Knowledge “War was inevitable Year 8 World War I Unit #1 Organiser in Europe in 1914”.

Causes of Tension and War Archduke Franz Ferdinand Gavrilo Princip Key Terms • A member of the Austrian Royal • Gavrilo Princip was Family - nephew of Emperor Franz born in Bosnia in Militarism Building up military forces. Military Josef 1894, the son of a The army and navy – • Heir to the Austrian throne (next in postman. Agreements between fighting forces line to be the Emperor / ruler of • He became a Alliances countries to support each Alliances Austria-Hungary) member of the Black other in war. Promises between • Not very well liked in Austria Hand – a Serbian countries to support Pride and devotion to one’s • Married to Sophie and had three terrorist organisation each other Nationalism country. Children which wanted to hurt Colony • Was sent on a Royal tour to Sarajevo, Austria and get it out The countries that make One country taking over the capital of Bosnia – a county which of Bosnia. up an Empire Imperialism another country Austria has just taken over. • Planned to The Balkans economically and politically. • Assassinated on June 28, 1914 by assassinate Franz Serbia and Bosnia Gavrilo Princip Ferdinand The murder of Franz Nationalism Assassination Ferdinand. Profound pride in ones country Timeline of 1914 – events leading up to the start of WW1 Competition Rivalry over trade. Slav An ethnic group from June 28 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand, prince to the Austria- Russia Alliances Hungary throne, is assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian named Annex In 1914 there were two main power blocks / alliances: Gavrilo Princip. Forcing a nation to July 23 - Austria-Hungary demands Serbia pay for the become part of yours The Triple Entente- Great Britain / France / assassination of Franz Ferdinand. Serbia does not meet these Archduke Russia A senior member of the The Triple Alliance- Germany / Italy and Austria- demands. Austrian royal family Hungary July 28 - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia begins Assassination Each member promised to help its allies if they were mobilizing its troops. Politically motivated attacked by a country belonging to another alliance. August 1 - Germany declares war on Russia. murder August 3 - Germany declares war on France as part of the Sarajevo Schlieffen Plan. The capital of Bosnia Weapons August 4 - Germany invades Belgium. Britain declares war on Ultimatum Germany. Do it or else! Machine Guns: Very heavy; placed in fixed position on front August 23 to 30 - The Battle of Tannenberg is fought between The July Crisis lines; needed 3-4 men to operate; killed 25 men in the open, The events leading to 0.1 in trenches . Germany and Russia. The Germans defeat the Russian Second war in 1914 Heavy Artillery: Large heavy cannons; fired 14 miles; fired Army. Mobilisation large shells 2,700kg containing lead ball bearings; located September 5 to 12 - The advancing German army is stopped on rear lines; killed 50 men out in open, o.5 men in trenches. Getting ready to fight Light Artillery: Could fire up to 10 miles (field gun) or 3 before Paris by the British and French at the First Battle of the Conscientious Objectors miles (trench mortar); used in front line or reserve Marne. The Germans dig in and four years of trench warfare People who refused to trenches; more accurate than heavy artillery; some fired begins. fight or be involved with mortar bombs/’toffee-apple’ bombs; killed up to 10 men in war. the open, 0.5 in a trench. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was a fluke event. If Many nations in Europe did Gavrilo Princip was not in exactly the not want war, and did same café in front of which Franz everything they could to Ferdinand stopped, the shooting avoid it. England especially would not have occurred at all. If he did not want to get drawn was not killed then Austria – Hungary into a war and used would not have sent Serbia an diplomacy to try to dispel ultimatum, and declared war on July conflict. 28, 1914. Without this event there Trenches would have been no ‘spark’ to cause Trenches were long, narrow ditches dug into the ground war. where soldiers lived all day and night [2m deep by 1m wide]. There were 3 lines of trenches – Front Line, Alliances – because Service Line and Rear Line. They were dug in a zig zag of the system of pattern, which made them even more cramped. There Was War alliances a threat were dug-outs for resting and a fire-step half way up so At any point in to any single nation that soldiers could ‘stand-to-arms’. the lead up to Inevitable became an act of war in July 1914 aggression to 3 Life and Conditions in the Trenches the conflict in 1914? countries. If any of Soldiers in the trenches did not get much sleep. When could have been the 6 countries in they did, it was in the afternoon during daylight and at de-escalated. the alliance was night only for an hour at a time. They were woken up at attacked for any different times, either to complete one of their daily reason, all five of chores or to fight. During rest time, they wrote letters them would have to and sometimes played card games. join the war. The trenches could be very muddy and smelly. There were many dead bodies buried nearby and the latrines (toilets) sometimes overflowed into the trenches. Millions Imperialism and trade - Before of rats infested the trenches and some grew as big as 1914 European countries were Militarism in Europe - cats. There was also a big problem with lice that fighting over territory outside Germany, especially tormented the soldiers on a daily basis. Disease was Europe (as it brought more raw Kaiser Wilhelm, wanted common – including pneumonia, typhus, dysentery and materials, and possibilities for war and had dedicated ‘trench fever’. trade). By 1914 all available time and money to territory was already divided building his army and No Man’s Land among them. This caused conflict navy and perfecting In the middle of the trenches was No Man's Land, so- as each country wanted more called because it did not belong to either army. Soldiers the Schlieffen Plan territory and had to fight with crossed No Man's Land when they wanted to attack the (the strategy to fight the others to get it. Thus a war other side. It was covered in barbed wire, mines, shell a war in Europe against would have started soon, because holes, and the rotting corpses of soldiers and horses. Russia and France). of territorial conflicts. Knowledge “Captain Smith was responsible Year 8 Titanic Unit #2 for the sinking and loss of life Organiser on Titanic ”. Do you agree? Lower Class Features Key Terms Features of the Titanic Features The vast majority of passengers on board the Titanic Owned by the White Star Line, a company were poor people, 710, who had brought one-way tickets The main parts. which specialised in luxury ships. It wanted to to a new life in the USA. First Class break the record for the fastest The most luxurious rooms Transatlantic journey. Small single bunks, private sink (no in the ship. bathroom), cramped, basic bed coverings, no Lower Class One of the most impressive – and staggering- things about the Titanic was its sheer wallpaper, no carpet, exposed electrical Second and third class. size. At more than three football pitches long, weighing 46 000 tons and being taller lighting, no storage space. Second Class than a 17 story building, it was the biggest object ever built. Its hull was made from A mid-range cabin. 16 watertight compartments – which lead many to believe that the ship was unsinkable! On top of all that, it was widely tipped to beat the transatlantic (name They were a mixture of nationalities, some had paid as Third Class given to the UK-America ocean journey) speed record. The Titanic was built at the little as £3 (about £95 of todays money) for a space in a Also known as steerage. Harland and Wolff shipyard, on Queen’s island, Belfast, Ireland, but its passengers basic third class compartment inside the ship. The cheapest ticket with started their voyage from Southampton to New York on 10th April 1912. Many of the the smallest cabins. poorer people on board were hoping for a new life in America. Small single bunks, no washing or Maiden Voyage toilet facilities, bare metal walls, The first voyage of a ship. bare floor, no storage, cramped, Transatlantic Upper Class Features rough blankets, exposed electrical The part of the voyage lighting.. that crosses the Atlantic The first class cabins were fitted out like rooms in luxury five star hotels. ocean between England and Electric lighting, luxury bedding, Italian wallpaper, carpet, The third class rooms (known as steerage) and facilities America. mahogany furniture, spacious, private bathroom private took up significantly less space than the first (or second Wireless Operators parlour. classes) as you can see from the diagram and images. A person who operates a There was a dining saloon where 3 basic, but hearty meals radio transmitter on a ship. To keep them entertained, there was a state of the art gymnasium, a swimming pool, a were provided per day. There were 2 indoor and one out Iceberg tennis court, and a Parisian café. A top-price ticket from Southampton to New York door rooms that were available for the 710 passengers to A massive floating body of would have cost £870 (about £27000 in todays money). But rich passengers were in socialise. Third class rooms were in the least describable the minority, there were only 329 in first class despite the majority of the facilities areas of the ship which were subject to noise and ice broken away from a available being available to them alone. Look carefully at the diagram of the Titanic vibration from the engines. Rooms were divided into glacier. Only about 10 above to see where and what type of facilities were available to this privileged group single men, single women and family cabins. percent of its mass is of people. The upper and lower class areas were clearly separated. above the surface of the water. Harland and Wolff Reasons for Migration The ship building company Many on board the Titanic had one-way tickets and were looking to start a new life away from Europe in America and Canada. Whilst the majority responsible for Titanic. were from England and Ireland, there were passengers from Finland, Germany, Sweden, Austria, Russia and Austria. Many were escaping grinding poverty at home. Booth and Rowntree’s research had revealed that children of the working poor in England had illness and stunted growth from Rivets malnutrition, and that many working full-time were unable to feed themselves and afford rent. There was widespread unemployment and Bolts that held the Titanic underemployment. Many lived in slums that were cramped and insanitary. together. SOS America and Canada, however, promised a different life. There were government incentives in America and Canada which offered free farming land Save Our Souls – an if it could be successfully tended for 5 years (for example the Homestead Act). America promised religious freedom for those feeling from emergency request for persecution (for example anti-Semitism in Europe which forced many Jews out). There were jobs in the booming industries of manufacture for immediate help. immigrants – such as clothing factories. Many men took labouring jobs building railways and roads, or working in the docks in cities on the east Knots coast. The American Dream promised wealth and success to any one who worked hard. Whilst many found that their lives were as difficult as before, America and Canada were definitely considered lands of opportunity. Speed. 1.15 miles per hour. Knowledge “Captain Smith was responsible Year 8 Titanic Unit #2 for the sinking and loss of life Organiser on Titanic ”. Do you agree?

What Role Did Harland and Wolff Play in the Loss of Life?

Harland and Wolff were partially responsible for the sinking of the Titanic on the 15th April 1912. Harland and Wolff were the shipyard company who were in charge of building the Titanic, it was their workers, tools and materials that were used to construct the Titanic. They decided to use three million poor quality iron rivets to hold the ship together to increase profit. This decision makes Harland and Wolff partially responsible for the sinking of the Titanic because when the Titanic hit the iceberg the poor quality of the rivets, that held the ship together, lead to the heads snapping off and the large sections of the watertight compartments ripping open easily. If they had been of better quality less than 6 compartments would have opened and the ship would not have sunk and so much life lost. In addition as Harland and Wolff were a shipyard, and had made many ships prior to the Titanic, they should have known that better quality materials were needed, especially as the poor quality rivets were useless in the cold temperatures ships faced in the Atlantic Ocean, so their knowledge and experience makes them responsible for the sinking of the Titanic.

What Role did others play in the Loss of Life? The Voyage of the Titanic Captain Smith Smith ordered the ship to sail at speed. The Titanic started its voyage from Southampton to New York on the He ignored warnings of ice from the Californian. 10th April 1912 with over 2000 passengers and crew on board making it He did not insist that binoculars were used by look-outs. HOWEVER: the biggest passenger ship to be built. As a result there was a lot of He was experienced enough to know if the ship was traveling safely pressure on the company that built it – White Star Line – for the He ordered passengers onto the life boast so quickly after the accident means he was actually trying to voyage to be successful and match the majesty of the ship. This meant save lives. that the Director of White Star placed pressure on Captain Smith to Thomas Andrews ensure he kept the Titanic moving at a fast pace from the very start of He designed the ship. the voyage. He knew about the inadequate number of life boats. HOWEVER: He just designed the Titanic and was not responsible for the poor quality material that was then used to The Titanic moved onto its transatlantic voyage after picking up a range build it. of passengers from France and Ireland. It had been sailing at a steady pace for 4 days before the radio officer began to get reports of ice. The Captain of the SS Californian Inquiry evidence revealed that the Californian was very close to the Titanic when it sank. It could have However the sea was calm and because of this Captain Smith did not arrived at the scene to save many if not all of the passengers. The Captain ignored the flairs and the SOS place any extra men on look out and did not reduce the speed of the message sent out. He threw away the ships’ log book to cover-up his inaction, and lied at the Inquiry to ship, this led to the Titanic sinking at a fast pace in very dangerous protect his reputation. waters. Others Leadership during the crisis was poor: On the just before midnight on the 14th April 1912 the crew member on Many ships were not fully loaded when they were lowered into the sea. look out spotted an iceberg dead ahead of them, they rang the warning There were 2 life boats empty when Titanic sank. th bell and telephoned the bridge, the Captain to give the order to put the *A life-boat drill was planned for the morning of 14 April but was cancelled. engines into reverse. However as a result of traveling so fast the reversal of the engines was not quick enough and the side of the Titanic Survivors by class: Overall Upper Class women (97%) and scraped along the iceberg, this caused the Titanic to start taking on First Class 62% Upper and Second Class children (93%) had the water and the result of which was the eventual sinking of the Titanic a Second Class 42% 710 of 2,237 on th highest survival rate. few hours after the initial crash on the 15 April. Third Class 25% the manifest Second Class men had the Crew survived lowest survival rate (8%) 23% Knowledge “Police failure meant Year 8 Unit #3 wasn’t Organiser caught”. Do you agree?

Work in Whitechapel Housing in Whitechapel Key Terms In 1881 – 30,709 people lived in Whitechapel in 4,069 homes which meant severe -Low paid/casual employment. Sweated Work overcrowding. -Many of the poor worked in ‘sweated Unregulated low-paid work in trades’ e.g. tailoring, shoe making, match poor/unsafe conditions. -Overcrowded slum housing called rookeries. Some slum apartments contained 30 people in Rookery box making. Worked in sweatshops with poor Over-crowded slum housing. 1 or 2 rooms who had to share beds. In 1877, 1 rookery contained 123 rooms where 757 and unsafe conditions for up to 20 hours a people lived. Slum -Homeless people used lodging houses =200 in Whitechapel which housed 8,000 people at a day. Slept on site and received little pay. Poor standard, cramped time in disgusting conditions. Some had 3 eight hour sleeping shifts, charging four pence or - Docks – casual labour (employed on a housing sixpence a night for a bed. daily basis) = no stable income. Lodging House / Doss House - – Whitechapel rookery which had 31 lodging houses nicknamed HIGH LEVELS OF UNEMPLOYMENT = Houses with dormitories of dosshouses. Tensions in lodging houses were high because of many people of different 1870S = LONG DEPRESSION. beds which could be rented nationalities. Crime was high in the rookeries because H Division were understaffed. by the night -Model Housing = Peabody Estate set up in 1881 with 286 flats. Rents were high e.g 3 Dr,Barnardo shillings for 1 room flat meaning catered for skilled workers/not the poorest. Crime in Whitechapel Social reformer who opened -Whitechapel Workhouse = last resort. Called South Grove/was built in 1872 and could home and school for take 400 people with the Casual Ward (a bed for the night) taking 60 people. In -Most common type of crime = pick- orphaned / poor children the workhouse they had to do hard work like picking oakum so it acted as a deterrent to pocketing/violent theft. Easy to commit in Prostitution keep costs low. Families were separated/people had to wear workhouse uniforms/food given Whitechapel because police under-staffed and Exchanging sex for money was horrible. many narrow alleys/courts off the Commercial Petty Theft -Dr Barnardo’s set up by in the East End in 1870 for and Whitechapel roads. Stealing small items, for homeless boys after an orphan boy called Jim Jarvis took Barnardo around the East End, -Problems with drunkenness e.g. in a one mile example silk handkerchiefs showing him children sleeping on roofs and in gutters. Barnardo had already set up a ragged stretch along the Whitechapel Road were 45 H-Division school in the East End where poor children could get a basic education. A sign was put up pubs/gin palaces e.g. ‘The Ten Bells’. The branch of the above the orphanage which said “No Destitute Child Ever Refused Admission” after John -Gangs in Whitechapel e.g. Bessarabian Tigers Somers (11 years old) was turned away because shelter full. He was found dead two days (from Southern Russia) and Odessian Gang from responsible for Whitechapel later. Barnardo opened the ‘Girls’ Village Home in Barkingside’ which housed 1,500 orphan Eastern Europe- who set up protection rackets Workhouse girls. Barnardo orphans were taught a trade so they could get jobs when they were adults. demanding money from Jewish shopkeepers. Where the poor/destitute He also set up the first fostering scheme where respectable families looked after orphan Police too understaffed to deal with this. could go for long-term children. When he died in 1905, he had set up 96 homes caring for 8,500 children. shelter – exchanged hard Prostitution in Whitechapel labour for food and board. --1888 =62 brothels in Whitechapel with 1,200 Casual Ward prostitutes because of poverty e.g. had sex for a A smaller workhouse where a Police Force in Whitechapel loaf of bread to feed families or charged three single nights’ bed and board --H Division (part of the Metropolitan Police) covered Whitechapel. They were pence. was available for a days’ understaffed with 500 police constables meaning 1 police officer to cover 300 -In Whitechapel, prostitutes walked around St work. Anti-Semitism people. Botolph’s Church so customers could find them as prostitution was not illegal at this time. An irrational -Main police station in Whitechapel was Leman Street Police Station. -Victorian society classified prostitutes as hatred/prejudice towards -Also had 15 detectives (plain clothes), 37 sergeants, 27 inspectors, a Chief ‘unfortunates’ who got what they deserved Jews Inspector and a . because of a life of sin. Melting Pot -23% of the Whitechapel police came from Ireland (showing the police were not -1875 age of consent (when you can legally have An area where many well paid). Had to be literate/over 21 years and under 35. sex) increased from 12 to 13 years and then in nationalities, religions and -Police work was hard e.g walking 20 miles at night/7 days a week. 1885 to 16 years. cultures exist together -Police viewed with hatred and suspicion in Whitechapel. Had to face violent -Prostitutes often used ‘double beds’ in lodging attacks/drunkenness.-racial tensions –Jews/Irish made streets e.g Duke houses. Street/Black Lion Yard hard to police. The Victims Methods used by the Police- Jack the Ripper Case 1.– -Following up direct leads from the public/eyewitness accounts 31st August 1888 Mary was found dead in the middle of the street. She had had her thro -Using evidence from post mortems at cut and her belly sliced open. -Careful observations at crime scenes 2. – -Photography and sketches e.g Mary Kelly crime scene which the Met learned from 8th September 1888 Annie Chapman was found in a yard, again with her throat cut and he the . r belly sliced open. The fact that many people were close by suggests the killer was silent. -Using the press Elizabeth Long reported seeing Annie talking to a foreign gentlemen with a shabby genteel -Victim’s possessions appearance. -Lunatic asylums 3. – -Coroners reports 30th September 1888 Elizabeth Stride was found dead in a pub back yard. Her throat had -Police disguised as prostitutes been cut however the killer had been disturbed before he could mutilate her body. This s -House to house searches eemed to anger him and he went in search of another victim. 4. – 30th September 1888 Later that same night Catherine Eddowes was murdered in Mitre S quare. The killer was clearly frustrated by his earlier failure as the cuts were deeper and Suspects in 1888 more frantic than the others. 5. – 9th November 1888 This was the most gruesome of the murders. Mary Kelly invited the murderer back to her home where the murder took place. Jack the Ripper spent hours muti Montague John Druitt: Growing up in a family of doctors, lating her body. This was the most gruesome murder by far. Montague John Druitt became a lawyer. He failed to earn a living and so took up a position as a school teacher which he What problems did the police face in the Jack the Ripper case? was later fired from. He was found drowned in the Thames 1. Lack of – e.g not even finger printing (until 1901). Only way was to and left a suicide note stating that he feared he was going catch criminal in the act insane. It is estimated he killed himself shortly after the 2. Rival Police forces e.g 4 of the victims were murdered in the Metropolitan police area final murder took place. whilst Catherine Eddowes was murdered in the City of London police area. Rivalry between The Royal Conspiracy: Sir (Chief Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police) and Sir James Fraser (Chief Commissioner of the City of London police) because both wanted to be the first to In this theory, Prince Albert Victor secretly married a catch the killer. City of London Police angry when Charles Warren ordered that chalk commoner named Annie Crook and had a child called Alice. writing left near the scene of Catherine Eddowes body be removed. When found out about the marriage she had 3. Role of the Press – whipped up anti-Semitism by showing the killer in ‘penny dreadfuls’ (designed for the illiterate) as a Jew. Wasted police time by giving false leads e.g the actor it declared invalid. Three members of the Royal Household Richard Mansfield was accused just because of the role he played in the stage play of ‘Dr (Sir , John Netly, and Sir Robert Anderson) Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ and a Jewish slipper maker John Pizer wrongly accused by ‘The Star’ murdered the 5 Ripper victims to keep them from exposing newspaper after death of Annie Chapman. Also attacked the police in cartoons such as ‘Blindman’s Bluff’ indicating that the police did not know what they were doing. Pressure their knowledge of the child (Mary Kelly being believed to from a hostile press led Sir Charles Warren to resign on 8th November 1888 (a day before have been the girls’ nanny). The Ripper story and investigation Mary Kelly was murdered). is a cover for their actions. 4.’Jack the Ripper’ letters – about 1,000 letters a week were sent to the police claiming to be from the killer (most of which were fake). This wasted police time. It is believed ‘Dear Prince Albert Victor: In this theory Prince Albert Victor is Boss’, ‘Saucy Jacky’ and ‘’ are the only genuine ones. not a heartbroken husband but the murderer. It is claimed he 5. Whitechapel Vigilance Committee – set up after the murder of Annie Chapman on 10th caught an STI which made him go insane. He is believed to September 1888 because the Sir Henry Matthews refused to offer a reward. Led by local builder . The Vigilance Committee offered a reward and have been locked away after the double murder but escaped patrolled the streets at night because they said the police could not do their job properly. to commit the final murder. He matches some of the physical They employed two private detectives to investigate the killings and Lusk received the descriptions of Jack the Ripper. ‘From Hell’ letter with a piece of human kidney enclosed. Aaron Kosminski: A Polish Jew who had lived in the area for 6.Destroying evidence- the chalk writing by Eddowes body which said “The Jukes are the men that will not be blamed for nothing” was removed because of orders given by Charles years. He was declared insane and locked up in a mental Warren before the writing was photographed in City of London territory. He claimed it was hospital. He was identified by a witness as being Jack the to stop anti-Semitic violence because it implied a Jewish killer! Ripper but the witness refused to give evidence in court. He 7. Inadequate eyewitness accounts because murders all took place late at night. 8. Criticism from Queen Victoria- she said “All these courts must be lit and our detectives improved.”. matches some of the descriptions of Jack the Ripper.