h) Inspection of assembly, tion, inspection—Other applications— (i) Inspection of non-metals. Cost—Standards and codes. (j) Measurement of depth of flaw, (k) Pipe wall thickness measurement. E. PROCUREMENT AND TRANSPORT OF (1) Radiation scattering, RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES (m) General interpretation of radiogra- Procurement of radioisotopes—Need phs. for protection of photographic materials 8. Radiometric inspection. 62 Industrial Radiographer's Certification Course

Institution: Bhabha Atomic Research protection (6) Radiography techniques Centre (Division of Radiological Pro- (7) Legislative aspects. tection) Academic Requirements Duration: 10 days. Candidates must have studied upto SSC or equivalent and should have minimum one year's experience in industrial Scope and Aim radiography (to be supported by film The course provides training in radia- badge number). tion safely in the use of radiation sources for industrial radiography. General No fee is levied for the course if held Syllabus in BARC, Bombay. However, a fee of The course consists of about 15 lectures Rs. 250/- per candidate is levied for and two experiments to cover the courses conducted outside Bombay. In practical aspects of industrial radio- either case living expenses and cost of graphy. travel of the participants will have to Subjects covered are: (1) Elements of be borne by the participants or by their atomic and nuclear physics and interac- sponsoring authorities. tion of radiation with matter (2) Application forms and further parti- Radiation units and operational limits culars can be obtained from the Head, (3) Effects of radiation on eells and Division of Radiological Protection, biological effects (4) Radiation moni- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trom- toring (5) Techniques of radiation bay, Bombay 400085.

63 Hospital Physics and Radiological Physics (Post-Graduate Course)

Institution: Bhabha Atomic Research Physiology. Cnetre (Division of Radiological Pro- tection) Elements of Mathematics (1) Differential and integral calculus Duration: One year (9 months acade- (2) Differential equations (3) Vector mic training and 3 months field analysis (4) Determinants and matrices training) (5) Special functions. No. of Seats : 15 Electronics The Division of Radiological Protection, (1) Elementary electronics (2) Ad- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trom- vanced electronics. bay, conducts in collaboration with the World Health Organisation, a one-year Statistics and Computational Methods post-graduate training course in 'Hospi- (1) Probability and Statistics (2) Er- tal Physics and Radiological Physics'. rors (3) Numerical methods (4) Nomo- Scope and Aim graphy (5) Computer programming. The aim of the course is to train candi- Radiation Dosimetry and Instrumenta- dates in the use of radiation sources in tion various fields such as medicine, indus- Radiation units and dosimetry (2) try, agriculture and research, in evalua- Neutron dosimetry concepts (3) Stan- ting the radiation hazards which are dardization (4) Statistics of nuclear attendent upon such uses, and in the counting (5) Nuclear electronics instru- methods of controlling and minimising mentation (6) Bioelectronics instru- hazards. mentation. Syllabus The syllabus for the aeseteSnic training General Radiation Chemistry comae consists Wt lectures and experi- (1) Radiation Chemistry (2) Analytical ments in the following subjects: Techniques. Elements of Radiation Physics Radiobiology (1) Atomic and nuclear physics (2) In- (1) Interaction of radiation with living teraction of radioaiton with matter (3) cells (2) Biological effects of radiation. Principles of radiation detection and measurement (4) radiation sources (5) Medical Applications of Radiation X-ray technology. Sources (1) Dosimetry in medical applications Elements of Biology, Anatomy and (2) Medical applications of radiation— Physiology X and gamma ray therapy, Radiation (1) Cellular biology, (2) Anatomy and medicine and diagnostic radiology. Other Applications of Radiation Source* awarded a- Diploma in Radiological (1) Industrial and (2) special applica- Physics (Dip. R. P.) by the University tions. of Bombay at the end of the course. While no jobs are offered by the Bha- Principle of Radiological Health and bha Atomic Research Centre on com- Sajety pletion of the course, the candidates (1) Radiation in the environment (2) will be qualified to work as Hospital Maximum permissible levels (3) Radia- Physicists, Radiological Safety Officers, tion hazards evaluation (4) Planning Radiological Industrial Engineers or of radiation departments (5) Radio- Research Scientists, after the award of active waste disposal (6) Transport of Diploma. radioactive substances (7) Administra- tive and legislative aspects of radiation Commencement of the Course protection. The course normally commences in the month of September every year. Ap- Practical Training plications will be invited from candi- Three months field training consists of dates by an advertisement in all lead- candidates receiving practical training ing newspapers in India some time in in hospitals, industrial and other esta- the month of June/July every year. blishments using radiation sources and in the various divisions of this Research Centre. Stipend Trainees will receive a stipend of Rs. Academic Requirements 400 per month. They will have to stay The minimum qualification prescribed in this Research Centre's hostel during for the candidates is a first class Bache- the period of their training. lor's degree with physics as cne of the subjects, or a second class Master's Bond degree in science, or a Bachelor's degree The selected candidates will have to in engineering or medicine. Qualifica- execute an agreement along with two tions are relaxable in the case of candi- sureties to the effect that they will dates sponsored by hospitals, industrial complete the training course and that or agricultural establishments or re- in the event of their leaving the course search institutions. before the completion of the stipulated period of one year, they will refund the Award of Diploma entire amount of stipend received by Every successful candidate will be them.

65 Diploma in Medical Radioisotope Techniques (DMR1T)

Institution: Bombay University and B. Radiation Detection—Different types BAEC of detectors used in nuclear medicine; different electronic instruments asso- Duration: 1 year (full time) ciated with these detectors; principles Qualification: Every candidate must of in vitro and in vivo counting of have passed the B.Sc. degree of Bom- radioactivity, counting statistics. bay University with Chemistry, Phy- scis, Microbiology, Zoology, Life Scien- III. Radiation Protection ces or Biophysics as one of the subjects, A. Units of Radiation dose, concept of or an examination recognised as equiva- maximum permissible exposures, eva- lent thereto. luation of radiation exposure and hazards, external exposure, internal Syllabus radiation. '' * I. Core Subjects (i) Basic mathematics required for B. Radiation Dosimetry. understanding nuclear physics, nature of radioactivity, radioactive decay, tra- C. Radiation protection : principles and cer Kinetics etc e.g. (a) Logarithemic methods, instruments used in radiation and exponential functions, (b) Differen- protection. tiation and Integration and (c) Com- partmental analysis, (ii) Basic medi- D. Planning and layout of nuclear cal statistics (iii) Fundamentals of ele- medicine laboratory. ctricity and electronics, electronic circuits, functional block diagrams of E. National and international radia- radiation detection equipment, (iv) tion protection regulations. Basic Radiation Biology (v) Basic principles of immunology (vi) Basic F. Waste disposal in nuclear medicine principles of chemical reactors relevant laboratory. to preparation of radiopharmaceuticals. (vii) Anatomy & Physiology of special IV. Radiopharmaceuticals relevance to nuclear medicine investi- A. Physical and chemical characteri- gations, (viii) SI units useful in medi- stics of radionuclides used in nuclear cal sciences. medicine. B. Radiopharmacy : generator produc- II. Physical Sciences' ed radiopharmaceuticals. A. Structure of matter; radionuclides, C. Criteria for selection of radionu- radioactive emissions, radioactive de- clides. cay, emission spectra; interaction of D. Biological behaviour of radiophar- radiation with matter; units of radio- maceuticals. activity; production of radioisotopes. E. Quality control.

66 V. In vivo Studies X. Applications of nuclear medicine in A. Stationary and moving detector various diseases imaging systems, collimators. Haematologic, lymphatic and RES B. Storage, processing and display system, genito-urinary system, central systems, use of computers. nervous system, gastrointestinal system C. All imaging techniques in routine (including liver and pancreas), respi- application. Comparison with other ratory system, cardiovascular system, imaging modalities. skeletal system and joints, endocrine D. Use of single and multiple detector system, metabolism, body compartments systems for equalibrium and time and composition, oncology. dependent studies. E. Calibration and quality assurance Practicals methods. A set of practicals demonstrating the F. Whole body counting and profile following: scanning. 1. Characteristics of different radiations. 2. Absorption and back scatter of radiation. 3. Plataeu of G.M. counter. 4. VI. In vitro studies Dead time of G.M. counter. 5. Half value A. Body fluids and electrolytes. layer with beta and gamma emitters. 6. B. Compartmental analysis. Half life. 7. Resolution of half lives from C. Erythrokinetics. a mixture of radionuclides. 8. Daughter D. Absorption methods. —parent relationship in Radioactive E. Activation analysis. Decay and Radionuclides. 9. Efficiency F. Autoradiography. of couwng. 10. Counting statistics. G. Radiorespirometry. 11. Gamma ray spectrometry. 12. Iden- tification of an unknown radionuclide. VII. Radioimmunoassays and related 13. Isorespouse curve of different col- techniques limators. 14. Line spread function. General principles, methods, quality 15. Liquid scintillation counting. 16. control, labelling of ligands, in vitro and Autoradiography. 17. In vitro radiores- in vivo thyroid function studies etc. pirometry. 18. Radiation exposure: Receptor assays. effect of distance. 19. Shilling. Enzyme linked immunoassays. 20. Radiation Survey. 21. Decontami- nation. 22. Radiopharmacy procedures, elution of generators, preparation of VIII. Radioisotope therapy different radiopharmaceuticals. 23. Techniques, special problems of patient Grey scale calibration (calibration of a care, dosimetry, etc. photo scanner). 24. Phantom studies foi scintigraphy. 25. Flood field for scin- IX. Administrative aspects of nuclear trigraphy. 26. Organ imaging. 27. medicine Photographic development. 28. Profile Cost-benefit, efficacy studies; role of scanning. 29. Analog studies with sin- . nuclear medicine in diagnostic decision- gle or multiple probes. 30. Dilution making, professional ethics. principle. 31. In vitro sample measure-

67 ment of various types. 32. Flow mea- DMRIT candidates will undergo a surement. 33. Henogram. 34. Thyroid series of lectures on Human Anatomy uptake. 35. Radioimmunoassays of and Physi.ology in addition to the various types. curriculum listed here.

68 Diploma in Radiation Medicine (DRM) (Revised course)

Institution: Bombay University & II. Physical Sciences BARC A. Structure of matter; radionuclides, radioactive emissions, radioactive decay, Duration: One year (full time) emission spectra; interaction of radia- Qualifications: Every candidate for tion with matter; units of radioactivity; Diploma in Radiation Medicine (DRM) production of radioisotopes. must have taken the degrees of MBBS (including internship) of Bombay Uni- B. Radiation Detection— versity or of any other university Different types of detectors used in recognised as equivalent thereto and nuclear medicine; different electronic must have thereafter held one resident instruments associated with these detec- post, preferably in Internal Medicine/ tors; principles of in vitro and in vivo Radiology / Pathology / Pharmacology. counting of radioactivity, counting Every candidate for the Diploma statistics. in Radiation Medicine shall register himself as a post-graduate student III. Radiation Protection before admission to the course. A. Units of radiation dose, concept of maximum permissible exposures, Syllabus evaluation of radiation exposure and Core Subjects hazards, external exposure, internal ra- 1. Basic mathematics required for diation. understanding nuclear physics, nature B. Radiation Dosimetry. of radioactivity, radioactive decay, tra- C. Radiation protection: principles cer kinetics etc. e.g. (i) Logarithemic and methods, instruments used in and exponetial functions, (ii) Differen- radiation protection. tiation and integration, (iii) Compart- D. Planning and layout of nuclear mental analysis. medicine laboratory. 2. Basic medical statistics. 3. Funda- E. National and international radia- mentals of electricity and electronics, tion protection regulations. electronic circuits, functional block dia- F. Waste disposal in nuclear medicine grams of radiation detection equipment. laboratory. 4. Basic Radiation Biology. 5. Basic principles of immunology. 6. Basic IV. Radiopharmaceutilcals principles of chemical reactions relevant A. Physical and chemical characteri- to preparation of radiopharmaceuticals. stics of radionuclides used in nuclear 7. Anatomy & Physiology of special medicine. relevance to nuclear medicine investi- B. Radiopharmacy : generator produc- gations. 8. SI units useful in medical ed radiopharmaceuticals. sciences. C. Criteria for selection of radionu-

69 elides. IX. Administrative aspects of nuclear D. Biological behaviour of radiophar- medidlne maceuticals. Cost-benefit, efficacy studies; role of E. Quality control. nuclear medicine in diagnostic decision making, professional ethics. V. In vivo Studies A. Stationary and moving detector X. Applications 0/ nuclear medicine imaging systems, collimators. in various diseases B. Storage, processing and display Haematologic, lymphatic and RES sys- systems, use of computers. tem, genito-urinary system, central C. All imaging techniques in routine nervous system, gastrointestinal system application. Comparison with other- (including liver and pancreas), respira* imaging modilities. tory system, cardiovascular system, D. Use of single and multiple detector skeletal system and joints, endocrine systems for equilibrium and time system, metabolism, body compart- dependent studies. ments and composition, oncology. £. Calibration and quality assurance methods. Practicals F. Whole body counting and profile A set of practicals demonstrating the scanning. following: 1. Characteristics of different radia- VI. In vitro Studies tions. 2. Absorption and back scatter A. Body fluids and electrolytes. of radiation. 3. Plateau of G.M. coun- B. Compartmental analysis. ter. 4. Dead time of G.M. counter. C. Erythrokinetics 5. Half value layer with beta and -D. Absorption methods. gamma emitters. 6. Half-life. 7. Resolu- E. Activation analysis. tion of half lives from a mixture of F. Autoradiography. radionuclides. 8. Daughter-parent rela- G. Radiorespirometry. tionship in Radioactive Decay and Radionuclides. 9. Efficiency of counting. 10. Counting statistics. 11. Gamma ray VII. Radioinummoassays and related spectrometry. 12. Identification of an techniques unknown radionuclide. 13. Isorespouse General principles, methods, quality curve of different collimators. 14. line control, labelling of ligands, in vitro spread function. 15. Liquid scintillation and invivo thyroid function studies counting. 16. Autoradiography. 17. In etc. v'.tro radiorespirometry. 18. Radiation Receptor assays. exposure: effect of distance. 19. Shield- Enzyme linked immunoas&ays. ing. 20. Radiation survey. 21. Decontami- nation. 22. Radiopharmacy procedures, VIII. Radtosotope therapy elution of generators, preparation of Techniques, special problems of patient different radiopharmaceuticals. 23. Grey care, dosimetry, etc. scale calibration (calibration of a photo

70 scanner.) 24. Phantom studies for scinti- bay offers a 2-week advanced course graphy. 25. Flood field for . scintigra- on a specific nuclear medicine techni- phy. 26. Organ imaging. 27. Photo- que: Three short courses have been graphic development. 28. Profile scan- given in this area so far—one on scin- ning. 29. Analog studies with single tigraphy, one on thyroid function stu- or multiple probes. 30. Dilution prin- dies and the third on quality control in ciple. 31. In vitro sample measure- Nuclear Medicine. ment of various types. 32. Flow measurement. 33. Renogram. 34. Thyroid 2. The University of Delhi offers a Dip- uptake. 35. Radioimmunoassays of various types. loma course in Radiation Medicine. The training is conducted at the Insti- Other Courses in Nuclear Medicine tute for Nuclear Medicine and Allied 1. The Radiation Medicine Centre, Bom- Sciences, New Delhi.

71 Operation and Maintenance of Research Reactors and Facilities

Institution: BARC management and reactor safety. The Duration: Upto two years. trainee has to study the plant manuals, Qualification: The programme caters manufacturers' catalogues, plant re- to the following personnel: ports (especially reports on abnormal 1. Engineers for operation and main- occurrences and plant modifications), in tenance jobs addition to participating in day-to-day 2. Physicists for fuel management and work. reactor safety Before a trainee is finally assigned to 3. Chemists for chemical control and take independent charge of the reactor allied functions in the shift, three stages of qualifications 4. Health physicists for radiological are prescribed: protection of personnel, and 1. Operation of reactor controls under 5. Technicians. the supervision of the Shift Charge All the above categories only after Engineer completion of the 1-year course in the Check-out in specified systems, adequate B.A.R.C. Training School, (see pages understanding of reactor behaviour un- 4-52) der various conditions and a minimum For category 1, 2, 3 & 4 the course in- of one year training and satisfactory cludes class room lectures on various performance at an oral examination aspects of the reactor plant, including conducted by a group of experts, includ- engineering description, design philo- ing the Plant Reactor Physicist, are re- sophy, physics, chemistry, and radiolo- quisites for this qualification. gical protection. In physics and chemistry, only applied aspects are cover- 2. Junior Shift Engineer ed. The trainees then undergo a plant In this role, the engineer mans the familiarisation programme lasting ap- reactor under the overall supervision prox. three months with individual of the Shift Charge Engineer, comple- shift charge engineers. Appropriate tion of the check list in full, practical tests are conducted both at the end of proficiency attained during 18 to 24 the class room training and inplant months of training, requisite theoritical training. While others are attached to knowledge and satisfactory performance individual units for 'on the job' train- in an oral examination with all disci- ing under the supervision of their se- plines represented on the board, are niors, the engineers assigned for opera- the requirements to be met. tions supervision undergo a formal 3. Shift Charge Engineer course of training for another 18 to 24 He has the ultimate responsibility for months. This includes operations the reactor during his shift. The Shift supervision in round-the-clock shifts, Charge Engineer discharges his respon- fuel handling and storage, and fuel sibilities within the limits laid in the approved policies and procedures. He as in the case of Shift Charge Engineers takes over the responsibilities and are stipulated. The same approach is discharges the functions of the Plant adopted in case of Physicists, Chemists Superintendent, if necessary, in the in- and Health Physicists. terest of plant and personnel safety. Training for Plant Operators and In addition to other functions, he is Technicians responsible for the training of all per- Admission: Open to berth Plant Opera- sonnel in his charge. Apart from the tors and Tradesmen an -different main- requirements to be met for qualification tenance trades. as a Junior Shift Engineer, the Shift The scheme, as it exists today, is as Charge Engineer should have a high follows: degree of maturity, be capable of anti- (i) Selection : boys in the age group of cipating incipient situations and res- 18 to 20 who have completed 10 years pond to situations quickly. Hence, a of schooling and acquired a certificate Junior Shift Engineer who has demon- in any medhanical, electrical or instru- strated these qualities, is authorised to mentation trade, or boys who have com- hold independent charge of the shift pleted 12 years of schooling, are select- after an oral examination, as in the case ed for the training, depending on physi- of the Junior Shift Engineer. cal and mental fitness, Though the running of a large reactor (ii) Training: The Training progra- plant calls for a significant amount of mme is divided into two phases, (i) initative and engineering proficiency in basic course and (ii) advanced course addition to a broad multi-disciplinary in the trade. approach on the part of the Shift Charge Duration of the Course: The basic Engineer, still it is for most of the time course, which is common to all trades, a routine job, which eventually becomes is of one year. boring to a highly skilled person. Hence This course is divided into two stages. it is our primary objective to use this The first stage which lasts approx. 3 position as a spring-board for other months, can be termed as the period assignments. Normally, no engineer of orientation. The class work during holds this position longer than an year this period covers familiarisation with and a half. proper working habits and general Engineers for plant maintenance func- plant procedures, revision of science tions (preventive/corrective mainte- learnt at school, elementary concept of nance and repairs, execution of ap- radioactivity and fission and introduc- proved additions/alterations) are pri- tion to plant terminology such as pH, marily trained 'on the job' under the adsorption, suction, discharge and in- supervision of their seniors. As juniors sulation and plant codes for piping, are able to take higher responsibilities, instrumentation and equipment. During the seniors are released for other assi- the inplant training, observance of cor- gnments. The assignment of increasing rect working methods, practices and responsibilities is based on work per- procedures becomes a habit. In addi- formance and no formal requirements tion, elementary but broad-based un-

73 derstanding of the reactor plant, its the description, operating procedures layout, and ability to carry out simple and practices, safety considerations and conventional operations, such as running requirements etc. of high temperature, a raw water pump, are achieved. high pressure systems in the experi- The objective of the second phase of mental loop. the basic course is to develop ability Operation of a reactor plant not only to operate process equipment and to involves process systems and controls, provide basic skills/training in the but also mechanical handling and spe- maintenance trades. Class work in- cial techniques such as ice plugging of cludes description and operating prin- coolant/moderator piping. It is neces- ciples of stationary equipment such as sary that the training is imparted in heat exchangers and machinery such as steps starting with the handling of pumps and compressors. In addition, inactive assemblies, irradiated isotope the trainees are taught the usage of samples, irradiated fuel and other as- hand and machine tools and imparted semblies with the fuelling machine and an elementary knowledge of electrical finally underwater processing, using equipment, switch gear and instrumen- remote tools. Class work is interposed tation.' The class work includes field suitably with inplant training to ensure tours and demonstrations in addition progressive development of the opera- to lectures. In-plant training during tor. this period includes operation under guidance, of process equipment and Advanced Training—Maintenance simple operations in mechanical hand- Technicians ling and basic skills training in all the Trainees assigned to the different maintenance trades. maintenance trades are imparted the necessary skills in a phased manner, as On satisfactory completion of the basic indicated for the plant operators start- training, depending on organisational ing with very simple assignments. Pro- needs, individual aptitude and choice, gress is evaluated through trade tests the trainees are assigned to undergo and oral examinations. advanced training either in plant opera- On completion of the training, the tions or in one of the maintenance tradesman is assessed for suitability and trades. assigned junior functions in his trade. Advanced Training—Plant Operators In addition, electricians have to obtain The objective of the training is to ensure the requisite statutory licence before progressive appreciation of interaction they are assigned independent responsi- of equipment, machinery, instrumenta- bilities. On completion of formal tra- tion etc. in any process system, interac- ining, the tradesman (operator or main- tion between process systems and their tenance technician) can carry out most effect on readtor safety and control. of the functions of his trade indepen- Even here, the relatively simpler pro- dently. It takes another 2 to 4 years cess systems are taken up first, gra- of experience before he can carry out dually moving to more complex ones, non-routine jobs and jobs of specialised till the trainee is fully familiar with nature with minimal supervision.

74 Operation and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Stations

Institution: The Nuclear Training Cen- about 74 married type accommodation tre, Anushakti Nagar, Kota, Rajasthan. are available in the township. The Nuclear Training Centre (NTC) of the Power Project Engineering Divi- Activities of NTC : The NTC is equipp- sion provides training for Engineers, ed to accept two batches of about 65 Scientists and Technicians such as Ope- trainees each of different categories as rators, Mechanical Maintainers, Control indicated below in a year. Mainterners, Electrical Maintainers and Engineers & Scientists 10 other categories of staff required for Mechanical Maintainers 12 the operation and maintenance of nu- Control Maintainers 8 clear power stations. Operators 25 In addition to training fresh recruits, Chemical Technicians 2 the NTC also conducts refresher courses Electrical Maintainers 8 for the existing staff of the nuclear power stations. TRAINING PROGRAMME Training Programme for Engineers and Duration: The training imparted depends mainly on the trainees' back- Scientists ground, the normal period of training The objectives are to train: being two years, comprising of six (a) Engineers for the posts of (1) months theoretical training at the Cen- Shift-Charge-Engineer, (2) Mechanical tre and eighteen months field training Electrical and Instrument Maintenance at the operating power station. The Engineer and (3) Operation and Main- NTC is basically established to train tenance Engineer for the fuelling personnel required for the Indian machines; and nuclear power stations, but trainees (b) Physicists and Chemists to carry from other countries may also be ac- out the duties of Station Physicists and cepted depending on availability of Station Chemists. seats. The training programme is divided into Qualifications: The minimum qualifica- various phases and is common to all tions required for trainees of different categories of trainees mentioned above. categories are detailed under the sepa- While detailed training programmes rate programmes listed here. under the three phases have been worked out for the Operation Engineers Accommodation: Attached to the NTC and Scientists, similar schemes for is a hostel and a small township for ac- Phases 2 and 3 training of Maintenance commodating the trainees during their Engineers are being evolved. training period. About 56 bachelor type accommodation in the hostel, and The trainees should be graduates in

75 (viii) Common Processes Systems (ix) Instrumentation and Control Systems (x) Electrical Systems (xi) Radiation Protection (xii) RPT Procedures (xiii) Standard Protection Code Engineers from the BARC Training School are exempted from attending seme of the above theoretical courses.

PHASE II: Field Training at the Station DURATION : Twelve to eighteen months. As part of field training, the trainee operation engineers are required to Trainee in the Are welding shop of NTC, Kota. work in the following areas: engineering for categories in (a) above (a) Shift Operation (b) Fuel Engi- and graduates in physics or chemistry neering (c) Fuelling Machines (d) for category (b). The engineers should Technical Unit (e) Planning Unit preferably have some experience in At the end of field training in each of operations and maintenance in a con- the areas listed above, the degree of ventional or nuclear power plant. proficiency attained by the trainees is assessed with the use of Field Check PHASE 1: Theoretical and NTC shop Lists. The trainees have to get all the training items in check lists signed out by a qualified operations engineer after an DURATION : Six months. appropriate oral test. The course consists of series of lectures in various subjects, and, at the end of the lectures, the trainees have to appear for written and oral examinations. As part of the training, candidates also undergo practical training in NTC's Training Shops. The various subjects covered during this training are given below: (i) Nuclear Theory (ii) Materials (iii) Sites and Buildings for Nuclear Power Stations (iv) Reactor Boiler and Auxi- liaries (v) Turbine Generator and Auxiliaries (vi) Reactor Boiler and Auxiliaries Systems (vii) Turbine Training on valve disc lapping in the Machine Generator and Auxiliaries Systems Shop of the Nuclear Training Centre, Kota

76 PHASE III: Qualification of First Operators and would require a certain minimum number of years of DURATION : About 2 weeks. experience to be acquired at lower A trainee operation engineer is deemed levels. to have qualified for the post of an The trainee operators should have one Assistant Shift-charge-Engineer on suc- of the following academic qualifications: cessfully completing the required train- Graduate in Science or ing, getting the field check lists signed Licentiate in Engineering or and passing the relevant written and Passed Intermediate Science. oral examinations/interview. The quali- Candidates who have passed Higher fying examinations consist of: Secondary or equivalent examination with English, Physics, Chemistry and (a) Written tests in the following Mathematics are taken as "Technician subjects: Trainees". They undergo a training pro- (i) Nuclear (General) (ii) Conventional gramme similar to Phase-I described (General) (iii) Radiation Protection below. The training is of two years' (General (iv) Radiation Protection duration consisting of alternate spells of (Specific) (v) Nuclear (Specific) (vi) NTC training and on-the-job training in Conventional (Specific) the field. The first three examinations are based Operators who have worked in conven- on courses conducted under Phase-I tional or nuclear power stations for a programme. The remaining examina- certain minimum prescribed number of tions are meant for the particular years may be considered for training for Nuclear Power Station. A trainee the posts of First Operator. operation engineer is considered eligible for appearing at the qualifying examina- PHASE 1: Basic Training tion only after he has spent six months DURATION : Six months. or more in a shift crew of the operating power station. The training is imparted through class room lectures on various subjects and at the end of the lectures, trainees have (b) Oral Examination in field (c) Interview to appear for written examination in each subject. The subjects covered Training Programme for Operators during this training are listed below: The objectives are to train personnel for (i) Equipment Training (ii) Nuclear the posts of operators leading in course Theory (iii) General Basic Training of time to the posts of First Operator (iv) Reactor Boiler and Auxiliaries (Control Room) and First Operator (v) Turbine Generator and Auxiliaries (Field). (vi) Instrumentation and Control The training programme is divided into Systems (vii) Electrical Systems (viii) five phases of which the first two are Common Services (ix) Heavy Water mandatory for qualifying as an operator. Handling (x) Radiation Protection (xi) The subsequent phases of training are RPT Procedures (xii) Standard Pro- for the operators to qualify for the' posts tection Code (xiii) Operational Skills

77 (xiv) Thermal Protection (xv) Electri- (i) Nuclear Theory, (ii) Reactor cal Protection (xvi) Mechanical Pro- Boiler and Auxiliaries, (iii) Turbine tection (xvii) Chemical Protection Generator and Auxiliaries, (iv) Elec- (xviii) Fire Protection trical Systems, (v) Instrumentation and Control,- (vi) Common Processes, PHASE II: Initial Field Training at (vii) RAPS Systems training courses, Station (viii) RAPS Operating Principles and Policies, (ix) Systems Controls DURATION : Twelve to eighteen months. (Northern Grid), (x) Supervisor's As part of field training, the trainee Role in Industry. operators are required to work in the following areas for various durations of PHASE IV : Field Training at Station time: (a) Shift Operation DURATION : Three to six months. (b) Fuelling Operations The trainee operator is required to At the end of field training in each of work in the field in a senior capacity the areas listed above, the degree of and complete the advanced field check proficiency attained by the trainees is lists. assessed with use of Field Check Lists. The trainees have to get all the items in PHASE V: Qualification Check Lists signed out by authorised persons after appropriate oral tests. DURATION : About two weeks. Trainee operators who successfully A trainee operator is deemed to have complete Phases I and II of the train- qualified for the post of First Operator ing as above are deemed to have quali- on his successfully completing the re- fied for the post of Operator. quired training, getting the field check lists signed and passing the relevant PHASE III: Advanced Training written and oral examinations/inter- Operators who have successfully com- view. The qualifying examination con- pleted Phases I and II of the training sists of: and have put in a certain minimum prescribed number of years as Operator (a) Written Tests in the following are eligible to undergo advanced train- subjects: ing under Phases III, IV and V. (i) Nuclear (General), (ii) Conven- tional (General), (iii) Radiation Protec- DURATION : Three to six months. tion (General), (iv) Radiation Protec- The advanced course consists of series tion (Specific), (v) Nuclear (Specific), of lectures in various subjects. The (vi) Conventional (Specific). syllabi for these courses are similar to The first three examinations are based those for trajnee operation engineers as en courses conducted under Phases I described on page 76. At the cid of and III of the training programme. The the lectures, the trainees have to ap- remaining examinations are meant for pear for written and oral examinations. a particular Nuclear Power Station. A The subjects covered are as follows: trainee operator is considered eligible for appearing at the qualifying examination only after he has spent six months or more in a shift crew of the operating power station. (b) Oral examination in field — fc) Interview

Training Programme for Maintainers The objectives are to acquaint the trainees with the Nuclear Power Station and with nuclear and conventional plant equipment; to impart basic skills required; to inculcate both industrial and radiation safety consciousness Trainee at coupling alignment practice in the and to familiarize trainees with work Millwrights Shop of NTC, Kota. methods. The training programme is divided into ing is of two years' duration consisting various phases. While detailed training of alternate spells of NTC training and programmes for the first four phases on-the-job training in the field. have been worked out, schemes for qualifying the Maintainers and their PHASE I: Basic Training their advancement to positions of higher responsibility are being evolved. DURATION : Six months. Emphasis is placed on training in the The training is imparted through class basic skills. The trainee spends about room lectures on various subjects. At 80% of his time in acquiring skills. the end of the lectures, trainees appear for written examination in each subject. Mechanical Maintainers The subjects covered during this train- The trainee mechanical maintainers ing are listed below: should be Licentiates in Mechanical (i) General Basic Training, (ii) Nuclear Engineering or should have successfully Theory, (iii) Equipment Training, (iv) completed High School education and Protection Training Courses, (v) Heavy should possess a trade certificate in a Water Handling, (vi) Mechanical Main- trade like fitting, machining, welding, tenance Skills Training (Millwright etc. The Maintainers should preferably practice, Machine practice, Welding and have some maintenance experience. Piping practice). Candidates who have passed Higher Secondary or equivalent examination PHASE II: Initial field training at the and have undergone trades training in Station an Industrial Training Institute are taken as Technician Trainees. They DURATION : Twelve to eighteen months. undergo a training programme similar As part of field training, the Trainee to Phase I described below: The train- Mechanical Maintainers are required

79 to work on normal maintenance of Qualification and Advancement nuclear and conventional equipment at The methodology for qualifying a the operating station. Senior Mechanical Maintainer is being At the end of field training the degree evolved. A Senior Mechanical Main- of proficiency attained by the trainees tainer is required to be good in all the is assessed with use of equipment mechanical trades like fitting, mill oriented Mechanical Maintainers' Field wrights, rigging, machining, piping and Check Lists. The trainees have to get tubing, and welding and he should be all the items in check lists signed out proficient in at least two of these trades. by authorised persons after appropriate oral test. Control Maintainers The trainee maintainers who success- The Trainee Control Maintainers should fully complete Phases I and II of the be Licentiates in Electrical or Elec- training as above are deemed to have tronics engineering or Graduate in qualified for the post of Mechanical Science or Intermediate Science with Maintainer. Radio Servicing Certificate, and should

PHASE III: Advanced Training DURATION : Three to six months. Maintainers who have successfully completed Phases I and II of the training and have put in a certain prescribed minimum number of years as Mecha- nical Maintainer are eligible to undergo advanced training under Phases III and IV. The advanced course consists of a series of lectures in the following subjects. At the end of the lectures, the trainees have to appear for written and oral Trainees testing low tension breaker in the examinations. Electrical Shop of the NTC, Kola. (i) Advanced courses in Mechanical Maintenance Skills have sucessfully completed High School (ii) Equipment Training Education and should possess a Trade (iii) Supervisors' Role in Industry Certificate in Instruments, Radio or TV. The Maintainers should preferably have some maintenance experience. PHASE IV : Field Training at the Station Candidates who have passed Higher DURATION : Three to six months. Secondary or equivalent .examination The trainee Mechanical Maintainer is and have undergone trades training in required to work in. the field in a senior an Industrial Training Institute are capacity and complete the advanced taken as Technician Trainees. They field check lists. undergo a training programme similar

80 to Phase I described below. The train- complete phases I & II of the training ing is of two years' duration consisting as above are deemed to have qualified of alternate spells of NTC training and for the post of .Control Maintainers. on-the-iob training in the field. PHASE III: Advanced Training at NTC PHASE I: Basic Training DURATION : Three to six months. DURATION : Six months. Maintainers who have successfully com- The training is imparted through class pleted Phases I and II of the training room lectures. At the end of the lec- and have put in a certain prescribed tures, trainees have to appear for minimum number of years as Control written examinations in each subject. Maintainers are eligible to undergo ad- The following subjects are covered: vanced training under Phases III (i) General, Basic Training, (ii) Nuclear and IV. Theory, (iii) Plant Equipment, (iv) The advanced course consists of a Heavy Water Handling, (v) Protection series of lectures and at the end of the Training Courses, (vi) Control Main- lectures the trainees have to appear for tenance Skills Courses (Electronic written and oral examinations. The Assembly Skills; Allied Instrumentation following subjects are covered: Skills; Electronic Circuits; Electronic (i) Control Instruments, (ii) Nucleonic Measurement and Testing Equipment; Instruments, (iii) Data Processing, Digital logics, Pneumatic and Process (iv) Fuelling Machine Controls, Measuring Instruments; Electronics (v) Analytical and Radiation Instru- Control Instrumentation; Radiation ments, (vi) Supervisors' Role in Instruments; Station Induction). Industry.

PHASE II: Initial Field Training at the PHASE IV : field Training at the Station Station DURATION ; Three to six months. DURATION : Twelve to eighteen months. The Trainee Control Maintainer is re- As part of the field training, the Trainee quired to work in the field in a senior Control Maintainers are required to capacity and complete the advanced participate in the normal maintenance field check lists. of station control equipment of the operating station. Qualification and Advancement At the end of the field training the de- The methodology for qualifying a gree of proficiency attained by the Senior Control Maintainer is being trainee is assessed with use of equip- evolved. A Senior Control Maintainer ment oriented Control Maintainers' is required to be good in the first five Field Check Lists. The trainees have to subjects mentioned above and he should get all the items in Check Lists signed be proficient in at least two of them. out by authorised persons after appropriate oral tests. Electrical Maintainers Trainee Maintainers who successfully The Trainee Electrical Maintainers

81 should be Licentiates in Electrical operating station. At the end of Field Engineering or should have successfully Training the degree of proficiency completed High School Education and attained by the trainees is assessed with should possess a Trade Certificate in an use of equipment oriented Electrical electrical trade. The maintainers should Maintainers' Field Check Lists. The preferably have some maintenance trainees have to get all the items in experience. check lists signed out by authorised Candidates who have passed Higher persons after appropriate oral tests. Secondary or equivalent examination Trainee Maintainers who sucessfully and have undergone trades training in complete Phases I and II of the train- an Industrial Training Institute are ing as above are deemed to have quali- taken as "Technician Trainees". They fied for the posts of Electrical Main- undergo a training programme similar tainers. to Phase I described below. The training is of two years' duration consisting PHASE III: Advanced Training at NTC of alternate spells of NTC training and Maintainers who have successfully com- on-the-job training in the field. pleted Phases I and II of the training and have put in a certain prescribed PHASE I: Basic Training minimum number of years as Electrical DURATION : Six months. Maintainers are eligible to undergo The training is imparted through class advanced training under Phases III room lectures. At the end of the and IV. lectures, trainees have to appear for DURATION : Three to six months. written examination in each subject. The advanced course consists of series of lectures in the following subjects. At The following subjects are covered: the end of the lectures, the trainees (i) General Basic Training, (ii) Nuclear have to appear for writen and oral Theory, (iii) Plant Equipment, (iv) examinations. Protection Training Courses, (v) Heavy (i) Advanced Course in Electrical Water Handling, (vi) Electrical Main- Maintenance Skills. tenance Skills Courses (Basic Electri- (ii) Equipment Training. city; Wiring Skills; Lighting and Alarm (iii) Supervisors' Role in Industry. Circuits; Electrical Test Instruments; Electrical Power Equipment; Protective PHASE IV: Field Training at the Relaying and Metering; Logic Circuits.) Station DURATION : Three to six months. PHASE II: Initial Field Training at The Trainee Electrical Maintainer is re- the Station quired to work in the field in a senior DURATION : Twelve to eighteen months. capacity and complete advanced field As part of field training, the Trainee check lists. Electrical Maintainers are required to participate in the normal maintenance Qualification and Advancement of all electrical equipment of the The methodology for qualifying a

82 Senior Electrical Maintainer is being 2. Metals evolved. A Senior Electrical Main- Why Metals Fail; Radiation Damage tainer is required to be good in all the Introduction; Radiation Damage to three courses mentioned above with Materials; Radiation Damage to Metals. specialisation in the first two areas. 3. Site Selection SYLLABUS FOR ENGINEERS Site Selection Factors; Safety or En- vironmental; Economical Factors and 1. Nuclear Theory Social Acceptability. Atomic Structure; Structure of Matter; Nuclear Stability and Radioactivity; Building Layout Radioactivity Decay; Energy and Mass Station Layout; Contamination Control Equivalence; Interaction of Neutrons —Zoning, The Exhaust Stack, Contain- with Nuclei; Nuclear Fission; Radiation ment; Radiation Control—Accessibility, Properties and Reactions; Internal and Shielding of Gamma Rays, Shielding of External Radiation Hazards in a Fast Neutrons, Types of Shields, Shield Nuclear Electric Generating Station; Penetration, Heat Generation in Shield; Radiation Damage to Materials. Material; Surface Finishes; Service Reactor Theory (The Steady State): Shops; Stores and Tool Crib; Control The Function of the Moderator; Deriva- Maintenance Shop; Decontamination; tions of Equations Involved in Neutron Radiation Protection Facilities; Chemi- Slowing Down Considerations; Diffusion cal Control Laboratory. of Neutrons; Mathematical Treatment of Neutron Diffusion; Neutron Balance 4. Reactor Boiler and Auxiliaries and the Four Factor Formula; Effect of The Function of a Reactor; Reactor Enrichment; Fuel Arrangement and Classification—Fast and Thermal Reac- Fuel Burnup on the Four Factor For- tor; Reactor Classification—Types of mula; Flux Distribution, and Critical Thermal Reactors; Reactor Construction; Size; Mathematical Considerations of Moderator Equipments; Moderator Pro- Reactor Flux Distribution and Critical perties and Comparison; Moderator Sys- size; Function and Properties of the tems and Equipment Construction; Heat Reflector. Transport Fluid Requirements; Heat Reactor Theory (Disturbance of the Transport Fluid Comparison; Main Cir- Steady State): Review of Terms; Low cuit Considerations; Auxiliary Circuits; Power Considerations; Effects Due to Reflector Systems; Shield Cooling Sys- Temperature Changes and Void Forma- tems; The Functions of Reactivity tion; Effects Due to Long Irradiation; Mechanisms; Comparison of Reactivity Reactor Control; The Approach to Mechanisms; Upgrading Requirements Criticality and the Raising of Power; and Process; Principles of Isotope Reactor Physics Measurements; Exam- Separation; The Distillation Upgrading ples of Practical Reactor Behaviour; Process; The Electrolytic Process; Com- Reactor Stability; Safety Considera- mon Problems; General Considerations; tions. Preparation and Manufacture; The

83 Various Designs and their Performance; Feeders and Headers; Boilers; Isolating Safety Standards and Safety Measures; Valves (Hopkinsons' Valve); Circulat- Emergency Injection and Containment ing pumps; Gland Supply; Pressure Systems; Safety Systems Performance; Control System (Feed and Bleed Cir- Chemistry of Water Circuits. cuit); Bleed Cooling and Tempering; Shut down cooling; Primary Relief 5. Turbine Generator and Auxiliaries System; Protective Features; Emer- Definitions; Turbine Theory; Improving gency Injection and D2O Dousing; Turbine Performance; Turbine Opera- Storage of D..O in H. T. System; Pri- tional Problems; Gains Due to Regener- mary System, D.,0 leakage collection; ative Feedheating; Governing Theory; Purification System; Primary Gas Con- References. trol System; Service System. Turbine Design Theory; Operation of Boiler Steam and Water; Boiler Assem- Steam Turbines; Turbine Commission- blies; Feed Water; Sampling; Relief ing and Performance Testing; Gener- System; Boiler Pressure Control; Boiler ator-Design Characteristics; Operation Level Control. of Generators; Evaluation of Generator Auxiliary Cooling Systems: Calandria and Exciter Performance; Condenser Vault; West wall; East wall; North wall Design and Selection of Surface Con- and South wall; Top Hatch and Bottom donsers; Operation of Surface Con- Floor; Cooling Circuits. denser; Commissioning of Condensers Fuel Handling System: Calandria and Evaluation of Performance; Feed- tubes; Coolant tubes, End fittings; water System-Thermo-dynamic Theory Shield Plugs and Seal Plugs; Fuel and Selection of Feedwater Systems, Bundle; On-Power Fuelling; Detailed System Operation, Commissioning; Study of Main Components; Carriage, Turbine Heat Balance. Rails and Cable Cart; Fuelling Machine Head; Ram Assembly; Oil Hydraulic 6. Reactor Boiler and Auxiliaries— System; D2O Supply to Fuelling Ma- RAPS Systems Training chine; West wall facility; Fuelling Moderator: Moderator Main Circula- Machine Rehearsal Facility; Fuel tion; Cover Gas System; Auxiliary Transfer System; Spent Fuel Storage Cooling; Controls and Instrumentation Bay; Vault Door Controls and Opera- on Main Moderator System; D2O Leak- tion. age Collection; Vapour Recovery; Resin Reactivity Mechanisms: Mechanical Deuteration; Resin Transfer, Drying Description; Cooling System; Control and Storage; Evaporation and Clean and Indication; Hazards and Precau- up; D2O Addition and Transfer; Liquid tion, Operation. Poison Addition; Moderator Purifica- tion. 7. Turbine Generator and Auxiliaries Heat Transport System: Main fea- —RAPS Systems Training tures of the system; Description of the Turbine: Materials and Construction; main system; Description of the main Steam conditions and Steam Cycle; circuit equipment; Coolant Channels; Bursting Diaphrams; Thrust Bearing

84 and Balance Piston; Earthing Brush; J>. Instrumentation and Control— Turbine Expansion arrangements; De- BAPS Systems Training sign aspects resulting in improvement Reactor Regulating System; Primary of turbine performance; Turbine Heat Transport Pressure Control Sys- General Data; T-G Alignment. tem; Boiler Drum Level Control Sys- Turbine Governing Systems: Speed tem; Boiler Pressure Control Sys- Sensitive Governor; Steam Valves; tem; Reactor Protective System; Central Emergency Governor Gear; Low Annunciation System; Datalogger and Vaeuum Unloading Gear; Load Limiting Recording Annuciator; Channel Tempe- Device; Turbine Trips and Generator rature Monitoring System; Channel Sequential Trip; Turbine Shaft Gland Flow Monitoring System; Channel Sealing and Spindle leak-off System; Activity Monitoring System; Access Turbine Generator Lubricating Oil and Control; Fire Alarms; Instrumentation Greasing System; Lubricating Oil Sys- Symbol Sheets; Overall Plant Control. tem; Greasing System; Electrical Turn- ing Gear; Hand Barring Gear; Operation 10. Electrical Systems—RAPS of Lub oil and Turning Gear Systems; Systems Training LP Cylinder Spray Cooling System; Turbine Drains System; Turbovisory Output System: Isolated Phase Bus; Equipment; Main Transformer and Auxiliaries; Rating Data; Description; Main Trans- Generator: Description; Gas Cooling former Auxiliaries and their Control; and Control; Stator Cooling System; Main Transformer Protection; Unit Shaft Heating System; Chemical Addi- Station Service Transformers (522-Tl & tion and Sampling System; Generator T2); Protection. Protection. Station Service Transformer (521-T1); Condensate and Feed Water System: Switchyard Components and Auxi- Condensate System; Air Extraction liaries; 230KV Bus Arrangement; Dis- System; Feed Heating System; Chemical connecting Switches and their Inter- Addition and Sampling System; Alarms; locks; 230KV Air Blast Circuit Breakers; Design Pressure of Heaters. Description of ABCB; Principle of Turbine Generator and Auxiliaries : Operation; ABCB Control; Operation of Notes on operation. 513-CB-l (Generator Breaker); Opera- tion of 513-CB-3 (Transfer Breaker); 8. Common Processes—RAPS Systems Operation of 513-CB-5 (Kota-1 230KV Training line Breaker); Operation of 513-CB-4 Water Systems: Common Pump House; (Udaipur 230KV line Breaker); Com- Circulating Water System; Service pressed Air Distribution and Control; Water System; Standby Service Water Switchyard Lighting; Power Line System; Domestic Water System; Carrier Communication; 230KV Bus and Chlorination System; Make-up Water Line Protection; Instrumentation and System; Chilled Water System; Com- Metering; Operating Procedures, Pre- pressed Air System; Ventilation; Water cautions etc. Chemistry. Station Service System: Class IV, 3.3 KV System; Class IV, 415 volt System; ments; The Geiger Counter; Scintillation Standby Power System (class III, II & Detectors; Film Dosimeters; Other I) and the Operating Procedures and Types of Detectors; Neutron Detectors, Precautions; Motor Control Centres; Basic Protection Instruments used in Class II Control Power Supplies; Diesel Reactors; Surface Contamination; Air- Generator and Auxiliaries; Diesel borne Contamination; Personnel Move- Auxiliaries; Operation and Control; ment Control; Protective Equipment; Operation of Diesel Generator Pro- Ventilation; Decontamination; Con- tections; Precautions and Hazards. fining Activity—Special Topics; Waste Motor Generator Sets: System Opera- Disposal; Effluent Monitoring. tion—Control; Motor Generator Set Performance; Equipment Details; 12. RPT Procedures Alarms; Motor Generator Set Protec- Organisation and Administration; Maxi- tions; Station Lighting; Station Ground- mum Permissible Exposures; Radio- ing; Auto Emergency Transfer, Synchro- logical Measurements and Assesments; nising and Load Shedding Logic. Work Techniques and Protective Equip- 11. Radiation Protection Training ment; Radiation Incidents and Emer- Atomic Structure: The Element; gencies; Shipment of Radioactive Chemical Compounds; Isotopes; Radio- Materials; Radioactive Waste Disposal; activity; The Penetrating Power of Records; Reports and Notifications; Alpha, Beta and Gamma Rays; Ioniza- Various forms used. tion; Detection of Ionization; Disintegra- tion; Rate of Disintegration; Neutrons; 13. Standard Protection Code Interactions of Neutrons with Matter; Authorized Departure from this Code; The Chain Reaction; Nuclear Power The Caution Tag; The Hold-Off; Self- Reactors; Radiation Sources in a Protection; Isolating and De-energizing Nuclear Power Station; Fission Piu- for Self-protection; Tagging for Self- ducts and Activation Products of Protection; Surrendering Self-Protec- Importance; The Energy of Fission; tion and Restoring Service; Applications Radiation Units; Maximum Permissible for Protection Guarantees; Unfulfilled Doses; Protection Against External Applications and Deferred Work; Final Exposure: Time, Decay and Distance; Request for a Pre-arranged Protection Protection Against External Exposure; Guarantee; Responsibility of Station Shielding; Internal Radiation; Maximum Operators; Responsibility of Applicants Permissible Concentrations of Radio- and Permit-Holders; Responsibility and nuclides in Air and in Water; Tritium; Appointment of Safety Supervisors; Introduction and Basic Biological Con- General Requirements and Charac- cepts; The Response of the Organism teristics of Protection Guarantees; to Ionizing Radiation-I; The Response Isolating Apparatus for Protection of the Organism to Ionizing Radiation- Guarantees; De-energizing Apparatus II; Genetic Effects of Ionizing Radiation; for Work; Neighbouring Live Appara- Miscellaneous Concepts; Detection tus; Do Not Operate Tags for Pro- Methods—Ionization Chamber Instru- tection Guarantees; Preparing the Pro- Working Under the Protection of Another, Isolatkn from Operating Sources of Equipment Not Under an Operator's Control; Isolating and De- energizing of Specified Apparatus.

SYLLABUS FOB OPERATORS 1. Equipment Training Mechanical Equipment Pumps: Centrifugal and Rotary; Piston and Miscellaneous; Rotary Compressors; Reciprocating Compressors; Compressor Accessories; Fans; Heat Exchangers; Overhauling of potentiometric recorder in the Piping (Ferrous); Piping (Non-ferrous); Instruments Shop of the NTC, Kota. Pine joints; Valves; Thermal Isolation; Lubricants and Lubrication; Bearings— tection Guarantee Certificate; Checking Friction types; Screw Threads; Gears the Protection Guarantee Certificate; and Bearing; Packing and Gaskets; Esablishing the Guaranteed Conditions Squeeze type Moulded Packings. for Station Guarantee and Making it effective. Establishing the Guaranteed Electrical Equipment Conditions for a Work Permit or a Conductors; Conductors and wire si.^s; Wor' -and-Test Permit; Final Checks, Insulation and Insulators; Circuit In ructions and Cautions; Making the operating devices; General, Fuses, Work Permit or Work-and-Test Permit Circuit Breakers; Transformers; Rota- Effective; Test Procedure Under Work- ting Machinery—AC Machines; DC and-Test Permits; Surrender of Protec- Machines; Control Circuits; DC supplies tion Guarantees; Releasing Apparatus —Primary Cells, Secondary Cells; for Service; Special Transfer and Theory and Construction. Surrender of Protection Guarantees; Issuance and Surrender of Work- Instrumentation and-Test Permits under Test Condi- System and Process—General and tion; Filing and Accounting for Cer- Measurement; Instruments—General, tificates; Log Record of Protection Nuclear, Liquid level, Temperature, Guarantee; Concerning Isolating De- Pressure, Indicators. vices; Replacement of Fuses; Compart- ment and Enclosure Responsibility; 2. Nuclear Theory Work-and-Test Permits and Test Pro- Atomic Structure—Atomic Particles; cedure Involving Lines; Protection The Atom; Structure of Matter; Radio- Guarantees for Shift Work; Protection activity—Nuclear Stability; Nuclear provided • by Customers and Foreign Radiation; Nuclear Disintegration; Law Organisations; Station Sites and of Disintegration; Energy and Mass Adjacent Structures; One Foreman Equivalent; Fission and Fusion Energy

87 Release; Fission—Moderation and the 7. Electrical System Chain Reaction; Fission—Fission Pro- Transformers; Circuit Breakers; Protec- ducts and Reactor Arrangements. tive Relaying; Electrical Machines; Standby Supplies; Measuring Instru- 3. General Basic Training ments. Description of RAPS; Station Organisa- Output Systems; Station Service tion and Station Lay-out; RAPS Docu- Systems; Standby Power Supplies, mentation; Work Methods. Emergency Transfer Scheme.

4. Reactor Boiler and Auxiliaries 8. Common Services Xenon Poison and its effects; Reactor Natural Water Supply; Intake Water; (Nuclear Energy); Reactor Compo- Process and Standby Water; Domestic nents; Moderator; Primary Heat Trans- Water; Inactive Water; Active Drainage; port System; Fuel Handling and Trans- Compressed Gases; Maintenance equip- fer System. ment and Material Handling. Water System; Common Pump House Reactor Structure and Reactor Auxi- Equipment, Circulating Water, Service liary System; Moderator S; stem Orien- Water System; Standby Water System; tation; Auxiliary Heavy Water System; Domestic Water; Water Treatment Heat Transport System; Fuel Handling Plant; Sewage and Drainage System; System. Chilled Water System; Reactor Build- ing Ventilation System; Compressed 5. Turbine Generator and Auxiliaries Air; Liquid Waste Management System. General: Closed Feed Cycle; Mechanical Flow Control Devices; Components of 9. Heavy Water Handling Steam Turbine and Generator; How General; Inventory Control; Receiving Steam Turbines work; Turbine types of Heavy Water and addition to System; and Shaft and Seal Arrangements; Sur- Heavy Water losses; Leak Detection; face Condenser; Lubricating Oil System; D2O Recovery, Ice Plug Formation. Governing System. Turbine: General; Turbine Governing 10. Radiation Protection Training System; Turbine Lubricating Oil Systems; Generator; Condensing and 11. RPT procedures Feedwater System. 12. Standard Protection Code 6. Instrumentation and Control (Refer to Courses for Engineers in the Basic concepts in Instrumentation; case oj 10, 11, & 12 above). Measurement of Process Variables; Indicators and Recorders; Nuclear 13. Operational Skills Plant Instrumentation—Principles and General—Introduction to Power Plant; Features. Sources of Reference Material; Intro- RAPS Control Systems; Monitoring; duction to Career; Technical writing— Reactor Protective Systems; Annuncia- Introduction to Technical Writing; tion Systems. Operating Procedures—Log Books; Data for Shift Operating Summary; Use of Shock; Grounding; Safe Grounding; Jumper Book; Ion Exchange Column Portable Tools and Extension Cords; Records; Operating Memo Procedures; Electrical Operating and Maintenance The Purpose and Use of Orders to Practices; Protective Equipment. Operate; Request for Chemical Analysis and Investigations; Radiological Log; 16. Mechanical Protection Valving—Introduction to Valving; Introduction: Good Housekeeping; Per- Kinds of Valves; Valve Operating sonnel Protective Equipment; Safe Use Convention; Checking Open and Closed; of Hand Tools; Safe Operation of Butterfly Valves; Diaphragm Valves; Machine Tools and Welding; Safe use Check Valves; Gate Valves; Globe of Portable Tools; Safe Practice in Valves; Valve Operating Safety; Rigging; Safe Limitations in the use of Victaulic Couping; Control Valves; Air Slings; Hoisting Chains; Fittings and Operated Control Valves; Electrically Limitations; Hazards of Slipping, Trip- Operated Remote Valves; Instrumenta- ping, Falling and Lifting; Safe use of tion—Introduction to Instruments; Ladders; General Excavating; Abrasive Kinds of Instruments; Indicators and Blasting. Recorders; Scales; Charts. Ink and Pen Care; Reasons for Incorrect Readings; 17. Chemical Protection Use of Instruments; Modes of Control; Introduction: Chemical Hazards—Types Closed Loop Control; Automatic-to- of Chemical Hazards; Psychological Manual Switching (Bumples); D/P Hazards; Asbestosis; Industrial Skin Cell Isolation and Return to Service; Diseases; Compressed and Liquified \mmeter Indication; Pressure Regu- Gases—Handling of Compressed Gas lators; Schematic, Wring Diagrams and Cylinders; Handling Cylinders of Symbols—Standard Symbols and Appli- Oxygen, Helium, Ammonia and Chlo- cation to Diagrams; Relays, Contractors, rine; Handling Cylinder of Propane, Coils and Contacts; Circuit Breakers, Carbon dioxide, Acetylene and Air; Fuses, Alarms and Lights; Transformers. Protective Devices—Personal Protective Rectifiers, Resistors and Capacitors; Clothing and Equipment; Station Connections; Winding Symbols and Chemicals, Water Treatment Chemicals; Review; Symbols and Relay Protection Acids and Bases. Schemes; Flow sheet reading. 18. Fire Protection 14. Thermal Production Introduction: The Chemistry of Fire; Introduction: Dry Ice and Liquid Nitro- Fire Prevention; Fixed Fire Fighting gen; Hazards from High Temperature Equipment; Portable . Fire Fighting Water and Steam; Open Flame Devices; Equipment. Thermal Environment; First Aid Treat- ment for Injuries due to Heat, Cold and Ultra-Violet Radiation. 15. Electrical Protection Introduction: Physiological Effects of

89 COURSES FOR MECHANICAL COURSES FOR CONTROL MAiNTAINERS MAINTAINERS 1. General Basic Training 1. General Basic Training 2. Nuclear Theory 2. Nuclear Theory 3. Mechanical Equipment Course 3. Equipment Training Electrical Equipment Course (Refer to Courses for Operators for these Instrumentation Course three) Mechanical Equipment Instruments: Flow Primary Elements; Ionizing Radiation Primary Elements; (Refer to Courses for Operators for Theory of Humidity and Dewpoint above). Measurement; DC Primary Elements, Axial Mechanical Seals; Shaft Coupling; Instruments, Panel Instruments, Log Rigging and Hoisting; Pressure Vessels; Scale Instruments, Current and Voltage Balance of Rotating Machinery; Internal Measurement. AC Primary Element, Combustion Engines; Welding; Refrige- Instrument, Log Scale Instruments, ration; Piping Expansion and Flexi- Current and Voltage Measurement. bility. Instrumentation and Control: Theory 4. Protection Training Course of pH Measurement; pH Primary Ele- 5. Heavy Water Handling—Refer to ments; Theory of Conductivity Measure- Course for Operators. ment; Conductivity Primary Elements; Resistance Measurement; Electrical 6. Basic Skills Training: Millwright Wattmeters; Watt-hour Meters; Var- Practice; Hand Tools and Measuring meters and Power Factor Meters. Tools; Bench Fitting Practice; P-M Alignment-Couplings and Belts; Bear- Instrumentation and Control: Meteo- ings, Mounting and Dismantling Journal rology; Control Physics and Parameters; Antifriction and Thrust; Packing of Activity Monitoring Systems; General Pumps and Valves; Lapping—Valve Concepts of Reactor Control; Reactor Seats and Discs; Mechanical Seals Control Using Rods; Advantages of Assembly; Assembly and Disassembly; Multiplicity in Control Systems; Procedures—(a) Pumps; (b) Valve; (c) Instrumentation and Control I:C. Engines; (d) Compressors; Preven- tive maintenance and Trouble Shooting; 4. Heavy Water Handling Basic Machining Practice; Drill Press, 5. Protection Training Courses Grinder and Power saw; Lathe; Milling (Refer to Courses for Operators) Machine; Shaper; Basic Welding and Piping Practice: Welding Practice; Arc 6. Basic Skills Courses: Electronics Welding; Gas Welding; Gas Cutting; Assembly Skills; Electronics Hardware, Pipe Pitting Practice: Piping; Tubing; Tools and Fabrication; Trouble Shooting Swagelok fittings. and Repair Projects,

90 Allied Instrumentation Skills: Common Station Induction: Relay Logics, Docu- Instrumentation Hardware for Electro- mentation and Circuit Checks; Radia- nics and Process Instrumentation; tion Procedures and Access Control; Wiring and Pyrotenax Cabling; Pneu- Work Methods. matic Tubing and Fitting; Installation COURSES FOR ELECTRICAL of Instruments. MAINTAINERS Electronics Circuits: Basic Electricals and Tube Circuit Review; Transistor 1. General Basic Training Amplifiers; Oscillators and Power 2. Nuclear Theory Supplies; Pulse and Timing Circuits; FET's, VFT's and SCR's. 3. Plant Equipment Electronics Measurement and Testing (Refer to Courses for Operators for all Equipments: VOM; VTVM; Signal these three) Generators; CRO; Pulse Generators; DC/AC Bridges; Tube and Transistor Electrical Tester; Capacitance, Frequency and Circuit Breaker: Control Circuit; Trans- Power Measurements. formers—Types; Construction and Auxi- Digital Logics: Number Systems and liary Equipment; AC Machines; Boolean Algebra; Counters and Shift Characteristics of AC Generator; DC Registers; Error Detection; Arithmetic Machines—Construction; Principles of Unit. Operation of DC Generator; Principles of DC Motors; Symbols for Control Dia- Pneumatic and Process Measuring grams; Electromagnetism Control Cir- Instruments; Primary Devices; Basic cuit; Control Circuit Interlocks; Relays Mechanical/Pneumatic Components and —General Constructions and Types. Subassemblies; Gauges, Switches and Regulators; Indicators and Recorders; Electrical Transmitters and Receivers; Controllers; Transformers: Connections; Termino- Control Valves; Pressure, Temperature, logy; On-load Tap Changes, Parallel Flow, Level, pH, Conductivity, Humi- Operation of AC Generators, Operation dity and Vibration Measurements and of Relays; Circuit Opening Devices— Loops; Test Equipments. Switches; Reactors. Electronic Control Instrumentation: Electrical System Magnetic Amplifiers and Operational Distribution of Power Amplifiers; Electronic Sensors; Indi- cators; Alarms, Annuciators, Trans- 4. Protection Training Courses mitters, Converters, Controllers and 5. Heavy Water Handling Signal Selectors; Turbovisory Equip- (Refer to Courses for Operators for the ment; RAPS Control Systems. above three) Radiation Instruments: Pulse Amplifiers and Special Power Supplies; Nucleonic 6. Basic Skills Training Transducers; Ratemeters, Counters and Basic Electrical Skills Timers; RAPS Radiation and Contami- Basic Electricity: Meters; Series nation Monitoring Systems. Parallel Circuits, Magnetic Coils and

91 Transformers; Capacitors; Sensing and problems; MCCS. Protective Devices; Diodes Rectifiers; Transformers; Circuit breakers; Motor SCR Control Circuits; Motor Speed generator sets; Diesel Generator Set; Control. Batteries and Battery chargers. Wiring Skills: Tools and Hardwares; Splicing Wires and Insulation; House Protective Relaying and Metering Wiring Circuits and use of Electrical Generator Protection; Transformer Pro- Materials; Building a Remote Control tection; Motor Protection; Bus Protec- System; Fluorescent Lighting; Cable tion and Line Protection; Control Re- Jointing and Cable Crimping; Coil lays and Station Metering. Winding; Motor Winding. Lighting and Alarm Circuits: Service Logic Circuits Power Wiring; Fixtures and Receptacles Interpretation of Station Elementary Controlled by Wall Switches; Low Drawings; Symbols; Colour coding; Voltage Remote Control Wiring; Trouble Shooting and Fault Finding; Fluorescent and Luminescent Lighting; Logic Relays. Display Lighting; Switch and Relay Alarm; Fire Detector Alarm; Fixture COURSES FOR TECHNICIAN and Receptacle Planning. TRAINEES Electrical Test Instruments 1. Operator Trainees All electrical test instruments used in Part time theory and part time on-the- the Maintenance Shop. Their methods job training:—Compressors, Water of use, principles of operation such as: treatment plant, Chilled water system, Ammeters, Voltmeters, VTVM, Tong Resin transfer system, Resin deutera- Testers and Dimmerstat; Wattmeters; tion, Heavy water handling and Energy meters; Phase angle meters; sampling, access control, preparation of Power factor meters; Multimeters, order-to-operate. Megger testing set; Earth tester; Bridge Complete field checkouts on the above megger tester, Wheatstone bridge; Fre- systems. Aim: The trainee should be quency meter, Phase sequence indicator, capable of operating the systems Motor rotation tester; CTs PTs primary independently. injection set; TIR set, Tachometer, Part time theory and part time on-the- Stroboscope, Potential tester, line loop job training, Heavy water addition and tester; Dial test set; Hi-pot tester. transfer, Liquid poison addition and removal, operation of blow-out panels, Power Electrical Equipments PHT pumps gland flow adjustments, Electric Motors and Generators; Motor Gas additions, Turbine lubrication oil maintenance skill; Assembly and dis- system, Seal oil, Feedwater and conden- assembly procedures. sate water, Carbon dioxide purging Industrial Motor Control and Control system, Generator hydrogen filling. Oil System—Electric magnetic control and purification, Air extraction and turbine folid state control; Power supplies and drains. solid state devices; Industrial control Field checkouts on the above svstems.

92 To work with mechanical maintenance sectors. Aim -. Should be able to do simple jobs without supervision. Advanced trade skills training in one of the following groups: (1) Assembly and trouble shooting on traps, valves, pumps, compressors, fans, blowers, swagelok tube fitting qualification. (2) Advanced machining operations; workshop calculations, erection, testing, alignment and trouble shooting on machine tools maintenance. (3) Advanced structural & high pressure welding, completing some of the RAPP welding procedures. To practise his skills in the field under station conditions. Aim : Should he able to do most of the jobs without supervision.

Training on compressor in the Mechanical Shop 3. Control Maintainer Trainees of the NTC, Kola. Theory courses: Same as Mechanical Aim: The trainee should be capable of Maintainer Stipendiary Trainees. operating the systems independently. Theory and practical training in Train- ing Shop: Electronic assembly and 2. Mechanical Maintainer Trainees fabrications; Hardware and tools; Theory and practical training in Train- Electronic circuits—Transistor amplifier, ing Shop-Blue-print reading; Material Power supplies, Oscillators; Electronics handling; Basic metallurgy; Hand tools test equipment—VOM, CRO, VTVM, and measuring tools; Layout. transistor tester; Installation skills- Limits and fits; Power transmission; control cabling, panel wiring, logics, Lubrication; Shaft inspection and tubing and fitting; Basic digital logics. repairs; V-belt alignment; Pump and Operation and basic adjustments on Motor coupling alignment; Gasket switches, regulators, valves, gauges, re- jointing; Oil seals; O-rings; Mechanical corders, transmitters, controllers, annun- seals; Packing; Valve lapping; Bearing ciators (electronic and pneumatic), maintenance; Pumps and valves power supplies, rate meters, counters, assembly; Preventive maintenance. contamination monitors; Control main- Basic operations on lathe, Milling tenance drawings. machine; Shaper, Drill, Grinder and To work with Control Maintenance Powersaw. section. Aim: Should be able to do Gas cutting; Brazing; Tig welding; simple jobs without supervision. Tubing and Pipe fitting. Advanced skills training in one of the

93 following groups: (1) Electronics cir- control centre wiring; 415V and 3.3KV cuits, Radiation monitors, Test equip- motor control logics; Electrical test ment. (2) Pneumatic and electronic equipment—VOM, Meggers, Earth controls, RAPS systems orientation, testers,—Ammeter, Voltmeters, Watt- trouble shooting on circuits. meters, Frequency meters, CT and PT; To practise his skills in the field under Operation and maintenance checks on station conditions. Aim. should be able motors, transformers, generators, batte- to do most of the jobs without ries, rectifiers, breakers and potection supervision. relays; Electrical drawings. To work with Electrical Maintenance 4. Electric?! Maintainer Trainees section. Theory courses: Same as Mechanical Trouble shooting and Preventive Main- Maintainer Stipendiary Trainees. tenance on Electrical Machines and Theory and practical training in train- controls; Advanced Test Equipment. ing shops: Review of basic electrical To practise his skills in the field under circuits; Wiring and control cabling; station conditions. Aim: Should be able Panel wiring; Motor control circuits; to do most of the jobs without HT cabling and cable jointing; Motor supervision.

94 Exploration for Atomic Minerals

Courses offered by the Atomic Minerals Division (AMD)

The AMD offers four specific types of COURSE 1. This course is pursued in training courses : three phases : (1) Lectures (Phase I), (2) Laboratory Course 1.: Training of fresh graduates techniques (Phase II), and (3) Field with no exposure to work of exploring work (Phase III). for atomic minerals. The candidates selected for this course should be below 25 years, have good Lectures : The lectures are designed to scholastic record, and possess a Master's cover some 43 topics relevant to the degree in any branch of the earth problems of integrated geological-geo- sciences. physical-geochemical exploration for uranium, thorium and other atomic Course 2. 2-week refresher course for minerals. The lectures cover the professionals, aimed at updating their following: knowledge in atomic minerals explora- (1) Introduction to radioactivity and tion work. This course is largely for problems in its measurement in the AMD personnel. natural environment (2) Radiometric instruments (3) Nuclear radiation de- Course 3. 3-month training course in tectors and measuring instruments (4) atomic minerals prospecting and ore Mineralogy and petrology of uranium, evaluation for professionals from deve- thorium, columbium-tantalm, beryllium, loping countries. This course is for zirconium etc. (5) Physical and chemi- professional geologists already employ- cal mineralogy of uranium, thorium, ed in atomic mineral exploration work columbium-tantalum, beryllium zir- in their countries. conium etc. (6) Some special properties of uranium, thorium and other Course 4. Field workshops and Group atomic minerals (7) Determinative Discussions on problems related to mineralogy of uranium, thorium, colu- transforming radioactive anomalies into mbium-tantalum, berylium etc. (8) economically exploitable uranium- Chemistry of uranium and its signifi- thorium ore deposits. For newly cance in the formation of secondary recruited geologists of the AMD who minerals (9) Geochemistry of uranium, have gone through course 1 and have thorium, columbium-tantalum, berylli- demonstrated qualities of leadership um etc. (10) Isotope geology and geo- and exploration acumen during the chronometry, aspects relevant to urani- first two years of their service in the um-thorium exploration. (11) Physical Division. methods in prospecting for radioactive

95 minerals (12) Survay for uranium and estimating uranium ore reserves (39) thorium minerals using radiometric Estimation of thorium ore reserves (40) techniques (13) Radiometric measure- Ore dressing operations in the atomic ments in the field—instruments and minerals industry (41) Hydrometallurgy techniques (14) Radon survey—instru- in uranium extraction (42) Plant loca- ments and techniques of interpretation tion—theory and practice (43) Geology (15) Geophysical surveys (16) Integrat- of nuclear reactor site selection. ed airborne surveys (17) Geochemical Laboratory techniques: Practical in- methods of uranium prospecting (18) struction in techniques relevant to the Statistical methods in prospecting and problems of uranium, thorium and ore-grade evaluation (19) Radiometric other atomic minerals exploration is assay of samples (20) Radiometric tech- imparted in various laboratories of the niques for elemental analysis (21) The AMD, as given here : analysis of uranium, thorium, columbium-tantalum and beryllium in geologic (1) Petrographic, ore-mineralographic, materials (22) Analytical geochemistry and radioluxographic techniques (2) —instrumental methods (23) Geology X-ray diftractometric techniques of of the conglomerate type of uranium mineral identification and quantitative deposits of the world (24) Geology of mineralogical analysis (3) Radiometric the sandstone type of uranium deposits techniques of uranium and thorium of the world (25) Geology of the vein assay (4) Fluorimetric, chromatogr- type of uranium deposits of the world aphic, and chemical techniques of ura- (26) Geology of uranium occurrences nium, thorium, columbium-tantalum and in plutono-volcanic complexes of the beryllium estimation (5) Tube-excited world (27) Geology of uranium deposits wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescen- of organic origin in the world (28) Co- ce spectometric estimation of major, lumbite-tantalite and beryl resources minor, and trace-elements in geologic of the world (29) Geology of vein type samples (6) Isotope-excited energy- uranium deposits of India (30) Geology dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectro- of sedimentary type uranium deposits metric estimation of selected elements of India (31) Pegmatite belts of India in ores and beneficiation products (7) and occurrence of columbite-tantalite D. C. arc emission-spectographic esti- and beryl (32) Non-pegmatitic sources mation of trace-elements in geologic of Cb-Ta and Be in India (33) Drilling samples (8) Atomic absorption spectro- for uranium (34) Some aspects of drill- photometric methods of elemental ana- ing technology applicable to exploration lysis (9) Isotope geochronoznetric tech- of uranium, thorium and other atomic niques (10) Stable isotope geochemical minerals (35) Some aspects of mining methods (11) Ore dressing techniques technology related to exploration of (12) Geophysical and geochemical in- uranium deposits (36) Evaluation of strumentation—design and fabrication. uranium properties (37) Estimation of uranium ore reserves from drill logging held work : Training in field investi- (38) Some special considerations of gations is given in appropriate operational areas under exploration and

96 evaluation by the AMD, and is aimed and beryl in the pegmatite belts of at covf.xing the important types of India (16) Survey and prospecting for uranium, thorium and other atomic non-pegrriatitic sources of Cb-Ta and mineral deposits in specific geological Be (17) Recovery of eluvial columbite- and geotectonic environments. Field tantalite. methodologies emphasised will include : COURSE 2. This course also consists of (1) Car-borne scintillation traverses three phases: (2) Reconnaissance radiometric/geological surveys (3) Semi-detailed radio- (1) Lectures (Phase I), (2) Panel dis- metric/geological surveys (4) Isorad cussions (Phase II) and (3) Workshops mapping (5) Radiometric logging of (Phase III). boreholes; core assay; preparation of geological logs; sampling of core; core Lectures : In addition to reviewing the skeletonisation, including preparation latest developments in the forty topics of borehole charts, photographs, and relevant to the problems of integrated index cards (6) Resistivity and magne- geological-geophysical-geochemical ex- tic surveys (7) Radon and nuclear track ploration for atomic minerals the detector surveys (8) Geochemical me- following topics are covered : thods of prospecting for uranium, (1) Concepts about evolution of the columbium-tantalum and beryllium (9) Earth and their implications for the Introduction to the different methods of distribution of uranium, thorium, co- mine surveys; preparation of plan for lumbium-tantalum, beryllium, zirconi- about 30 meters of drives and cross- um etc. in the Earth's crust, mantle, cuts; preparation of a mine geological and core (2) Equilibriu n-disequili- map for about 50 meters; channel brium relations in the uranium-series sampling for 15 metres; preparation of and their significance in exploration an assay map based on radiometric for uranium ore-deposits (3) Application values of the channels (10) Demonstra- of critical element-ratios in atomic tion of different parts' of drilling mineral exploration programmes (4) machinery; actual operation, including Role of non-radiometric geophysical wire line; borehole camera survey and techniques in uranium exploration (5) interpretation (11) Acquaintance with The importance of microbes in geology mining equipment; shot-hole drilling and in uranium extraction (6) Problems and blasting; methods of timbering; of environmental geology and geoche- special problems of uranium mining mistry (7) Relevance of geology to ra- (12) Ore estimation based on borehole dioactive waste disposal and manage- data and underground assay data (13) ment. Survey and prospecting for monazite- bearing coastal placer deposits (14) Panel discussions: Four panels, each Techniques of quantitative mineralogi- comprising six experts and a moderator, cal analysis and ore estimation of mona- are constituted to discuss at a very zite-bearing beach sands (15) Survey high professional level aspects relating and prospecting for columbite-tantalite to the following problems :

97 (1) Unconventional approaches to ex- of trainees from different countries. ploration of sedimentary-type uranium These difficulties are sought to be mini- ore-deposits (2) Unconventional ap- mised through an orientation course that proaches to exploration of vein-type serves to normalise critical prerequisite and structurally controlled uranium areas of study required to comprehend ore-deposits (3) Exploration for, and and digest the training programme. exploitation of, low-grade uranium ore- The contents of this programme deposits (4) Modern methods of ele- represent a judicious blend of those of mental analysis of geologic samples. course 1 and course 2 with appro- Workshops : The entire batch of trainees priate modifications to meet the de- is split into small groups and assigned mands of foreign participants. On problems from actual field and labora- successful completion of the course, tory data for solution. The specific the trainees are awarded certificates areas of study are : indicating the overall nature of the training imparted to them, and ot the (1) Preparation of borehole location special aptitudes and expertise, if any, plans for proving sub-surface continuity shown by them during the programme. of uranium shows (2) Formulation of development mining programmes for sandstone-type uranium occurrences COURSE 4 (3) Estimation of uranium and thorium This programme is specifically aimed at ore-reserves. bringing out the latent abilities and talents of young (under 27) newly re- After solving the problems assigned, cruited geologists of the AMD who have the individual groups will select their demonstrated qualities of leadership and own leaders to present their solutions exploration acumen during the first two before an audience of experts. The years of their pofessional work. The presentation will have the format of a objective is to enable these young geo- seminar. logists to develop a capacity for decision -making in matters relating to explora- COURSE 3 tion strategies to be adopted in two This programme is designed and struc- geological environments : igneous- tured to suit the specific needs of pro- metamorphic- complexes and sedimen- fessional geologists from developing tary basins. This objective is fullfilled countries without a strong base of ex- through a three-phase approach : pertise in integrated geological-geophy- (1) Field workshop (Phase I), (2) Group sical-geochemical exploration for ura- discussion (Phase II) alld (3) Report- nium, thorium and other atomic writing (Phase III). mineral deposits. The programme can be organised either for geologists from Field workshops : Depending on their one country, or for geologists from aptitudes, the young geologists are several countries. Many obvious and assigned to two teams, one designated inherent dimculies are involved in the the 'igneous-metamorphic team' and the latter case arising from the diverse other, the 'sedimentary team'. Each of academic and professional backgrounds the two teams is headed by a very senior exploration geologists of the the two teams return to AMD head- AMD, and the activities of the two quarters at Hyderabad where they teams are co-ordinated by the Director present the results of their studies and of AMD. Key areas from each of the the conclusions reached by them regard- two geologic settings, that is, igneous- ing the uranium potentialities of the metamorphic and sedimentary, under key areas before specialist-groups. THis exploration by the AMD, are visited by is followed by the drawing-up of speci- the two teams for on-the-spot observa- fic recommendations relating to the tions and critical scrutiny. Membeis of exploration strategy to be followed in the teams spend several hours in each each of the key areas. of the crucial outcrops (exposures of rock) for recording of field observations Report-writing: Results obtained from after detailed discussions. At the end the field workshops and the group dis- of each day's field work, the teams con- cussions are collated and compiled into duct informal debates at their respective technical reports. These documents base camps with a view to highlight the also contain the specific exploration special problems posed by the various strategies formulated by the teams for outcrops examined by them during the adoption in each of the key areas under day. These debates lead to the formula- exploration by the AMD. tion of various hypotheses and models Further particulars can be obtained concerning the possible modes of origin from the Director, Atoms? Minerals of the uraniferous occurrences. Division, 1-11-200 Manian's Building, Group discussions: After field work, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 500016, India.