Die Konvensie Van Sandrivier As Die Afsluiting Van Die Groot Trek
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Early History of South Africa
THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES . .3 SOUTH AFRICA: THE EARLY INHABITANTS . .5 THE KHOISAN . .6 The San (Bushmen) . .6 The Khoikhoi (Hottentots) . .8 BLACK SETTLEMENT . .9 THE NGUNI . .9 The Xhosa . .10 The Zulu . .11 The Ndebele . .12 The Swazi . .13 THE SOTHO . .13 The Western Sotho . .14 The Southern Sotho . .14 The Northern Sotho (Bapedi) . .14 THE VENDA . .15 THE MASHANGANA-TSONGA . .15 THE MFECANE/DIFAQANE (Total war) Dingiswayo . .16 Shaka . .16 Dingane . .18 Mzilikazi . .19 Soshangane . .20 Mmantatise . .21 Sikonyela . .21 Moshweshwe . .22 Consequences of the Mfecane/Difaqane . .23 Page 1 EUROPEAN INTERESTS The Portuguese . .24 The British . .24 The Dutch . .25 The French . .25 THE SLAVES . .22 THE TREKBOERS (MIGRATING FARMERS) . .27 EUROPEAN OCCUPATIONS OF THE CAPE British Occupation (1795 - 1803) . .29 Batavian rule 1803 - 1806 . .29 Second British Occupation: 1806 . .31 British Governors . .32 Slagtersnek Rebellion . .32 The British Settlers 1820 . .32 THE GREAT TREK Causes of the Great Trek . .34 Different Trek groups . .35 Trichardt and Van Rensburg . .35 Andries Hendrik Potgieter . .35 Gerrit Maritz . .36 Piet Retief . .36 Piet Uys . .36 Voortrekkers in Zululand and Natal . .37 Voortrekker settlement in the Transvaal . .38 Voortrekker settlement in the Orange Free State . .39 THE DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD . .41 Page 2 EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES Humankind had its earliest origins in Africa The introduction of iron changed the African and the story of life in South Africa has continent irrevocably and was a large step proven to be a micro-study of life on the forwards in the development of the people. -
“Men of Influence”– the Ontology of Leadership in the 1914 Boer
Journal of Historical Sociology Vol. 17 No. 1 March 2004 ISSN 0952-1909 “Men of Influence” – The Ontology of Leadership in the 1914 Boer Rebellion SANDRA SWART Abstract This paper raises questions about the ontology of the Afrikaner leader- ship in the 1914 Boer Rebellion – and the tendency to portray the rebel leadership in terms of monolithic Republicans, followed by those who shared their dedication to returning the state to the old Boer republics. Discussions of the Rebellion have not focused on the interaction between leadership and rank and file, which in part has been obscured by Republican mythology based on the egalitarianism of the Boer commando. This paper attempts to establish the ambitions of the leaders for going into rebellion and the motivations of those who followed them. It traces the political and economic changes that came with union and industrialization, and asks why some influential men felt increasingly alienated from the new form of state structure while others adapted to it. To ascertain the nature of the support for the leaders, the discussion looks at Republican hierarchy and the ideology of patri- archy. The paper further discusses the circumscribed but significant role of women in the Rebellion. This article seeks to contribute to a wider understanding of the history of leadership in South Africa, entangled in the identity dynamics of mas- culinity, class and race interests. ***** Man, I can guess at nothing. Each man must think for himself. For myself, I will go where my General goes. Japie Krynauw (rebel).1 In 1914 there was a rebellion against the young South African state. -
SOUTH AFRICA Appendix
SOUTH AFRICA Located at the southern tip of the African continent, South Africa is roughly twice the size of Texas with almost 3,000 km of coastline bordering the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. About 49 million South Africans are spread out over nine provinces. South Africa is a pluricultural country and multiethnic society with 11 recognized official languages, nine of which are indigenous, plus English and Afrikaans. - Travel logistics for GCE MyCOE TechCamp-South Africa DieReënboognasie The GCE MyCOE Youth TechCamp will be held in Pretoria, South Africa from July 14 to July 23, 2014 with a mandatory orientation in WashinGton, DC July 11-13, 2014. Travel and lodGinG costs will be provided for your orientation in WashinGton, DC. All GCE MyCOE participants and chaperones will fly from Washington, DC to Pretoria, South Africa as a group for the Youth TechCamp on July 14, 2014. All GCE MyCOE participants will fly together from Pretoria, South Africa to Washington, DC on July 23, 2014. FliGht arranGements will be made by AAG Staff for students and chaperones. Unaccompanied minors proGram available upon request. Visa information for US Citizens traveling to South Africa: - Tourist Visa not required for stays under 90 days Nation Rainbow The REQUIRED: 2 BLANK pages in passport for entry stamp* *If you do not have two blank pages, please submit a DS-4085 form for additional visa pages! ProcessinG time is 4-6 weeks. For more information, please see: http://travel.state.Gov/content/passports/english/passports/services/paGes.html Vaccines and other Health information for travelling abroad The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that before travelinG internationally; make sure you are up-to-date on routine vaccines before every trip. -
Directory of Organisations and Resources for People with Disabilities in South Africa
DISABILITY ALL SORTS A DIRECTORY OF ORGANISATIONS AND RESOURCES FOR PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN SOUTH AFRICA University of South Africa CONTENTS FOREWORD ADVOCACY — ALL DISABILITIES ADVOCACY — DISABILITY-SPECIFIC ACCOMMODATION (SUGGESTIONS FOR WORK AND EDUCATION) AIRLINES THAT ACCOMMODATE WHEELCHAIRS ARTS ASSISTANCE AND THERAPY DOGS ASSISTIVE DEVICES FOR HIRE ASSISTIVE DEVICES FOR PURCHASE ASSISTIVE DEVICES — MAIL ORDER ASSISTIVE DEVICES — REPAIRS ASSISTIVE DEVICES — RESOURCE AND INFORMATION CENTRE BACK SUPPORT BOOKS, DISABILITY GUIDES AND INFORMATION RESOURCES BRAILLE AND AUDIO PRODUCTION BREATHING SUPPORT BUILDING OF RAMPS BURSARIES CAREGIVERS AND NURSES CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — EASTERN CAPE CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — FREE STATE CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — GAUTENG CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — KWAZULU-NATAL CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — LIMPOPO CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — MPUMALANGA CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — NORTHERN CAPE CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — NORTH WEST CAREGIVERS AND NURSES — WESTERN CAPE CHARITY/GIFT SHOPS COMMUNITY SERVICE ORGANISATIONS COMPENSATION FOR WORKPLACE INJURIES COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES CONVERSION OF VEHICLES COUNSELLING CRÈCHES DAY CARE CENTRES — EASTERN CAPE DAY CARE CENTRES — FREE STATE 1 DAY CARE CENTRES — GAUTENG DAY CARE CENTRES — KWAZULU-NATAL DAY CARE CENTRES — LIMPOPO DAY CARE CENTRES — MPUMALANGA DAY CARE CENTRES — WESTERN CAPE DISABILITY EQUITY CONSULTANTS DISABILITY MAGAZINES AND NEWSLETTERS DISABILITY MANAGEMENT DISABILITY SENSITISATION PROJECTS DISABILITY STUDIES DRIVING SCHOOLS E-LEARNING END-OF-LIFE DETERMINATION ENTREPRENEURIAL -
19Th Century Tragedy, Victory, and Divine Providence As the Foundations of an Afrikaner National Identity
Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History Spring 5-7-2011 19th Century Tragedy, Victory, and Divine Providence as the Foundations of an Afrikaner National Identity Kevin W. Hudson Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Hudson, Kevin W., "19th Century Tragedy, Victory, and Divine Providence as the Foundations of an Afrikaner National Identity." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2011. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/45 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 19TH CENTURY TRAGEDY, VICTORY, AND DIVINE PROVIDENCE AS THE FOUNDATIONS OF AN AFRIKANER NATIONAL IDENTITY by KEVIN W. HUDSON Under the DireCtion of Dr. Mohammed Hassen Ali and Dr. Jared Poley ABSTRACT Apart from a sense of racial superiority, which was certainly not unique to white Cape colonists, what is clear is that at the turn of the nineteenth century, Afrikaners were a disparate group. Economically, geographically, educationally, and religiously they were by no means united. Hierarchies existed throughout all cross sections of society. There was little political consciousness and no sense of a nation. Yet by the end of the nineteenth century they had developed a distinct sense of nationalism, indeed of a volk [people; ethnicity] ordained by God. The objective of this thesis is to identify and analyze three key historical events, the emotional sentiments evoked by these nationalistic milestones, and the evolution of a unified Afrikaner identity that would ultimately be used to justify the abhorrent system of apartheid. -
4E-Chapter 5
Chapter 5 The character and worldview of the Afrikaner society in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Van Jaarsveld says that the troubled times in the history of the Afrikaner nation worked together to bring forth the best characteristics of this nation (Van Jaarsveld 1971a:9). This is probably true for it is only in times of desperation that Afrikaners managed to put their personal differences aside and stand together as a nation. The one thing that really united the Afrikaners was their religion and religious education. In the previous chapter we saw that the Christian based education was seen as fundamental and in this chapter the result of the conservative view on religion and education is spelled out by looking at the character and world view of the Afrikaners that was formed by those fundamental issues. Erlank says if we look at the history of South Africa and use it as criteria for the establishing of the unique character and worldview of the Afrikaner nation, it can be divided into two parts (Erlank 1952:8). From the time of Jan van Riebeek’s landing at the Cape (1652) until the British invasion of 1806, patterns formed and the character and culture of the Afrikaners developed. These patterns were burned into the souls of the nation during the next 150 years of history. The sorrow, pain, hardship and struggles acted like acid to burn the patterns deeper and brighter into the Afrikaners (Erlank 1952:9). This ‘burning process’ melted different aspects of the lives, culture and character of the people into one solid mass, making it nearly 156 impossible to distinguish between the character, religion and worldview of the Afrikaners living in the ZAR (Erlank 1952:12). -
Page 1 © MBAZIIRA JOEL [email protected]
© MBAZIIRA JOEL [email protected] THE ESTABLISHMENT OF BOER REPUBLICSIN SOUTH AFRICA. The Boers established independent republics in the interior of South Africa during and after the great trek. These republics included Natal, Orange Free State and later Transvaal. However, these Boer republics were annexed by the British who kept on following them even up to the interior. SUMMARY REPUBLIC YEAR OF ANNEXED BY ANNEXATION Natal/ Natalia 1843 British Orange Free State 1848 British Transvaal 1851-1877 British THE ORIGIN / FOUNDATION OF THE REPUBLICOF NATAL 1. The republic of Natal was founded by Piet Retief’s group after 1838. 2. In 1838, the Trekkers met the Zulu leader (Dingane) and tried to negotiate for land. 3. Upon the above Trekker’s request, Dingane told the Trekkers under Piet – Retief to first bring back the Zulu cattle stolen by the Tlokwa chief Sekonyela. 4. Piet-Retief tricked Sekonyela and secured the cattle from Sekonyela, Dingane became suspicious because of the quickness of Retief. 5. But still Dingane did not trust the white men, he was worried and uneasy of their arms, he clearly knew and learnt of how whites had over thrown African chiefs. 6. So, Dingane organized a beer party were he called Piet Retief and some of his sympathizers and thereafter, they were all murdered. 7. Pretorius the new Boer leader managed to revenge and defeated the Zulu at the battle of Blood ©MBAZIIRA JOEL [email protected] © MBAZIIRA JOEL [email protected] River. 8. The Boers therefore took full possession of Zulu land and captured thousands of Zulu cattle. -
Apartheid Mythology and Symbolism. Desegregated and Re-Invented In
Apartheid Mythology and Symbolism. Desegregated and Re-Invented in the Service of Nation Building in the New South Africa : the Covenant and the Battle of Blood River/Ncome Anton Ehlers To cite this version: Anton Ehlers. Apartheid Mythology and Symbolism. Desegregated and Re-Invented in the Service of Nation Building in the New South Africa : the Covenant and the Battle of Blood River/Ncome. Alizés : Revue angliciste de La Réunion, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences humaines (Université de La Réunion), 2004, Founding Myths of the New South Africa / Les mythes fondateurs de la nouvelle Afrique du Sud, pp.173-197. hal-02344096 HAL Id: hal-02344096 https://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-02344096 Submitted on 3 Nov 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apartheid Mythology and Symbolism. Desegregated and Re-Invented in the Service of Nation Building in the New South Africa: the Covenant and the Battle of Blood River/Ncome Anton EHLERS University of Stellenbosch INTRODUCTION Although the focus and emphasis changed over time, the Covenant, the Battle of Blood River/Ncome, its physical monu- mental manifestation and its annual commemoration on December 16 were key components in the mythological legitimisation of Afrikaner nationalism and its apartheid manifestation in the 20th century. -
1 Introduction 2 the Cape of Good Hope
“AS ADJUSTED TO OUR STATE OF AFFAIRS…”. THE CHURCH ORDER OF DORDT AT THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE: RESTRICTIVE INFLUENCE - AUGMENTED ECCLESIASTICAL IDENTITY. Prof RM Britz 1 Introduction As a culmination of theological and ecclesiastical thought between 1571 and 1619, the Church Order of Dordt 1619 and its underpinning notions, provided the platform for Dutch reformed ecclesiology until the adoption of the General Regulation1 in 1816. The footprint of the Church Order of Dordt in the overseas territories, however, was yet again different. Transplanted to and sustained by the renowned Dutch East- India and West-India Companies in ultramarine regions, where a trade enterprise of consequence was established since the turn of the seventeenth century, reformed churches implemented a ministry aligned with the mandates and constraints of the authorities as demanded by the respective colonial settings (cf. Schutte: 2002). This is e.g. evident in the Kercken-ordeninge gestelt voor de Kercken in Oost-Indiën, 2 in Batavia in 1624, as well as the 1643 Kerkorde voor de Bataviasche gemeente.3 Even a superficial comparison between the Batavian church orders and that of Dordt 1619, e.g. in respect to the ministry of the sacraments, offers unambiguous indication to what extent the immediate colonial setup contextualized the articles of the Dordtian ecclesiology. The reception of the Church Order of Dordt in overseas regions should thus be carefully distinguished from its enduring and direct impact in the Netherlands. What happened at the Cape of Good Hope? Incepted in April 1652 by the Dutch East- India Company as a refreshment post, the establishment (at the tip of Africa halfway between Batavia and Amsterdam) received its first reformed congregation in 1665, followed by the second (Stellenbosch) in 1686 and the third (Drakenstein) in 1690. -
South African Republic 1 South African Republic
South African Republic 1 South African Republic For other uses, see South Africa (disambiguation). South African Republic Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek ← 1856–1902 → ← Flag Coat of arms Anthem Transvaalse Volkslied Location of the South African Republic, circa 1890. [1] Capital Pretoria 25°43′S 28°14′E Languages Dutch Religion Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk Government Republic President - 1857–1863 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius - 1883–1902 Paul Kruger - 1900–1902 Schalk Willem Burger (acting) History - Established 27 June 1856 - British annexation 1877–1881 - Second Boer War 11 October 1899 South African Republic 2 - Treaty of Vereeniging 31 May 1902 Area - 1870 191,789 km² (74,050 sq mi) Population - 1870 est. 120,000 Density 0.6 /km² (1.6 /sq mi) Currency South African Republic pond Today part of South Africa The South African Republic (Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek or ZAR), was an independent and Internationally recognized Dutch Language country in Southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century (Recognised by the USA, United Kingdom, Germany and others). The ZAR was established in 1852, and was independent from 1856 to 1902. The country was attacked by the United Kingdom in 1881, this is often referred to as the First Boer War. The country defeated the British and remained an independent country until the end of the Second Boer War, on 31 May 1902 when it was forced to surrender to the British. It occupied an area around the present South African province of Gauteng. Names of the country Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR) The burghers (citizens) called the Dutch Language country the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (South African Republic or the ZAR) and in all country documentation, the name of the country was either the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek or The South African Republic. -
Dr. G. D. Scholtz Se Geskiedenis Van Die Nederduitse Hervormde of Gereformeerde Kerk
DR. G. D. SCHOLTZ SE GESKIEDENIS VAN DIE NEDERDUITSE HERVORMDE OF GEREFORMEERDE KERK Reeds meer as vyf jaar gelede het dr. G. D. Scholtz van die Neder duitse Hervormde of Gereformeerde Kerk opdrag gekry om daardie Kerk se geskiedenis te skryf. Dit is eienaardig dat hierdie opdrag nie aan ’n pre dikant gegee is nie, of liewer nog aan die Teologiese Professor van ge noemde Kerk, in hierdie geval bv. aan prof. dr. D. J. Keet, wat in die jare 1938-1953 hierdie vak aan die Universiteit gedoseer het. Hy was tog die aangewese man vir so ’n opdrag. Waarom is dit egter aan ’n nie-teoloog gegee? Kerkgeskiedenis is tog ’n teologiese vak, en die beskrywing daar van vereis ’n grondige kennis van die dogmatiese stromings wat meermale aan die kerklike bewegings ten grondslag lê, as ook ’n grondige kennis van kerkreg. Dr. Scholtz is egter nie ’n teoloog nie, maar ’n joemalis, verbonde aan een van ons dagblaaie. Sy boek is vol allerhande algemene en onge gronde bewerings wat kerkhistories nie verantwoord kan word nie. So sê hy op bis. 1 sonder meer dat dit „hoofsaaklik Gereformeerdes” was wat in 1568 die opstand teen Spanje „begin” het. Dit is onjuis. Die lede van die „Verbond der Edelen” wat in 1566 die smeekskrif aan die verteenwoordigster van die Spaanse Koning oorhandig het, was in meer derheid Rooms. Willem van Oranje, die leier van die opstand in 1568, was toe nog Luthers en het eers enige jare later Calvinis geword en het op die punt van die godsdiens verdraagsaam gebly. -
Frans Lion Cachet En Die Herstel Van Die Neder Duitse Gereformeerde
455 Navorsings- en oorsigartikels / Research and review articles (1) Frans Lion Cachet en die herstel van die Neder duitse Gereformeerde Kerk in die ZuidAfri kaansche Republiek rondom 18661 Frans Lion Cachet and the restoration of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Zuid- Afrikaansche Republic around 1866 PIET STRAUSS Navorsingsgenoot, Departement Historiese en Konstruktiewe Teologie Universiteit van die Vrystaat Bloemfontein E-pos: [email protected] Piet Strauss PIETER JOHANNES STRAUss word in 1988 ’n PIETER JOHANNES STRAUss was appointed as a dosent in Ekklesiologie of Kerkgeskiedenis en lecturer in Church Polity and Church History at Kerkreg aan sy alma mater, die Universiteit van the University of the Free State in 1988 and retired die Vrystaat en tree op 30 Junie 2015 af. Benewens on 30 June 2015. Apart from some 100 articles in ongeveer honderd artikels in geakkrediteerde accredited academic journals, Strauss also akademiese tydskrifte, het Strauss ook verskeie authored a number of books. He focuses mainly boeke geskryf. Hy spits hom toe op gereformeerde on the topics of Church Polity and modern South kerkreg en kontemporêre Suid-Afrikaanse African Church History, as can be seen in recently kerkgeskiedenis, soos blyk uit onlangs verskene published works. In Church and Order today werke. In die kerkreg lewer Kerk en Orde vandag (2010) he argues that 3 Solas of the Reformation (2010), blyke van ’n reformatoriese deurwerk van of the sixteenth century should also be accepted die bekende Solas van die Reformasie van die and implemented today, while in Being church in sestiende eeu na vandag. Kerkwees in die branding troubled times – the Dutch Reformed Church in – die Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk in algemene the bond of its general synod 1994–2011 (2013), sinodale verband 1994–2011 (2013), verteen- he uses a reformational approach in modern church woordig ’n kontemporêr kerkhistoriese werk vanuit history.