BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page i

Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page ii

This volume and the conference from which it resulted were supported by the Joint Committee on Chinese Studies of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council. BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page iii

Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China

EDITED BY Cynthia J. Brokaw and Kai-wing Chow

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page iv

University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2005 by the Regents of the University of California

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Printing and book culture in late imperial China/Edited by Cynthia J. Brokaw and Kai-wing Chow. p. cm.—(Studies on China ; 27) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-520-23126-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Publishers and publishing–China–History. 2. Books–China– History. 3. China–History–Ming dynasty, 1368–1644. 4. China– History–Qing dynasty, 1644–1912. I. Brokaw, Cynthia Joanne. II. Chow, Kai-wing, 1951–. III. Series. z462.p75 2005 070.5'0951—dc22 2003027385

Manufactured in the United States of America 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 10987654 321

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum require- ments of ansi/niso z39.48–1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page v

contents

list of illustrations and tables / vii acknowledgments / xiii abbreviations / xv part i: introduction 1. On the History of the Book in China Cynthia J. Brokaw / 3 2. The Ascendance of the Imprint in China Joseph McDermott / 55 part ii: commercial publishing and the expanding market for books 3. Of Three Mountains Street: The Commercial Publishers of Ming Nanjing Lucille Chia / 107 4. Constructing New Reading Publics in Late Ming China Anne E. McLaren / 152 5. Reading the Best-Sellers of the Nineteenth Century: Commercial Publishing in Sibao Cynthia J. Brokaw / 184 part iii: publishing for specialized audiences 6. Niche Marketing for Late Imperial Fiction Robert E. Hegel / 235 BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page vi

7. Printing as Performance: Literati Playwright-Publishers of the Late Ming Katherine Carlitz / 267 8. Qing Publishing in Non-Han Languages Evelyn S. Rawski / 304 9. “Preserving the Bonds of Kin”: Genealogy Masters and Genealogy Production in the Jiangsu-Zhejiang Area in the Qing and Republican Periods Xu Xiaoman / 332 part iv: the book as a visual medium 10. Visual Hermeneutics and the Act of Turning the Leaf: A Genealogy of Liu Yuan’s Lingyan ge Anne Burkus-Chasson / 371 11. Didactic Illustrations in Printed Books Julia K. Murray / 417

glossary / 451 works cited / 471 contributors / 511 index / 513 BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page vii

illustrations and tables

illustrations

1. Map of Nanjing in the late sixteenth and seventeenth century / 109

2. Books in the courtesan quarters of Nanjing / 164

3. Page from a Sibao edition of the Sishu yizhu / 195 4. Opening page of the “Li Lou” chapter of Mencius from the Wenhai lou jiaozheng jianyun fenzhang fenjie Sishu zhengwen / 196 5. Opening page of the “Gaozi” chapter of Mencius, in a Mawu edition of Sishu buzhu beizhi tiqiao huican / 201 6. Page from a Sibao edition of the Chunqiu Zuozhuan Du Lin huican / 204

7. First page of a Sibao edition of the Zengzhu Sanzi jing / 207 8. Page from a Sibao edition of Zhong Bojing xiansheng dingbu Qianjiashi tuzhu / 212

9. Page from a Sibao edition of Xinke Qianjiashi / 213 10. Cover page of a Sibao edition of Zhushi San Bai Qian Zengguang heke / 215

11. First page of Zhushi San Bai Qian Zengguang heke / 216 12. Portrait of Jia Fu, god of the constellation Di, from a Sibao edition of a popular almanac, Yuxia ji / 224 vii BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page viii

viii illustrations

13. From a partial Sibao edition of Chen Nianzu, Yixue sanzi jing / 225 14. Cover page and first page of a Xuwan edition of the Yixue sanzi jing / 226 15. From Sanguo zhi pinghua, photo reprint (ca. 1930) of the Yuan period Fujian edition / 242

16. Sanfen shilüe, dated 1354 / 243 17. Tianfei chushen zhuan, a Wanli period edition published by Xiong Damu / 244

18. Rongyu tang edition of Zhongyi Shuihu zhuan / 246

19. Yangjiafu yanyi, a Suzhou edition of the Wanli period / 247

20. Fuchun tang edition of Jindiao ji / 249

21. Wenlin ge edition of Yanzhi ji / 250

22. Zhou Yuejiao edition of Sanguo zhizhuan tongsu yanyi / 251

23. Huancui tang edition of Yilie ji / 252 24. Xiuxiang Honglou meng, the Wuyun lou–Guanghua tang edition, 1859 / 255

25. Sixue caotang edition of Sui Tang yanyi, 1695 / 257

26. Shuye tang edition of San Sui pingyao zhuan, 1812 / 258

27. Illustration representing a performance of Huanhun ji / 278

28. Landscape-style illustration from Pipa ji / 279 29. Leaf from the “red-and-black” Ling Mengchu Tianqi era (1621–28) edition of Pipa ji / 282

30. Diagrams of book bindings /372

31. Diagrams of folding albums /377 32. Cover leaf from Liu Yuan (fl. mid-seventeenth century), Liu Yuan jing hui / 380

33. Liu Yuan, recto side of table of contents from Lingyan ge /385

34. Portrait of Yu Shinan from Lingyan ge /387

35. Portrait of Du [Ruhui] Keming from Sancai tuhui, 1607–9 /388

36. Portrait of Tang Jian, from Lingyan ge /389 BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page ix

illustrations ix

37. Portrait of Du Ruhui from Lingyan ge /390 38. “Wu Yong,” leaf 20 from Chen Hongshou (1598–1652), Shuihu yezi, early 1630s /391 39. “Lord Mengchang,” leaf 17 from Chen Hongshou, Bogu yezi, 1651–53 /392

40. Portrait of Liu Zhenghui, from Lingyan ge /394

41. Portrait of Zhang Liang, from Lingyan ge / 395

42. Verso side of portrait of Liu Hong ji, from Lingyan ge /397 43. “Emperor Yang of the Sui Looks at a Picture and Thinks about Former Travels,” in Anonymous, Sui Yangdi yanshi / 400

44. Poetic couplet from Anonymous, Sui Yangdi yanshi / 401

45. Recto and verso sides of icon of Guanyin from Lingyan ge / 403 46. “Picture of Officials and Archer,” from Yoshimura Shuzan (1700–1773?), Wakan meihitsu gaei, 1750 / 405

47. Portrait of Du Ruhui from Ryoen koshin gazo, 1804 / 406

48. Recto and verso sides of portrait of Gao Shilian from Lingyan ge / 408 49. “The Twenty-four Ministers of the ,” early eighteenth century / 409 50. Illustration from “Setting up Instruments to Seek Opinions” in Dijian tushuo, edition of Zhang Juzheng, 1573 / 421 51. Illustration from “Setting up Instruments to Seek Opinions” in Dijian tushuo, edition of Pan Yunduan, 1573 / 422 52. Left half of illustration of “Setting up Instruments to Seek Opinions” in Dijian tushuo, edition of Hu Xian, 1573 / 424 53. Illustration of “Begrudging the Expense of an Observation Platform” in Dijian tushuo, edition of Jin Lian, 1604 / 426 54. Illustration of “Scattering and Dispatching People of the Palace” in Yangzheng tujie, reprint of Jiao Hong’s edition, ca. 1597 / 428 55. Illustration of “Scattering and Dispatching People of the Palace” in Yangzheng tu, paintings falsely attributed to Wang Zhenpeng (ca. 1280–ca. 1329), mid- to late seventeenth century (?) /432 56. Illustration of Confucius with his disciples in Shengji tu, edition of Zhu Yinyi, Prince of Shen, 1548 /434 BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page x

x illustrations

57. Illustration of “Heavenly Music and a Written Talisman” in Kongsheng jiayu tu, edition of Wu Jiamo, 1589 /436 58. Illustration of “Statue of Grand Enfiefment as Sage” in Xinbian Kongfuzi zhouyou lieguo dacheng qilin ji, by “Huanyu xianshenggong,” early seventeenth century /437 59. Illustration of “Discussing the Five Human Relationships” in Shengji zhi tu, 1592 /438 60. Illustration of “Asking about Rituals in the Ancestral Temple” in Shengji zhi tu, reproduction of 1592 stone tablets, late seventeenth century /439 61. Illustration of Confucius with his disciples from Shengji tu, paintings (Anonymous, mid- to late sixteenth century) / 440

tables

2.1. Extant imprints by period, 1131–1521, in the National Library of China, Beijing, and the National Central Library, Taipei /58 2.2. Government imprints’ share of total imprint production, 1131– 1367, in the National Library of China, Beijing, and the National Central Library, Taipei /83 2.3. Distribution of publication dates of surviving dated Ming imprints by government organs and officials, 1368–1566, as presently held in the National Central Library, Taipei /84

3.1. Nanjing publishers of the Ming /113 3.2. Commercial imprints in Nanjing and Jianyang, by Ming reign periods / 128

3.3. Topical distribution of Nanjing and Jianyang imprints / 129

3.4. Some commercial Nanjing editions of plays /139

6.1. Jinchang (Suzhou) Shuye tang fiction imprints / 256 7.1. Attested editions and author information for chuanqi included in Mao Jin’s Liushi zhong qu / 271

8.1. The most prolific Qing publishers of Manchu-language materials / 307

8.2. Manchu-language works, by reign period /312

8.3. Mongol-language Beijing imprints, by period /312 BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page xi

illustrations xi

8.4. Manchu-language works, by category /313

9.1. Compilers of the (Dongting) Wangshi jiapu /338 9.2. Genealogies in the Qing dynasty and the Republican period, by method of reproduction /346 9.3. Percentage of genealogies produced, by different printing methods /347 9.4. Genealogies from the Jiangsu-Zhejiang area in the Qing and Republican periods, by printing method /350 9.5. Comparison of the compilation and printing expenses for four genealogies /354 This page intentionally left blank BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page xiii

acknowledgments

This volume is the product of a conference, “Printing and Book Culture in Late Imperial China,” held at Timberline Lodge, Oregon, from June 1 to 5, 1998. The aims of the conference and this volume are to contribute to the growing discussion in the China field of the social and cultural history of the book and to suggest a variety of methods for the study of the Chinese book. We would like to thank the many funding agencies that supported the conference and the publication of this book. A planning workshop, held in May 1995 at the University of Oregon, was funded by the American Coun- cil of Learned Societies (ACLS). The ACLS, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation all generously con- tributed the primary support for the conference itself. The Center for Asian and Pacific Studies at the University of Oregon provided both financial and administrative support for the conference; we would like to thank, in par- ticular, Anne Maubousson and John Labrousse, both then of the Center for Asian and Pacific Studies, for their assistance. And during the long editing process, Esther Park took time from her graduate studies at the University of Oregon to provide invaluable technical assistance and advice. Finally, we want to express our appreciation to the invited conference par- ticipants whose hard work and good humor made the conference not only a very productive but also a very harmonious event: Anne Burkus-Chasson, Katherine Carlitz, Lucille Chia, Sören Edgren, Robert E. Hegel, Anne E. McLaren, Julia K. Murray, Okamoto Sae, Oki Yasushi, Evelyn S. Rawski, Shen Jin, Ellen Widmer, and Xu Xiaoman. We would like to thank, in particular, our two discussants, Wilt Idema of Harvard University and Joseph McDer- mott of the University of Cambridge, whose penetrating, widely knowledge-

xiii BROKAW&CHOW,Printing&Book 9/22/04 4:26 PM Page xiv

able, and often entertaining comments both enriched and enlivened the con- ference proceedings.

Cynthia Brokaw The Ohio State University Kai-wing Chow University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

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