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Street Children and Philanthropy in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

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Street Children and Philanthropy in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Street Children and Philanthropy in the second half of the Nineteenth Century Thesis How to cite: Daniels, Barbara (2008). Street Children and Philanthropy in the second half of the Nineteenth Century. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2008 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000ea2e Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk U/VES7 /C7 Street Children and Philanthropy in the secondhalf of the Nineteenth Cen Barbara Daniels BA. (Hons), MA Submitted to the Open University in fulfilment of the requirementsfor the degreeof Doctor of Philosophy Subject area - Religious Studies Submitted- August 2007 Avr"ýbA-O- IVC. ' M(3626441, z a4 IE 0,-r' %514Z6t)S2,, ; Zotl Z), 'ý7z' OZ- AjoAeiLý 31 03286522 11111 lill 11111111111111111 Abstract From the middle of the nineteenthcentury there was a suddenincrease of concern over, and care for, children who lived wild on the streetsof Victorian Britain. Often describedas 'city arabs', the racial rhetoric usedin connectionwith thesechildren portrayedthem as belonging to anotherrace. The Victorian public did not understand them becausethey did not conform to the standardsof middle-classsociety. They were also describedas vennin and rubbish that nobody wanted. Although already a feature of the city streetsfor many years,from mid-century a significant number of philanthropistsset about changingtheir downward life cycle. Insteadof merely being punishedfor vagrancyor imprisoned for theft, their well being becameimportant. Homeswere openedwhere such children could experiencea caring home-life. Educationand training was given and help finding employment, Somewere taken to the countryside,where they would be away from the temptations of the city. Many were taken to Canadato find homesand work there. The early chaptersof the thesisdescribe the backgroundof the problem and locatethe thesiswithin the context of recentscholarship. Five specific organisationsand their foundersare examinedin depth, in eachcase using sourcesnot previously studied. The different systemsof care and the motivation of the child saversare compared. The thesiswill arguethat one of the most important reasonsfor the changesin attitudes to 'street children' was the increasing influence of evangelicalism - an influence that can be seenclearly in the seriesof case-studies. 2 Acknowledgments I am greatly indebtedto ProfessorSusan Mumm, who for five years was my internal supervisorand latterly my external supervisor. I wish to thank her for her help, guidance,wisdom and encouragementthrough every stageof the researchand writing up of this thesis. I am also very indebtedto Gerald Parsons,who for the past year has beenmy internal supervisor. His support,guidance and wise commentsthrough the closing stagesof my work have been invaluable I would also like to thank the archivists at the various archivesvisited for their help. Especialthanks go to Adrian Allen at the University of Liverpool, Special Collections and Archives; and Carol Roper at the Catholic Children's Society, Westminster. Another sourceof help, in the provision of old, fairly rare books, came from Sister Eluned Williams of the National Children's Home, and to her I give my sincere thanks. Without the help of Rev Godfrey Nicholson, who gallantly proof read my thesis, many commasand apostropheswould probably have beenmisplaced. My thanks go to him for this and for his help with things theological. Lastly and by no meansleast I wish to give my everlastinggratitude to my family for their supportand encouragementwithout which this could never have been completed. To my Mother who has always beenthere to encourageher family in their endeavours.To my sonsIan and Andrew for their technical help with the intricacies of the computer. Finally to my husbandJohn who has beenthere alongsideme every stepof the way. Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 3 Contents Chapter 1: Review of Current Literature 5 Chapter2: Poverty a 'Glaring National Disgrace' 26 Chapter3: The 'City Arab' 35 Chapter4: Philanthropy- The Answer? 50 Chapter5: Orphanages- the early but often selectiveanswer 64 Chapter6: An overview of the explosion of care, post 1850 76 Chapter7: 'These Little Ones': from criminality to honesty The Children's Home - Dr. Stephenson 99 Chapter8: A Catholic home for every destituteCatholic child 159 Chapter9: From an Acorn to an Oak Tree - Charlotte Sharman 198 Chapter 10: A new life for the 'Gutter children' - Maria Rye 224 Chapter 11: Canadafor 'the little Matchbox Makers'- Annie Macpherson 273 Chapter 12: Conclusion 312 Bibliography 330 4 Chapter I Review of Current Literature In this thesismy objective is to give a detailed comparativestudy of five of the institutions, or children's homes,which beganin the secondhalf of the nineteenth century to care for the growing number of destitutechildren. I will also investigate the life and work of the philanthropistswhose effort and dedicationbrought about a radical changein the lives of so many children. I will show that the most significant motivation, for the number of children's homescoming into being at this time, came from the increaseand developmentof evangelicalism. The lifestyle, beliefs and ethos of evangelicalChristians permeated and shapedmany areasof society not least in the field of social work. The homesstudied in detail are The Children's Home (later renamedthe National Children's Home), The Catholic Child CareAgencies, Sharman's Homes, and the homesand emigration schemesrun by Maria Rye and Annie Macpherson. Thesefive are examplesof the large number of such institutions which beganat the time, and of the philanthropic activity which surroundedthem. I have concentrated,in this thesis, on the problemsof homelessnessand poverty experiencedin London, and analysed the solutions suggestedby reformers. However, it must be realisedthat many other large cities had the sameproblem, and peoplethere were addressingit in much the sameway 5 The history of eachof the organisationsdetailed in my researchhas already been written to a lesser or greater degree. However a comprehensive comparative study has not beenproduced before. This study aims to fill that gap. I have looked at the reasonswhy both men and women of different Christian denominations,all within the spaceof a few years,began working in this area. I studiedthe causeof the problem; then analysedthe impact of the introduction of so much philanthropy focusedon so many destitutechildren. I have comparedthe various schemesand soughtto ascertain what resultedfrom them. I have askedwhether the men and women involved achievedthe goals they set out to gain. On the other side of the coin, I have asked whetherthere was a significant improvementin the lives and living conditions of the children. On readingthe books about individual children's homesone is soon struck by the fact that the biographersall assumedthat their own particular society was unique in the field of child-care. The methodsof care, the educationalopportunities and the training schemeswere all consideredto be exclusive to them. The foundersare all shownto be pioneers,which indeedthey were. However not one single one was on their own leading the way. The philanthropic activity appearedto be in evidencein many placesat the sametime addressingthe sameproblem of homelesschildren. Eachorganisation was attemptingto remedy the hardshipand give to the children the kind of home-life they had never known. Over a period of ten years, 1859to 1869, the homesthat I have researchedall came into being. I will aim to show instancesof similarity and difference in ethosand practice. I will also be discussingthe timing of this explosion of care, and seekingto establishhow and why it happened. Destitution, it must be realised,had beenaround for many years,as had the streetchildren. 6 The study of the culture the nineteenthcentury, as in any century, is a complex affair with many strandsintertwining. To form a viable picture the strandsneed to be teased out, whilst at the sametime viewing it as a whole. Sir Llewellyn Woodward, in the seriesThe Oxford History ofEngland (1962), gives an overall picture of the social and political life of the nineteenthcentury. ' Publishedin 1979,Mid- Victorian Britain by Geoffrey Best, is a good sourcefor statisticsgiving detailed analysisof the growth 2; of the cities the various occupationsof the Victorian populace;wages earned; numbersunemployed; and many more such columns of statistical evidence.3 These, and other suchbooks, give a wide-ranging view of nineteenthcentury Britain. There have also beena number of studiesspecific to someof the agenciesset up to manage various problemswhich arose. For example,Felix Driver analysesthe workhouse systemin Power and Pauperism: the Workhousesystem 1834-1884 (1993), 4 whilst JaneLewis looked at the work of the Charity OrganisationSociety in The Voluntary Sector,the State Social Work in Britain (1995)5 This and . organisationwas set up to try to control and organisethe various individual charitiesthat were springing up everywhere. The nineteenthcentury saw many acts passedby Parliamentaimed
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