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Genre, Database, and the Anatomy of the Digital Archive Elizabeth J

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Genre, Database, and the Anatomy of the Digital Archive Elizabeth J Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons English Theses & Dissertations English Spring 2010 Genre, Database, and the Anatomy of the Digital Archive Elizabeth J. Vincelette Old Dominion University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/english_etds Part of the American Literature Commons, Archival Science Commons, and the Digital Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Vincelette, Elizabeth J.. "Genre, Database, and the Anatomy of the Digital Archive" (2010). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), dissertation, English, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/skmz-xe25 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/english_etds/6 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the English at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GENRE, DATABASE, AND THE ANATOMY OF THE DIGITAL ARCHIVE by Elizabeth J. Vincelette B.A. May 1992, University of Virginia M.A. August 2006, Old Dominion University A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ENGLISH OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY May 2010 Approved by •^Amanda Gailey (Member) -^ David S. Roh (Member) ABSTRACT GENRE, DATABASE, AND THE ANATOMY OF THE DIGITAL ARCHIVE Elizabeth J. Vincelette Old Dominion University, 2010 Director: Dr. Jeffrey H. Richards The purpose of this study was to define shared characteristics of literary digital archives, specifically to explore how conceptual and structural qualities of such archives express generic qualities. In order to describe digital media such as database or digital archives, scholars resort to metaphors, and this study offers the metaphor of anatomy as a generic inscription with historical and methodological implications. The definition of the anatomy genre draws from Northrop Frye's in Anatomy of Criticism, in which Frye describes how anatomies are characterized by proliferating lists, the mixing of prose and non-prose forms, and self-reflexivity—under the guise of knowledge accrual, investigation, and discovery. Criticism from digital humanities, new media, historiography, literature, and archival studies informed this research, in particular critical theory on genre and epistemology, and research on physical and digital archives. Because the definitions we apply to our digital technologies are under development, this dissertation participates in the overall emergence of terms in digital humanities theory. Several case studies analyzed the interface and underlying structures of four literary digital archives to consider how they represent the material past, and how design of visual elements and functionality manifest characteristics of the anatomy genre. The case studies suggest that literary websites, exhibits, and archives participate in the anatomy genre, but that some sites are more "anatomical" than others, and some sites do not align with the genre at all. The ability to designate a digital project as an anatomy depends more on encyclopedism, detailism, and its continual updating, than on any other factors. In addition, my own experience constructing a literary digital archive from historical manuscripts informs this investigation of genre, in particular my role as the researcher-archivist and how identity affects my approach to the archive. Historically, metacommentary has always been part of the anatomy genre, and this study positions methodological criticism as an expression of metacommentary. The study concludes by considering the implications of literary digital archives for scholarship and research, including effects of power, institutional impact, and the profession of "English" itself, especially in light of the anatomy genre's tendency towards proliferation and unfinishability. iv For Jeffrey H. Richards, whose wisdom and ideas will continue to guide me. V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Jeffrey H. Richards for his understanding, patience, advice, and friendship during my graduate studies at Old Dominion. His mentorship has provided me the courage to bring my ideas into being, and his inspiration shows on nearly every page of this work. The opportunity I have had to develop my thinking has enabled me to negotiate the excitement, stress, and pleasures of creating this project. I would also like to gratefully and sincerely thank the members of my committee for their guidance during this writing process, including Dr. Amanda Gailey, Dr. Kathie Gossett, and Dr. David Roh. Your feedback on this project has helped me focus this project and create a product that has helped me grow as a scholar. At this time when scholarship in this field of digital humanities is emergent, I relied upon your collective knowledge to strengthen my work. I would also like to thank my friends and colleagues who have worked with me at the Patricia W. and J. Douglas Perry Library, especially Sonia Yaco, University Archivist and Special Collections Librarian, and Karen Vaughan, Digital Services Librarian. I could not have done this work without your instruction and help. Additionally, I would like to thank the National Women's History museum for permission to use images from their web site Women With a Deadline, Dr. Ed Whitley for permissions to use images from the site The Vault at Pfaff's, Dr. Felicia Carr for permissions to use images from the site American Women's Dime Novels, and Dr. Alan Liu for permissions to use images from Voice of the Shuttle. vi Finally, I would like to thank my husband Chad and my children. Their support, encouragement, patience, and tolerance helped me have the time I needed to devote to a project of this size. I also thank my mother, Lorraine, and Chad's parents, Liza and Paul, whose help enabled me to survive the schedule challenges of graduate school. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. GENRE AND THE ANATOMY: THEORIES OF PHYSICAL AND DIGITAL ARCHIVES 1 INTRODUCTION 1 DIGRESSIONS, DETAIL, AND NARRATIVE 16 ANATOMIZING THE ARCHIVE 28 REPRESENTATION, ANATOMY, IRONY, AND MYTH 31 II. DETAILISM: ANATOMIZING THE ARCHIVAL BODY 41 ANATOMY OF THE VIRTUAL BODY 41 ANATOMIZING MATERIALITY: DETAIL, DISCOVERY, AND READING 59 THE DECEPTION OF PERCEPTION 73 III. METHODOLOGY: PERFORMING AN ANATOMY 78 INTRODUCTION 78 SOCIAL ACTION, GENRE, AND RECOVERY 84 RESEARCH NARRATIVE: THE ANATOMIST'S STORY 87 PRACTICAL MATTERS: COLLABORATION 100 IV. CASE STUDIES: ANATOMIZING DESIGN 106 INTRODUCTION 106 CASE STUDY 1: WOMEN WITH A DEADLINE 117 CASE STUDY 2: VOICE OF THE SHUTTLE 125 CASE STUDY 3: THE AMERICAN WOMEN'S DIME NOVEL PROJECT 134 CASE STUDY 4: THE VAULT AT PFAFF'S 141 IMPLICATIONS FOR CASE STUDIES 147 V. CONCLUSION: ENDING THE ANATOMY 156 THE DIGITAL ANATOMY'S PROMISE 156 THE DIGITAL ANATOMY'S DREAM 162 THE DIGITAL ANATOMY'S LIMITATION 168 COSTS OF THE UTOPIA 174 REFERENCES 179 VITA 196 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Portion of a TEI header 53 2. Portion of a TEI header showing where information can be changed 54 3. Example of a schema showing a portion of a customized file to be used for the TEI for manuscripts for this dissertation project 56 4. Portion of a TEI file of a letter in a browser after CSS has been applied 60 5. Page from the Omeka site for the entire collection 103 6. Page from Independent Women using Dreamweaver 104 7. Sidebar with categories that resemble book chapters 120 8. The look of typewriter keys for navigation buttons 120 9. Use of page numbering 121 10. Typewriter keys and a nostalgic look 121 11. Voice of the Shuttle banner with its cloth-like design 127 12. Links of Voice of the Shuttle with names of editors and institutions 129 13. Explanatory diagram to help user understand site structure 131 14. Contents sidebar found on each page of Voice of the Shuttle 132 15. Button on each page that invites contributions from users 132 16. Banner for the dime novels site 135 17. Overview of archives containing dime novels in the United States 137 18. Sidebar with the main pages of the dime novels project 138 19. Tabbed browsing 144 ix Figure Page 20. Searching available from the Biographies page 145 21. Searching available from the Works page 145 22. Searching issues of The Saturday Evening Press 145 1 CHAPTER I GENRE AND ANATOMY: THEORIES OF PHYSICAL AND DIGITAL ARCHIVES INTRODUCTION This dissertation examines how literary digital archives manifest generic qualities and theorizes on the construction of a literary digital archive. The theoretical and creative acts required by the journey of an archival collection from print to digital reflect genre, as well as relationships between digital archival methodology and existing generic forms. Because the definitions we apply to our digital technologies, unlike those we apply to print, are underdeveloped and under development, this work participates in the overall emergence of terms in the study of digital humanities; therefore, this dissertation addresses the need for a stable terminology while developing the definition of the database genre. Digital archives engage in epistemological formations of literary and textual history, and despite the widespread use and creation of digital archives, little has been written about the methodology of creating a database from the perspective of English studies. Relevant literature for this research will focus on three major areas: critical theory on genre and epistemology; research on physical and digital archives in historical
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