Bose, Neil. (1982) Hydrofoils: Design of a Wind Propelled Flying Trimaran
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Bose, Neil. (1982) Hydrofoils: design of a wind propelled flying trimaran. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/809/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] HYDROFOILS - DESIGN OF, A WIND PROPELLED FLYING TRIMARAN by Neil Bose'. B. Sc. Submitted as a Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering University of Glasgow April 1982 r ýf 1 44 41 (i) AC CONTENTS page Acknowledgements 1 Declaration 2 Summary 3 Nomenclature 5 1) Introduction 13 2) The Prototype 22 The Hulls and Deck Structure 23 The Hulls 25 The Cross Beams and Decking 32 The Sails and Rigging 34 The Hydrofoil System 40 Selection of Hydrofoil Sections 41 The Hydrofoil System Design 47 Hydrofoil Strength and Construction 54 The Full Scale Trials 59 Flexing of the Hull and Crossbeam Structure 63 Variations in the Angle of Incidence of the Hydrofoil Units 63 The Collapse of the Side Foil Unit 65 The Sinking 66 'Lee Helm' 66 Restrictions in the Directions of Travel for Foilborne Operation 67 Ventilation 68 Weymouth Trials 4-11th October 1980 68 Loch Lomond Trials August-September 1981 70 76 3) The Design Programs - Theoretical Principles 82 Effects of Finite Span and Planform Section Drag Coefficient CDO 83 Aspect Ratio 85 Spray Drag 87 Computer Program HYDROFOIL 87 The Calm Water Design Programs (DESIGN 1-5) 88 The Iterative Technique 89 (ii) 4) Calm Water Model Tests 96 The Model 99 The Dynamometer and Test Rig 101 Records 108 Test'Results - Hulls Only 108 Test Results - Hulls and Foils 114 Test Results - Hulls and Foils at Angles of Heel and Yaw 120 Ventilation 136 Conclusions 139 5) Wind Propulsion 141 Sails - Performance Prediction 141 Windmills - Performance Prediction 148 Efficiency 157 Power Ratio 157 A Windmill Mounted on a Moving Vehicle 158 Windmill Propulsion for the Hydrofoil Trimaran 159 The Performance of the Windmill as a Propulsion Device 164 The Performance of Sails as a Propulsion Device 170 The Windmill as an Autogyro 171 6) Seakeeping Studies - Linear Solutions in the Frequency Domain 176 The Linearised Equations of Motion 177 Application of the Equations of Motion to a Real Hydrofoil Problem 184 Hydrodynamic Derivatives 184 The Exciting Forces 192 Pitching Moments 197 Solution of the Stability Equation 203 Solution of the Equations of Motion 204 7) Seakeeping Studies - Non-Linear Solutions in the Time Domain 207 210 Solution of the Equations of Motion 212 DIFF4 - Runge-Kutta Merson Method GEAR4/GEARS, - Gear Variable-Order, Variable-Step Method 218 (iii) PLOT - Plotting Routine 224 GEAR4U/GEARSU - Inclusion of Unsteadiness or Time Delay Effects 224 Corrections Due to a Sudden Change in Sinking Speed or Angle of Attack 226 Corrections for a Change in Immersion Depth 228 Solution of the Three Degree of Freedom Problem (Incorporating Freedom in Surge) 230 8) Seakeeping Studies - Model Tests 231 Results 238 Head Sea Response 242 Following Sea Response 255 Conclusions 268 9) Full Scale Trials - The Future 271 The Future 276 10) Conclusions 278 The Calm Water Design Programs and Model Tests 278 Wind Propulsion 279 Seakeeping 281 The Prototype 282 Appendices A) Interactive Computer Programs 284 B) Experiment for Iy (Moment of Inertia about the y-axis) 287 C) Cost Breakdown for the Initial Construction of 'Kaa' (1979) 288 References 290 1. Acknowledgements This thesis is based on research carried out from 1978-1981 in the Department of Naval' Architecture and Ocean Engineering at the University of Glasgow. The author wishes to record his thanks for the help and encouragement given by Professor D. Faulkner and Acting Head of Department, Mr. N. S. Miller and his supervisor Dr. R. C. McGregor. Thanks are also extended to the staff and technicians of the Hydrodynamics Laboratory at Acre Road for their help with the model testing and computer facilities. The author is very grateful and would like to thank all those people, far too numerous to mention, for their help with the construction and the full scale testing of the prototype boat, 'Kaa', and especially those who provided material support or finance towards the construction (Appendix C). In particular thanks are conveyed to-Mr. S. Penoyre, Dr. C. Edmonds, Mr. R. McMath, Mr. R. Renilson and all of the Bose family. The project was financed by a Science Research Council Collaborative Training Award and later Studentship. Finally the author is very grateful for the help M. Shields received from Miss P. McKay, Miss , Mrs. M. Frieze and Mrs H. Taylor for their help in the preparation of this manuscript. 2. -C Declaration Except where reference is made to the work of others, this thesis is believed to be original. b 3. Summary This study covers the design, construction and testing of a wind propelled hydrofoil trimaran. The work was split into four main parts which when integrated as a whole formed the basis of the information required for a design to be formulated. Much of the work and the computer programs which were written are applicable to hydrofoil craft in general (both motor powered and wind propelled) and because of the type of hydrofoil design considered, they are mainly orientated towards surface piercing hydrofoil systems. A prototype boat of 5 metres overall length was designed and built in order that full scale-tests could be carried out on the open water. Most of the' results from these tests were either qualitative or photographic. Even so the results from these trials were a most useful indication of the performance of the design. Structural problems were encountered with the construction of the hydrofoils. Computer programs were written to predict the calm water steady state lift and drag, and flight orientation of the hydrofoil boat. These calculations included predictions at angles of heel and yaw. The results from these 'predictions were compared with a series of model tests undertaken on a one quarter scale model of the 5 metre prototype. Agreement was found to be good. 4. Analysis methods were formulated and predictions obtained for two different wind propulsion systems, a soft sail rig and a horizontal axis wind turbine rig. The soft sail rig was used on the prototype boat, but the turbine was shown to offer scope for a more versatile propulsion system if exceptionally high speeds were not'aimed for. High boat speeds in low wind speeds, unfortunately only over a limited range of courses relative to the wind direction, were best obtained by resort to a soft sail or solid aerofoil rig. Consideration was given to the operation of the wind turbine both in the windmill mode and the autogyro mode. A theoretical study was made of the seakeeping of surface piercing hydrofoil systems in regular head and following seas. This incorporated a linearised solution in the frequency domain and a non-linear step-by-step simulation in the time domain which was executed on a digital computer. From a comparison of the results, of these'simulations with a series of model experiments, it was found that the latter method gave the best solution in head seas and offered the best possibilities for an accurate solution in following seas. S. NOMENCLATURE .4C A Aspect ratio AA Actual area of hydrofoil element AH Quantities in the linear solution of the AP heave and pitch motions B No. of blades (windmill rotor) BH Quantities in the linear solution of the BP heave and pitch motions BpK Pankhurst's constant CDO Section drag coefficient CDOMIN Minimum section drag coefficient Cf - Friction coefficient (IZTC line) CH. Heeling force coefficient CL Lift coefficient CL Ideal lift coefficient i CL2D Lift coefficient based on the 2-D lift curve slope of the section CM Pitching moment coefficient CM9%4 Pitching moment coefficient about the ýS chord point CONST Value of the parabolic constant in the empirical formula for the section drag coefficient CR Driving force coefficient CTA Total sail force coefficient CX Component of the aerodynamic force normal to the windmill axis Cy Component of the aerodynamic force parallel to the windmill axis C4 Coefficient of D4 in the stability equation D Drag DW Diameter of windmill rotor 6. F Froude chord no. F= V/, FD Drag force from windmill FH Heeling force from sails or windmill Flat Horizontal component of the heeling force FT Overall driving force from the windmill operating in the windmill mode FV Vertical component of the heeling force FW Losses due to a finite number of windmill blades G1 G2 Constants of the transient motion in the linear G3 seakeeping solution G4 Iy Moment of inertia in pitch (model or boat) K Radius of gyration of the compound pendulum K Correction due to loss of lift near the free surface (mean value) L Lift Lc Lower ordinate of the foil section in functions of chord length Lf Luff length of sail (measured vertically) LOA Length overall M Pitching moment Ma Acceleration force due to added virtual mass term in pitch Mc/ Pitching moment about the ýS chord point 4 MP Pitch response M1 Amplitude of the pitch forcing function P Power output (windmill) Pf Performance factor P Maximum power output of an ideal windmill MAX Pn Windmill pitch 7.