iafor ASIA’S THINK TANK www.iafor.org Photo by Michael Barker Studio Celebrating Excellence in Documentary IAFOR International Documentary Film Awards The IAFOR International Documentary Film Awards is a global competition celebrating the best in documentary filmmaking. This is an open competition, welcoming storytelling from both amateurs and seasoned professionals. the iafor north american conference series 2014 If you would like to know more about the IAFOR International Documentary Film Awards please visit filmaward.iafor.org nacmfcs2014 nacah2014 international, intercultural, interdisciplinary The International Academic Forum Official Conference Proceedings ISSN:2189 - 1052 “To Open Minds, To Educate Intelligence, To Inform Decisions” The International Academic Forum provides new perspectives to the thought-leaders and decision-makers of today and tomorrow by offering constructive environments for dialogue and interchange at the intersections of nation, culture, and discipline. Headquartered in Nagoya, Japan, and registered as a Non-Profit Organization 一般社( 団法人) , IAFOR is an independent think tank committed to the deeper understanding of contemporary geo-political transformation, particularly in the Asia Pacific Region. INTERNATIONAL INTERCULTURAL INTERDISCIPLINARY iafor The Executive Council of the International Advisory Board IAB Chair: Professor Stuart D.B. Picken IAB Vice-Chair: Professor Jerry Platt Mr Mitsumasa Aoyama Professor June Henton Professor Frank S. Ravitch Director, The Yufuku Gallery, Tokyo, Japan Dean, College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, Professor of Law & Walter H. Stowers Chair in Law USA and Religion, Michigan State University College of Law Professor David N Aspin Professor Emeritus and Former Dean of the Faculty of Professor Michael Hudson Professor Richard Roth Education, Monash University, Australia President of The Institute for the Study of Long-Term Senior Associate Dean, Medill School of Journalism, Visiting Fellow, St Edmund’s College, Cambridge Economic Trends (ISLET) Northwestern University, Qatar University, UK Distinguished Research Professor of Economics, The University of Missouri, Kansas City Professor Monty P. Satiadarma Professor Don Brash Clinical Psychologist and Lecturer in Psychology & Former Governor of the Reserve Bank, New Zealand Professor Koichi Iwabuchi Former Dean of the Department of Psychology and Former Leader of the New National Party, New Professor of Media and Cultural Studies & Director of Rector of the University, Tarumanugara University, Zealand the Monash Asia Institute, Monash University, Australia Indonesia Adjunct Professor, AUT, New Zealand & La Trobe University, Australia Professor Sue Jackson Mr Mohamed Salaheen Professor of Lifelong Learning and Gender & Pro-Vice Director, The United Nations World Food Programme, Lord Charles Bruce Master of Teaching and Learning, Birkbeck, University Japan & Korea Patron, Japan Society of Scotland of London, UK Patron, Scottish Centre of Tagore Studies at Edinburgh Mr Lowell Sheppard Napier University Professor Sing Kong Lee Asia Pacific Director, HOPE International Chairman, Kolkata Scottish Heritage Trust Director, The National Institute of Education, Development Agency, Canada/Japan Singapore Professor Judith Chapman His Excellency Dr Drago Stambuk Professor of Education, Australian Catholic University, Professor Sir Geoffrey Lloyd Croatian Ambassador to Brazil, Brazil Australia Senior Scholar in Residence, The Needham Research Visiting Fellow, St Edmund’s College, Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK Professor Mary Stuart University, UK Fellow and Former Master, Darwin College, University Vice-Chancellor, The University of Lincoln, UK Member of the Order of Australia of Cambridge Fellow of the British Academy Professor Gary Swanson Professor Chung-Ying Cheng Distinguished Journalist-in-Residence & Mildred S. Professor of Philosophy, University of Hawai’i at Professor Keith Miller Hansen Endowed Chair, The University of Northern Manoa, USA Orthwein Endowed Professor for Lifelong Learning in Colorado, USA Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of Chinese Philosophy the Science, University of Missouri-St.Louis, USA Professor Jiro Takai Professor Steve Cornwell Professor Kuniko Miyanaga Secretary General of the Asian Association for Social Professor of English and Interdisciplinary Studies, Director, Human Potential Institute, Japan Psychology & Professor of Social Psychology Osaka Jogakuin University, Osaka, Japan Fellow, Reischauer Institute, Harvard University, USA Graduate School of Education and Human Osaka Local Conference Chair Development, Nagoya University, Japan Professor Dennis McInerney Professor Michael A. Cusumano Chair Professor of Educational Psychology and Co- Professor Svetlana Ter Minasova SMR Distinguished Professor of Management Director of the Assessment Research Centre President of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and and Engineering Systems, MIT Sloan School of The Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong Area Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, SAR USA Professor Yozo Yokota Professor Ka Ho Joshua Mok Director of the Center for Human Rights Affairs, Japan Professor Dexter Da Silva Chair Professor of Comparative Policy, Associate Vice- Former UN Special Rapporteur on Myanmar Professor of Educational Psychology, Keisen University, President (External Relations) Tokyo, Japan Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, The Hong Professor Kensaku Yoshida Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong SAR Professor of English & Director of the Center for the Professor Georges Depeyrot Teaching of Foreign Languages in General Education, Professor and Director of Research & Member of the Professor Michiko Nakano Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan Board of Trustees Professor of English & Director of the Distance French National Center for Scientific Research Learning Center, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan (CNRS) & L’Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France Professor Baden Offord Professor Donald E. Hall Professor of Cultural Studies and Human Rights & Co- Herbert J. and Ann L. Siegel Dean Director of the Centre for Peace and Social Justice LeHign University, USA Southern Cross University, Australia The International Advisory Board is composed of distinguished academics, business executives, former and current government officials, and community leaders. Its role is to consult and provide counsel on the business and affairs of IAFOR, and suggest areas of scholarly investigation. Membership of the International Advisory Board is by invitation only. For a full list please see the IAFOR website. The IAFOR North American Conference on the Arts & Humanities 2014 Providence, Rhode Island, United States Official Conference Proceedings ISSN: 2189-1052 © The International Academic Forum 2014 The International Academic Forum (IAFOR) Sakae 1-16-26-201 Naka Ward, Nagoya, Aichi Japan 460-0008 ww.iafor.org Table of Contents Interpreting Poems, Interpreting Worlds – On Poetry Translation George Ho pp. 1-16 The New Media and their Economic and Socio-Political Imperatives for Africa: A Study of Nigeria Chukwukelue Uzodinma Umenyilorah pp. 17-28 Malcolm Lowry: The Russian Connection Nigel H. Foxcroft pp. 29-42 The Use of Teaching Aids in the Teaching of French as a Foreign Language in Nigeria Iluromi Paul Babatunde pp. 43-50 Okinawa: "The Land of Courtesy" in a Conflict of Linguistic Interests William A. O'Donnell pp. 51-56 An Architectural Reading of Islamic Virtue Seyed Mahdi Khatami Michael Tawa pp. 57-64 The Learning of the Photograph in the Young People Maria Inês Lourenço pp. 65-74 The Socio-Philosophical Evaluation of Conflict Resolution and Synergy: A Path to History Jude Adindu Onuoha Ndidiamaka Uwazurike pp. 75-84 The Individual and the Arts in a Globalised Society Violette Du Geneville pp. 85-92 Christian Conservatives and the LGBTQ Community in a Pluralistic World Matthew William Brake pp. 93-100 An African Theory of Moral Conflict Resolution: A Kwesi Wiredu's Paradigmatic Model Godwin Azenabor pp. 101-112 (Ancient) Modern Architectural Theory Rubén García Rubio pp. 113-124 Morphosyntactic Elements of Elizabethan and Modern English: A Comparative Study Bushra Siddiqui pp. 125-130 The IAFOR North American Conference on the Arts & Humanities 2014 Official Conference Proceedings Interpreting Poems, Interpreting Worlds – on Poetry Translation George Ho, Wenzao Ursuline University of Languages, Taiwan The North American Conference on the Arts & Humanities 2014 Official Conference Proceedings iafor The International Academic Forum www.iafor.org 1 The IAFOR North American Conference on the Arts & Humanities 2014 Official Conference Proceedings Introduction Of all the outstanding poets in the history of China, Li Bai (701-762) is perhaps the greatest and most famous. His name appears in World's Who's Who. His poems have been translated into several languages. However, as the physical being and environment of a poet are often different from those of his/her translators, one cannot but wonder if the translation can really be embodied with the same messages as that the poet tries to transmit to his/her fellow countrymen. This puzzle motivates me to rethink about various issues related to language, mind and culture, especially those concerning the disparity of physical beings and environments between the poet and the translator (cf. Balmer 2006: 185; Levý 2011: 89), as well as its impacts upon the poet’s creation of the poem and the translator’s interpretation. My investigation