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Preliminary Archaeometric Analysis on Amphorae, in VI and V Centuries B.C., from Excavations at Gela (Sicily)

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Preliminary Archaeometric Analysis on Amphorae, in VI and V Centuries B.C., from Excavations at Gela (Sicily) Per. Mineral. (2002), 71,3,273-287 http://go. to/perm in All International Journal of PERIODICO di MINERALOGIA MINERALOGY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY, established in 1930 ORE DEPOSITS, PETROLOGY, VOLCANOLOGY and applied topics on Environment, Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage Preliminary archaeometric analysis on amphorae, in VI and V centuries B.C., from excavations at Gela (Sicily) GERMANABARONE Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche Sezione di Mineralogia, Petrografia, Vulcanologia e Geochimica. Corso Italia 55,95129 Catania. Submitted, January 2002 - Accepted, Semptember 2002 ABSTRACT. - This work is part of a joint research of a mainly coarse mixture, whereas the more recent project between the Department of Geological products (V century B. C.) are made of an Sciences of the University of Catania and the increasingly finer original material. Department of Antiquities, Archeology Section, of Messina. It aims at characterizing ceramics coming RIASSUNTO. - II presente lavoro fa parte di un from several Greek colonies in Sicily and Calabria progetto di ricerca in collaborazione tra il (Gela, Agrigento, Segesta, Selinunte, Naxos, Sibari, Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche di Catania e il Locri). Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichita, Sezione di Current scientific documentation regarding the Archeologia di Messina. Lo scopo e quello di archaeometric study of these ceramics is very caratterizzare ceramiche provenienti dalle diverse limited. In particular, the present work focuses on colonie greche in Sicilia ed in Calabria (Gela, amphorae found in the acropolis of Gela. Agrigento, Segesta, Selinunte, Naxos, Sibari, Locri). These amphorae, used for transport and table AHo stato attuale, infatti, la documentazione purposes, are either «massaliote» (VI-V centuries scientifica riguardante 10studio archeometrico di tali B.C.) or «pseudo-chiota» (V century B.C.) in shape, ceramiche e molto esigua. In particolare, in questo or imitations of Corinthian ware (V century B.C.). lavoro, e stata rivolta l' attenzione allo studio di Samples were analysed by X-ray diffractometry anfore da trasporto rinvenute presso l' acropoli di (XRD), optical analysis under a polarized-light Gela. microscope (OM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Si tratta di anfore da trasporto e da tavola di forma plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-MS). massaliota (VI-V sec. AC. ), pseudo-chiota (V sec. Data processing revealed that most of the A C.) e di imitazione di anfore corinzie (V sec. A amphorae were made in Gela itself, with the C.). exception of one sample which had a chemical I campioni sono stati analizzati tramite analisi composition remarkably similar to that of samples diffrattometrica (XRD), analisi ottica al microscopio found at Agrigento. The Gela samples were in luce polarizzata (OM), fluorescenza ai raggi X subdivided into three groups according to the grain (XRF) e spettrometria di emissione al plasma (ICP size of the aggregate. It is interesting to note that the MS). oldest ceramic products (VI century B. C.) are made L'elaborazione dei dati ha consentito di determinare il luogo di fabbricazione delle anfore, che per la maggior parte dei campioni e Gela, ad * Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected] eccezione di un campione che presenta una 274 G. BARONE composizione chimica molto simile ai campioni di identified as those manufactured between Gela Agrigento. I campioni di Gela sono stati suddivisi in and Agrigento. tre gruppi sulla base della granulometria dell'inerte The enormous quantities of archaeological utilizzato. E interessante mettere in evidenza che i prodotti ceramici pili antichi (VI sec. A.C.) material recovered during the course of several presentano un impasto prevalentemente di tipo digs confirm that Gela was an important grossolano, mentre via via i prodotti pili recenti (V trading centre. The marketplace of this Greek sec. A.C.) presentano un impasto pili depurato a colony, near the port, has recently been found grana fine. in the Bosco Littorio area. The port is now difficult to identify, due to changes in the KEY WORDS: Amphorae, ceramics, petrographical and geochemical characterisation, gehlenite, geomorphology of the site, caused by diopside, Gela (Sicily). pronounced coastline retreat. The area was once easy access for trading ships bound for Gela, loaded with goods sometimes imported INTRODUCTION from Greece itself. Both imported and local products were destined for cities further inland, Mineralogical, petrographic and chemical and were transported by raft along the river analyses were carried out on fragments of (Panvini, 1996). amphorae used for transport and table The number of transport amphorae indicate purposes, from the archaeological site at that many agricultural products were Molino a Vento near the acropolis of Gela. extensively imported and exported, especially One of the main difficulties in studying staples such as oil, wine, etc., from Greece or ceramic findings, and in particular amphorae from its colonies in Sicily (Spagnolo, 1995). used for transport, is knowing the exact It is known that, until the mid-VI century whereabouts of their provenance, frequently B.C., many manufacts from the workshops of problematic, precisely because of their purpose Rhodes and eastern Greece, as well as from in the ancient world. Most food products (oil, Corinth, were imported to Sicily. Local grain, wine) could only be transported and sold ceramic production began in the first half of the thanks to ceramic containers of a characteristic VII century, as shown by kiln findings: shape suitable for transport by sea. Amphorae products typical of Corinth, Rhodes and Crete are differentiated according to the shape and were imitated in local pottery factories. The the type of clay typical to the place of Gela artisans were dependent, from a stylistic manufacture. In the early colonial cities, it is viewpoint, on Greek models until the second known that the containers were produced in half of the VI century, a period when Greece and that only later local potteries were autonomous production began to take form set up to produce amphorae and other useful (Panvini 1996). ceramic objects, modelled to imitate those Once in possession of the site, the inhabitants made in Greece. This explains the difficulty in of Gela, the Geloi, began a process of distinguishing products of diverse provenance. commercial and political expansion along the Comparative study by morphological and coast and inland. Especially during the VII and compositional type facilitates interpretation of VI centuries, they were committed to the socio-economic phenomena and may aid in conquering the central and southern territories understanding past trade flow over the of Sicily, partly to ensure possession of centuries. With regards to the examined productive areas providing economic findings in this work, on the basis of historical sustenance for their citizens (Fiorentini, 1985). and archeological considerations, Between the end of the VI century and the archaeologists (Spagnolo, 1995) believe that early decades of the following century, their they came from the western production and expansionistic aims turned towards the that, in particular, the potteries can be conquest of the northern and eastern regions of Preliminary archaeometric analysis on amphorae ... 275 the island, in order to control the Strait of Messina (Spagnolo, 1995). ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE The analysed samples belong to amphorae for transport and table purposes. They are, after archaeological classification (Spagnolo 1995): - «Ionic-massaliota» (nos. 23, 24, 26, 30, 37, 38, 39, 40 41 and 44: VI- V century B.C.) (photo 1a, 1b), - «pseudo-chiota» form (27, 34, 35, 36 and 42: V century B.C.) (photo 2), - imitations of Corinthian wares (45, 46 and 48: V century B.C.) - table amphorae (75, 76, 77, 78: V century B. C.) (photo 3) l1li l1li l1li l1li l1li Photo 2 - Pseudo-chiota amphorae. Sample 3S l1li l1li l1li l1li l1li • • • Photo Ia-I b - Ionico-massaliota amphorae. Samples 23-26 Photo 3 - Table amphorae. Sample 7S 276 G. BARONE The petrographical analysis in thin section, the geology of the area of origin. With this in carried out initially on all samples by polarised mind, a brief petrographical and geological light microscope (OM), allowed different account of the zone is given. ceramic classes to be chosen, on which subsequent analytical techniques were carried out, taking into account that the quantities of BRIEF PETROGRAPHICAL material available were not always sufficient. AND GEOLOGICAL ACCOUNT The following analyses were carried out: - X -ray diffraction (XRD); The Molino a Vento area occupies the - X-ray spectrometry analysis (XRF) for eastern flank of the hill of Gela, facing the river major elements. The results were calibrated of the same name. against several international standards and In the study area, the stratigraphic succession reproducibility was better than 0.5 % after are distinguished (from bottom to top) as analytical values. follows: brown flaky clay and variegated flaky - Inducted coupled plasma-mass spectrometry clay; brown marl, brecciated clay, Tripoli, (ICP-MS) for trace elements; analytical basic limestone, gypsum, brecciated clay, uncertainty is given as lower than 5%. Trubi, bluish-white marl, greyish-brown sandy With the aim of constituting a comparison clay, yellow sand and calcarenite, terraced and database for further considerations concerning present-day alluvial soil (Grasso et al. 1995, Di the area of production of the amphores,
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