Bipolar Disorder and Depression in Childhood and Adolescence
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A Review of Effective ADHD Treatment Devin Hilla Grand Valley State University, [email protected]
Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Honors Projects Undergraduate Research and Creative Practice 12-2015 Changing Behavior, Brain Differences, or Both? A Review of Effective ADHD Treatment Devin Hilla Grand Valley State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Hilla, Devin, "Changing Behavior, Brain Differences, or Both? A Review of Effective ADHD Treatment" (2015). Honors Projects. 570. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/honorsprojects/570 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Research and Creative Practice at ScholarWorks@GVSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@GVSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Running Head: EFFECTIVE ADHD TREATMENT 1 Changing Behavior, Brain Differences, or Both? A Review of Effective ADHD Treatment Devin Hilla Grand Valley State University Honors Senior Thesis EFFECTIVE ADHD TREATMENT 2 Abstract Much debate exists over the proper course of treatment for individuals with attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin) and amphetamine (e.g., Adderall), have been shown to be effective in managing ADHD symptoms. More recently, non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine (e.g., Strattera), clonidine (e.g., Kapvay), and guanfacine (e.g., Intuniv), have provided a pharmacological alternative with potentially lesser side effects than stimulants. Behavioral therapies, like behavioral parent training, behavioral classroom management, and behavioral peer interventions, have shown long-term benefits for children with ADHD; however, the success of the short-term management of ADHD symptoms is not as substantial when compared with stimulant medications. -
The Effect of Methylphenidate on Social Cognition and Oxytocin in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
www.nature.com/npp ARTICLE The effect of methylphenidate on social cognition and oxytocin in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder This article has been corrected since Advance Online Publication and a correction is also printed in this issue Orit Levi-Shachar1,2, Hila Z. Gvirts 3, Yiftach Goldwin2, Yuval Bloch1,2, Simone Shamay-Tsoory4, Orna Zagoory-Sharon5, Ruth Feldman 5 and Hagai Maoz1,2 The current study aimed to explore the possible effect of stimulants on oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide which regulates social behavior, as a mediator of the pro-social effect of methylphenidate (MPH) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to healthy controls (HCs). Utilizing a double-blind placebo-controlled design, we compared the performance of 50 children with ADHD and 40 HCs in “theory of mind” (ToM) tasks and examined the effect of a single dose of MPH/placebo on ToM and salivary OT levels in children with ADHD at baseline and following an interpersonal interaction. Children with ADHD displayed significantly poorer ToM performance; however, following MPH administration, their performance normalized and differences between children with ADHD and HC were no longer found. Salivary OT levels at baseline did not differ between children with ADHD and HCs. However, after a parent–child interaction, OT levels were significantly higher in the HC group compared to children with ADHD. Administration of MPH attenuated this difference such that after parent–child interaction differences in OT levels between children with ADHD and HC were no longer found. In the ADHD group, OT levels decreased from administration of placebo to the parent–child interaction. -
The Clinical Picture of Depression in Preschool Children
The Clinical Picture of Depression in Preschool Children JOAN L. LUBY, M.D., AMY K. HEFFELFINGER, PH.D., CHRISTINE MRAKOTSKY, PH.D., KATHY M. BROWN, B.A., MARTHA J. HESSLER, B.S., JEFFREY M. WALLIS, M.A., AND EDWARD L. SPITZNAGEL, PH.D. ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of depression in preschool children. Method: One hundred seventy- four subjects between the ages of 3.0 and 5.6 years were ascertained from community and clinical sites for a compre- hensive assessment that included an age-appropriate psychiatric interview for parents. Modifications were made to the assessment of DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) criteria so that age-appropriate manifestations of symptom states could be captured. Typical and “masked” symptoms of depression were investigated in three groups: depressed (who met all DSM-IV MDD criteria except duration criterion), those with nonaffective psychiatric disorders (who met cri- teria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and/or oppositional defiant disorder), and those who did not meet criteria for any psychiatric disorder. Results: Depressed preschool children displayed “typical” symptoms and vegetative signs of depression more frequently than other nonaffective or “masked” symptoms. Anhedonia appeared to be a specific symptom and sadness/irritability appeared to be a sensitive symptom of preschool MDD. Conclusions: Clinicians should be alert to age-appropriate manifestations of typical DSM-IV MDD symptoms and vegetative signs when assessing preschool children for depression. “Masked” symptoms of depression occur in preschool children but do not predomi- nate the clinical picture. Future studies specifically designed to investigate the specificity and sensitivity of the symp- toms of preschool depression are now warranted. -
Transmission and Prevention of Mood Disorders Among Children of Affectively Ill Parents: a Review
REVIEW Transmission and Prevention of Mood Disorders Among Children of Affectively Ill Parents: A Review William R. Beardslee, M.D., Tracy R.G. Gladstone, Ph.D., Erin E. O’Connor, B.A. Objective: To provide a conceptual review of the literature on children of depressed parents over the past 12 years. Method: This selective review focused on published studies that delineate the diagnosis of depression in parents, have large samples, describe children 6 to 17 years old, and are methodologically rigorous. The review emphasized conceptual advances and major progress since 1998. Recent efforts in prevention research were discussed, gaps in the existing literature were noted, and directions for targeted research on children of depressed parents were highlighted. Results: Over the past 12 years there has been considerable progress in delineating the gene-by-environment interplay in determining the range of outcomes in children. In addition, progress has been made in identifying risk mechanisms and moderators that underlie the transmission of disorder and in developing effective prevention programs. Conclusions: This review highlights directions for further research, including different areas affected by parental depression in parents and children, and in understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in the intergenerational transmission of depression, so that preventive and treatment efforts can be tailored effectively. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2011; 50(11):1098–1109. Key Words: depression, prevention, children, adolescents -
Chronic Pain and Biopsychosocial Disorders
VOLUME 5, ISSUE 7 NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2005 The journal with the practitioner in mind. ChronicChronic PPainain andand BiopsychosocialBiopsychosocial DisordersDisorders ©2005 PPM Communications, Inc. Reprinted with permission. www.ppmjournal.com . The BHI™2 Approach to Classification and Assessment By Daniel Bruns, PsyD and John Mark Disorbio, EdD ccounting for over 35 million of- pain. In other cases however, the psycho- While chronic pain is generally recog- fice visits a year, pain represents logical difficulties may be the conse- nized as being a biopsychosocial phe- A the most prevalent reason why an quence of the pain condition, itself.12 nomenon, what is often overlooked is that individual chooses to seek out medical Thus, when pain appears in conjunction illness, injury, psychological and social treatment.1 So prevalent, in fact, research with stress, anxiety, depression or other factors interact over the course of time to has shown that the cost associated with the psychiatric syndromes, the arrow of produce distinctly different types of treatment of pain exceeds the costs at- causality can sometimes point from pain biopsychosocial disorders. Effective treat- tributable to the treatment of other dis- to psychiatric condition, and in other ment requires that the clinician not only orders, such as heart disease, respiratory cases from psychiatric condition to pain. identify the biological, psychological and disease, or cancer.2 Pain also represents a Overall, the research literature suggests social aspects of a condition, but also -
Adult Children Who Have a Parent with Ocd
Running head: ADULT CHILDREN WHO HAVE A PARENT WITH OCD Walking on Eggshells: Having a Parent Who Has Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Amy L. Ross 23186968 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Psychology (Counselling) Monash University, Clayton October 2013 Word Count: 9003 ADULT CHILDREN WHO HAVE A PARENT WITH OCD ii Table of Contents Index of Tables iv List of Appendices v Declaration of Originality vi Acknowledgements vii Abstract viii Introduction 9 Prevalence and Negative Impact of Parental Mental Illness 9 Nature and Prevalence of OCD 12 Stigmatisation 13 Family Accommodation 14 Research Focusing on The Experiences of Children Living with a Parent 15 with OCD Research Aim 18 Method 18 Participants 19 Recruitment Procedure 21 Interview Procedure 22 Data Analysis 22 Results 23 Impact on Children 24 Highly controlled home environment- ‘a lot of arguments’ 24 Effect on schooling 25 Social isolation 26 Parentification of children 27 ‘Followed all of the rules’ 27 Positive impact- ‘it makes you more open-minded’ 28 Participant’s Perception of Parental Rearing 28 ‘It would override what she wanted to do’ 29 Relationship with their parent- ‘it was really difficult’ 29 Empathy for their parent- ‘it’s not your parent’s fault’ 30 Distancing oneself and negotiating boundaries 30 Secrecy 31 ADULT CHILDREN WHO HAVE A PARENT WITH OCD iii Treatment Services 32 Discussion 33 Limitations of the Present Study 39 Future Research Directions, Implications and Conclusions 40 References 42 Appendices 54 ADULT CHILDREN WHO HAVE A PARENT WITH OCD iv Index of Tables Table 1. -
Psychogenic Pseudoepileptic Seizures – from Ancient Time to the Present
11 Psychogenic Pseudoepileptic Seizures – From Ancient Time to the Present Joanna Jędrzejczak1,* and Krzysztof Owczarek2 1Department of Neurology and Epileptology Medical Centre for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw 2Department of Medical Psychology Medical University, Warsaw Poland 1. Introduction Clinicians who work with patients with epilepsy are confronted with many diagnostic and therapeutic challenges when have to differentiate between epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). At the end of the twentieth century, the introduction of electroencephalography (EEG) recording with simultaneous monitoring of patient behaviour helped to correct false positive and false negative diagnoses of the nature of convulsive conditions. This technological advancement sensitized physicians to the high incidence of patients with PNES receiving referrals to clinical centres specializing in the treatment of epilepsy. When PNES is erroneously diagnosed as epilepsy, patients are at risk of prolonged, unnecessary, and above all, ineffective treatment with antiepileptic drugs. These drugs do not reduce the number of psychogenic convulsive incidents. Moreover , ineffective treatment leads to frequent visits to outpatient clinics and hospitalizations. It also leads to frequent change of doctors, strategies and forms of treatments. All this increases the cost of erroneous diagnosis and inadequate treatment. PNES are defined as “episodes of altered movement, sensation or experience similar to epilepsy, but casued by a psychological process and not associated with abnormal electrical discharges un the brain” (Reuber and Elger, 2003) In current diagnostic schemes PNES are categorized as a manifestation of dissociative or somatoform (conversion) disorder (ICD-10). This mean that they are caused by unconscious, symbolically expressed psychological processes leading to conversion, i.e. the pressing need to interpret one’s problems in ways which are both rationally and socially acceptable. -
Mental Health Diagnosis Codes
Mental Health Diagnosis Codes Code Description Code System 10007009 Coffin-Siris syndrome (disorder) SNOMEDCT 10278007 Factitious purpura (disorder) SNOMEDCT 10327003 Cocaine-induced mood disorder (disorder) SNOMEDCT 10349009 Multi-infarct dementia with delirium (disorder) SNOMEDCT 10532003 Primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type, presenile onset, with SNOMEDCT depression (disorder) 10586006 Occupation-related stress disorder (disorder) SNOMEDCT 106013002 Mental disorder of infancy, childhood or adolescence (disorder) SNOMEDCT 106014008 Organic mental disorder of unknown etiology (disorder) SNOMEDCT 106015009 Mental disorder AND/OR culture bound syndrome (disorder) SNOMEDCT 109006 Anxiety disorder of childhood OR adolescence (disorder) SNOMEDCT 109478007 Kohlschutter's syndrome (disorder) SNOMEDCT 109805003 Factitious cheilitis (disorder) SNOMEDCT 109896009 Indication for modification of patient status (disorder) SNOMEDCT 109897000 Indication for modification of patient behavior status (disorder) SNOMEDCT 109898005 Indication for modification of patient cognitive status (disorder) SNOMEDCT 109899002 Indication for modification of patient emotional status (disorder) SNOMEDCT 109900007 Indication for modification of patient physical status (disorder) SNOMEDCT 109901006 Indication for modification of patient psychological status (disorder) SNOMEDCT 11061003 Psychoactive substance use disorder (disorder) SNOMEDCT 111475002 Neurosis (disorder) SNOMEDCT 111476001 Mental disorder usually first evident in infancy, childhood AND/OR -
Child and Adolescent Therapy: Cognitive-Behavioral Procedures (Pp
CHILD AND ADOLESCENT THERAPY This page intentionally left blank CHILD and ADOLESCENT Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Procedures THIRD EDITION Edited by PHILIP C. KENDALL THE GUILFORD PRESS New York London © 2006 Philip C. Kendall and The Guilford Press Published by The Guilford Press A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012 www.guilford.com All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher. Printed in the United States of America This book is printed on acid-free paper. Last digit is print number:987654321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Child and adolescent therapy : cognitive-behavioral procedures / edited by Philip C. Kendall.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-59385-113-8 (hardcover) 1. Cognitive therapy for children. 2. Cognitive therapy for teenagers. 3. Child psychotherapy. 4. Adolescent psychotherapy. 5. Clinical child psychology. I. Kendall, Philip C. RJ505.C63C45 2006 618.92′89142—dc22 2005012858 To all the mental health professionals who not only have displayed the intellectual curiosity to read about empirically supported approaches to treatment, but also take the initiative to give them a try. About the Editor Philip C. Kendall, PhD, ABPP, is the Laura H. Carnell Professor of Psychology and Director of the Child and Adolescent Anxiety Disorders Clinic at Temple University. An internationally recognized expert on clinical child and adolescent psychology and clinical psychological research, Dr. -
Child Psychopathology Course
CHILD PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Spring 2020 Tuesdays 1:45 pm – 4:30pm GSAPP, A317 Unit: 18 Subject: 820 Course: 563 Section: 01 18:820:563:01 Instructor: Jeff Segal, Psy.D. Email: [email protected] Office: A217 Phone: (973) 879-6917 COURSE DESCRIPTION This course will provide an overview of the most common expressions of child and adolescent psychopathology. The learning objectives include conceptual, research, and clinical issues related to the mental health of children and adolescents. The diverse factors that influence the etiology and expression of disorders will be considered. In particular, the contributions of factors such as genetics, family influences, social systems, learned patterns of behavior, and psychodynamics will be explored. Students will become familiar with the DSM-5 and how to conceptualize cases. You will also be taught how to communicate as a professional through your writing so that you will be able to convey complexity of the cases in a clear and understandable manner. At times, interventions may be mentioned in presentations and course readings. However, the issue of treatment will not be a significant focus. This course is designed to advance the student’s understanding of the current state of knowledge with regard to etiological factors and the diagnostic issues related to the expression of various disorders. This course will introduce you to the steps of case conceptualization and provide multiple opportunities for mastering this skill, such as in-class conceptualizations and written assignments. Relatedly, you will learn DSM 5 & ICD 10 diagnostic criteria, which will build upon knowledge acquired in the adult psychopathology class. You will acquire knowledge of basic mechanisms and processes that provide a foundation for some advanced specialty courses. -
Anxiety and Depression in Older Adults
RESEARCH BRIEF #8 ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION IN OLDER ADULTS 150 000 elderly people suffer from depression in Swedenà Approximately half of older adults with depression in population surveys have residual problems several years later à Knowledge about de- pression and anxiety in older adults is limited, even though these conditions can lead to serious nega- tive consequences à More research is needed on prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is associated with 1. Introduction a constant anxiety and excessive fear and anxiety about various everyday activities (anticipatory anxiety). Sweden has an ageing population. Soon every fourth Panic disorder is associated with panic attacks (distinct person in Sweden will be over 65. Depression and anxiety periods of intense fear, terror or significant discomfort). disorders are common in all age groups. However, these Specific phobia is a distinct fear of certain things or conditions have received significantly less attention than situations (such as spiders, snakes, thunderstorms, high SUMMARY dementia within research in the older population (1, 2). altitudes, riding the elevator or flying). The number of older people is increasing Psychiatry research has also neglected the older popu- Social phobia is characterised by strong fear of social situ- across the world. Depression and anxiety lation. Older people with mental health problems are ations involving exposure to unfamiliar people or to being is common in this age group, as among also a neglected group in the care system, and care varies critically reviewed by others. Forte is a research council that funds and initiates considerably between different parts of the country. -
Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mild Depression
Research and Reviews Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Mild Depression JMAJ 54(2): 76–80, 2011 Tomifusa KUBOKI,*1 Masahiro HASHIZUME*2 Abstract The chief complaint of those suffering from mild depression is insomnia, followed by physical symptoms such as fatigability, heaviness of the head, headache, abdominal pain, stiffness in the shoulder, lower back pain, and loss of appetite, rather than depressive symptoms. Since physical symptoms are the chief complaint of mild depres- sion, there is a global tendency for the patients to visit a clinical department rather than a clinical psychiatric department. In Mild Depression (1996), the author Yomishi Kasahara uses the term “outpatient depression” for this mild depression and described it as an endogenous non-psychotic depression. The essential points in diagnosis are the presentation of sleep disorders, loss of appetite or weight loss, headache, diminished libido, fatigability, and autonomic symptoms such as constipation, palpitation, stiffness in the shoulder, and dizziness. In these cases, a physical examination and tests will not confirm any organic disease comparable to the symptoms, but will confirm daily mood fluctuations, mildly depressed state, and a loss of interest and pleasure. Mental rest, drug therapy, and support from family and specialists are important in treatment. Also, a physician should bear in mind that his/her role in the treatment differs somewhat between the early stage and chronic stage (i.e., reinstatement period). Key words Mild depression, Outpatient depression,