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Carson Pass–Kirkwood Paleocanyon System: Paleogeography of the Ancestral Cascades Arc and Implications for Landscape Evolution of the Sierra Nevada (California)

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Carson Pass–Kirkwood Paleocanyon System: Paleogeography of the Ancestral Cascades Arc and Implications for Landscape Evolution of the Sierra Nevada (California) Carson Pass–Kirkwood paleocanyon system: Paleogeography of the ancestral Cascades arc and implications for landscape evolution of the Sierra Nevada (California) C.J. Busby† S.B. DeOreo Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93101, USA I. Skilling Department of Geology and Planetary Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 200 SRCC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA P.B. Gans Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93101, USA J.C. Hagan Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93101, USA ABSTRACT Carson Pass–Kirkwood area of the central Range faulting in the central Sierra. The Sierra Nevada has allowed us to identify 6 late Miocene reincision may correspond to Tertiary strata of the central Sierra Nevada unconformity-bounded sequences preserved uplift attendant with the northward sweep are dominated by widespread, voluminous within a paleocanyon as deep as 650 m cut of the triple junction through the latitude of volcanic breccias that are largely undivided into Mesozoic granitic basement. The Car- the central Sierra. Paleocanyons of the cen- and undated, the origin of which is poorly son Pass–Kirkwood paleocanyon trends NE- tral Sierra differ from those of the northern understood. These dominantly andesitic SW, with a paleo-transport direction roughly and southern Sierra by showing steeper local strata are interpreted to be eruptive products parallel to the modern Mokelumne River paleorelief, and the bouldery stream depos- of the ancestral Cascades arc, deposited and drainage (toward the SW). Sequence 1 con- its attest to higher axial gradients than envi- preserved within paleocanyons that crossed sists of Oligocene silicic ignimbrites sourced sioned for other parts of the range. This may the present-day Sierra Nevada before Basin from Nevada. Sequences 2 through 6 consist indicate that the uplift history of the range is and Range faulting began there. These strata of dominantly andesitic rocks of the Mio- not uniform from segment to segment. are thus important not only for understand- cene Ancestral Cascades arc, with 40Ar/ 39Ar ing the paleogeography of the Ancestral Cas- ages ranging from 14.69 ± 0.06 Ma to 6.05 Keywords: Sierra Nevada, ancestral Cascades cades arc, but also for reconstructing the evo- ± 0.12 Ma. These new dates provide con- arc, Miocene volcanism, landscape evolution, lution of the Sierra Nevada landscape. straints on the ages of unconformities. Basin and Range. Our regional-scale mapping shows that Vertical relief on the unconformities paleocanyon fi lls of the central Sierra Nevada within the paleocanyon ranges from 12 to 303 INTRODUCTION are dominated by intrusions and vent- meters; with paleoslope gradients range from proximal facies along the present-day Sierran 3° to 48°. No evidence exists for widening or Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks cover much crest, with more distal facies extending west- deepening of the paleocanyon into Mesozoic of the northern and central Sierra Nevada, Cali- ward down the paleocanyons. Vent-proximal basement during Tertiary time, so we infer fornia, and represent a piece of the Miocene vol- facies consist of lava domes that collapsed to that unconformity 1 (the paleocanyon fl oor canic-tectonic puzzle relative to the rest of the generate block and ash fl ow tuffs, which in and walls) was inherited from Cretaceous western United States. Filling this gap in our turn were remobilized down-canyon to pro- time. The deepest unconformities within the knowledge is important because the Miocene was duce coarse-grained volcanic mudfl ow and paleocanyon fi ll reincised into granitic base- a time of fundamental tectonic change (Fig. 1A; dilute fl ow (fl uvial) deposits. Lava fl ows are ment in the early Miocene (unconformity 2), Atwater, 1970; Dickinson, 1997). The Miocene rare; instead, magmas invaded wet volcanicla- between 14 and 10 Ma (unconformity 5), and missing piece of the volcanic-tectonic puzzle is stic sediment to form in situ peperite piles that between 10 and 6 Ma (unconformity 6). The important because it is surrounded by and poten- were partly remobilized to form debris fl ows paleocanyon was also beheaded (cut off from tially infl uenced by any combination of the fol- or block and ash fl ows with peperite domains. sources to the east) by ca. 10 Ma. We suggest lowing events: hotspot magmatism, Cascadian Detailed mapping and dating of previ- that the early Miocene reincision records tec- subduction and triple junction migration, Basin ously undifferentiated Tertiary strata in the tonism related to the onset of arc magmatism and Range extension, and Sierran root delamina- in the Sierra Nevada. The middle Miocene tion (Fig. 1A; McKee and Noble, 1976; Ducea †[email protected] reincision may record the onset of Basin and and Saleeby, 1996; Garrison et al., 2007). GSA Bulletin; March/April 2008; v. 120; no. 3/4; p. 274–299; doi: 10.1130/B25849.1; 10 fi gures; 2 tables; Data Repository item 2007135. 274 For permission to copy, contact [email protected] © 2007 Geological Society of America US-395 America Bulletin,March/April2008 Geological Societyof 275 Hon 120° 110° A ey Lake Flt zone B Mohawk Valley Flt zone Dixie Mountain Miocene Ancestral N Cascades Arc 40º 50° CANADA Walker Lane belt Oroville Mid-Miocene non-arc NorN USA o Juan Columbia volcanism (ca 16 Ma) r Feather R. de thernt River Miocene continental h e . Tahoe Graben Fuca Basalts arc volcanism r Plat n Yuba R Carson Range e 122º SSi i Pyramid k 39º erre c I-80 Pk ra r Figure 2 T r t a o sp Carson Pass ot Sacramento H US-50 ne . 16 Ma sto Ebbetts Pass Yellow Eastern edge I-5 rican R Sonora Pass Nevada Sierra paleocanyonsystem,central Tertiary subduction zone of Basin-Range CentralC Sierra CA-88 Northern Province e Ame 119º 40° n R. Nevada t r elumne 40° TJ-3 Rift a Mok Mokelumne (present) l 121º CA-4 S Pk 38º ie 38º CA-108 r Mono Lake r . Figure 2 a laus R Stanis TJ-2 Tuolumne R. CA-120 118º (10 M a ) Colorado Walker Lane Plateau Sou ced R. Nevada Rio Mer Bishop the California Grande US-395 Rift r Owens Va n Sie TJ-1 120º (15 Ma) California quin R. 37º oa Border J rra San l ley Fl Coastal . R California s Fresno t zone ing R. S K h T a Miocene Mexican Arc ea ra nAn Central Valley Kaw 30° ns for drea m 0 70 km s 119º 36º Pacific N Plate Late Cenozoic fault su Crest of Sierra Nevada Kern R. b d u ct ion Cenozoic Volcanics 0 250 500 Guadalupe zo Bakersfield Microplate ne 35º Km US-50 Highways 120° 110° 118º Figure 1. (A) Miocene tectonic elements and magmatic provinces, modifi ed after Dickinson (1997). The Carson Pass–Kirkwood Valley area (Fig. 2) is within the ancestral Cascades arc at the present-day crest of the Sierra Nevada and along the western edge of the Walker Lane. TJ-1, TJ-2, TJ-3 are inferred positions of triple junction through time. (B) Cenozoic volcanic rocks, faults, and geographic features of the Sierra Nevada and adjacent easternmost California. The crest of this highly asymmetric range is very close to the Sierra Nevada frontal fault system (faults taken from Wakabayashi and Sawyer, 2001). Cenozoic volcanic rocks and intrusions are very sparse in the southern Sierra. Cenozoic volcanic-volcaniclastic strata are largely preserved within paleochannels in the central and northern Sierra; we point out geologic differences between the central and northern Sierra in the text. The area mapped in Figure 2, as well as other central Sierran localities discussed in the text, are shown here. Green dashed lines indicate our usage of subdivisions between “northern,” “central,” and “southern” Sierra Nevada (labeled in green letters). Busby et al. Central Sierran volcanic rocks are also of caniclastics) were deposited into, and are pre- is composed of dominantly andesitic volcanic interest in a volcanological sense, because they served in, paleochannels (Lindgren, 1911). and volcaniclastic rocks, most of which (an are dominated by voluminous, widespread Eocene–Oligocene paleovalleys contain aurifer- estimated 620–1240 km2) are preserved north breccias, at least some of which appear to have ous river gravels (Lindgren, 1911) or Oligocene of the Tuolumne River (Fig. 1B; Curtis, 1954). fragmented in vents prior to eruption (Curtis, silicic ignimbrites commonly sourced from Voluminous Miocene deposits were deposited 1954; Skilling et al., 2004). Early work in the large calderas in present-day Nevada (Davis et in, and eventually buried, older bedrock river central Sierra Nevada concluded that many of al., 2000; Hinz et al., 2003; Faulds et al., 2005a; courses (Curtis, 1954; Wagner et al., 2000), the Tertiary rocks (gravels, volcanics, and vol- Garside et al., 2005). Miocene paleocanyon fi ll causing many Miocene river channels to be cut 120°07'30", 38°45'00" 120°00'00", 38°45'00" N Little Round Top Tvdf2 * Tfu Kgu Kgu Red Lake A' Peak Tvdf2 Tbat Carson Spur Tr t Tvdf2* Castle Point Tfu B The Sentinels Tbl JTrm S1 C 6.80±0.20 Ma 6.05±0.12 Ma Tbl* * Tfdf Tfl Kirkwood Valley S3 Taba1* * Taba3 14.69±0.06 Ma Ca. Route 88 * Tfu Tfl Tfu Tfl Caples Lake Ca. Route 88 S4 Ti Tvdf1 Taba2 Carson Pass Kgu Martin Point Tdd * Undifferentiated Black Butte Kgu Volcanics S2 Taba3* Tadu Tvdfu Ti 10.49 ± 0.12 Ma Tad1 (minimum age for Tvdf1) Tutu B' Elephant’s Back Tsb Taba3 * Tad2 Tvdf1 Tvs A Qda Tap Tbai C' 38°40'00" Tvdf1 Tbai Tbai * Thunder Mountain Tbai Silver Lake Tbai Round Top Kgu Thimble Peak Kilometers Taba3 Kgu 01230.5 B"* Contour Interval 40 feet Melissa Coray Peak A Figure 2.
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