Elevation 44

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Elevation 44 #\ #\ #] #\ e# 0 200 km Egypt #\ 0 100 miles #\ #] Tobruk Alexandria M E D I T E R R A N E A N 32°N 32°N Egypt’s bustling 3 S E A 2 #\ ^# Al Burdi Gulf of Sidi ° 3 Jerusalem J O R D A N Mediterranean port E 4 Sallum E #\ #\ Barani ° ° Baltim E 0 #] Rosetta #\ E Gaza Sallum 3 Damietta Marsa ° (Ar Rashid) #] 8 #\ #^ Rafah Matruh 2 Port Said #\ 4 #^ C Al Arish Sidi Abdel #^ S #^ Alexandria a u 3 Mansura Tanis #] n ISRAEL & THE Rahman #^ e Monastery of St Anthony a #\ Damanhur #ä z l Ancient Coptic #\ Tanta PALESTINIAN #] #\ 444444holy site 44 El Alamein Abu Kebir TERRITORIES Libyan W #] #^ a 333Plateau 33 d #] Zagazig 3 i Benha Ismailia N a Great Bitter 4444 tr CAIRO Lake444 44 un Giza #_ Sinai Egyptian Museum #\ Suez #^ Peninsula #\ Pyramids of Giza #ä Jaghbub Siwa33Qara 3Mummies3 at 3the #ä Oasis Oasis Egyptian Museum Saqqara 4 4ø#4444 Ain Sukhna #\ 4444#\ #] ø# Lake Qarun Taba Aqaba Qattara Al Fayoum ø# a #] Oasis #^ Depression Zafarana b Red Sea Coast Nuweiba a Siwa Medinat #\ A lush underwater 333333 33 G #\ q Cairo #^ 4444 444 A Al Fayoum u Mt Sinai world awaits l f Shop in souq Beni #Ü f (Gebel Musa) o o Monastery of f (2285m) f splendour Suef l S R St Anthony u Bahariya u Dahab#\ 444e G 444 ø# z 33333Bawiti O3asis 33 3#\ 33 G St Katherine re #\ Ras Gharib at R R #\ Protectorate L I B Y A Sa Gebel Gebel Al Tor nd Az Zuqaq Gala Siwa Sharm El Se #^ a Black Minya Eastern Sheikh Tiran & (Arabian) 444#\ 4Sanafir 4 S A U D I A R A B I A GizaDesert Desert #÷ Islands The3 world-famous3 #\Mallawi 33 #\ Ras Mohammed pyramids National Park 3 Deir Mawas 5 ° White Desert 44 E #÷ Asyut #^ National Park #] R Hurghada #\ e A lush underwater 33Qasr Al Farafra N d i 27°N Abydos & Dendara l S world awaits (p364) Western e e Gorgeous temples, (Libyan) 44R 44 a #\ Safaga Saqqara i M v few crowds Desert e ø# Farafra Beautiful Old Kingdom r o u 3 #\ Oasis #^ art Sohag n 6 t ° a 3Abu3Minqar E i Al Balyana n #\ 444 s #^ #\ Al Quseir Qena 26°N Siwa Oasis Abydos #ä #ä Dendara #\ Qus R E D The ultimate ‘away Dakhla from it all’ 3A3l Qasr #\ Oas3is 3 4Luxor #] 4 S E A ø# Al Kharga Mut #\ #^ Esna #\ Luxor Marsa Alam Tombs and temples 444 #\ 5°N 333 Edfu #\ Gebel 2 galore Al Kharga Hamata Oasis ø# (1977m) #\ Baris 44 R 3 The Nile Cruise through Egypt Berenice #\ Aswan #^ 24°N in style ELEVATION 44 3 Western Desert 8 1500m ° Get lost on a desert E safari 1000m Tropic of Cancer 500m 200m Aswan 3°N e 2 100m v Nubian cool & i t 0 Lake a y great sunsets r r Nasser 444 t a 44 s i d n n i G u i Abu lf m o K d B e Simbel Gebel b #\ A Uweinat ir 44444 R Abu Simbel 22°N Political Ramses II’s biggest Lake ry Nubia Bounda temple S U D A N #\Wadi Halfa4444 444 44.
Recommended publications
  • Liste Finale Des Délégations Final List of Delegations Lista Final De Delegaciones
    Supplément au Compte rendu provisoire (11 juin 2014) LISTE FINALE DES DÉLÉGATIONS Conférence internationale du Travail 103e session, Genève Supplement to the Provisional Record (11 June2014) FINAL LIST OF DELEGATIONS International Labour Conference 103nd Session, Geneva Suplemento de Actas Provisionales (11 de junio de 2014) LISTA FINAL DE DELEGACIONES Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo 103.a reunión, Ginebra 2014 Workers' Delegate Afghanistan Afganistán SHABRANG, Mohammad Dauod, Mr, Fisrt Deputy, National Employer Union. Minister attending the Conference AFZALI, Amena, Mrs, Minister of Labour, Social Affairs, Martyrs and Disabled (MoLSAMD). Afrique du Sud South Africa Persons accompanying the Minister Sudáfrica ZAHIDI, Abdul Qayoum, Mr, Director, Administration, MoLSAMD. Minister attending the Conference TARZI, Nanguyalai, Mr, Ambassador, Permanent OLIPHANT, Mildred Nelisiwe, Mrs, Minister of Labour. Representative, Permanent Mission, Geneva. Persons accompanying the Minister Government Delegates OLIPHANT, Matthew, Mr, Ministry of Labour. HAMRAH, Hessamuddin, Mr, Deputy Minister, HERBERT, Mkhize, Mr, Advisor to the Minister, Ministry MoLSAMD. of Labour. NIRU, Khair Mohammad, Mr, Director-General, SALUSALU, Pamella, Ms, Private Secretary, Ministry of Manpower and Labour Arrangement, MoLSAMD. Labour. PELA, Mokgadi, Mr, Director Communications, Ministry Advisers and substitute delegates of Labour. OMAR, Azizullah, Mr, Counsellor, Permanent Mission, MINTY, Abdul Samad, Mr, Ambassador, Permanent Geneva. Representative, Permanent Mission,
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Surface Runoff Using NRCS Curve Number in Some Areas in Northwest Coast, Egypt
    E3S Web of Conferences 167, 02002 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016702002 ICESD 2020 Estimation of surface runoff using NRCS curve number in some areas in northwest coast, Egypt Mohamed E.S1. Abdellatif M.A1. Sameh Kotb Abd-Elmabod2, Khalil M.M.N.3 1 National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (NARSS), Cairo, Egypt 2 Soil and Water Use Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egyp 3 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. Abstract. The sustainable agricultural development in the northwest coast of Egypt suffers constantly from the effects of surface runoff. Moreover, there is an urgent need by decision makers to know the effects of runoff. So the aim of this work is to integrate remote sensing and field data and the natural resource conservation service curve number model (NRCS-CN).using geographic information systems (GIS) for spatial evaluation of surface runoff .CN approach to assessment the effect of patio-temporal variations of different soil types as well as potential climate change impact on surface runoff. DEM was used to describe the effects of slope variables on water retention and surface runoff volumes. In addition the results reflects that the magnitude of surface runoff is associated with CN values using NRCS-CN model . The average of water retention ranging between 2.5 to 3.9m the results illustrated that the highest value of runoff is distinguished around the urban area and its surrounding where it ranged between 138 - 199 mm. The results show an increase in the amount of surface runoff to 199 mm when rainfall increases 200 mm / year.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Fulltext
    BENHA VETERINARY MEDICAL JOURNAL, VOL. 23, NO. 1, JUNE 2012: 123- 130 BENHA UNIVERSITY BENHA VETERINARY MEDICAL JOURNAL FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS (BVDV) IN CATTLE FROM SOME GOVERNORATES IN EGYPT. El-Bagoury G.F.a, El-Habbaa A.S.a, Nawal M.A.b and Khadr K.A.c aVirology Dept., Fac. Vet. Med., Benha University, Benha, bAnimal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Dokki- c Giza, General Organization for Veterinary Medicine (GOVS), Dokki-Giza, Egypt. A B S T R A C T Diagnosis of the BVDV infection among suspected and apparently healthy cattle at Kaluobia, Giza, Menofeia and Gharbia governorates was done by detection of prevalence of BVD antibodies. A total number of 151/151(100%) and 97/151 (62.25%) of examined sera were positive for BVD antibodies using serum neutralization test (SNT) and competitive immunoenzymatic assay (cIEA), respectively. Examined sera with cIEA detected antibodies against BVDV non structral proteins P80/P125. Detection of BVDV in buffy coat samples using antigen capture ELISA showed that 22/151(14.56%) of the samples were positive for BVDV. Isolation and biotyping of suspected BVDV from buffy coat on MDBK cell line showed that 19/22 of ELISA positive buffy coat samples were cytopathogenic BVDV biotype (cpBVDV) while only 3/22 samples were CPE negative suggesting a non- cytopathogenic BVDV (ncpBVDV) biotype. Inoculated cell culture with no CPE were subjected to IFAT and IPMA using specific antisera against BVDV revealed positive results indicating presence of non-cytopathogenic strain of BVDV. It was concluded that cIEA detected antibodies against non- structural proteins P80/P125 has many advantages over SNT being for rapid diagnosis of BVDV.
    [Show full text]
  • Mints – MISR NATIONAL TRANSPORT STUDY
    No. TRANSPORT PLANNING AUTHORITY MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT MiNTS – MISR NATIONAL TRANSPORT STUDY THE COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MASTER PLAN FOR NATIONWIDE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL REPORT 11 TRANSPORT SURVEY FINDINGS March 2012 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. ALMEC CORPORATION EID KATAHIRA & ENGINEERS INTERNATIONAL JR - 12 039 No. TRANSPORT PLANNING AUTHORITY MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT MiNTS – MISR NATIONAL TRANSPORT STUDY THE COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON THE MASTER PLAN FOR NATIONWIDE TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT FINAL REPORT TECHNICAL REPORT 11 TRANSPORT SURVEY FINDINGS March 2012 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. ALMEC CORPORATION EID KATAHIRA & ENGINEERS INTERNATIONAL JR - 12 039 USD1.00 = EGP5.96 USD1.00 = JPY77.91 (Exchange rate of January 2012) MiNTS: Misr National Transport Study Technical Report 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Item Page CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 BACKGROUND...................................................................................................................................1-1 1.2 THE MINTS FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................1-1 1.2.1 Study Scope and Objectives .........................................................................................................1-1
    [Show full text]
  • ACLED) - Revised 2Nd Edition Compiled by ACCORD, 11 January 2018
    EGYPT, YEAR 2015: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) - Revised 2nd edition compiled by ACCORD, 11 January 2018 National borders: GADM, November 2015b; administrative divisions: GADM, November 2015a; Hala’ib triangle and Bir Tawil: UN Cartographic Section, March 2012; Occupied Palestinian Territory border status: UN Cartographic Sec- tion, January 2004; incident data: ACLED, undated; coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015 Conflict incidents by category Development of conflict incidents from 2006 to 2015 category number of incidents sum of fatalities battle 314 1765 riots/protests 311 33 remote violence 309 644 violence against civilians 193 404 strategic developments 117 8 total 1244 2854 This table is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project This graph is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event (datasets used: ACLED, undated). Data Project (datasets used: ACLED, undated). EGYPT, YEAR 2015: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) - REVISED 2ND EDITION COMPILED BY ACCORD, 11 JANUARY 2018 LOCALIZATION OF CONFLICT INCIDENTS Note: The following list is an overview of the incident data included in the ACLED dataset. More details are available in the actual dataset (date, location data, event type, involved actors, information sources, etc.). In the following list, the names of event locations are taken from ACLED, while the administrative region names are taken from GADM data which serves as the basis for the map above. In Ad Daqahliyah, 18 incidents killing 4 people were reported. The following locations were affected: Al Mansurah, Bani Ebeid, Gamasa, Kom el Nour, Mit Salsil, Sursuq, Talkha.
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Natural Gas Industry Development
    Egyptian Natural Gas Industry Development By Dr. Hamed Korkor Chairman Assistant Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Company EGAS United Nations – Economic Commission for Europe Working Party on Gas 17th annual Meeting Geneva, Switzerland January 23-24, 2007 Egyptian Natural Gas Industry History EarlyEarly GasGas Discoveries:Discoveries: 19671967 FirstFirst GasGas Production:Production:19751975 NaturalNatural GasGas ShareShare ofof HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons EnergyEnergy ProductionProduction (2005/2006)(2005/2006) Natural Gas Oil 54% 46 % Total = 71 Million Tons 26°00E 28°00E30°00E 32°00E 34°00E MEDITERRANEAN N.E. MED DEEPWATER SEA SHELL W. MEDITERRANEAN WDDM EDDM . BG IEOC 32°00N bp BALTIM N BALTIM NE BALTIM E MED GAS N.ALEX SETHDENISE SET -PLIOI ROSETTA RAS ELBARR TUNA N BARDAWIL . bp IEOC bp BALTIM E BG MED GAS P. FOUAD N.ABU QIR N.IDKU NW HA'PY KAROUS MATRUH GEOGE BALTIM S DEMIATTA PETROBEL RAS EL HEKMA A /QIR/A QIR W MED GAS SHELL TEMSAH ON/OFFSHORE SHELL MANZALAPETROTTEMSAH APACHE EGPC EL WASTANI TAO ABU MADI W CENTURION NIDOCO RESTRICTED SHELL RASKANAYES KAMOSE AREA APACHE Restricted EL QARAA UMBARKA OBAIYED WEST MEDITERRANEAN Area NIDOCO KHALDA BAPETCO APACHE ALEXANDRIA N.ALEX ABU MADI MATRUH EL bp EGPC APACHE bp QANTARA KHEPRI/SETHOS TAREK HAMRA SIDI IEOC KHALDA KRIER ELQANTARA KHALDA KHALDA W.MED ELQANTARA KHALDA APACHE EL MANSOURA N. ALAMEINAKIK MERLON MELIHA NALPETCO KHALDA OFFSET AGIBA APACHE KALABSHA KHALDA/ KHALDA WEST / SALLAM CAIRO KHALDA KHALDA GIZA 0 100 km Up Stream Activities (Agreements) APACHE / KHALDA CENTURION IEOC / PETROBEL
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment Impact of the Damietta Harbour (Egypt) and Its Deep Navigation Channel on Adjacent Shorelines
    Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (2020) 20(4): 265-281 © 2020 APRH ISSN 1646-8872 DOI 10.5894/rgci-n338 url: https://www.aprh.pt/rgci/rgci-n338.html ASSESSMENT IMPACT OF THE DAMIETTA HARBOUR (EGYPT) AND ITS DEEP NAVIGATION CHANNEL ON ADJACENT SHORELINES Mohsen M. Ezzeldin1, Osami S. Rageh2, Mahmoud E. Saad3 @ ABSTRACT: Deep navigation channels have a great impact on adjacent beaches and crucial economic effects because of periodic dredging operations. The navigation channel of the Damietta harbour is considered a clear example of the sedimentation problem and deeply affects the Northeastern shoreline of the Nile Delta in Egypt. The aim of the present study is to monitor shoreline using remote sensing techniques to evaluate the effect of Damietta harbour and its navigation channel on the shoreline for the last 45 years. Also, the selected period was divided into two periods to illustrate the effect of man-made interventions on the shoreline. Shorelines were extracted from satellite images and then the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) was used to estimate accurate rates of shoreline changes and predict future shorelines evolution of 2030, 2040, 2050 and 2060. The Damietta harbour created an accretion area in the western side with an average rate of 2.13 m year-1. On the contrary, the shoreline in the eastern side of the harbour retreated by 92 m on average over the last 45 years. So, it is considered one of the main hazard areas along the Northeastern shoreline of the Nile Delta that needs a sustainable solution. Moreover, a detached breakwaters system is predicted to provide shore stabilization at the eastern side as the implemented one at Ras El-Bar beach.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants of Coastal Mediterranean Cities with More Than 2,000 Inhabitants (2010)
    UNEP(DEPI)/MED WG.357/Inf.7 29 March 2011 ENGLISH MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PLAN Meeting of MED POL Focal Points Rhodes (Greece), 25-27 May 2011 INVENTORY OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS OF COASTAL MEDITERRANEAN CITIES WITH MORE THAN 2,000 INHABITANTS (2010) In cooperation with WHO UNEP/MAP Athens, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .........................................................................................................................1 PART I .........................................................................................................................3 1. ABOUT THE STUDY ..............................................................................................3 1.1 Historical Background of the Study..................................................................3 1.2 Report on the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Mediterranean Coastal Cities: Methodology and Procedures .........................4 2. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER IN THE MEDITERRANEAN ....................................6 2.1 Characteristics of Municipal Wastewater in the Mediterranean.......................6 2.2 Impact of Wastewater Discharges to the Marine Environment........................6 2.3 Municipal Wasteater Treatment.......................................................................9 3. RESULTS ACHIEVED ............................................................................................12 3.1 Brief Summary of Data Collection – Constraints and Assumptions.................12 3.2 General Considerations on the Contents
    [Show full text]
  • Varieties and Sources of Sandstone Used in Ancient Egyptian Temples
    The Journal of Ancient Egyptian Architecture vol. 1, 2016 Varieties and sources of sandstone used in Ancient Egyptian temples James A. Harrell Cite this article: J. A. Harrell, ‘Varieties and sources of sandstone used in Ancient Egyptian temples’, JAEA 1, 2016, pp. 11-37. JAEA www.egyptian-architecture.com ISSN 2472-999X Published under Creative Commons CC-BY-NC 2.0 JAEA 1, 2016, pp. 11-37. www.egyptian-architecture.com Varieties and sources of sandstone used in Ancient Egyptian temples J. A. Harrell1 From Early Dynastic times onward, limestone was the construction material of choice for An- cient Egyptian temples, pyramids, and mastabas wherever limestone bedrock occurred, that is, along the Mediterranean coast, in the northern parts of the Western and Eastern Deserts, and in the Nile Valley between Cairo and Esna (fig. 1). Sandstone bedrock is present in the Nile Valley from Esna south into Sudan as well as in the adjacent deserts, and within this region it was the only building stone employed.2 Sandstone was also imported into the Nile Valley’s limestone region as far north as el-‘Sheikh Ibada and nearby el-‘Amarna, where it was used for New Kingdom tem- ples. There are sandstone temples further north in the Bahariya and Faiyum depressions, but these were built with local materials. The first large-scale use of sandstone occurred near Edfu in Upper Egypt, where it was employed for interior pavement and wall veneer in an Early Dynastic tomb at Hierakonpolis3 and also for a small 3rd Dynasty pyramid at Naga el-Goneima.4 Apart from this latter structure, the earliest use of sandstone in monumental architecture was for Middle Kingdom temples in the Abydos-Thebes region with the outstanding example the 11th Dynasty mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II (Nebhepetre) at Deir el-Bahri.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt: Toponymic Factfile
    TOPONYMIC FACT FILE Egypt Country name Egypt1 State title Arab Republic of Egypt Name of citizen Egyptian Official language Arabic (ara2) مصر (Country name in official language 3(Mişr جمهورية مصر العربية (State title in official language (Jumhūrīyat Mişr al ‘Arabīyah Script Arabic Romanization System BGN/PCGN Romanization System for Arabic 1956 ISO-3166 country code (alpha- EG/EGY 2/alpha-3) Capital Cairo4 القاهرة (Capital in official language (Al Qāhirah Geographical Names Policy Geographical names in Egypt are found written in Arabic, which is the country’s official language. Where possible names should be taken from official Arabic-language Egyptian sources and romanized using the BGN/PCGN Romanization System for Arabic5. Roman-script resources are often available for Egypt; however, it should also be noted that, even on official Egyptian products, Roman-script forms may be encountered which are likely to differ from those arising from the application of the BGN/PCGN Romanization System for Arabic.6 There are conventional Roman-script or English-language names for many places in Egypt (see ‘Other significant locations’, p12), which can be used where appropriate. For instance, in an English text it would be preferable to refer to the capital of Egypt as Cairo, and perhaps include a reference to its romanized form (Al Qāhirah). PCGN usually recommends showing these English conventional names in brackets after 1 The English language conventional name Egypt comes from the Ancient Greek Aígyptos (Αἴγυπτος) which is believed to derive from Ancient Egyptian hut-ka-ptah, meaning “castle of the soul of Ptah”. 2 ISO 639-3 language codes are used for languages throughout this document.
    [Show full text]
  • Strengthening Protected Areas Financing and Management Systems Project, Egypt GEF 3209, PIMS 3668
    MAY 19 -2020 Terminal Evaluation Strengthening Protected Areas Financing and Management Systems Project, Egypt GEF 3209, PIMS 3668 Stephanie Hodge March–April 2020 1 | P a g e i. Opening page: Project Title Strengthening Protected Area Financing and Management Systems Project, Egypt UNDP Project ID: 3668 Project financing at endorsement at TE (Million US$) (Million US$)* ATLAS Project ID: 00057529 GEF financing: 3,616,000 3,616,000 Country: Egypt IA/EA own: 250,000 250,000 Region: Arab States Government: 15,066,200 6,302,880 Focal Area: Biodiversity Other: 495,264** GEF Focal Area BD-1 Total cofinancing: 15,316,200 9,018,311 Strategic Program: Executing Agency: Egyptian Total Project Cost 17,666,000 6,552,880 Environmental in cash: Affairs Agency (EEAA) Other Partners ProDoc Signature (date project began): 01/06/2010 involved: Planned closing Revised closing date: date: 01/01/2016 June 2020 • Evaluation time frame and date of evaluation report The evaluation has been conducted March – April 2020. • Country and Sites included in the project The selected original priority sites are Ras Mohammed, Nabq, St. Katherine, Wadi El Gemal/Hemata, Red Sea Northern Islands, White Desert, Wadi Degla and Wadi El Rayan. The ESPASP project has managed to reach all of the areas as indicated in the project document. However, its level of involvement differed from one area to another depending on various external factors. The project has provided full-fledged strategies for Ras Mohammed, Saint Katherine, Nabq, Wadi Degla and Wadi El Gemal Protected Areas. As for the White Desert, Wadi El Rayan and the Northern Red Sea Islands, the scope of the activities aimed to advance the scientific knowledge in those areas by drafting management plans for each of them.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dhimmis and Their Role in the Administration of the Fatimid State
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 6, No. 2; February 2016 The Dhimmis and their Role in the Administration of the Fatimid State Dr. Saleh Kharanbeh Lecturer of Arabic language and Islamic studies Ohalo College of Education Israel Dr. Muhammad Hamad Lecturer of Arabic language and literature Al- Qasemi College of Education Israel Abstract One of the most recurring questions today is the Islamic state's relationship with the dhimmis (Jews and Christians living under early Muslim rule) and their status in the early days of Islam and up to the late days of the Islamic Caliphate. This relationship may have been varying, swinging up and down. Perhaps the more legitimate questions are: What were the factors that affected the nature of the Dhimmis relationship with the ruling power in the Islamic state? What was the status of the Dhimmis and what roles did they play in the early Islamic states, with the Fatimid Caliphate as a model? The Fatimid Caliphate rose up and centered in Egypt, which was then home for Coptic Christians and Jews, living side by side with Muslims. That is why the author has chosen the Fatimid State, in specific. Another driver for this selection is the fact that when the Fatimid Caliphate was ruling in Egypt, the Europeans were launching their Crusades in Jerusalem, which placed such a relationship between Muslims and Christians at stake. Keywords: The Dhimmis, Fatimid State, Islamic history, Islamic civilization. 1. Internal factors in the Dhimmis relationship with the Fatimid Caliphate The caliphs’ young age was one of the factors that contributed to strengthening the relationship between the Dhimmis and the ruling power.
    [Show full text]