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Health, Environment and the Institutional Care of Children in Late Victorian London

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Health, Environment and the Institutional Care of Children in Late Victorian London HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND THE INSTITUTIONAL CARE OF CHILDREN IN LATE VICTORIAN LONDON Oliver Gibson School of Geography Queen Mary, University of London Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervised by Dr Tim Brown, Dr Alastair Owens and Erica Davies (Ragged School Museum) September 2016 Statement of Originality I, Oliver Gibson confirm that the research included within this thesis is my own work or that where it has been carried out in collaboration with, or supported by others, that this is duly acknowledged below and my contribution indicated. Previously published material is also acknowledged below. I attest that I have exercised reasonable care to ensure that the work is original, and does not to the best of my knowledge break any UK law, infringe any third party’s copyright or other Intellectual Property Right, or contain any confidential material. I accept that the College has the right to use plagiarism detection software to check the electronic version of the thesis. I confirm that this thesis has not been previously submitted for the award of a degree by this or any other university. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author. Signature: Oliver Gibson Date: 22nd September, 2016 1 Abstract Using the example of the London-based children's organisation Barnardo's, this thesis examines the influence of contemporary ideas regarding the relationship between environment, health and disease on the organisation and everyday institutional practices of the charity. While autobiographical accounts and historical investigations have written on the 'man himself' as well as the discursive and representational strategies used by Barnardo's to justify child removal, the importance of environmental discourses to the institution remain underexplored. The thesis addresses this lacuna through a detailed analysis of archival materials relating to Barnardo's (committee minutes, pamphlets, reports, Dr Barnardo's personal notebooks) as well as through a textual analysis of Night & Day, the main outlet for publicising the work of the charity and stimulating support for it. The thesis covers the period from 1866, when Barnardo's was founded, to the death of Dr Barnardo in 1905. This is a period when the environmental idea was arguably at its strongest, with a host of social ills (from criminality and prostitution, to human health and vitality and later in the period racial degeneration) linked to the influence of the environment. Like many other social reformers and philanthropists, Dr Barnardo was a firm believer in environmental explanations for such social ills, as well as a committed evangelical Christian, and promoted the rapid removal of young people (not all were orphaned but the vast majority were destitute) from urban and familial environments believed to do harm to their physical, moral and spiritual health. Where the first part of the thesis covers the importance of environment to the Barnardo's justification for his child removal practices, the remainder of it considers the response of the institution to environmental ideas. In addition to examining the influence of environment on 2 institutional design and on the everyday practices of the 'inmates', for example the promotion of light and air in the girl's home at Barkingside, emphasis is also placed on ideas of mobility and movement. Here the thesis explores the paradoxical relationship between the organisation's 'anti-institutional' projection and the institutional realities of constructing and policing 'out of home' care practices (trips to the country- and seaside, boarding-out, emigration). This thesis contributes to extant accounts of Dr Barnardo's; however, its primary contribution lies in its nuanced examination of the role of environmental ideas on shaping institutional design and on its influence on the everyday practices of Barnardo's young inmates. 3 Acknowledgements The research was part of a Collaborative Doctoral Award (CDA) in partnership with the Ragged School Museum, located close to Queen Mary, University of London, in Mile End Park and supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council as part of its Collaborative Doctoral Award scheme AH/J009466/1. Over the course of the project different elements of the research have been publicly presented and discussed at conferences and seminars including the London Nineteenth-Century Studies Seminar postgraduate day in April 2013; giving a seminar for the Children’s Literature/Children’s Lives research cluster which was hosted at the Ragged School Museum in April 2014; the biennial ENRGHI conference held at Portsmouth in June 2014; the Home-Work conference at the Geffrye Museum, Hoxton in June 2014; the RGS-IBG conference in South Kensington in August 2014; the School of Geography seminar series in February 2015, and the Society for the History of Childhood conference at UBC, Vancouver in June 2015. Finally, I organised and helped curate a session as well as presenting at the International Historical Geography Conference (IHGC) in July 2015. The title of our session was ‘Responding to the people’s needs: Charity, philanthropy and social wellbeing from 1800 to the present.’ This project would not have been possible without the support and encouragement of Erica Davies, the curator of the Ragged School Museum, whose enthusiasm, belief and knowledge of the museum context helped to move the research along and assisted me with advice on the public outlets for the project. I would also like to thank Chris Bennion, the museum’s former educational director, who was warm and welcoming in the early phases of the project as well as all the staff who made working at and visiting the museum an enjoyable and pleasure-filled experience. 4 Whilst working on the design and installation of the permanent exhibit at the museum, ‘Ragged Children, Mended Lives,’ I had the pleasure of meeting Dr Tessa Whitehouse and Dr Pete Mitchell who provided inspiration and support during the later stages of the PhD. I would like to thank all the staff that I met and worked with at the Barnardo’s archive. In particular I extend my gratitude to the advice and support of Martine King and Sonya Maddieson who made working with the archival material a lot less challenging that it could have been. Most of all I want to thank my supervisors Dr Tim Brown and Professor Alastair Owens for their continued support, contributions, guidance and friendship during my time at Queen Mary. I am also grateful to Ed Oliver who produced the maps included in the thesis. Finally I want to thank my parents for their love, support and (financial) assistance particularly during the final sprint to the finish, as well as all my friends and colleagues who have helped me to enjoy the last few years. 5 Table of Contents Statement of Originality……………………………………………………….…… 1 Abstract………………………………………………………….…………………... 2 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………….………. 4 Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………….6 List of Figures……………………………………………………………………….10 List of Tables………………………………………………………………………...13 Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………….……14 1.1 A Very Bad Year: 1866……………………………………………...……16 1.2 Responding to the Needs of the Poor………………………………..…….21 1.3 Previous Barnardo’s Scholarship…………………………………………25 1.4 Research Aims and Questions…………………………………..………..27 1.5 Chapter Outline…………………………………………………..………28 Chapter 2: Childhood, the ‘Urban Problem’ and the Institutional Response: A Literature Review……………………………………………………………..…….31 2.1 Introduction………………………………………………………...…….31 2.2 Health, Environment and the Urban Problem……………………………..32 2.2.1 Urban Improvement Strategies…………………………………38 2.2.2 Theorising the ‘Urban Problem’ and the ‘way out’…………..…43 2.3 Childhood………………………………………………………...………47 2.3.1 The changing Nature of Childhood…………………….………48 2.3.2 Spaces of Victorian Childhood…………………………………50 2.3.3 Representing Nineteenth-century Childhood: Child Rescue Discourse……………………………………………………..………56 6 2.4 Institutions……………………………………………………………..…61 2.4.1 The institutional response to the urban and other social problems………………….…………………………………………..63 2.5 Conclusions………………………………………………………………74 Chapter 3: Sources and Approaches…………………………………………........75 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………75 3.2 Approaching the Barnardo Archive……………………………...............77 3.3 Previous approaches to the Barnardo Archive………………..………….83 3.4 Using the Barnardo Archive…………………………………...…………86 3.5 Ethics and Archive Access………………………………………….……89 Chapter 4: Barnardo’s and the ‘Urban Problem’……………………...…………95 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………95 4.2 Gaining Followers, Raising Support…………………………..…………98 4.3 A Tale of Localised Poverty and Destitution…………………...………109 4.3.1 Placing the Urban Problem…………………………...………110 4.3.2 Expansion through London-Based Branches…………………120 4.4 Meeting the Needs of a Nation…………………………………………129 4.5 Conclusion………………………………………………………………148 Chapter 5: Producing Healthy Children: Managing Disease in the Homes…...151 5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………….………151 5.2 Responding to Disease Outbreaks in the Homes………………………155 5.3 Barnardo’s Medical Staff……………………………………………....172 5.3.1 Female Medical Staff………………………………………....173 5.3.2 Dr Robert Milne and Barnardo’s………………..…….………184 5.4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………219 7 Chapter 6: Inside the Homes: Institution and the Everyday……………...……221 6.1 Introduction………………………………………..……………………221 6.2 Organising the Homes: Separating
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