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Treball De Fi De Grau Facultat de Ciències de la Comunicació Treball de Fi de Grau Títol La mujer periodista y los conflictos armados: análisis comparativo de las dificultades de las reporteras de guerra (1914-2021) Autoria Alina Boussif Tityaeva Professorat tutor Santiago Tejedor Calvo Grau Periodisme Tipus de TFG Recerca Data 07/05/21 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Facultat de Ciències de la Comunicació Full resum del TFG Títol del Treball Fi de Grau: Català: La dona periodista i els conflictes armats: anàlisi comparitiu de les dificultats de les reporteres de guerra (1914-2021) Castellà: La mujer periodista y los conflictos armados: análisis comparativo de las dificultades de las reporteras de guerra (1914-2021) Anglès: Women journalists and armed conflicts: comparative analysis of the difficulties of female war reporters (1914-2021) Autoria: Alina Boussif Tityaeva Professorat Santiago Tejedor Calvo tutor: Curs: 2020-2021 Grau: Periodisme Paraules clau (mínim 3) Català: reporteres, guerra, conflicte, mapa, directori, dones Castellà: reporteras, guerra, conflicto, mapa, directorio, mujeres Anglès: reporters, war, conflict, map, directory, women Resum del Treball Fi de Grau (extensió màxima 100 paraules) Català: La investigació se centra a identificar i analitzar a totes les reporteres de guerra que han cobert, almenys, un conflicte armat des de 1914 fins avui. L'estudi presenta un directori amb 227 dones corresponsals de guerra i tres mapes interactius: geogràfic, cronològic i de conflicte, format per més de 700 zones marcades. Castellà: La investigación se centra en identificar y analizar a todas las reporteras de guerra que han cubierto, al menos, un conflicto armado desde 1914 hasta hoy. El estudio presenta un directorio con 227 mujeres corresponsales de guerra y tres mapas interactivos: geográfico, cronologico y de conflictos, que constan de más de 700 zonas marcadas. Anglès: The investigation focuses on identifying and analyzing all the women war reporters who have covered at least one armed conflict since 1914 to today. The study presents a directory with 227 women war correspondents and three interactive maps: geographic, chronological and of conflicts, with more than 700 marked zones. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Para ejercer el periodismo, ante todo, hay que ser buenos seres humanos. Las malas personas no pueden ser buenos periodistas. Si se es una buena persona se puede intentar comprender a los demás, sus intenciones, su fe, sus intereses, sus dificultades, sus tragedias. Ryszard Kapuscinski ÍNDICE Introducción ........................................................................................................ 2 Hipótesis .............................................................................................................. 4 Metodología ......................................................................................................... 4 Marco Teórico ...................................................................................................... 6 1. Periodismo y conflicto: un recorrido en datos ...............................................................6 2. Periodismo y mujer .................................................................................................... 13 3. Periodismo de guerra ................................................................................................. 19 4. La mujer en la cobertura de conflictos armados .......................................................... 30 Análisis de los resultados (I): Reflexiones sobre la investigación ............................... 39 Análisis de los resultados (II): Reflexiones sobre los tres mapas ................................ 47 Conclusiones ...................................................................................................... 50 Bibliografía ........................................................................................................ 54 Anexos .............................................................................................................. 81 1. Tabla de mujeres corresponsales de guerra ................................................................. 81 2. Plan de contenidos de Instagram .............................................................................. 120 1 Introducción Hay miles de películas sobre guerra: a unos, emocionan y marcan; a otros banalizan y frivolizan. En la mayoría de esas películas los protagonistas son hombres, y ¿a qué se dedican las mujeres en esas historias? A llorar, a esperar, a esconderse. Y no falta nunca la escena de una violación o un intento de abuso sexual por parte del enemigo. El papel de la mujer se lleva a un segundo plano, en el que no cabe la heroicidad. Siguiendo con las películas de guerra, ¿cuántas cuentan la historia de un reportero? La verdad es que no muchas. Pero y, ¿sobre reporteras de guerra? Aún menos. Las películas representan una parte de la realidad. Y en esta realidad, la historia la cuentan los vencedores. Los vencedores. Hace relativamente poco las mujeres tenían prohibido leer, y mucho menos escribir. Se decía que había carreras para hombres y carreras para mujeres, que la guerra no era para mujeres. Pero unas pocas fueron en contra de esas convenciones sociales y empezaron a luchar por la igualdad de género. Algunas de ellas, se llenaron de tanta valentía que decidieron ir a cubrir una guerra porque como decía Coco Chanel: “El acto más valiente que una puede hacer es pensar por sí misma en voz alta”. Ser periodista ya es peligroso, pero ser periodista de guerra es encararse con la muerte. El año 2020 terminó con 387 periodistas encarcelados, 54 secuestrados y 4 desaparecidos, según el “Balance Anual 2020” de Reporteros sin Fronteras. Es más, el número de mujeres presas aumentó un 35% el año pasado, se contabilizaron 42 reporteras presas de 387 totales. Yara Abbas, Leila Alaoui y Camile Lepage son algunos de los nombres de periodistas de guerra que murieron ejerciendo su profesión. Estas mujeres fallecieron hace menos de 10 años, y quizás ahora haya una mayor aceptación para que las mujeres ejerzan esta rama del periodismo, pero el papel de las corresponsales de guerra sigue siendo tan invisibilizado como lo fue en sus inicios. Esta investigación identifica, analiza y compara las experiencias de diferentes mujeres periodistas que hayan cubierto una guerra desde 1914 hasta la actualidad. El estudio busca construir un directorio de mujeres que hayan cubierto una guerra en calidad de periodistas y elaborar tres mapas interactivos gracias al análisis exhaustivo de fuentes documentales. 2 Es significativo realizar un estudio sobre reporteras de guerra por dos motivos principales. Primero, porque los estudios que tratan esta temática son escasos y, segundo, porque el rol de la mujer periodista en conflictos armados ha quedado invisibilizado a lo largo de estos años. Partiendo de ello, este TFG trata de contrarrestar la invisibilización de la mujer en la cobertura de guerras. Así, potenciando la perspectiva de género y aprovechando las posibilidades de la comunicación multimedia, se han construido tres mapas que permiten representar la distribución de mujeres que han cubierto conflictos a nivel mundial. 1. Mapa geográfico. 2. Mapa de conflictos. 3. Mapa cronológico. De este modo, la investigación se desarrolla en torno a un objetivo principal: identificar a todas las periodistas de guerra en el mundo entre 1914 y 2021. A partir de aquí se elabora el directorio de mujeres que cubrieron o cubren una guerra, y surgen dos subobjetivos: 1. Describir el trabajo y las dificultades de las reporteras en la cobertura de guerra. 2. Determinar en qué zonas, conflictos y etapas cronológicas se han realizado más coberturas por mujeres corresponsales de guerra. 3 Hipótesis Esta investigación está definida por su carácter experimental, por eso, no tiene hipótesis. Según la Metodología de la investigación publicada por McGraw-Hill Interamericana, no todas las investigaciones deben plantear una hipótesis. Si bien es cierto que la mayoría de los estudios cuantitativos emplean un método deductivo que les requiere la formulación de una serie de hipótesis. Esta investigación es híbrida: cualitativa y cuantitativa, viene determinada por su carácter descriptivo y explicativo desarrollado a través del método inductivo, que no requiere una formulación de hipótesis necesariamente. Metodología La investigación tiene un carácter descriptivo, exploratorio y explicativo. La metodología aplicada es de carácter híbrido con aportes cualitativos y cuantitativos. Las técnicas que se emplean para la recogida de evidencias son, por una parte, el análisis documental y, por otra parte, la creación de mapas inspirados en la cartografía social y etnográfica que se encuentran en la página web del proyecto y se difunden a través de un perfil en las redes sociales. El análisis documental se basa en la recolecta del máximo material posible en diferentes tipos de soporte, ya sean electrónicos como estudios, informes, artículos, tesis doctorales, libros, biografías, suplementos de revistas y portales de internet; o audiovisuales como documentales, reportajes, películas, e informativos. Esta técnica es la base de la investigación. Para ello, se ha procurado seguir las directrices que María Pinto Molina describe en su estudio “Introducción al análisis documental y sus niveles: el análisis de contenido”. En este estudio se subraya que “el analista ideal deberá responder a un perfil profesional, definido por las cualidades humanas, técnicas y científicas”. A raíz
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