Obituaries Andean Past 12 Monica Barnes American Museum of Natural History, [email protected]

Andean Past

Volume 12 Article 4

2016 Obituaries Andean Past 12 Monica Barnes American Museum of Natural History, [email protected]

A. Jorge Arellano-Lopez Smithsonian Institution, [email protected]

Bill Sillar Institute of Archaeology, University of London, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons, and the Linguistic Anthropology Commons

Recommended Citation Barnes, Monica; Arellano-Lopez, A. Jorge; and Sillar, Bill (2016) "Obituaries Andean Past 12," Andean Past: Vol. 12 , Article 4. Available at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/andean_past/vol12/iss1/4

This Obituaries is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Andean Past by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DONALD FREDERICK SOLÁ (24 February 1922-29 July 2008)

Monica Barnes Andean Past and American Museum of Natural History

Portrait of Donald F. Solá with his Runa Simi Quechua learning software running on his computer. Photograph by Jill Peltzman, October 1988, courtesy of the Rare Books and Manuscripts Department, Kroch Library, Cornell University.

Don Solá was in Brazil on 19 April 1969, newspaper with a breathless headline proclaim- when approximately forty students seized con- ing that 40,000 armed Black liberationists were trol of Cornell University’s Willard Straight occupying the building. Solá, who knew there Hall, the student union. Don saw a Brazilian were not that many Afro-Americans in the

ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016):1-8. ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016) - 2 entire Finger Lakes region of New York State, work, including that of Jorge A. Lira (1944), the was able to shrug off the exaggerations of the various dialects of the Quechua language (also report. However, for years, just a few hundred called Kechua, Quichua, and Runa Simi) yards from “the Straight”, Solá had been ad- remained incompletely recorded and described. vancing the cause of human liberation in his Working with Escribens as the first of many own way, employing the indirect, but effective, informants, Solá began his initial systematic means of linguistics. description of a Quechua dialect. This was an analysis of words and phrases in Huánuco Que- Before moving to Ithaca, New York in 1950 chua (Solá 1958, 1966b, 1967a), work that was and beginning his academic career at Cornell, fundamental to Solá’s later studies of other Solá served in India as part of the United States dialects. Around this time he also collaborated Army Air Corps Signal Intelligence. He also with Dr. Eduardo Soler Bustamente, then 28 worked at the New York Herald Tribune, devel- years old, and a native of the town of Llata in oping his interests in quality journalism, history, the Huamalies province of the Department of and political affairs. At Cornell he earned his Huánuco (Solá 1966b:46). Soler provided Solá bachelor’s degree in Spanish linguistics, and, in with a folk tale, autobiographical material, and 1958, he was awarded his doctorate in linguis- Soler’s side of a conversation with Dr. Mario tics with anthropology and social psychology as Vásquez Varela, a speaker of Ancash Quechua. minor fields. Even while still a student, he Soler also wrote twenty-four dialogues specifi- anticipated a long career in linguistics, becom- cally for teaching Quechua at the introductory ing a life member of the Linguistic Society of level. Antonio Cusihuaman G. of Chinchero America in 1954.1 He taught both Quechua and also collaborated with Solá in producing Cusco Spanish in the Cornell Faculty of Linguistics, Quechua teaching materials and became a close starting as an instructor in 1953 and becoming friend. Unfortunately, Cusihuaman died shortly an Assistant Professor from 1958. He retired as after completing his formal education in the a professor emeritus. United States, thus cutting short a promising career. Later Solá worked with Marco Flores During the 1960s, Solá’s linguistic research Arestegui. in Peru was sponsored by the Ford and Rocke- feller Foundations (Hall 1976:338). Although The importance of Don’s work in developing most people associated him with the study of the materials for the teaching of Quechua to both Quechua language, it was an interest in linguis- English and Spanish speakers cannot be exag- tics that brought him to Quechua, rather than gerated. When he began there were no such vice versa. While casting about for a doctoral books and recordings available in English and dissertation topic, Solá encountered Augusto few in Spanish. In 1958 the U.S. Congress Escribens, a Quechua-speaking janitor from passed the National Defense Educational Act Huánuco, Peru who worked in Morrill Hall, which supported the teaching of languages, long the seat of Cornell’s language and linguis- including Quechua, that were deemed to be tics instruction. Solá realized that in spite of potentially critical for defense. This assisted Don early colonial grammars and dictionaries like in his creation of teaching materials. those of Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás (1560) and Diego González Holguín (1608), and later Over the course of his long career Solá produced extensive Quechua reference and teaching materials including grammars, text- 1 http://www.lsadc.org/info/lsa-lifemembers-year.cfm (consulted 30 July 2009). 3 - Barnes: Donald Solá books, readers, and sound recordings.2 In these editor 1984; Solá and Weber 1978; Weber and he explored the dialects of Ayacucho (Solá and Solá 1980; Wolff et al. n.d.). He developed Parker 1963), Cusco (Solá 1975; Solá and Cus- bilingual education projects for Peruvian Que- ihuamán 1967), and Cochabamba, Bolivia (Solá chua speakers and assisted the professional 1970; Solá and Lastra 1964a, 1964b), as well as formation of Peruvian experts in bilingualism that of Huánuco. He was also the editor of a and applied linguistics. From 1961 to 1969 he series of Spanish dictionaries published by directed a joint Universidad Nacional Mayor de Random House.3 By the mid-1980s he was San Marcos/Cornell University project in lin- deeply involved in computer assisted language guistics and language teaching. As part of this learning (Boettcher 1993), designing award- effort, Peruvian nationals came to Cornell for winning computer software to assist students post-graduate studies. A 1973 Fulbright grant and teachers of Quechua, Spanish (Solá 1999a, allowed Don to continue his linguistic studies in 1999b; Solá, Pet, and Noblitt 1990), French Cusco. He was also a consultant for the U.S. (Noblitt, Solá, and Pet 1987), Portuguese (Solá Agency for International Development. He was 2000a), and English (Solá 2000b). Solá mar- a founder and director of the Inter-American keted his products in an entrepreneurial fashion. Program for Linguistics and Language Teaching (PILEI). Don was proud of his Puerto Rican heritage and encouraged students to spend time on the Through his research into the Quechua island, improving their Spanish, if necessary, but language and support of Quechua study, Don in any case learning to appreciate its rich cul- attracted both emerging and prominent An- ture. Don built on his own early experience in a deanist scholars to the Cornell campus and bilingual environment to become an expert in, helped to make that university a powerhouse of and an advocate of, bilingual education (Solá Andean studies in the 1960s, 70s, and 80s.4 1962). Don promoted bilingualism through his dictionaries, through the other printed learning Don equipped hundreds, perhaps thousands, materials he developed, through his teaching, of people with a deeper understanding of An- and through his pioneering computer-assisted dean and Hispanic cultures and gave them tools learning materials. Don also worked to increase for broadening their knowledge. He did this by bilingualism in Peru so that native Quechua and both personally instructing small groups of Aymara speakers could have access to the wider students, and by making his instructional mate- Hispanic world, and so that native Spanish rials available to other teachers. I was fortunate speakers would appreciate the Indian minorities. to have been one of his students in the 1980s, and I write this obituary from that perspective. Don’s expertise led to his involvement with In his introductory classes, whether taught as various UNESCO and U.S. government projects focusing on language development and literacy in Peru and elsewhere (Solá 1966a, 2001; Solá, 4 Other well-known teachers at Cornell who made important contributions to Andean anthropology or related subjects such as rural sociology or agriculture 2 Solá 1964, 1967a, 1967b, 1967c, 1975; Solá and include Robert Ascher (Death Notices, this volume, pp. Cusihuamán 1967; Solá and Escribens 1967; Solá and 15-16), Allan Richard Holmberg (Kahn et al. 1966), Billie Lastra de Suárez 1964a, 1964b; Solá and Parker 1963; Jean Isbell, Bernd Lambert (Death Notices, this volume, Solá and Tupac Yupanqui 1970. pp. 16-17), Thomas F. Lynch, Craig Morris (Lynch and Barnes 2009), John Victor Murra (Barnes 2009; Fajans et 3 Agard and Solá 1984; Solá 1954, 1967d, 1983; Solá and al. 2006), R. Brooke Thomas, H. David Thurston, and Agard 1991; Solá and Gold 1981, 1996. Frank Young. ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016) - 4 intensive summer school courses, or as lessons Don acknowledged that not everyone who spread out over a semester, he instructed ac- took his courses would learn to speak Quechua, cording to what was informally known as “The but all would learn to speak “linguistics”. By that Solá Method”. This involved the kind of direct he meant that in order to understand the pro- language-learning that is available to small nunciation system and grammar of Quechua, children–listen, imitate, memorize, and try to students had to master the special linguistic make sense of it all. During each class Don’s terminology that described them. In determin- students recited dialogues designed to build ing what was, and wasn’t, acceptable Quechua fluency. These were difficult exercises, especially speech, Don would take into account both the if one had never before studied a non-European intrinsic logic of the language as well as practice. language. There were no friendly cognates, or “People talk like the people they talk with”, he cross-applicable grammatical rules to use as would say, and I began to grasp the liberating guide-posts. The experience of a six week inten- possibilities of linguistics. Don was rigorous in sive summer course, taken in the company of getting students to develop comprehensible some very talented fellow-students, left me pronunciation, an adequate vocabulary, and permanently skeptical of the rapid language effective grammar. However, instead of incul- proficiency claims of many anthropologists, such cating a prescriptive grammar, Don explained as Margaret Mead. That skepticism has been descriptive linguistics. The modes of speech of important to me in evaluating ethnographic the outwardly poor, humble, and illiterate were material. neither better nor worse than those of well-todo educated professionals. They were what they Don’s intermediate level courses were very were, and could be appreciated and understood different. As a text he used Jorge (George) on their own terms. Furthermore, by learning Urioste’s transcription of the famous Huarochirí languages like Quechua, one could participate manuscript (Urioste 1983), an early seventeenth more directly in the lives and thought of people century account of local religion in Peru’s Sierra whose interests are often overlooked by the de Lima. Thus, in two years’ time, under Don’s wider society. This is truth that sets us free. patient direction, one could acquire familiarity with both contemporary spoken Quechua, and Although theoretically rigorous (Solá 1970, a written colonial variety. Don often said that 1971, 1986), Don never lost sight of the main his courses would not produce people who purpose of language, which is to communicate. understood Quechua well and spoke it fluently, He suggested a technique for determining one’s but would provide a basis on which to build own language prowess that I think of as the understanding. As someone who lived in “Solá Test”. Don encouraged students to “form Quechua-speaking communities before encoun- hypotheses” of what they thought was being said tering Don Solá, I had already realized that for and to say something in return. If a native speakers of Indo-European languages only, it is speaker replies in a way that seems to be a very difficult to pick up a non-Indo-European logical response to what one thinks one has said, one without good instruction. For example, I then effective communication is probably taking heard the aspirations that often come at the end place. If effective communication seems not to of words in Cusco Quechua, but I thought they be occurring, something else should be tried. I were individual idiosyncracies of pronunciation, have posed the Solá Test for myself many times, never dreaming they were important in distin- and find it a good method of self-evaluation. guishing one word from another. 5 - Barnes: Donald Solá

For all his egalitarianism, Don also had a theater and jazz. Don was a spirited dancer way of nudging students towards achievement. himself, as well as an avid and excellent trav- Although I was never a particularly good stu- eler. I miss his vibrant personality. dent of Quechua, I was able to publish a paper based on work I did for one of his classes The couple occupied a beautiful rambling (Barnes 1992) and a translation based on what Greek Revival house on the jocularly named I had learned largely from him (Pantigozo 1992). Swamp College Road in the hamlet of Jackson- I attribute much of my success in these instances ville, New York. Their artistic natures made to Don’s effectiveness. He realized that few of them sensitive to their home’s quirks. Among his students would go on to become Quechua them was its role in the Anti-Masonic Move- experts. He was, for the most part, offering a ment that blazed through upstate New York service course to agronomists, historians, inter- after the apparent murder of William Morgan in national development experts, social anthropol- 1826. As Frank Salomon has pointed out ogists, archaeologists, and others who would use (2009:91), in the nineteenth century Masonic Quechua in their work. He knew that in the lodges often served as mutual education centers. competitive milieu of Cornell, a single B+ could These naturally attracted free-thinking profes- eliminate a student talented in his field from the sionals and businessmen. Rumors developed possibility of fellowships or graduate admission. that this secret society favored its own and the Don was wise enough not to set up a situation in resentments of outsiders grew. These centered which students would avoid acquiring the skills on dissident Mason William Morgan (1774- they needed for fear of endangering their whole 1826?) of Batavia, New York. When Morgan, an career plan. He, therefore, graded students actual working stone cutter who claimed to according to his perceptions of how hard and have been initiated into the York Rite of the well they worked in relation to their natural Masonic Order, was denied admission to Bata- abilities. An A- indicated slight disappointment via’s lodges, he threatened to reveal Masonic on Don’s part, while an A+ showed that Don secrets. Morgan was abducted and apparently thought one was pushing oneself beyond one’s murdered. Morgan’s book, Illustrations of Ma- limitations. Don was one of the most supportive sonry (1827) published after his disappearance, professors I have ever had (and I have had many sparked further anti-Masonic feeling. Wide- excellent ones). “The essence of learning is spread public reaction was such that it quickly repetition”, he would say, explaining that some became unwise to display Masonic symbols in students needed more repetition than others, upstate New York. As the Solás were renovating but all could make progress. their house, they stripped away numerous layers of wallpaper and paint from the interior walls. For sixty-two years Don shared a marital When they got back to the 1820s layer of the partnership with Daphne Joyce Schuyler Solá. parlor, they discovered Masonic symbols, in- Daphne is, herself, a multi-talented individual cluding the compass and set square, stenciled who, maintains a gallery in Ithaca’s Dewitt Mall upon the walls. Don and Daphne carefully featuring her own original prints. Many of these preserved them and they made a wonderful are landscapes of Peru, or the Finger Lakes (see talking point at collegial parties. During these the example at the end of this obituary). he often served one of his culinary specialities, Daphne is also known as an accomplished the meat of a pig raised especially for him by dancer who taught students of all generations. Amish farmers. Don and Daphne shared their love of both visual and performance art, most especially ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016) - 6

In addition to his wife, Don is survived by González Holguín, Diego three of their children, Michele Solá, Cristina 1608 Vocabvlario de la lengva general de todo el Perv llamada lengva qqvichva o del Inca. Lima: Fran- Solá Hills, and Mathew Solá, as well as by sons- cisco de Canto. Republished numerous times. in-law Adrian Bennett, C. Barry Hills, and Hall, Robert A. Jr. daughter-in-law Maki Amemiya, and by five 1976 Linguistics and Language Teaching at Cornell. grandchildren, Caitlin and Nicolas Hills, and The Modern Language Journal 60(7):335-339. Octavia, Christopher, and Lucy Solá, and by his Kahn, Alfred E., Morris E. Opler, and Lauriston Sharp 1966 Allan Richard Holmberg October 15, 1909– brother Frank. October 13, 1966. Cornell University Faculty Memorial Statement. http://ecommons.library. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS cornell.edu/handle/1813/17813 (consulted 19 June 2015). The essay on John Victor Murra’s classes on Ameri- Lira, Jorge A. can archaeology published in Andean Past 9 by my fellow 1944 Diccionario kkechuwa-español. Tucuman, Argen- Cornellian, Frank Salomon, inspired my recollections of tina: Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Don Solá’s Quechua classes. I regret that my fellow Departamento de Investigaciones Regionales, student of Quechua, Elayne Zorn, did not live to contrib- Instituto de Historia, Lingüística y Folklore XII. ute to this obituary. Lynch, Thomas F. and Monica Barnes 2007 Edward Craig Morris (October 7, 1936–June 14, REFERENCES CITED 1906). Andean Past 8:61-67. Morgan, William Agard, Ferderick Browning and Donald F. Solá 1827 Illustrations of Masonry, By One of the Fraternity, 1984 The Random House Basic Dictionary: Spanish- Who Has Devoted Thirty Years to the Subject. English, English-Spanish. New York: Ballantine Rochester, New York: Privately Published. Books. Noblitt, James S., Donald F. Solá, and Willem J. A. Pet Barnes, Monica 1987 Système-D: A Writing Assistant for French. 1992 Catechisms and Confessionarios: Distorting Computer file on 5.25 inch disk. Boston: Heinie Mirrors of Andean Societies. In Andean & Heinie Publishers. Cosmologies through Time: Persistence and Emer- Pantigozo Monte, Jaime gence, edited by Robert V. H. Dover, Katharine 1992 Malika: A Quechua Story of the Andes, trans- E. Seibold, and John H. McDowell, pp. 67-94. lated by Monica Barnes. Latin American Indian Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana Uni- Literatures Journal 8(2):165-177. versity Press. Salomon, Frank 2009 John Victor Murra (August 24, 1916–October 2009 “Kinsmen Resurrected”: John Victor Murra and 16, 2006): An Interpretative Biography. With a the History of Anthropology. Andean Past 9:87- bibliography by David Block and Monica Barnes 103. Andean Past 9:1-64. Santo Thomas, Fray Domingo de Barnes, Monica and Bill Sillar 1560 Grammatica o Arte de la lengua general de los 2016 Death Notices: Robert Ascher (28 April 1931–8 Indios de los Reynos del Peru. Valladolid, Spain: January, 2014), Bernd Lambert (28 December Francisco Fernandez de Cordoua. Republished 1932–3 January, 2015), Daniel Gade (28 Sep- numerous times. tember 1936–15 June 2015), and George Bankes Solá, Donald Frederick (23 April 1945–29 June 2015). Andean Past 1954 Spanish Vest Pocket Dictionary: Spanish English, 12:15-20. English Spanish. New York: Random House. Boettcher, Judith V., editor 1958 Huanuco Kechua: The Grammar of Words and 1993 101 Success Stories of Information Technology in Phrases. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Higher Education: The Joe Wyatt Challenge. New Ithaca, New York. York: McGraw Hill. 1962 Conceptualizing and Quantifying Means and Ends Fajans, Jane, Frederic W. Gleach, John Henderson, and in Language Planning. No place or publisher Bernd Lambert given. 2006 John V. Murra: August 24, 1916–October 16, 1964 Cuzco Reader. Eric Report Number BR-5-1231-3, 2006. Cornell University Faculty Memorial Contract OEC-SAE-9513. Washington, D.C.: Statement. http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/ U.S. Department of Education, National Insti- handle/1813/17813 (consulted 19 June 2015). 7 - Barnes: Donald Solá

tute of Education, Educational Resources Infor- Solá, Donald Frederick and David Browning Agard mation Center. 1991 The Random House Basic Dictionary: Spanish- 1966a The U.N. Experimental World Literacy Programme. English, English-Spanish. New York: Ballantine. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University. Solá, Donald Frederick and Antonio Cusihuamán G. 1966b Algunos párrafos de la grámatica del quechua 1967 The Structure of Cuzco Quechua. Eric Report huanuqueño. In Cuadernos de Investigación, Number BR-5-1231-4, Contract OEC-SAE- Universidad Nacional Hermilio Valdizán, Huánuco, 9513. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Perú, Antropología 1:45-60 [parts of Chapters 1-3 Education, National Institute of Education, of Solá 1967a]. Educational Resources Information Center. 1967a Grámatica del Quechua de Huánuco. Lima: Solá, Donald Frederick and Augusto Escribens Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos [a 1967 Grámatica del quechua de Huánuco. Lima: Spanish translation of Solá 1958]. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. 1967b Spoken Cuzco Quechua. Lima: Academia de Plan de Fomento Lingüístico, Serie Gramáticas Quechua “Yachay Wasi”. 2. 1967c Quechua Language Materials Project: Guide to the Solá, Donald Frederick and David L. Gold Materials. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University. 1981 Random House Essential Spanish Dictionary. New 1967d The Random House Spanish Dictionary: Spanish- York: Ballantine. English, English-Spanish. New York: Random 1996 Random House Webster’s Pocket Spanish Dictio- House. nary: Spanish-English, English-Spanish, Español- 1970 Review of Cochabamba Quechua Syntax by Inglés, Inglés-Español. New York: Random Yolanda Lastra. American Anthropologist 72(5): House. 1160-1162. Solá, Donald Frederick and Yolanda Lastra de Suárez 1971 Review of Jaqaru by M[artha] J. Hardman. 1964a Spoken Cochabamba Quechua. Ithaca, New York: International Journal of American Linguistics Cornell University. 37(3):208-209. 1964b The Structure of Cochabamba Quechua. Ithaca, 1975 Quechua hablado del Cuzco. Ithaca, New York: New York: Cornell University. Quechua Language Materials Project, Latin Solá, Donald Frederick and Gary Parker American Studies Program, Cornell University. 1963 Spoken Ayacucho Quechua. Ithaca, New York: 1983 The Random House Spanish Dictionary: Spanish- Cornell University. English, English-Spanish; Español-Inglés, Inglés- Solá, Donald Frederick, Willem J. A. Pet, and James S. Español. New York: Random House. Noblitt 1986 Where is the Quechua Verb Phrase? In Language 1990 Salsa: Writing Assistant for Spanish. Ithaca, New in Global Perspective, edited by Benjamin F. York: InterLex Associates, Inc. Elson, pp. 395-406. Dallas: Summer Institute of Solá, Donald Frederick and Demetrio Tupac Yupanqui Linguistics. Martínez 1999a Salsera: Customizing Program for “Salsa”. Ithaca, 1970 Quechua hablado. Lima: Academia de Quechua New York: InterLex Associates, Inc. “Yachay Wasi” [A Spanish-Quechua version of 1999b WinSalsa: Building your Spanish Knowledge-Base. Spoken Cuzco Quechua]. Ithaca, New York: InterLex Associates, Inc. Solá, Donald Frederick and Rose-Marie Weber 2000a WinColega: Building your Portuguese Knowledge- 1978 La planificación educativa en países multilingues: Base. Ithaca, New York: InterLex Associates, Un informe sobre la reunión del trabajo del 14 al 20 Inc., de enero de 1978, Cuzco y Lima, Perú. Ithaca, 2000b WinFriends: Building your English Knowledge-Base. New York: Language Policy Research Program, Ithaca, New York: InterLex Associates, Inc. Department of Modern Languages and Linguis- 2001 Setting Priorities for a “World Language Initia- tics, Cornell University. tive”. In Language and Diplomacy, edited by Jovan Urioste, Jorge Kurbalija and Hannah Slavik. Msida, Malta: 1983 Hijos de Pariya Qaca: La tradición oral de Waru Diplo Projects, Mediterranean Academy of Chiri (mitología, ritual y costumbres). Syracuse Diplomatic Studies, University of Malta. University: Maxwell School of Citizenship and Solá, Donald Frederick, editor Public Affairs. 1984 Language in the Americas: Proceedings of the Ninth Weber, Rose-Marie and Donald Frederick Solá PILEI Symposium. Ithaca, New York: Language 1980 Developing Instructional Materials for a Bilingual Policy Research Program, Latin American Stud- Education Program in the Peruvian Andes. Wash- ies Program, Cornell University. ington, D.C. Eric Database of the U.S. Depart- ment of Education. ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016) - 8

Wolff, John U., Richard L. Leed, and Margarita Suñer n.d. Solá, Donald F. Individual Memorial State- ments. Ithaca, New York: Office of the Dean of Faculty, Cornell University. http://hdl.handle. net/1813/1926 (consulted 18 June 2015).

Cayuga Lake by Daphne Solá. PAULINA MERCEDES LEDERGERBER-CRESPO (18 SEPTEMBER 1945-28 SEPTEMBER 2014)

A. Jorge Arellano-López Smithsonian Institution

Paulina Mercedes Ledergerber-Crespo. Photograph courtesy of Abelardo Sandoval.

With the death of Paulina Mercedes I first met Paulina in 1988 at the symposium Ledergerber-Crespo Andean archaeology lost entitled “Americans before Columbus: Prehis- one of its preeminent South American scholars. toric South America”, sponsored by the Smith- For almost forty years, Ledergerber-Crespo was sonian Institution and the Organization of linked to the study of the pre-Hispanic cultures American States. I came to know her well in of Ecuador. Cuenca, Ecuador in 1992 at the first “Interna- tional Symposium on the Formative Period in South America”, held in honor of Betty, J.

ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016):9-14. ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016) - 10

Meggers and of Alberto Rex Gonzáles, the She had joined the Department of Anthro- eminent Argentinean archaeologist. Paulina pology of the Smithsonian Institution in 1974. took an active role in organizing this symposium There she worked as a research associate, first under the sponsorship of the Smithsonian with Clifford Evans and later with Betty J. Institution, the National Geographic Society, Meggers. Headed by Betty J. Meggers, the Latin the Organization of American States, and the American Program at the Museum of Natural Banco Central del Ecuador. The symposium was History gave Paulina the opportunity to develop a groundbreaking event for South American a broad understanding of the importance of archaeology. It was highly successful due to the collecting data and cultural findings in the field. attendance of many prestigious Andean archae- Building on her family’s long tradition, she took ologists along with emerging research scientists particular interest in the ancient cultures of and students from South America. Present were Ecuador’s Southern Andes. Her family vacations William Barse, Richard Burger, Gonzalo on the coast of Esmeraldas Province in the early Correal, Ondemar Diaz, Tom Dillehay, Marcos 1950s had exposed her to archaeological mate- Michel, Eurico Miller, Lautaro Núñez, Lucy rial lying on the beaches. This was illuminated Salazar, Daniel Sandweiss, Mario Sanoja, Calo- by her in-depth readings of works by the well- gero Santoro, Iraida Vargas, and David Wilson, known Ecuadorean scholars, Federico González among others (see Ledergerber-Crespo, editor Suaréz and Emilio Estrada. Stimulated by her 1999:21-23 for a list of participants). Their experience and study, Paulina undertook re- contributions were later gathered together in a search in the Ecuadorian archaeological collec- volume entitled Formativo sudaméricano: Una tions at the Smithsonian Institution. The first reevaluación, edited by Ledergerber-Crespo. This result was a comparison of the pottery of Ecua- book established a precedent by including dor’s Guangala culture with that of Peru’s Nasca original work by South American archaeologists. culture (Ledergerber-Crespo 1979). The second was a study of Jambelí funerary offerings found Paulina was born on 18 September 1945 in on the Ecuadorian coast (Ubelaker 1983). Cuenca, Ecuador. Her parents were Alberto Ledergerber Herrann and Raquel Crespo Toral. In addition to her work at the Smithsonian, She attended Sacred Heart schools in Cuenca Paulina Ledergerber-Crespo quickly became a and Quito. In 1977 she earned her B.A. in point of reference for Ecuadorian professionals anthropology, with a mention in archaeology, coming to the United States. Through the and a minor in Latin American Literature, from Ecuadorian Embassy, she arranged interviews the George Washington University. Paulina and meetings and introduced a broad ranging became an archaeologist at a time when few network to the Smithsonian Institution. women in her native Ecuador participated in Through her longstanding relationship with this profession. The Anthropology Department Betty J. Meggers, she was witness to the work of of the Museum of Natural History at the Smith- many scholars coming to do research there. This sonian offered her unique opportunities to fulfill interaction gave Paulina a broad understanding her professional goals. Also in 1977, she married of different points of view on archaeological Harinder S. Kholi-Anand, a World Bank profes- issues and the particular interpretations that sional from India. They established their resi- were current in each region of Latin America. dence in MacLean, Virginia. Coming from Her friendship with Meggers went beyond Ecuador, this was a major step in her life, but as archaeology and extended to concerts, opera, in all that Paulina did, where her heart led she and theater which they enjoyed together. followed. 11 - Arrellano-Lopez: Paulina Mercedes Ledergerber-Crespo

In 1981, when she was invited by the Orga- Quito. This season represented Meggers’ final nization of America States (OAS) to give a field-work, while, at the same time, it was Pauli- lecture in Quito, Ledergerber-Crespo proposed na’s first project in the southern provinces of the creation of an archaeology school in Ecua- Ecuador. dor. She recommended the establishment of a formal series of courses that would encompass Subsequently, in 1992, 2002, and 2007, with each region of her country, while also proposing the support of the Anthropology Department of the establishment of the Ecuadorian Society of the Smithsonian, Ledergerber-Crespo docu- Archaeology. This society was established in mented twelve sites in the ceja de selva or east- 1995 in Ibarra, Ecuador at the “International ern Andean cloud forest. From this body of Symposium of Archaeological Investigations of work, two sites were especially important: the Northern Area of South America” Zapas-Cuyes in the Cuyes Valley and Remanso- (Ledergerber-Crespo et al.: 1996). Sagurima in the Cachipamba Valley. The latter was previously described by Prieto (1885) as the When Lederberger-Crespo initiated her city of Logroño. Using John Murra’s vertical career, Ecuadorian archaeology was primarily archipelago model (1975, 1985) and Salomon’s focused on the prehistory of the Andean and work (1986) as her theoretical base, Paulina coastal regions. The cultures of the sub-Andean revealed the relationship between the Andean hills and lowlands near the Peruvian border Inca-Cañari and the Shuar Amazonian ethnic were little known. Over the next decades this groups. In her final research season, in 2007, her changed. Groundwork in the southern lowlands team included Ecuadorian archaeologists, along was laid by Pedro Porras in the Upano and with Dorothy Hosler (Massachusetts Institute of Pastaza River Valleys and at Los Tayos Cave Technology [MIT]), and Eduardo Reyes-Pani- (Porras 1975, 1978, 1987), by Ernesto Salazar in agua of Costa Rica (Anonymous 2007). In the Alto Upano Valley including at Huapula registering archaeological sites, Ledergerber- (Salazar 1999), by Stephen Rostain in Huapula Crespo made significant contributions to the (Rostain 1999), by Donald Collier and John chronological sequence of the region, integrat- Murra in Azuay in the southern highlands of ing data on Formative cultures with information Azuay (Collier and Murra 1943), and in Loja by about cultures from later periods, including the Jean Guffroy and colleagues (Guffroy et al. Inca-Cañari. 1987) and by Mathilde Temme (1982). With this in mind, in 1991 Lederberger-Crespo initi- Especially noteworthy is Ledergerber- ated her fieldwork in the southern, sub-Andean Crespo’s emphasis on the potential environmen- hills of Morona-Santiago and Zamora-Chin- tal challenges that could reshape this area as a chipe, supported by a National Geographic result of the introduction of open pit copper and Society grant. She established her field camp in gold mining. These would impact not only the town of Gualaquiza where she hired workers important archaeological sites but also the and assistants from the Shuar tribe. They were biodiversity and the way of life of the Shuar incredibly quick to learn and easily compre- communities. This project became her very hended the importance of this study of their special passion because she developed a bond cultural patrimony. They were especially inter- with the Shuar people and their impressive ested in cultural preservation. For this research heritage. She became an advocate for the pres- project, Ledergerber-Crespo collaborated with ervation of their éenvironment and was known Betty J. Meggers and Patricio Moncayo, an for her outspokenness on the need for preserva- archaeologist from the Catholic University in tion of the Shuar communities. Her constant ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016) - 12 writings against open pit mining in newspapers, Guffroy, Jean, Napoleón Almeida Durán, Patrice Lecoq, along with her letters to the President of the Chantal Caillavet, Francis Duverneil, Laure Emperaire, and Bernadette Arnand Constituent Assembly made her a trusted ally of 1987 Loja prehispanique: Recherches archéologiques dans indigenous peoples in Ecuador. When indige- les Andes meridionales de l’Equateur. Travaux de nous organizations undertook protest marches l’Institut Français de Études Andines 32. from their communities to Quito in 2012, they Murra, John V. went out of their way to invite Paulina to join 1975 Formaciones económicas y políticas del mundo andino. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos. them. Ledergerber-Crespo did not shy away 1985 “El Archipiélago Vertical” Revisited. In Andean from controversial issues when the future of Ecology and Civilization: An Interdisciplinary Ecuador’s patrimony was at risk. Perspective on Andean Ecological Complementarity, edited by Shozo Masuda, Izumi Shimada, and On 16 November 2011, she was inducted Craig Morris. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, pp. 3-13. into the National Academy of History of Ecua- Porras, Pedro dor. Her inaugural address was “Cañaris’ and 1975 El formativo en el valle amazónico del Ecuador: Shuars’ Ancestors: Cultural Landscapes in the Fase Pastaza. Revista de la Universidad Católica Morona–Santiago Province”, in which she 10:74-134 (Quito). suggests a strong relationship between the 1978 Arqueología de la Cueva de Los Tayos. Quito: Centro de Publicaciones, Pontificia Universidad ancestors of these two ethnic groups, starting in Católica de Ecuador. the Formative Period. 1987 Investigaciones arqueológicas a las faldas del Sangay: Tradición Upano. Quito: Centro de Investiga- At the time of her death from cancer on 28 ciones Arqueológicas, Pontificia Universidad September 2014, Lederberger-Crespo was devel- Católica de Ecuador (PUCE). Prieto, A. José oping a paper on the Inti Raymi festival in the 1885 Descripción de la provincia de los jívaros, su Cañari ethnic communities in the highlands religión, costumbres y producciones. In Varones near Cuenca. All who knew her recall Paulina ilustres de la orden sefárica en el Ecuador desde la as a generous friend with an incredible spirit and fundación de Quito hasta nuestros días, edited by love for her family, for her profession, and for Francisco María. Quito: Imprenta del Clero, pp. 63-68. her country of birth. We remember her as a very Rostain, Stephen special colleague with a keen ability to ask the 1999 Excavación en área en un montículo de Huapu- tough questions, while offering alternative la, Amazonía Ecuatoriana (Proyecto Sangay- solutions. We will also remember Paulina for her Upano). Memorias del Primer Congreso Ecuatori- ano de Antropología, Volume 3:227-256. commitment to supporting and mentoring Salomon, Frank students from both the United States and South 1986 Native Lords of Quito in the Age of the Incas: The America. She is survived by her husband, her Political Economy of North-Andean Chiefdoms. son Harpaul, and her daughter Monica. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Salazar, Ernesto 1999 De vuelta al Sangay: Investigaciones arqueoló- REFERENCES CITED gicas en el Alto Upano. Memorias del Primer Congreso Ecuatoriano de Antropología, Volume 3: Anonymous 2007 Anthropolog: Newsletter of the Department of 183-225. Temme, Mathilde Anthropology, National Museum of Natural His- tory, Fall, pp. 16-17. 1982 Excavaciones en el sitio precerámico de Cubilán, Ecuador. Miscelánea Antropólogia Ecuatoriana Collier, Donald and John V. Murra 1943 Survey and Excavations in Southern Ecuador. 2:135-164. Ubelaker, Douglas H. Fieldiana Anthropology 35(1). Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. 1983 Prehistoric Demography of Coastal Ecuador. National Geographic Research 15:695-704. 13 - Arrellano-Lopez: Paulina Mercedes Ledergerber-Crespo

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS BY AND ABOUT 2007 Hitos de la expansión científica y cultural del PAULINA MERCEDES LEDERGERBER-CRESPO Ecuador por medio de la “Smithsonian Institu- tion”. In Ecuador y Estados Unidos: Tres siglos de Published works amistad; las relaciones del Ecuador y Estados Uni- dos en contexto histórico; 7 ensayos, pp. 12-29. 1979 Comparación entre la cerámica Guangala (del Quito: United States Embassy in Ecuador. Ecuador) y Nazca (del Perú). Boletín de la Acade- 2007 Investigaciones arqueológicas en los valles del mia Nacional de Historia 52(133-134):291-360 Cantón Gualaquiza (Provincia Morona-Santi- (Quito). ago). Arqueo-Ecuatoriana blog. 1983a El orígen de más de un cuarto de siglo de arqueo-ecuatoriana.ec/en/projects-presentations/oriente investigaciones arqueológicas sobre la cultura /8-investigaciones-arqueologicas-en-los-valles-del-canto Valdivia. Boletín de la Academia de Historia n-gualaquiza-provincia-morona-santiago (consulted 26 45:139-140 (Quito). November 2014). 1983b Tesis en antropología ecuatoriana aprobadas por 2008 Sur oriente Ecuador: Apropiación de paisajes a universidades del Canada y los Estados Unidos. partir del Período Formativo Temprano. Miscelá- Miscelánea Antropológia Ecuatoriana 3:213-217. nea Antropológica Ecuatoriana: La Cultura Valdiv- 1984 Point-Counterpoint, Ecuador Revisited Plantea- ia y el Proceso Formativo Ecuatoriano. Segunda miento para proponer el desarrollo de la época 1(1):131-135. arqueología de rescate en América Latina. Ledergerber-Crespo, Paulina Mercedes, editor Boletín de Antropología Américana 10:109-117. 1999 Formativo sudaméricano: Una reevaluación. 1986 Tesis en antropología y arqueología ecuatoriana Quito: ABYA-YALA. Available on-line at: aprobadas por universidades en Canada y Esta- https://repository.unm.edu/handle/1928/11705 (Consulted dos Unidos. Miscelánea Antropológia Ecuatoriana 12 December 2014). 6:189-191. Ledergerber-Crespo, Paulina Mercedes and Betty J. 1992 El Uso de la coca durante el período de Desa- Meggers rrollo Regional en el Ecuador. In Prehistoria 2009 El rescate de la cultura. In Hernán Crespo-Toral, Sudaméricana: Nuevas Perspectivas, edited by edited by Carlos Pallares-Sevilla and Alfonso Betty J. Meggers, pp. 369-381. Washington D.C.: Ortíz, pp. 335-346. Quito: Fondo de Salvamento Taraxacum. del Patrimonio Cultural-Trama Ediciones. 1995 Factores geográficos en la localización de sitios Ledergerber-Crespo, Patricio Moncayo, and José Eche- arqueológicos: El caso de Morona-Santiago, verría A. Ecuador. In: Cultura y medio ambiente en el area 1996 Point-Counterpoint, First Point: Archaeology in andina septentrional, edited by Mercedes Guinea, Ecuador. SAA Bulletin 14(3). Jean-François Bouchard, and Jorge Marcos, pp. http://www.saa.org/Portals/0/SAA/publications/SAAbull 127-148. Quito: Ediciones ABYA- YALA. etin/14-3/SAA6.html (accessed 4 February 2015) 1997 Implicaciones de las ofrendas en cementerios Ledergerber-Crespo, Paulina Mercedes, E. Reyes-Pani- Jambelí, en la costa de Ecuador. Sarance 24:99- agua, and Patricio Tapia-Sarmiento 118. 2009 Gualaquiza: Síntesis prehistórica del cantón. In 1999 Homenaje a Alberto Rex González y Betty J. Los Valores Humanos, pp. 1-11. Boletín del Meggers. In Formativo Sudaméricano, Una Municipio de Gualaquiza 1:11. Reevaluación, edited by Paulina Ledergerber- Ledergerber-Crespo, Paulina Mercedes and Patricio Crespo, pp. 9-19. Quito: Ediciones ABYA- Tapia-Sarmiento YALA. 2010 Cuyes y Cuchipamba: Nuevos datos arqueoló- 2004 Ecuador: Uno con el sol y la luna. In: Simbolismo gicos sobre la complejidad social de los señoríos y ritual en los Andes septentrionales, edited by Cañari. International Journal of South American Mercedes Guinea, pp. 127-149. Quito: Ediciones Archaeology 7:55-70. ABYA-YALA. 2006 Ecuador amazónico-andino: Apropiación de Unpublished papers paisajes y relaciones culturales. In Pueblos y paisajes antiguos de la selva amazónica, edited by Ledergerber-Crespo, Paulina Mercedes Gaspar Morcote, Santiago Mora, and Carlos 1991 Implicaciones culturales de las ofrendas en el Franky Calvo, pp. 131-156. Bogotá: Universidad cementerio de San Lorenzo del Mate, Península Nacional de Colombia and Washington, D.C.: de Santa Elena, Ecuador. Ponencia al Simposio Taraxacum. Arqueología y Etnohistoria del Sur de Colombia y Norte de Ecuador, coordinated by Mercedes ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016) - 14

Guinea. 47 Congreso Internacional de Ameri- canistas, New Orleans, Louisiana. 1992 Informe preliminar de la Expedición Arqueoló- gica a Morona–Santiago de Agosto de 1991. Quito: Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cul- tural. 1994 Informe del progreso de las investigaciones arqueológicas, 1992-1994, en la Provincia Morona– Santiago. Quito: Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural. 2011 Los ancestros Cañari y Shuar: Una aproximación desde la arqueología. Discurso de incorporación a la Academia Nacional de Historia de Ecuador, Quito. Ledergerber-Crespo, Paulina Mercedes and Martha Cappelletti 1986 Ecuador in Precolumbian America: The Hub of the Hemisphere. Proyecto de Exposición Iti- nerante del Ecuador. Washington, D.C.: Smith- sonian Archives. Ledergerber-Crespo, Paulina Mercedes, Janet Douglas, and Robert Issac 2003 Hacha de Gualaquiza: Informe de Laboratorio para el Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cul- tural, Quito. Ledergerber-Crespo, Paulina Mercedes and Amelia Logan 2007 Gualaquiza County, S. E. Ecuador: Settlement Patterns Starting in the Early Formative Period. Paper presented at the 26th Northeast Confer- ence on Andean Archaeology and Ethnohistory, Paulina Mercedes Ledergerber-Crespo in the field. Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York. Ledergerber-Crespo, Paulina Mercedes and Patricio Tapia-Sarmiento 2008 Bronce del sureste ecuatoriano: Las hachas ceremoniales de Gualaquiza y sus repercusiones. Paper presented at the III Congreso Ecuatoriano de Antropología y Arqueología: Ecuador, Territorio de contacto y convergencias significa- tivas del pasado y presente. Guayaquil, October 6-10.

Obituaries

Arellano-López, Jorge A. 2015 Paulina Mercedes Ledergerber-Crespo. Chun- gara 47(2):197-200. DEATH NOTICES design of archaeological experiments and on ethnographic analogy is still cited. Compiled by Monica Barnes and Bill Sillar In 1960 Bob became an assistant professor in Robert Ascher (28 April 1931–8 January Cornell University’s Anthropology Department. 2014) He spent his whole career at that institution, being promoted to associate professor in 1963 Bob Ascher possessed one of the most and to full professor in 1966. In 2002 he was creative minds in anthropology. He grew up in appointed professor emeritus. Far Rockaway, a seaside neighborhood in New York City’s borough of Queens. His undergradu- In the course of his intellectual development ate education was at Queens College. Early in Bob moved from conventional scientific presen- his career Bob established himself as a leader in tation of results to more humanistic approaches. experimental archaeology with a doctoral disser- This culminated with his report, written with tation submitted to the University of California, Charles H. Fairbanks, on the excavation of a Los Angeles entitled The Nature of the Imitative nineteenth century Cumberland Island, Georgia Experiment in Archaeology (1960). Some of its slave cabin, published in 1971 in Historical salient points are summarized in his article, Archaeology. The article integrates standard “Experimental Archaeology”, published the next archaeological presentation and scientific analy- year in American Anthropologist. Bob did not ses of soils and artifacts with slave narratives invent the idea of testing archaeological inter- and other written sources, to forge an integrated pretations by experimenting with similar mod- and moving whole. Bob considered this work ern materials. As he, himself, pointed out, such the pinnacle of his career in archaeology and activities were carried out as early as the nine- decided to do something quite different after- teenth century. Nevertheless, Bob was one of wards. He shifted to visual anthropology, focus- the first people to critique and develop such ing on sculpture and cinema. He developed a assays. method of camera-less animation by painting directly on film. With this technique he pro- Even before Bob completed his dissertation, duced award-winning short films including Cycle his article,“A Prehistoric Population Estimate (1986), Bar Yohai (1987), Blue, A Tlingit Odys- Using Midden Analysis and Two Population sey (1991), and The Golem (1995). Cycle is Models” was republished as a Bobbs-Merrill based on a non-sacred myth of the Wulamba of reprint (1959). “Analogy in Archaeological Northeastern Australia. Bar Yohai honors Shi- Interpretation” was also reprinted by Bobbs- mon Bar Yohai who, according to popular belief, Merrill (1961). “Ethnography for Archeology: A wrote the Zohar, the main Kabbalah text of Case from the Seri Indians” has been incorpo- Jewish mysticism. It incorporates symbols recall- rated into the Human Relations Area Files. ing how the world started and keeps going. Blue is a rendering of an odyssey from the Tlingit In 1970, in American Antiquity, he reported people who live in southeastern Alaska. A on his long-range experiment aimed at shedding golem, according to Hebrew tradition, is a light on what happens within archaeological threatening artificial person animated by magic. sites from abandonment to excavation. Ascher These films have been screened at a large num- built a structure in order to observe what hap- ber of festivals and are still distributed. They are pened within it over time. Ascher’s work on the in the permanent collections of the Museum of Modern Art, the New Zealand National Art

ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016):15-20. ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016) - 16

Gallery, New York City’s Jewish Museum, and Bernd Lambert (28 December 1932–3 Janu- the Israel Film Archive. These films were the ary 2015) subject of a presentation by Kathryn Ramey at the international symposium, “New Visions: Bernd Lambert (né Levy) was born in Frank- Experimental Film, Art and Anthropology” held furt, Germany but lived as a small child in Sofia, at the Musée du Quai Branly in Paris in March Bulgaria until 1941, when he immigrated to the of 2012. United States with his parents and sister. Ger- man troops had invaded and Bernd’s family fled It was as an undergraduate at Queens Col- eastward, first traveling on the Trans-Siberian lege that Robert Ascher met his wife and col- Railroad and then by ship to San Francisco. He league, mathematician Marcia Ascher (1935– received both his bachelor’s degree (1954) and 2013). Andeanists are familiar with their book his doctorate (1963) in anthropology from the The Code of the Quipu (1981, updated in 1997). University of California at Berkeley where This was the first major advance in understand- Andeanist John H. Rowe was among his teaching Andean knot records since Leslie Leland ers. Bernd’s university studies were interrupted Locke’s The Ancient Quipu (1923), and is a by a stint in U.S. military intelligence in Ger- foundation of later work by Galen Brokaw, many. After a post-doctoral fellowship at the Sabine Hyland, Frank Solomon, Gary Urton, University of Pittsburgh, where he had contact and others. Bob and Marcia were also early with the prominent anthropologist and kinship developers of computer applications to archaeol- specialist George Peter Murdock, he was ap- ogy (“Chronological Ordering by Computer”, pointed to the faculty at Cornell University. He American Anthropologist, 1963). Ascher kept up taught there from 1964 until his retirement as his knowledge of ancient South American professor emeritus in 2003, having been pro- cultures. He contributed to Andean Past by moted to full professor in 1979. He remained providing insightful peer reviews of papers engaged with the department until his death. submitted to us. Bernd was primarily an Oceanist. He did his Bob will be remembered by colleagues and anthropological field-work in what was the students for the innovation and enthusiasm he Gilbert and Ellice Islands (now Kiribati). His brought to teaching, research, and artistic dissertation is entitled Rank and Ramage in the production. Many students considered his Northern Gilbert Islands. After earning his doc- courses to be the most interesting ones they had torate he continued research into Ocean- ever taken. Although it’s been almost thirty ian/Micronesian kinship and linguistics. Among years since I audited his course on American his important papers are “Fosterage in the Indians in Hollywood films, I still retain many of Northern Gilbert Islands” (Ethnology 1964) and his insights. Bob was a warm, generous, and “The Uses of Kinship Terms and Personal humorous man who will continue to be missed Names in the Gilbert Islands” (presented at the by many. An obituary of Robert Ascher was 1968 meeting of the American Anthropological published in the Ithaca Journal on 9 January Association). 2014. (M.B.) Like his Cornell colleague John Victor Murra (see Andean Past 9), Bernd was initially most interested in Africa. However, funding was only available for field-work in Oceania, so that is where Bernd went, just as John Murra con- 17 - Barnes and Sillar: Death Notices centrated on the Andes in part for reasons of On-line obituaries of Bernd appear on the funding and permits. following web sites:

For years Bernd was surrounded by Andean- Ithaca Journal from January 6-10, 2015 ists, including Murra, Billie Jean Isbell, Thomas http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theithacajou F. Lynch, Craig Morris, and Donald Solá (for rnal/obituary.aspx?pid=173738467 (accessed 19 the latter see this volume of Andean Past), and June 2015). their students. Bernd supported Andean studies, particularly in his long-time role as graduate Cornell Chronicle, January 9, 2015, by H. Roger field coordinator. His article “Bilaterality in the Segelken Andes” in Andean Kinship and Marriage, edited http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2015/01/ by Ralph Bolton and Enrique Mayer and pub- cornell-anthropologist-bernd-lambert-dies-82 lished in 1977, is an important contribution to (accessed 19 June 2015). Andean studies and is still in print in Spanish. With Robert Smith, he also taught the first Cornell Daily Sun by Sofia Hu, January 21, 2015 courses on North America to be offered by the http://cornellsun.com/blog/2015/01/21/profess Cornell Anthropology Department and was a or-emeritus-dies-at-82-after-40-years-at -cornell/ founding member of Cornell’s American Indian (accessed 39 June 2015). Program. Anthropology News Bernd was a voracious reader with a photo- http://www.anthropology-news.org/index.php/ graphic memory. He could talk knowledgeably 2015/03/10/bernd-lambert/ (accessed 31 March with anyone on almost any subject. Dan Sand- 2015). weiss once heard him hold an in-depth discus- sion about bat biology with a biology doctoral A two hour interview of Bernd Lambert by student and Monica Barnes heard him digress Mark Turin was conducted on 31 August 2004 on hand knitting. He was thus a great resource as part of the World Oral Literature Project. It for grad students, for whom he cared deeply. is posted on YouTube at: https://www. Dan owes him a personal debt, not only as a youtube.com/watch?v=Dcewd3PUyNo friend during his student years, but also for (accessed 18 June 2015). admitting him unilaterally to the doctoral pro- (M.B.) gram at Cornell. In typical Bernd fashion, he got enthusiastic when interviewing Dan and told Daniel W. Gade (28 September 1936–15 him he was in, without having consulted the June 2015) rest of the committee. Bernd was a unique individual and it is sad to lose him. Daniel W. Gade was a geographer who made important contributions to our under- Bernd is survived by his sister, Marion standing of the ecology and traditional agricul- Lambert Brackett, of Oakland, California; his tural of the Andes. He was born in Niagara nephews; David Brackett of Montreal; Joe Falls, New York and died in Williston, Vermont. Pachinko of Ching Mai, Thailand; Charles He received his B.A. degree from Valparaiso Brackett of Oakland, California; and his grand- University in Indiana in 1959, an M.A. from the niece Sophie Barg Brackett and grand-nephew University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana in Frederick Barg Brackett, both of Montreal. 1960, and an M.S. from the University of Wis- consin, Madison followed by a Ph.D. from that ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016) - 18 institution in 1967. He began teaching at the (1975), that is an essential handbook of plants University of Vermont in 1966 as one of four grown in that important part of the old Inca young geographers who established that subject realm. In 1999 Gade published Nature and there. This was particularly remarkable because, Culture in the Andes, a collection of essays en- at the time, many colleges and universities were compassing topics such as urban environmental closing their geography departments. Gade change, disease ecology, food plant biodiversity, taught courses in cultural geography, cultural and the relations between people and their ecology, and the geography of Latin America, landscapes. In Curiosity, Inquiry, and the Geo- often working in cooperation with anthropolo- graphical Imagination (2011) Gade muses on gists. He also taught a popular course on the shamans and scholars, the Romantic imagina- geography of wine. In 1999 he retired as a tion, and the geographer Carl Sauer’s web of professor emeritus but remained active until influence. The conclusion of this book is enti- shortly before his death. Illness prevented him tled “The Long Journey to Scholarly Enchant- from delivering the keynote address at the 33rd ment”. Gade never lost his sense of wonder. Northeast Conference on Andean Archaeology Shortly before his death he submitted another and Ethnohistory held at the University of book length manuscript to a publisher, this one Vermont in October 2014. called Spell of the Urubamba.

Gade assumed administrative roles, serving Gade has about two hundred shorter publi- as chairman of the University of Vermont’s cations to his credit, including some fifty book Latin American and Caribbean Studies Program reviews, a slim volume on Madagascar written and, from 1980 to 1981, he was the overseas for the American Geographical Society (1996), director of the Vermont Overseas Study Pro- and numerous book chapters and articles in gram at the Université de Nice (France). An scholarly journals. Among those relevant to the enthusiastic field researcher, he undertook Andes are “Achira, the Edible Canna, Its Culti- projects in Latin America, Europe, Madagascar, vation and Use in the Peruvian Andes” in Ethiopia, and Québec. Economic Botany (1966); “The Guinea Pig in Andean Folk Culture” in Geographical Review The importance of his research in Latin (1967); “Ethnobotany of Cañihua (Chenopodium America is reflected in the wide financial sup- pallidicale), Rustic Seed Crop of the Altiplano” port that it received. Gade was the recipient of in Economic Botany (1970); “Regional Isolation grants from the National Academy of Sciences of Ayacucho, A City in the Peruvian Andes” in National Research Council, the U.S. Office of the Yearbook of Pacific Coast Geographers (1972); Naval Research, the Social Science Research “Village Settlement and the Colonial Legacy in Council, the American Council of Learned Southern Peru” (with Mario Escobar) in Geo- Societies, the National Geographic Society, the graphical Review (1982); “Landscape, System, government of Spain, the Fulbright Commis- and Identity in the Post-Conquest Andes” sion, and the University of Vermont. In 1998- published in the Annals of the American Associa- 1999 the University of Vermont designated him tion of Geographers (1992); “Names for Manihot a University Scholar in the Social Sciences and esculenta: Geographical Variation and Lexical Humanities. In 2000 he was a residential fellow Clarification” in Journal of Latin American Geog- at the Camargo Foundation in Cassis, France. raphy (2002); “Tapir Magic in the Andes and its Shamanic Origins” in Journal of Latin American Early field-work resulted in a book, Plants, Lore (2003); and “Albert A. Giesecke (1883- Man, and the Land in the Vilcanota Valley of Peru 1968): A Philadelphian in the Land of the 19 - Barnes and Sillar: Death Notices

Incas” in Expedition (2006). For many years he America, partly from reading the “explorations” was the U.S. correspondent for the Bibliographie of Colonel Percy Fawcett. Geographique Internationale and was an editor of the Library of Congress’s Handbook of Latin For his undergraduate degree he went to American Studies. Worcester College, Oxford University to study Philosophy, Politics, and Economics. Although Gade was the 1993 recipient of the Ameri- many who obtain this degree in Oxford go on to can Geographical Society’s Robert Netting careers in politics, business, or journalism, Award in recognition of research that bridged George’s primary passion remained archaeology. the fields of geography and anthropology. While studying for his degree, he participated in Oxford University’s Archaeological Society. He Daniel Gade is survived by his wife of many became the society’s president, and, in 1964, years, Mary Scott Killgore Gade, his son, Chris- worked on Kathleen Kenyon’s excavations in topher Pierre Gade, his granddaughter Skyler Jerusalem. In England he dug at Winchester. Scott Gade, and his sisters Elaine Birtch and Nevertheless, his strongest interests remained in Barbara Thompson. One of his last requests was South American archaeology, which, at that that some of his ashes be buried on Camel’s time, was not being taught in the United King- Hump in Vermont and in an Inca terrace in the dom, so he went to study for a year at the Uni- Urubamba Valley. versity of California at Berkeley, working with John Rowe and Dorothy Menzel on sequencing An obituary of Daniel W. Gade was pub- ceramic collections there. It was at Berkeley lished in the Burlington Free Press on June 18, that he developed his interest in Moche pottery. 2015 and posted on-line at: He returned to England to study for a Ph.D. http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/burlingtonfr at the Institute of Archaeology in London under eepress/obituary-search.aspx?daterange=180 Warwick Bray. Bray had just been appointed as &firstname=Daniel&lastname=Gade&count the first Lecturer in Latin American Archaeol- ryid=1&stateid=60&affiliateid=2506 (ac- ogy in the U.K. George based his doctorate on cessed 1 July 2015). field-work he conducted within the Chan Chan (M.B.) project directed by Michael E. Moseley. In 1969 George married Catherine (née Chadwick), a George H.A. Bankes (23 April 1945–29 June Cambridge classicist whom he met in the school 2015) archaeological society. Catherine joined George in Trujillo where she nobly contributed to the George H. A. Bankes was born on St. Chan Chan project as secretary, and by washing George’s Day, the feast of England’s patron interminable amounts of pottery sherds. George saint. He died shortly after a diagnosis of bone completed his doctorate on Moche in 1971, and cancer. George’s passion for archaeology devel- went on to write Peru before Pizarro, a useful oped early. In the late 1950’s he joined an general introduction to Andean archaeology. In inspiring school archaeological society in Bol- 1994 George began ethnographic research with ton, England, with long trips to the Saxon modern potters, focusing first on North Coast Shore, Offa’s Dyke, and the Hadrian and Anto- potters from Mórrope and Simbilá, comparing nine Walls in Britain, and to the Roman Limes their paddle and anvil production techniques to (frontier forts) in Germany. However, even in those used by ancient Moche ceramicists. From his teens his interests were drawn to South 1997 he worked with potters in Ecuador. ANDEAN PAST 12 (2016) - 20

In 1971 George was appointed Keeper of seum professions. His thoughtful and detailed Ethnography at the Brighton Museum, launch- comments on our writing and activities, where ing their first major ethnographic display. At the his kind words always softened any critical same time, he contributed to the cataloguing commentary, will be sadly missed. and display of Moche pottery at the British (B.S.) Museum. In 1980 he became Keeper of Ethnog- raphy at the Manchester Museum, within the SELECTED WORKS BY GEORGE H.A. BANKES University of Manchester, where he stayed until 1971 Some Aspects of the Moche Culture. Ph.D. disser- his retirement in 2003. George developed the tation, Institute of Archaeology, University of Living Cultures Gallery at Manchester Museum, London. which opened in October 2003. This combined 1972 Settlement Patterns in the Lower Moche Valley, archaeological and ethnographic objects with North Peru, with Special Reference to the Early accounts from originating communities, pre- Horizon and Early Intermediate Period. In: Man, Settlement and Urbanism, edited by Peter J. Ucko, sented under four headings “Out of Clay”, Ruth Tringham, and G. W. Dimbleby, pp. 903- “Weapons and Armour”, “Cloth and Clothing”, 908. London: Duckworth. and “Masks and Carvings”. Where possible, 1977 Peru before Pizarro. Oxford: Phaidon. George communicated with source communities 1980 Moche Pottery from Peru. London: British Mu- about how the objects and photographs were seum. 1984 Peruvian Pottery in the Manchester Museum. In being used in the museum display, sending out Current Archaeological Projects in the Central images and printed material relating to exhibi- Andes: Some Approaches and Results, edited by tions, and eliciting responses. The “Living Cul- Ann Kendall, pp. 19-44. Oxford: British Archae- tures” Exhibition brought a new approach to ological Reports International Series 210. Manchester Museum, and George’s display and 1985 The Manufacture and Circulation of Paddle and Anvil Pottery on the North Coast of Peru. World collections continue to be used to explore issues Archaeology 17:269-277. of cultural identity. George was a founding 1988 Paddle and Anvil Potters on the North Coast of member of the Museum Ethnographers Group, Peru. In: Recent Studies in Pre-Columbian Archae- in which he remained active after retirement, ology, edited by Nicholas J. Saunders and Olivier pursuing his interest in issues of museum prac- de Montmollin, pp. 545-563. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 421. tice and ethics. 1989 Peruvian Pottery. Princes Risborough, England: Shire Press. After retirement George suffered from a rare 1995 Peruvian Pots, Crafts and Foreigners. Journal of neurological condition which meant he was Museum Ethnography 7:1-16. confined to a wheelchair and gradually lost the 2003 Modern Potters using Prehispanic Technology in North Peru and Southern Ecuador. In: Colec- use of his voice. For a man who enjoyed walk- ciones Latinoamericanas/Latin American Collec- ing and visiting sites, as well as detailed discus- tions: Essays in Honour of Ted J. J. Leyenaar, sions, these were terrible setbacks. However, edited by Dorus Kop Jansen and Edward K. de George had huge strength of will, as well as good Bock, pp. 175-184. Leiden: Tell. 2006 From Explorers and Encounters to Living Cul- humor, and with the aid of his wife, his daughter tures. Journal of Museum Ethnography 18:23-36. Mary Jane, and his son Ralph, George took his Bankes, George H. A. and Elizabeth Baquedano wheelchair on extensive travels throughout 1992 Sanuq and Toltecatl: Pre-Columbian Arts of Middle Europe. Although he was not able to return to and South America. Manchester, England: Man- South America, he used his computer to com- chester Museum. municate by sound and text, so that he remained an articulate and generous support to many of us working in the Andes and in mu-