Number 17 y July 2009 Kernerman kdictionaries.com/kdn DICTIONARY News

KD’s BLDS: a brief introduction In 2005 K Dictionaries (KD) entered a project of developing We started by establishing an extensive infrastructure both dictionaries for learners of different languages. KD had already contentwise and technologically. The lexicographic compilation created several non-English titles a few years earlier, but those was divided into 25 projects: 1 for the French core, 8 for the were basic word-to-word dictionaries. The current task marked dictionary cores of the eight languages, another 8 for the a major policy shift for our company since for the first time we translation from French to eight languages, and 8 more for the were becoming heavily involved in learner dictionaries with translation of each language to French. target languages other than English. That was the beginning of An editorial team was set up for developing each of the nine our Bilingual Learners Dictionaries Series (BLDS), which so (French + 8) dictionary cores. The lexicographers worked from far covers 20 different language cores and keeps growing. a distance, usually at home, all over the world. The chief editor The BLDS was launched with a program for eight French for each language was responsible for preparing the editorial bilingual dictionaries together with Assimil, a leading publisher styleguide and the list of headwords. Since no corpora were for foreign language learning in France which made a strategic publicly available for any of these languages, each editor used decision to expand to dictionaries in cooperation with KD. different means to retrieve information in order to compile the The main target users were identified as speakers of French headword list. Much of the language resources for compiling learning a foreign language at an intermediate level. To serve the entries were found on the Internet. both production and reception purposes, it was decided that The technical foundations had to be robust and elaborate the dictionaries would be fully bilingual and bi-directional. enough to accommodate complex lexicographical data in any The core for each language consisted of about 12,000 main language, fitting into a single overall framework that allowed headwords, with the total number of words and expressions for regular exchanges with dozens of editors and translators. running up to a maximum of 20,000. The entries typically We configured an XML Editor for the lexicographic input and consisted of the headword, pronunciation, part of speech, had to maintain a sub-project of having the software installed irregular forms, brief definitions, example of usage for each by each lexicographer, preparing proper documentation on its sense of polysemous entries, all types of compositional phrases, functioning, and providing technical support. run-ons, usage and register labels, etc. In its larger sense, the BLDS concerns constructing a

1 KD’s BLDS y a brief introduction 3 Papers on Lexicography and Dictionaries 1 y Perspectives in Lexicography: Asia and beyond. Vincent B.Y. Ooi, Anne Pakir, Ismail S. Talib and Peter K.W. Tan (eds.) 2 y DSNA Seminar on Learner’s Dictionaries. Ilan J. Kernerman and Paul Bogaards (eds.) 4 The Lexicographers y Michael Manis Lexicographical poems: an introduction y Michael Adams 6 B.T. Sue Atkins and Michael Rundell. The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography y Rick Schutz 8 Seminar on Learner’s Dictionaries at the DSNA XVII Meeting, Indiana University, 2009 9 A review of the First International Symposium on Lexicography and L2 Teaching and Learning y Zhang Yihua and Xia Lixin 11 Asialex 2009 y Jirapa Vitayapirak 12 The Center for Lexicographical Studies, GDUFS 14 English Dictionaries in Global and Historical Context y Janice McAlpine 16 Intertnet lexicography as a challenge: The Internet dictionary portal at the Institute for German Language y Stefan Engelberg, Annette Klosa and Carolin Müller-Spitzer © 2009 All rights reserved. 26 KirzeN, the international dictionary y Balázs Sipócz 27 TheFreeDictionary.com story y Michal Goldman 28 The BLDS Italian dictionary core y Palma Gallana K DICTIONARIES LTD 31 BLDS y sample pages Nahum 8 Tel Aviv 63503 Israel 32 Dictionnaires Assimil Kernerman, 2009 Tel: 972-3-5468102 Fax: 972-3-5468103 [email protected] Editor y Ilan J. Kernerman http://kdictionaries.com ISSN 1565-4745 2

database-network that can serve as a base each particular language pair. The BLDS cores currently for compiling different dictionaries. It Meanwhile, KD began to compile include these languages: contains more data than is needed for a dictionary cores for more languages, and Arabic • Chinese (Simplified single dictionary, and enables the extraction the first BLDS title was actually published • Traditional) • Czech • Dutch of precise components to suit individual already last year by Vega Forlag in Norway • English • French • German user profiles. For example, the titles for (Spanish/Norwegian). The eight French • Greek • Italian • Japanese speakers of French use sense indicators bilinguals are published by Assimil in France for disambiguating meanings instead of this year. Each dictionary is accompanied by • Korean • Latin • Norwegian carrying the definitions, and exclude the an electronic application that is downloaded • Polish • Portuguese (Brazil phonetic pronunciation of the French and activated by a personal key. This issue • Portugal) • Russian headwords but present phonetics of the L2 of KDN presents a few BLDS samples, • Spanish • Turkish headwords and translations. The appropriate more extensive information will be provided balance naturally has to be fine-tuned for in the next issue.

A sample page from the French-Russian section of Dictionnaire Assimil Kernerman Russe-Français Français-Russe (on the left), and an extract from its raw French data (below).

hormis prep liter sauf  Il ne voit personne, hormis toi. hormone nf substance active du corps  prendre des hormones horodateur nm machine qui imprime la date et l'heure horoscope nm {prévisions sur l'avenir} prévisions sur l'avenir des personnes  lire son horoscope horreur nf 1 {sentiment} violent sentiment de peur ou de dégoût  pousser un cri d'horreur 2  avoir horreur de détester  Il a horreur de la violence. 3 {atrocité} ce qui est horrible  l'horreur d'un crime  un film d'horreur horrible adj 1 {effrayant} qui fait très peur ou dégoûte  une histoire horrible 2 {laid} très laid  Cette robe est horrible. 3 {mauvais} très mauvais  Il fait un temps horrible. horrifier vt {terrifier, épouvanter} provoquer un violent sentiment de peur ou de dégoût  Ce drame a horrifié tout le monde. hors : hors de prep 1 en dehors de, à l'extérieur de  hors de la maison 2  être hors de danger ne plus être exposé au danger 3  hors d'usage qui ne fonctionne plus 4  hors de prix

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 très cher  Ces chaussures sont hors de prix. hors-d'œuvre nm inv {plat servi en début de repas} plat que l'on sert en début de repas hors-jeu nm inv sport position interdite sur le terrain, dans certains sports hors-piste nm inv fait de skier en dehors des pistes  faire du hors-piste 3

PAPERS ON LEXICOGRAPHY AND DICTIONARIES

1 2

Perspectives in Lexicography: Asia and beyond DSNA Seminar on Vincent B.Y. Ooi, Anne Pakir, Ismail S. Talib and Learner’s Dictionaries Peter K.W. Tan (eds.) Ilan J. Kernerman and Paul Bogaards (eds.) ISBN 978-965-90207-1-3 290 pages Publication by K Dictionaries, K Dictionaries, Tel Aviv. August 2009 Tel Aviv. December 2009

Introduction • Vincent B.Y. Ooi Introduction • Ilan J. Kernerman Asian perspectives The evolution of learners’ dictionaries and Lexical concerns about neologism in Chinese lexicography the Merriam Webster Advanced Learner’s • Yihua Zhang English Dictionary A survey of pragmatic information in bilingual • Paul Bogaards English-Chinese learners’ dictionaries • Saihong Li I've heard so much about you: Introducing Grammatical class, tags and lemmas: A corpus-based study the native-speaker lexicographer to the of the Malay lexicon • Gerry Knowles and learners’ dictionary Zuraidah Mohd Don • Wendalyn Nichols Analysing sorrow and grief: A contrastive-semantic From the ground up: Making a new perspective • Ruihua Zhang learner’s dictionary from scratch Lexical innovations in the multimodal Corpus of Asian • Peter Sokolowski Magazine Advertising • Andrew Moody and Azirah Hashim Three collegiate dictionaries: Preferences by college students: A comparison of Pedagogical perspectives reading comprehension test scores and EFL dictionaries on the Web: Students’ appraisal and issues survey results for university students using in the Cambridge, Longman, and Oxford dictionaries three collegiate dictionaries: MW, AHD, • Shigeru Yamada and NOAD The potential of learner corpora for pedagogical • Don R. McCreary lexicography • Yukio Tono FEARful words in learners’ dictionaries A trilingual dictionary for learners of Cantonese, English and • Henri Béjoint Putonghua Folk defining strategies vs. comprehension • Jacqueline Kam-mei Lam, Lan Li and Tom McArthur of dictionary definitions: An empirical Electronic dictionaries in the classroom study • Shinya Ozawa and JamesRonald • Mateusz Fabiszewski-Jaworski and The benefits of CD-ROM dictionaries in teaching Marta Grochocka • Monika Szirmai Corpus, lexicography and language Dictionary use strategies by EFL learners in Taiwan learners • Da-Fu Huang • Mari Carmen Campoy-Cubillo English learners’ dictionaries: An undervalued resource Why we need bilingual learners’ • Julia Miller dictionaries Multiple word class entries in advanced learner’s • Arleta Adamska-Sałaciak dictionaries of English • Sadayuki Nakane Writing a bilingual learner’s dictionary: Representation of word combinations in illustrative A case study of Kirundi examples in English learners’ dictionaries • Hai Xu • Teddy Bofman, Jeanine Ntihirageza and Not quite first language, not quite second language either: Paul Prez Dictionary entries for learners caught in between An ideal EFL dictionary environment • Peter K.W. Tan • Shigeru Yamada What future for the learner’s dictionary? General perspectives • Michael Rundell Interlingual lexicography, with special reference to research priorities • R.R.K. Hartmann Internet-based communication and the ecology of dictionaries • Wengao Gong Proiceedings of the Seminar on Relational network notation and the intelligent web Learner's Dictionaries held during • Jonathan J. Webster and Ian C. Chow the DSNA 17th Biennial Meeting at Putting the corpus into the dictionary • Adam Kilgarriff Indiana University, Bloomington, Towards a multimodal dictionary of narration on 29 May 2009. • Ismail S. Talib

Orders from: www.CreateSpace.com Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 4

The Lexicographers

Michael Manis

Johnson Upon the Priapism of Lexicography Picture of a Lexicographer

“A preternatural tension”—ah yes Words between our throats creating sounds endless alone and the pen’s wet running upon the page. make Such early morning thoughts arise to wag for my confidence at my bedside as if lonely to tantalize, to offer and then stiff men. me of my resolve to suffer English fixed like a tent pitched to serve whim and wish of Pope and Dryden. Then, outside my home, Memo One: From Philip Gove the chatter rises from the street, the drone, to America Michael Manis was born in Akron, the hum, which should comfort my stultified, Ohio and is currently a graduate wooden mind and limpen the stature of Ain’t is a word student at Indiana University. He is my worries. But the muffled sounds that shove like any other, perusing his Master of Fine Arts in their way into my room causes worry once again though substandard, creative writing with an emphasis to bloom. I close my ears and try to train but all words are in the short story, though he also my mind on Pope’s poems, but against the street, substandard in writes poetry. His interests include not all Pope’s verses could stay defeat. their own way. the persona poem, the history of There my dictionary stands on a shelf lexicography, and the craft of the and outside the language busies itself. For example, historical fictional narrative. Who am I but an old man with an ear I came home late through which to soften the stubborn fear one evening and [email protected] that men do not need monuments erect found my house empty to all Shakespeare, Dryden, and Pope’s affect. except for strangers reading stacks of memos like this one—all Murray On His Pigeon Holes trying to figure out who it was Today I look up from my work, and I am that lived here. astounded by the pigeon-holes lining the scriptorium wall like wooden pores, Memo Two: From Phillip Gove to the from which the language exhales its secrets. Copy of Webster’s Third on His Desk I have spent near half my life listening to the lungs of English, measuring its Congratulations intervals. I wonder if those pores for being finished, will swallow me one day and inside there though I don’t mean sits my doppelganger, waiting for his “finished” in the chance to make sense of the last of my breaths. completed sense. I mean through or dead or irrelevant. Lexicographical poems: an introduction We both know you’ll Indiana University has an outstanding graduate creative writing program. Some never be finished students in that program were members of a seminar I taught last spring, titled in the first way but “Reading Dictionaries.” While doctoral students wrote traditional research papers at you’ll be forever the end of the term, the creative writers were encouraged to find a way to make sense finished in the second. of the course material in fiction or poetry. Michael Manis, primarily a writer of fiction, submitted the poems published here. In them, he conveys memorably the burdens and Last night, I dreamt joys of lexicography. I am aware of only a few poems devoted to dictionaries and their I opened you. makers; it seems fitting that Kernerman Dictionary News, devoted as it is to the art Inside: all the bones and craft of lexicography, would once in a while publish art about lexicography, too. of anyone who Through lyric, we see our familiar world with unexpected clarity; we are reminded ever tried to say of the humanity that underlies all lexicographical enterprise. anything and mean it. Michael Adams Indiana University Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 5

Dictionary as Lexicographer Johnson Upon Craigie

If Webster’s Third were a lexicographer, “It was a railway porter”—what have I she would be a tall woman with with my methods brought about? Is it dry glasses—popular glasses like something witticism, for surely no man thinks Sarah Palin would wear. She would speak that the object here is by its link eloquently, though in long-winded sentences to existence (ah “it was!”) distinguished that lose people’s attention at parties, but from the atoms composing a bonefish those people would invariably believe or those of the ink running black over she was very smart, despite the fact the presses of Grub Street or of Dover? that she was known for repeating herself. Perhaps I mistake the nature of this porter and it is truly formal bliss If the OED were a lexicographer, the likes of which might leave Plato pleased he would be a skinny man in his late forties to see exist. Or better Democrates, prone to wearing tweed suits and bow-ties. attempting to divide the object in twain, At parties, the OED would entertain with might find the process trying and refrain trivia that, while precise, would annoy the guests from attempting to define—excuse me— by the sheer weight of it. Once the OED divide it any further. Bad to lose gets talking, he will never stop. a pure proof of ancient-logic to those poets who’d sentence divinity’s word If the American Heritage Dictionary were a lexicographer, to context low! Perhaps to protect and gird he would be a portly man in his thirties, it best, the lexicographer chose to though he would dress as if he were in his twenties: leave this sacred porter alone in lieu casually, with no tie, open collar and camel hair blazer. of finding it a wordly epitome, He would be jealous of the attention Webster’s gets which the language in brief could not condone, and would constantly look out for the politically or if it could, why can’t the writer shirk incorrect, if only to butt his way into a conversation, his readers to do philosophy’s work? which was hard enough to do with the OED around.

Gove’s Wife, Cataloguing Johnson’s Cards Burchfield on Nonce words Memo Three: Philip Gove to His Employees The words on the cards, The ground beneath like fossils buried in bedrock— the tree of words grows Murray died before they are easy to disregard. softer with common rinds, he got to see the and I do the work of complete OED, Many words come from the bard a botanist, picking up here and I began to and some vulgarities are a shock a rough and yellowed peel wonder—if I hired to find on the cards. and sketching the seeds one of you to still stuck to the husk write these memos Most people I show are dullards on my steno-pad with an for me, could I and care for no words and balk, old fountain pen. embark on a voyage but they are easy to disregard. to somewhere warm Have not I earned, in all and distant? The quotations are like barnyards, these long years among the rinds, here a cow and there a cock the swarming flies, the sweet None of you domesticated on the cards. and sticky juices, the exposed, harmless drudges oxidized flesh in browns would ever know. The tedium makes it hard, —I know I’ve earned the right and Philip does not take stock— to climb the tree and pick my work, he disregards. the fruit that never falls but is so light, it evaporates I see my husband in Johnson’s awkward into the rarefied air. script—small letters like pocks fall into line on the cards,

which I find difficult to disregard. Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 6

B.T. Sue Atkins and Michael Rundell. The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography

Double practical about your user profile, then choose the In a previous edition of this publication, way that best fits the needs of your most I observed that the book Practical vulnerable user.” lexicography, a reader, edited by Thierry Here and there, the reader gets an explicit Fontenelle, was maybe not as practical as warning, like: “Building the database is a the title suggested (KDN16, 2008: 14-16). wholly monolingual exercise” and “When In any case, it did not give the answers to in doubt, don't leave it out.” Each chapter practical questions like: ends with references to more information, • Under which entry does the user of divided into 'Recommended reading', my dictionary find fixed phrases and 'Further reading and related topics' and idiomatic expressions? 'Websites'. The lists with references are • What does the blueprint of an empty short and up to date. dictionary look like? Which building A quote from a paragraph that discusses blocks are universal and essential? grades of idiomaticity may illustrate the The Oxford Guide • Where can I find information on tools/ stress OGPL lays on dictionaries as realistic to Practical lexicography software to build a dictionary? inventories of current words and phrases. B.T. Sue Atkins and Michael A little later in 2008 OUP published a The following remark is made on idioms Rundell companion book with a nearly similar title, that present no problems of identification Oxford University Press, 2008 The Oxford Guide to Practical Lexicography as true idioms: 978 0 19 927770 4 (OGPL). This title is well chosen indeed: “…these and only these are used to (hardbound) the book does discuss, and in many cases illustrate the many papers on idiom 978 0 19 927771 1 (paperback) provide, the answers to, these questions and by theoretical linguists, who are many, many more. single-handedly keeping alive old favourites like to rain cats and dogs and Very, very practical to kick the bucket. It is a very long time After a brief and crystal clear introduction since either of us heard these in day-to-day that tells us what the book is about, what discourse.” (note 13, p. 360). lexicographers do and how the book Apparently the old favourites are hard to works, the first chapter begins with 'The suppress, since they also show up in OGPL birth of a dictionary'. In three major parts, on page 167 (kick the bucket) and page 181 Pre-lexicography, Analysing the data and (raining cats and dogs) respectively. Compiling the entry, OGPL guides us – lexicographers to be – along practically Headword of a multiword expression every issue that anyone who decides on It would be impossible for this review to making a dictionary encounters. On page comment on every aspect of dictionary 499, we are ready for the final paragraph making that OGPL deals with. I focussed 'Writing the entry'. on the answer to the very first question in The style of the book is pleasantly down the beginning of this review: “under which to earth and on every page one senses the entry does the user of my dictionary find abundant experience of the authors. The fixed phrases and idiomatic expressions?” basic piece of advice, repeated throughout, In my lifetime, I have spent a lot of time is: keep the user of your dictionary in mind looking in vain for multiword expressions with every decision you make. That seems (MWEs) under the wrong headword. Very an obvious thing to do, but many existing few (English) dictionaries bother to mention dictionaries prove that somewhere along the the way they distribute MWEs among road the maker forgot about the (limitations entries in the front matter. Consequently it in the) skills and needs of the users. is impossible for a motivated (front matter The practical approach of OGPL shows reading) user to save time by following in the many remarks, often pieces of very the lexicographer's system, however practical advice, preceded by a blue arrow. counter-intuitive it might be. A few examples: In a recent concise dictionary by a 1 “Don't rely too much on labels in renowned editor, the distribution of MWEs your entry: they usually mean more to you than to the user.” and “When you're deciding how to handle MWEs 1 Essential Dictionary for Learners of (multiword expressions), it's a good idea English, edited by Michael Rundell,

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 to look at a lot of other dictionaries, think Macmillan, 2007. 7 was probably not an item in the styleguide. Automated selecting and ordering The same MWE occurs in several articles It strikes me that the frame of mind of under different entries, obviously without the authors of OGPL still seems to be the intention. The lexicographical treatment traditional printed dictionary, in spite of the varies in wording, labeling, definition and distinction in the very structure of the book the use of examples. Here are two such between building the database and editing doubles (with the entry word printed in the final product. The authors even say bold): (on p. 363) “What you do with an MWE - at/in the back of your mind: if something in the database is not necessarily what will is at the back of your mind, you are slightly eventually be done with it in the dictionary conscious of it all the time proper.” So much for the theory. - at the back of your mind: if something is at In fact, the book is suffused with the the back of your mind, you are not thinking spirit of the traditional idea that every about it now, but you still remember it or single dictionary article is the creation know about it: At the back of the mind, she of a skilled craftsperson. The way Atkins knew he was lying. and Rundell describe the arrangement - take sth with a pinch of salt: informal to of meanings and MWEs in a dictionary doubt that something is completely true entry smells like arranging flowers in a - take sth with a pinch of salt: to doubt the bouquet. The fundamental distinction truth or value of something is completely between database and resulting product true: If I were you, I'd take his advice with is mentioned, but is neither discussed nor a pinch of salt. illustrated and thus seems to be of little Would consultation by this dictionary’s substance. PASSWORD editor of his later work have prevented this? In their own words, the authors state English Dictionary for The disappointing answer is probably no. that the transformation from database Speakers of Portuguese OGPL discusses the relevant question to dictionary essentially consists of + ePASSWORD CD-ROM ‘under which entry does the user of my selecting and ordering. The notion that if MARTINS EDITORA dictionary find fixed phrases and idiomatic the database is well structured, it can be LIVRARIA expressions?’ in chapter 9.2.6, ‘Multiword turned into a dictionary – into a number of Expressions’. The authors refer to “a different dictionaries – by using a range São Paulo, Brazil lot of academic research with a view to of programmed rules, seems to be too July 2009 (book+cd edition) discovering where dictionary users expect unorthodox to deserve attention in OGPL. In 783 pp, 190 x 128 mm to find various types of MWE”. The only my view, it is precisely the task of a modern Paperback, incl. CD-ROM more or less concrete statement is “it is lexicographer to design the database and the ISBN 978-85-61635-37-4 often said that German users will look for rules for derivation and ordering in such a http://martinseditora.com.br a phrase first under the noun”. In fact, the way that ultimately composing lemmas is http://kdictionaries.com/ question is left unanswered. OGPL then an automated process rather than a human products/medium/pwbr.html offers a number of possible strategies for creation per article. the lexicographer to follow (‘the principal We know that there is no universal From the series options for English’): strategy for users to select the headword KERNERMAN SEMI- 1 under the first or only lexical word for a random MWE. We also know that BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES 2 under the least frequent lexical word building a database as a source for various 3 under the first or only noun products can save a considerable amount of 4 under the first or only verb editorial time and can guarantee consistency 5 as a headword in its own right (in throughout these products. If one inserts an dictionaries of idioms) MWE in the database only once, with a link In the rest of OGPL there is no sign of to every single-word lexical unit (i.e. each the application of any of these options, meaning of a headword), all options for the nor of any other strategy. Further on, in selection of the headword in a final product chapter 10.2.1 OGPL discusses the tricky would still be open. This procedure would issue of the relative fixedness of many avoid double, but non-identical, treatment expressions. For example, when we look like the examples above. In each entry in at 'with a pinch of salt' in a large corpus which the MWE would be included, we we may find many instances without the would see the same information (wording, word 'pinch', like with a huge lump of labeling, definition, translation). It would salt. The authors argue convincingly that also allow for different choices for different the canonical form in a dictionary should products, and each choice would guarantee nonetheless be 'with a pinch of salt'. a 100% consistency. For example, the However, without any clarification they choice for either of the strategies that OGPL present salt as the entry for this MWE offers could easily be programmed and in the dictionary. Yet salt is neither the automatically produced. The results would first or only lexical word, nor the least be as follows: frequent lexical word, nor the first or 1 take with a pinch of salt (first or only only noun, nor the first or only verb. lexical word, if a support verb like 'take' Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 8

were to be excluded from the list of In my view, the use of cross-references for 'lexical words') MWEs is an attractive time-saving feature. 2 take with a pinch of salt (least frequent For example in Cobuild we find a reference lexical word, assuming that relative to salt under pinch for take something with frequency of words is available in the a pinch of salt. In a concise dictionary, a database) reference to just the headword without the 3 take with a pinch of salt (the first or only full MWE is already helpful to a user who noun) will recognise the reference as part of the 4 take with a pinch of salt (first or only phrase he or she has in mind. verb) The distribution of MWEs among articles Lexicographers could present the various offered a case for looking into the way results to potential users for testing. database and final product relate to each Probably they would formulate an additional other in OGPL. I am sure that this book rule that results in salt as a headword. For will be a success and that it will go through example, the occurrence of variation in the a large number of reprints and I am curious first lexical word (take with a pinch/grain to see if further automation of the dictionary of salt) could be a reason for an additional making process will receive more attention rule that marks the second lexical word in future editions. as the headword. Of course, it would also be possible to place the MWE in several Non-natives read English too entries, if the size of the dictionary allows Finally, I would like to make a remark on it. An in-between solution would be a the blind spot that many native speakers – cross-reference. OGPL briefly mentions even those who write for an international the possibility of referring from a potential public – seem to have for the problems headword to the headword under which the that non-natives may have with infrequent MWE is treated as a common feature in a idiomatic English. They should realise DWS (dictionary writing system). However, that we already have to deal with a double in 'Building the dictionary entry' (chapter handicap. Not only do we read/study in a 12) we do not learn how to deal with this language that is not our mother tongue, in feature. It is simply not mentioned again. addition to that all the example material is drawn from a language that is not our own. What is immediately instructive or illustrative to a native speaker often requires some additional study from a non-native speaker. A little consideration would be Seminar on Learner’s Dictionaries appropriate. DSNA XVII Biennial Meeting, Bloomington, 2009 In general the language in OGPL is plain and lively English, but here and there an The 17th biennial meeting of the Dictionary Society of North infrequent idiom suddenly enforces the consultation of a dictionary. On page 5 the America, held at Indiana University in Bloomington on 27-30 authors quote the great Dr. Samuel Johnson May 2009, included a first-of-its-kind seminar on learner’s from 'The plan of an English Dictionary', 1747. Then follows: “Crudely paraphrased dictionaries. The seminar was an experiment in program structure this tells us that no amount of theoretical and was generally restricted to its participants, although some 20 rigour is worth a hill of beans if the average other persons attended in the audience. The participants all read user of your dictionary can't understand the message you are trying to convey.” It is each other’s papers in advance, and the seminar served as a forum ironic that many readers will only be able for further discussion. Three participants were unable to attend to understand the paraphrase because the original text is perfectly understandable for the conference and took part in the discussion using Skype. The an advanced EFL-student. The paraphrase participants included Arleta Adamska-Sałaciak, Henri Béjoint, – ideally intended to clarify the quotation – introduces the rare and opaque idiom 'a Paul Bogaards, Mari Carmen Campoy-Cubillo, Don R. McCreary, hill of beans'. No problem for those who Wendalyn Nichols, Michael Rundell, Peter Sokolowski and Shigeru remember the famous ending of the film Casablanca, in which Humphrey Bogart Yamada, and the organizer was Ilan J. Kernerman. The seminar says '… it doesn’t take much to see that the proceedings, along with two more papers on this topic that were problems of three little people don’t amount presented at the DSNA meeting, will be published by K Dictionaries, to a hill of beans in this crazy world'. For many others the Americanism introduces a as the second volume in its new Papers on Lexicography and puzzle. Dictionaries series. For the list of contents, see p.3. Rik Schutz

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 [email protected] significance for promoting international international promoting for significance realistic great has symposium the Yihua, opening ceremony by the organizer, Zhang the at stated As dictionaries. learner’s L2 publishers for needs users’ and Chinese investigate may scholars international and abroad, in dictionary-making learner’s and integrated lexicography theories of new practices may with scholars acquainted Chinese be that so forum, interdisciplinary an in world the around from publishing dictionary and linguistics lexicography, second language acquisition, symposium was to bring together scholars the of of purpose The exchange. information international scholars to form a platform for learner’s realneedsforL2acquisition. definition and show no consideration for the still cling to traditional approaches to lexical and many L2 dictionaries published in China China target specifically Chinese L2 learning,learner’slearners,few dictionaries outside scholars in lexicography feeble and L2 the teaching exchange to and between due Chinese and However, international educators. from lexicographers, linguists and language attention growing drawing is dictionaries learner’s of research the that is results the of One time. short a in language second a acquire to people stimulate exchanges international economic for needs the and integration global The Chinese. learn to start and China interestedin are world the around people more and more China, in growth economic and openness trade the learners in China continues L2 of to number increase.the and world, With the over all (L2, languages esp. ESL) has grown second in recent decades learning for zeal The 1. Purpose University Press. Casio (Shanghai) Trade Co.Press, Ltd and Research Beijing and Teaching Language Shanghai Foreign Press, Language Education Press, Commercial Foreign the from Applied Linguistics of GDUFS and withLinguistics supportfor Center Research Key National the and Studies Lexicographic for Committee, Center the by co-hosted was event the Bilingual Chinalex the by Sponsored (GDUFS). Studies Foreign of 28 to 26 Teaching from University Guangdong at 2008 November L2 held was and Learning Symposium and Lexicography International on First The Therefore, it is necessary for Chinese and on LexicographyandL2 Teaching andLearning A review oftheFirstInternationalSymposium Zhang Yihua andXiaLixin of Foreign Studies (Japan), Dr. Vincent Vincent Dr. (Japan), Studies Foreign of University Tokyo from Tono Yukio Dr. Rundell from Macmillan dictionaries (UK), of Beijing Foreign Studies University, University from Michael Guohua Chen City Professor Hongkong, the from Ding’ou Zheng Dr. Yihua, Zhang Tiekun, Wang Shusaku fromCasio(Shanghai)Co. and Yoshida and Ministry, the of Language Information Chinese of Department Administration of vice-director Tiekun, the Ministry of Education, Professor Wang of Information and Language Chinese of Director of the Administration Department and Committee Language State China the of GUDFS, vice-chairman of Yuming, Li Professor president Guangjun, Sui Professor by addressed and Yihua Zhang and Taiwan. Canada, Kong Hong Singapore, Australia, UK, Denmark, Japan, Spain, Poland, Israel, houses and research institutes in China, the publishing universities, from participants The conference was well attended with 136 3. Participants L2 teachingintheclassroom. and dictionaries electronic on workshop a Press, (Beijing), and Oxford University Press, and Education Education Pearson Dictionaries, K Casio, Language Foreign Shanghai Press, Language Research and Teaching Foreign Press, the Commercial Press, University Beijing including symposium, the alongside held was that works lexicographic and dictionaries exhibition of an included conference The • • • • • as follows: were symposium the of topics main The 2. Topics coming future. the in dictionaries learner’s of improving quality the and abroad, and home from teachers language second and publishers exchanges among lexicographers, dictionary The invited speakers included Li Yuming, by chaired was ceremony opening The dictionary dataaccess. and making dictionary Computer-aided Learner corpusanddictionarymaking. making. dictionary and analysis needs Learner’s C[hinese]SL) teachingandlearning. Learner’s dictionary and L2 (esp. ESL and and publishing. Learner’s dictionary research, compilation [email protected] L2 Learningand Teaching. Symposium onLexicographyand organizer oftheFirstInternational system. ProfessorZhangwasthe multilingual dictionarygeneration computational lexicography, andthe and cyber-linguistics theories, integration ofcognitivelinguistics edge inlexicography, involvingthe theoretical issuesattheleading years hisresearchhasfocusedon and 7dictionaries.Inrecent monographs, 2translationworks, than 70academicpapers,6 in lexicography, includingmore has authorednumerouspublications semantics andtranslation,he interests includelexicography, Lexicography. Hismainresearch of Modern Technology for director oftheStateCommittee Terminology, andexecutive Committee forLexicographical China NationalStandardization Committee, vice-chairmanof chairman ofChinalexBilingual Lexicography Association, the vice-presidentofChina Studies, andisconcurrently Guangdong UniversityofForeign for LexicographicalStudiesat He isthedirectorofCenter linguistics andappliedlinguistics. Zhang Yihua hasaPhDin

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 9 10

B.Y. Ooi from the National University is the first time for China to hold such a of Singapore, Dr. Robert Lew of Adam conference, so the Ministry of Education Mickiewicz University (Poland), Dr. has valued it highly and gave it its full Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera from Valladolid support. He argued that lexicographers University (Spain), and Dr. Sandro Nielsen engaged in Chinese language dictionaries of Aarhus University (Demark). had little contact with international lexicographical circles and knew little 4. Overview about what foreign dictionary compilers and Over the three conference days, participants publishers had done, especially concerning shared their experience in dictionary making learner’s dictionaries. As a result, the and language teaching in a variety of forms, making of Chinese dictionaries continued on the basis of their research work and in a conventional way and failed to meet vision for the development of lexicography current users’ needs. He offered to help and L2 acquisition. The symposium helped Chinese and foreign experts and scholars to promote international exchanges among with the Ministry’s language resources, lexicographers from different countries and presented and analyzed important data and dictionary publishers and L2 teachers, from The Annual Report on the Language and it enabled Chinese lexicographers and Situation in China issued by the State Xia Lixin is a research fellow and teachers to learn about the new theories Language Commission with regard to M.A. candidate supervisor at the and methods in overseas learner dictionary Chinese characters, words, catch phrases Center for Lexicographical Studies, research and compilation. Likewise, foreign and the neologisms of the year. GDUFS. His main research interests lexicographers and publishers could enrich Zhang Yihua made a speech entitled A are lexicography, translation and their knowledge of Chinese learners’ needs theoretical proposal for meaning driven semantics. He is also secretary of for L2 dictionaries and of publications of the multi-dimensional definition for a new the Chinalex Bilingual Committee, Chinese language and Chinese dictionaries generation learner’s dictionary. Based on co-editor of The English-Chinese for foreign learners. cognitive semantics and L2 acquisition, Dictionary for Intermediate he set out the interaction between L2 Learners (2008), author of more 5. Speeches acquisition and learner’s dictionaries, and On each day of the conference, two put forward his proposal in a bid to settle than ten papers on lexicography hours were scheduled for plenary and the problems in conventional learner’s and translation, and collaborator on hot-topic sessions, including eleven invited dictionaries and meet the needs of users from several major research projects. speakers. a specific language community. He noted [email protected] Li Yuming made a keynote speech entitled that L2 acquisition follows a developmental The great influence of informatization on sequence from formula through low-scope Chinese lexicography. He pointed out that pattern to construction, but existing one of the major purposes of this symposium learner’s dictionaries attach importance was to call on experts and scholars to abide only to the first two developmental phrases by the State language norms and standards and pay little attention to the third phase in the process of dictionary compilation, of construction. The new generation and emphasized that because dictionaries learner’s dictionary should make up constitute an important part in language for this deficiency by highlighting the standardization, lexicography plays a key description of construction, so its focus role in the system. In order to create a should shift from “basic material” to harmonious language life, we should adhere “prefabricated modular”, from isolated to the philosophy of “regarding language as items to frame-based information, from a resource”, and attach importance also to individual relevance to network relevance. resolving “the current language conflicts” This gives expression to the latest research and realizing language standardization and achievements of cognitive and functional informatization. Professor Li described linguistics, i.e. the Cognitive Economy the relationship between language and Idiom Principle, and conforms to the standardization and lexicography from laws of language cognition and learning of five aspects: modernization of dictionary human beings. making; multimedia functions of After a detailed analysis, Zhang dictionaries; the subtle changes of the advocated that new generation relationship among lexicographers, users learner’s dictionaries should take the and publishers; the retrieval capacity; and meaning-driven communicative pattern the function of dictionaries. He stated that as the basis of semantic representation, so knowledge acquisition and creation might the lexicographical definition should be become the new dictionary functions, meaning-driven instead of grammar-driven, which would be of great significance to the description of lexical units should be future dictionary making. focused on lexical sequence or chunks Wang Tiekun pointed out in his speech, instead of on single words, and the lexical entitled Investigation on actual language meanings should be represented through

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 use and some reflections about it, that it a semantic and lexical network instead of He defined a construction as two words that collocation. of definition proper a of lack the is studies collocation of development of the most important factors that hinder the the dictionary. ChenGuohuaheldthat one ‘balance’to and WesternAsian in realities notion of international intelligibility but also a model served not only to ‘harmonize’ the and American English, and argued that such British to English Singaporean-Malaysian lexicographic 5-circle model the originally of tenets used the to relate introduced Ooi Vincent lexicon-grammar. light French the the of in items valency on compilation, centering under (Chinese-English) dictionary learner’s bilingual a in verbs polysemous of translation the concerning such information forpedagogicallexicography. of benefits potential the discussed also He dictionaries. including materials, for useful improving is the content that of language teaching information obtain to order in corpora learner of analysis the in adopted be should approach systematic more usage a Therefore, learners. of problems lexico-grammatical individual only showing nature, in provided fragmental was information the and scope in seemed that the analysis was rather limited it but decade, a than more for dictionaries learner's for used been has corpora learner of emerging technologies. more direct access to corpora with the help users dictionary giving of possibilities the of some explored he Finally by editors. the made data this from but generalizations with, work lexicographers that data language primary the not is dictionaries rather than explicit: what users see in their use of corpus data in dictionaries is implicit the that argued he metaphor. Then of role the and collocations, usage, of examples to reference particular with learner’s of dictionaries, production the in learner corpora) (including corpora of state-of-the-art use the in current the reviewing targeted atdifferent learners. is essential to compile different dictionaries it so communities, different from learners single learner’s dictionary cannot satisfy all different have a and acquisition, L2 in patterns cognitive communities different language from learners languages, and the cultures different between anisomorphism to Due way. multi-dimensional a meaning in lexical constraints, represent to cognitive integrated pragmatic and representational semantic under all meaning lexical of forms are concept and syntax morphology, phonology, the Thus annotations. and definitions isolated by Zheng Ding’ou discussed the problems problems the discussed Ding’ou Zheng Yukio Tono argued that information from by speech his began Rundell Michael University in2010. will be held at Sichuan International Studies Lexicography and L2 Teaching and Learning dictionaries? relationship between the printed and is electronic What and, making? dictionary offer for further corpus a could What like? be dictionaries learner’s the next-generation should What questions: three these compiling dictionaries. and planning when thinking of way new a adopt to lexicographers encourages and lexicography practical and theoretical for functions opens up exciting new possibilities believed that he the Finally, modern structures. theory of lexicographic dictionary and lexicographic functions, lexicographic data namely features, significant three of terms in analysed be should dictionary the that argued and world, real the in situations of types specific in users of types specific of needs the fulfil that tools lexicographical guidelines that help practitioners to produce and principles develop to objective the by Sandro given. lexicography pedagogical defined Nielsen normally information linguistic the to information conceptual be must encyclopaedic/ adding i.e. all-inclusive, students ESP for dictionaries in ESP courses. He argued that specialized aiming to solve the needs of learnerswhen have must dictionaries monolingual enrolled specialized that requirements general and Pedro Fuertes-Olivera discussed some basic them. from benefit and appreciate always and examined whether the dictionary users pictorial illustrations, animation and videos, indicating meaning in electronic dictionaries, such of as ways new discussed Lew Robert language. another in construction corresponding a of terms in language one combine to form a unit, and a collocation in ASIALEX 2009: The Sixth ASIALEX Conference ASIALEX 2009 is the 6 http://www.kmitl.ac.th/asialex/ President of ASIALEX (2008-2009) Jirapa Vitayapirak the include program social the of conference receptionandtheBangkok templeandcitytour. highlights The Kong). (Hong Li Lan and Chi Amy (Belgium/South Shigeru Schryver Yamadade Africa), G-M. (Pakistan), Iqbal Z. (Japan), Yong(China), Heming include Speakers University). (Mahidol Premsrirat University) Suwilai and (Chulalongkorn Luangthongkum Theraphan Technology), and Science of of Liverpool), Pam Peters (Macquarie University), Gregory James (Hong Kong University (University Hoey Michael speakers: keynote distinguished Wefive have to delighted are and use dictionary in dictionary skillsineducation. training Asia, in to users are and use conference dictionary three-day into this research of examine aims main the Education’, in the ideas, ’Dictionaries of theme exchange the the With for directions. future of forum discussion the and a achievements, research of offering presentation by lexicography of Ladkrabang areas activities promote Technology various to in is of purpose Its 2009. Institute August 22 to Mongkut’s 20 from Thailand King Bangkok, in by hosted is conference The The Second International Symposium on to devoted was ceremony closing The th biennial conference of the Asian Association for Lexicography. 11 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 12

The Center for Lexicographical Studies, GDUFS

1. Introduction lexicographers in their studies. In 1989, his The study of lexicography at Guangdong monograph Studies in Lexicography won University of Foreign Studies (GDUFS) the Second Prize of Guangdong Excellent started in the 1970s, and the main figure Achievements in Social Science. He edited was Professor Huang Jianhua, former An Investigation into Language Dictionaries president of GDUFS and well-known in English, Russian, German, French, among the pioneers in modern theoretical Spanish or Japanese and collaborated lexicography in China. In the early 80s with Chen Chuxiang on An Introduction lexicography became the key study area to Bilingual Dictionaries, which both won in the former Institute of International the second prize of Guangdong Excellent Languages and Cultures (IILC). The Center Achievements in Social Science respectively for Lexicographical Studies (CLS) was in 1994 and 1999, and is editor-in-chief of established in the mid-90s as a subordinate A New Concise French-Chinese Dictionary, to IILC. From then on, Huang, Professor Dictionary of Biblical Personages, and Chen Chuxiang and Professor Zhang Contemporary Chinese-French Dictionary Yihua obtained significant achievements in (the biggest in China). their research, exercising great impact on Zhang Yihua is currently the CLS contemporary lexicography in China. With president (see page 18). He places emphasis PASSPORT the development of lexicographical studies on cutting-edge theoretical research English-Bulgarian Learner’s and the growth of the academic team, the and often brings the latest findings in Dictionary CLS became an independent research linguistics into theoretical lexicographical + Passport Electronic institution of the university in 2001. and practical dictionary-making. In Dictionary At present, lexicographical study at GDUFS recent years, Professor Zhang focuses his COLIBRI PUBLISHERS is one of the three well-established research research on the theoretical issues at the Sofia, Bulgaria areas of the National Key Research Center leading edge in lexicography, involving for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, the integration of cognitive linguistics and January 2009 (book+cd and concurrently appraised to be a National cyber-linguistics theories in lexicographical edition) Key Discipline. CLS functions as the seat research, computational lexicography, and 800 pp, 170 x 128 mm of Chinalex Bilingual Committee. Huang the multilingual dictionary generation Hardcover, incl. CD-ROM and Zhang are respectively the Committee system. His theory of "Meaning Driven ISBN 978-954-529-613-0 former and present chairman. The CLS Multidimensional Definition" is innovative http://colibri.bg faculty includes 8 full-time members and 10 and widely accepted in monolingual http://kdictionaries.com/ guest or part-time ones, among them 7 have lexicography in China. products/junior/ppbg.html professorship and 5 associate professorship. Since 1998 Zhang has undertaken many Ten of the professors or associate professors research projects subsidized by provincial From the series are graduate supervisors and two are Ph.D. and state governments and GDUFS; authored KERNERMAN SEMI- supervisors. The Center is composed of numerous publications in lexicography, BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES the following sections: Lexicographical including more than 70 academic papers, 6 Research Section; Dictionary Compilation academic works, 2 translation works and 7 Section; Laboratory for Computer-Aided dictionaries. Among them, Semantics and Dictionary Compilation; Lexicography Lexicographical Definition, Computational Teaching and Researching Section; and a Lexicography and New-Type Dictionaries Reference Room. and Contemporary Lexicography have exercised great influence on Chinese 2. Leaders lexicography in teaching and research; and Huang Jianhua, the first president of two of the dictionaries won respectively the the Asian Association for Lexicography first and second prize of China National (Asialex, 1997-99), was vice president Dictionary Award. of the Lexicographical Society of China (Chinalex), chairman of Chinalex Bilingual 3. Achievements Committee, vice chairman of China-French Over the past seven years, the Center has Literature Society, and a member of the undertaken more than ten social science editorial board of the International Journal research projects sponsored by the of Lexicography. At present, he is adviser Provincial Government (PG), National of Chinalex, honorary chairman of Chinalex Education Ministry (NEM) and National Bilingual Committee, and president of Social Science Foundation (NSSF), as Guangzhou Translators’ Association. follows: Professor Huang’s major research interest • Cognitive Semantic Structure in has been in lexicography. Many of his Lexicographical Definition (Zhang and

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 publications are referred to by Chinese Huang, NEM). • • dictionary 7 projects, asfollows: completed also has CLS • • • • • • • • • • • • of whicharelistedasfollows: published by the CLS staff members, some and proceedings on lexicography have been books translated textbooks, monographs, works, 10 over and papers 200 than More • • • • • • • • • School Students Middle for Dictionary English ASpoken Xu Hai). for Primary School Learners (Zhang and An 20th the Chinese in Century (eds.ZhangandXuHai). for Studies Lexicographical Publications of Index Annual in China(ZhangandShengPeilin). Sixth the Lexicography Bilingual on Conference of Proceedings Studies (eds.HuangandZhang). Lexicographical Bilingual of Collection Zhang). ASIALEX and First Huang (eds. Symposium the Regional of Proceedings Lixin). Xia and Zhang by Chinese of to translated Craft and Art Lexicography The Dictionaries: (Zhang). Definition – Cognition – Meaning Yong Heming). Contemporary Lexicography (Zhang and Computational Lexicography and and Lexicography New-Type Dictionaries Computational (Zhang). Semantics and Lexicographical Definition (Huang andChen). Lexicography Bilingual to Introduction A StudyonLexicography Huang). (revised, Lexicography in Studies an on Based Empirical Study(XuHai). Dictionaries Learner’s The Construction of the Mode of English (Huang, NEM). Construction Corpus Its and Modern of Contemporary Chinese-French Dictionary Practice Lexicography (Zhang,PG). and Theory f o (Zhang, PG). n o i t i n i Semantics f and e Lexicographical D Definition NSSF). d n a (Zhang, Terminology Lexicographical n o i t c e l e S PG). User’s Perspective (Zhang and Xia on Lixin, Based Dictionary Chinese Oriented Foreign of Definition Lexicographical Generation System(Zhang,PG). Internetized Dictionary Compilation and in the1990s(Zhang,PG). New-TypeDictionaries on Investigation (Zhang andHuang,NEM). — Based on Lexicographical Micro-Data System Generation Dictionary Bilingual Illustrated English-Chinese Dictionary (by Sydney Landau, Landau, Sydney (by (ZhangandXu Hai). (Zhang). (Huang).

and soon. on Linguistic and Lexicographical Studies, Lexical and Lectures Leading Acquisition, Translation Theory and Practice, Lexicology in Lexicographic Literature, Contemporary Research Classics Methodology,of Reading Guided Linguistic Computational and Design, Program Processing and Corpus Lexicography, Computational Linguistics Dictionary-Making, Methods of and Practical Principles Dictionaries, Lexicography, Bilingual and Translation Definition, Lexicographical and Semantics Lexicography, Pragmatics, Syntax, Semantics, are: postgraduates for courses main The time. each enrolled are 16-18 M.A. students and 2-3 Ph.D students earlier,with year a half begins process the Annual enrollment takes place in spring, and 1998 saw the enrollment of M.A. students. in lexicography began in 1994. The year of majoring students Ph.D of enrollment The 5. Education twentieth century. the throughout China in papers lexicography on academic of index an providing information, a lexicographical of built Website has international CLS and conferences. academic national to invited China the National Dictionary Award. for Dictionaries Bilingual of Bilingual Lexicography for and four Evaluation Symposiums Meetings National six L2 and as well as (2008), Learning and Teaching Lexicography on Symposium International First the and (1999) Asialex in 1993), the First Regional Symposium of Fourth National the Conference of and Lexicography (both Chinalex of Conference conferences First Annual The as such symposiums and international and including national China, in activities academic Committee, plays an active role in organizingThe CLS, as the seat of Chinalex Bilingual 4. Exchange • • • • • http://bilex.gdufs.edu.cn The members of the Center are frequently Lixin). for Xia and (Zhang Learners Intermediate Dictionary English-Chinese The Zhang). Medical Chinese-English Dictionary (Wang Xiaoying and & English-Chinese and Zhang). des Pinru (Xie Expressions des et Locutions Français-Chinois Dictionnaire (Wang XiaoyingandZhang). The Chinese-English Medical Dictionary (Wang XiaoyingandZhang). The English-Chinese Medical Dictionary

KERNERMAN SEMI- From theseries products/junior/pplv.html http://kdictionaries.com/ http://www.zvaigzne.lv ISBN 978-9984-34-914-3 Hardcover 679 pp,220x150mm, March 2009(newedition) Riga, Latvia ZVAIGNZE ABC Dictionary English-Latvian Learner’s NEW PASSPORT BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES 13 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 14

English Dictionaries in Global and Historical Context

Janice McAlpine

Ross Finnie, an economics professor at the perhaps only indirectly, at the effect they University of Ottawa, recently crunched had on Aboriginal worldview, identity, demographic data on Canadian households language, language acquisition and retention, to find accurate predictors of children’s creativity, storytelling and literature. going to university.1 Not surprisingly, Were dictionaries tools of oppression there was a positive correlation between or cultural bridges? And why recently total family income and children’s rates have some bilingual English dictionaries of university education. Children whose been “de-bilingualized” and reconceived, homes contained books or whose parents resulting in publications such as He Ptaka had gone to university were also more likely Kupu,2 the first adult monolingual dictionary to go to university. But surprising many, and of the Māori language? no doubt delighting dictionary publishers, These are just some of the many questions was Finnie’s finding that the presence of that could be explored at this conference, Janice McAlpine has been Director a dictionary in the home was the single and the organizers, while we would like to of the Strathy Language Unit (SLU) best predictor of children’s participation in suggest possibilities, do not want to delimit at Queen’s University in Kingston, university education. them for potential participants. Ontario, since 2000. She graduated From June 3-5, 2010, the English Other topics that could be explored from Queen’s University and has a Department and the Strathy Language include the relevance of the concept of master's degree from the University Unit of Queen’s University, Kingston, plagiarism to dictionaries, the relationship of Toronto (in English Language Ontario, Canada, will host a conference between lexicographers and their on dictionaries where the focus is wide publishers, and between lexicographers and Literature), was Acting Director angle. In other words, the aim of this and their “readership.” And what about the of the SLU from 1993 to 1996 and conference—English Dictionaries in Global financial life of dictionaries? Have English an ESL writing instructor at the and Historical Context—is to bring to light dictionaries been cash cows, money pits, Queen’s School of English from the social significance and cultural import or loss leaders for their publishers? How 1996 to 2000. She is co-editor of of English dictionaries, as well as their have dictionaries been marketed and where the Guide to Canadian English impact on our understanding of language. and to whom have they been sold? Has Usage (Oxford University Press, Historical and contemporary English and the commercial nature of most dictionary Toronto, 1997, rev. 2007), edits English-bilingual dictionaries and other publication kept dictionaries relevant to a an annual undergraduate working lexically oriented pedagogical and reference wide literate public and prevented them papers series on Canadian English texts will be under scrutiny. from falling prey to academic fashions and and is currently lending a hand Most literate people, lexicographers excesses? Or has the commercial nature with two dictionary projects: the included, take the existence of dictionaries of dictionary publishing hampered the as a class of book for granted. Obviously, open exchange of resources and ideas and revision of the historical Dictionary people in oral cultures do not. In societies held back the development of innovative of Canadianisms (ed. Stefan that don’t have writing, lexicon cannot be electronic formats and online delivery. For, Dollinger), and the English-Chinese atomized and codified around a sequencing as Adam Kilgarriff quipped in the pages Dictionary of Canadian English of graphemes as inherently meaningless of an earlier number of this newsletter, (Commercial Press, Beijing, as it is pervasive and conventionalized— “If dictionaries are free, who will buy forthcoming 2009), which began as the alphabet, of course. And, neither can them?”3 a project by the dictionary’s editor, the lexicon be documented in quite the The keynote speaker at English Xu Hai, while he was a visiting same way in societies with ideographic Dictionaries in Global and Historical scholar at the SLU in 2003-2004. writing systems or highly agglutinative Context will be the author Mark Abley. She is one of the organizers of the morphology. Is there a relationship between Having written a widely acclaimed book conference on English Dictionaries the institutionalized organization of English on endangered languages, Spoken Here: word hoard and culture, social organization, Travels Among Threatened Languages on Global and Historical Context. or ideology of language? What happens (2003),4 Abley turned his attention to the [email protected] when “dictionaried” and “non-dictionaried” world’s least threatened language—English. societies confront each other? The Prodigal Tongue: Dispatches from the At the interface of English and Aboriginal Future of English (2008) is meticulously languages, for example, we might ask under researched and global in outlook. The what circumstances, by whom and for whom book has raised two fascinating questions were bilingual dictionaries made? We can with respect to dictionaries and society. look at their real and putative authors, the Can the authority that we attribute to texts themselves, their publication history, dictionaries—or that lexicographers have their European reception, their use or lack arrogated to themselves—withstand the

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 of use by Aboriginal people. We can look, spontaneous, unsanctioned, neologistic and the hip-hopmovement? of aspect emulated globally an and essential is that mixing language creative and hypercreolization hutzpah, language—the call the “anti-standardization” of the English com.) might we what withstand it can And online dictionary of slang urbandictionary. is fascinated by the popular, user-compiled lexicographical melee of the Internet? (Abley belief that if everyone learned English, English, everyone wouldbebetteroff.” learned everyone if that belief the in bizarre rather something is ...There countries, cultures and forms of knowledge. people, particular favouring dialect, class many people by operating as an excludes and exclusionary gain, material and social for learners through false promises it holds out pernicious many deludes the globalisation, of of processes many with colludes English called thing “This comment: the international language”with an as English of myth “the of derides Pennycook speakers creoles. to and Africa of languages been imposed at great cost to the indigenous performance has that standard fiction a fiction, a languages—are is languages—certainly that and language that argue literary and movements andcreativity. standardization language between link historical still the examine Others will century. twenty-first the in English of dictionaries national of nature and nation-building prescriptivism as well as the relevance and linguistic between dictionaries. Others will tackle the historical traditional relationship from systematically excluded been have things) what and people what (and words what at look Participation will not be limited to those those to limited be not will Participation governance, and culture broader and society creativity, to literacy of us and language. take questions them let and texts reference lexical and dictionaries English better one? a be dictionaries English without world a would So prosperity. relative to gateway a than more as education formal literacy their and their value parents that suggest FinniementionedRossbystudy above the from now.data Intergenerationaland here being governed entirely by the politics of the and cross-culturally and keeping them from frontiers, allowing them to read historically linguistic across and centuries the through these books carrydictionaries—that culturaltheir of knowledgehave speakers forward to reconcile with the view that many English resources that support or reify it, is difficult reference lexical the of extension by and foreignviewofpointlanguageof learners, Sinfree Makoni and Alastair Pennycook and Alastair Makoni Sinfree At this conference, some presenters may At this conference, we hope to start with This critique of standard English from the 5 6

2 Sweetman, A. R.E., Mueller, R., Finnie, 1 4 Abley, M. 2003. M. Abley,4 are dictionaries If 2005. A. Kilgarriff, 3 University nextyear. to welcoming youforward at the look conferenceWe at attend. Queen’s and register to welcome are others papers; presenting 6 Pennycook, A. 2007. The Myth of English 2008. Abley,5 M.

Press. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s Canada. Queen’s Policy Studies Series 63. Persisting in Postsecondary Education in Who Stays? What Matters? Accessing and 2009. (eds.), Usher, A. and Whiri i te Reo M Reo te i Whiri Dictionary News them? buy will who free, Commission, NewZealand)in2008. England: Multilingual Matters, 101-102. Clevedon, Languages. Reconstituting and A. Pennycook (eds.), as an International Language, in S. Makoni 49-53 and144-166. New Yorkand Toronto:House, Random English. of Future the from Dispatches Mifflin; Houghton Toronto: RandomHouse. York: New and Boston Languages. Threatened Among Edited and published by Te Taura Taura Te by published and Edited h conference The Context http://post.queensu.ca/~strathy/topics/dic_conf.html Early booking ofaccommodationwillbeessential. university. the near quarter the in B&Bs charming also conference are for there and reserved attendees, be will accommodation hotel and residence university Both Canadian Englishusage. The deadlineforsubmissionofabstractsis31 August 2009. to guide authoritative an produce to endowed unit research a and Unit, Language Strathy the Literature and Language English of Department the are departments hosting The of heart the in Ontario Lake Kingston, ahistoriccityof117,000 of inhabitants, midwaybetween Toronto andMontreal. shore the on 1842 in established was university The will take place at Queen’s University, Canada, from 3 to 5 June 2010. 2010. June 5 to 3 from Canada, University, Queen’s at place take will English Dictionaries in Global and Historical Historical and Global in Dictionaries English 13. The Prodigal Tongue: Prodigal The ā Spoken Here: Travels Travels Here: Spoken 1 ori (M ori

Disinventing and ā ori Language Language ori Who Goes? Goes? Who Kernerman Kernerman

15 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 16

Internet lexicography as a challenge: The Internet dictionary portal at the Institute for German Language Stefan Engelberg, Annette Klosa and Carolin Müller-Spitzer

1 Introduction descriptions of lexical items in actual The Internet has become the major challenge language use. The dictionary is being for lexicography in the 21st century. Not extended continuously by further elaborated only does it present lexicography with entries. new possibilities of data integration and • The Neologismenwörterbuch (Dictionary crosslinking, it has also changed the demands of Neologisms) (2005ff., cf. Herberg et al. made on the competences that have to be 2004) describes in detail about 800 new gathered within lexicographic projects, words and new meanings of established reaching from the development of corpus words added to the German vocabulary analysis methods to text technology and since the 1990s. This dictionary is also web technology. In connection with these constantly upgraded. • Stefan Engelberg is head of the developments, the lexicographic work proper Feste Wortverbindungen online is becoming more complex: The ability to (Multiword Expressions Online) (2007ff.) department ‘Lexik’ at the Institute handle and analyse mass data and the need publishes the research results of the project for German Language and professor for Internet-adequate lexicographic concepts Usuelle Wortverbindungen (Fixed Multiword for German linguistics at the is changing the profession. In this article, Combinations). Twenty-five detailed entries University of Mannheim. we will take a look at the Internet dictionary for fixed multiword combinations and 100 [email protected] portal developed at the Institut für deutsche shorter entries dealing with additional Sprache (‘Institute for German Language’) collocations are currently available. in Mannheim and illustrate the lexicographic • The Diskurswörterbuch 1945-55 practice. In Section 2, we present the Online (Discourse Dictionary 1945-55) (2007) German Lexical Information System OWID. is a reference work covering the lexemes Section 3 illustrates the lexicographic that establish the discourse about “guilt” practice and structure of elexiko, the largest in the early post-war era 1945-1955. It dictionary published in OWID. In Section 4, subsumes the lexical-semantic results of the basic principles of data structuring and the discourse-theoretical studies in Kämper administration are discussed, and Section (2005, 2007). 5 gives an overview on the workflow and In the near future, the Handbuch deutscher work organization within the department Kommunikationsverben, a handbook of Lexik, which hosts the Internet-lexico- German communication verbs which graphic projects of the Institute for German consists of two volumes, a dictionary Annette Klosa is manager of the Language. containing approximately 350 entries and a project ‘elexiko’ at the Institute for volume representing the lexical structures of German Language. 2 The lexicographic information system German communication verbs by means of [email protected] OWID lexical fields (cf. Harras et al. 2004, Harras et Dictionaries in OWID: The Online- al. 2007), the “VALBU - Valenzwörterbuch Wortschatz-Informationssystem Deutsch deutscher Verben” (Schumacher et al. 2004) (OWID; Online German Lexical Information (Valency Dictionary of German Verbs), System) is a lexicographic Internet portal and about 300 articles from a corpus-based for various electronic dictionary resources project on proverbs will be published in that are being compiled at the Institute for OWID. German Language (Institut für Deutsche Access structure: The main function of Sprache, IDS; cf. OWID 2008ff.). The OWID is to provide a common access main emphasis of OWID is on academic structure in the form of search options lexicographic resources of contemporary across the individual dictionaries. This German. Presently, the following is the typical function of lexicographic dictionaries are included in OWID. portals (cf. Engelberg and Müller-Spitzer, • “elexiko” (2003ff., cf. Haß 2005, Klosa forthcoming). Carolin Müller-Spitzer is manager et al. 2006) consists of an index of about To give an example: if a user types of the project ‘OWID’ at the 300,000 short entries with information “global*” in the search box of OWID, he/ on spelling, spelling variation, and word she gets the results displayed in Figure 1. Institute for German Language. division. In addition, many entries contain The entries from elexiko are presented [email protected] citations automatically chosen from the in bold black, the entries from the elexiko-corpus. Furthermore, elexiko neologism dictionary in bold black italics, contains more than 1,000 fully elaborated those from the multiword dictionary (see entries of high-frequency headwords, below) in small capitals. (In the online

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 focussing on extensive semantic-pragmatic presentation, information coming from presentation, information coming from from coming information online the presentation, (In capitals. small in below) the (see from dictionary multiword the from those entries the italics, black bold in dictionary neologism black, bold in she getstheresultsdisplayed inFigure1. he/ OWID, of box search the in “global*” forthcoming). Müller-Spitzer, and Engelberg lexicographic (cf. portals of function typical This the is dictionaries. individual options the search across of form the access in common structure a provide to is OWID of function main The structure: Access OWID. in published be will proverbs on project and about 300 articles Verbs), from a corpus-based German of Dictionary (Valency deutscher Verben” (Schumacher et al. 2004) al. 2007), the “VALBU - Valenzwörterbuch lexical fields (cf. Harras et al. 2004, Harras German communication et verbs by means of volume representing the lexical dictionary structures a of containing approximately volumes, 350 entries and which a two of verbs consists communication German of handbook a Kommunikationsverben, In the near future, the (2005, 2007). the discourse-theoretical studies in of Kämper results It lexical-semantic the 1945-1955. subsumes era post-war early the in “guilt” about discourse the establish that lexemes the covering work reference a (2007) is 1945-55) Dictionary (Discourse • additional with collocations arecurrentlyavailable dealing entries shorter 100 and combinations multiword fixed for Combinations). Twenty-five detailed entries Usuelle Wortverbindungen (Fixed Multiword publishes the research results of the project Online) Expressions (Multiword • also is constantly upgraded. dictionary This 1990s. the since vocabulary German the to added words established of meanings new and words new 800 about detail in describes 2004) Neologisms) of • entries. being is extended dictionary continuously by The actual further elaborated in use. items language lexical of descriptions The entries from entries The types user a if example: an give To The online Wortverbindungen Feste The Neologismenwörterbuch Neologismenwörterbuch ikrwrebc 1945-55 Diskurswörterbuch (2005ff., cf. Herberg et al. Herberget (2005ff.,cf. are presented presented are elexiko Handbuch deutscher (Dictionary (2007ff.) .

opsdie lexicography: Corpus-driven Internet dictionaryelexiko 3 Corpus-drivenlexicography:the a supplementtoOBELEX. as dictionaries online on information with database a on working are we However, metalexicography. on is OBELEX; focus main in the included not currently is dictionaries on Information 5). Figure (cf. cross-referenced by keyword and language are OBELEX in recorded publications All (OBELEX).” Lexicography Electronic of “Online-Bibliography the online of lexicography, context the in researchers service for another lexicographic provides a OWID as portal, function main the OBELEX: bibliography Online only. dictionary specific one within searching secondly, or, dictionary particular no in word one firstly,for searchingneeds: user different two meet we differentiation, this dictionarydisplayedFigureis4).With(cf. individualthe from listheadword the only entry, one up looks and button the dictionary on clicking by dictionary individual included dictionaries)(cf.Figure3). list (that is, a joined headword list from all is embedded in the entire OWID-headword on the OWID homepage, the entry requested illustrates this. Having used the search box dictionary.individual The an display of of the headword list level the and portal the of level the between distinction clear a is Dictionary versus portal: In OWID, there that topicinSection3). 1 Schreibvariante zu zu engine is able to output “globaler strictly content based. For example,data isthe structured searchin a very granular way and two search results show that the CollocationsthelexicographicDictionary.Online in The action’) and “blinder Alarm” (‘false alarm’) multiword the combinations of “blinder part Aktionismus” also (‘blind is but entry, each otherascanbeseeninFigure2. to interconnected explicitly are resources other individual the that is portals lexicographic from difference The dictionaries. included the for engine search meta a than particular colour.) However, OWID is more colours. Each dictionary is associated with a different dictionaries is rendered in different and documentscontemporary German. explains that work reference a project compiling lexicological-lexicographic a is “nicht-normgerechte Schreibweise” Schreibweise” “nicht-normgerechte On the other hand, if a user choosesoneuser a ifhand, otherthe On Here, Here, “blind” not only occurs as an It was specifically designed for publication ‘non-standard spelling’. global” or “Blind date Blind Date” nichtnormgerechte 1 (more about Komparativ

Besides Besides elexiko elexiko elexiko

Figure 4Headwordlist andarticlefromthedictionary ofneologisms neologisms 3 Figure Figure 2Resultsforthesearchterm“blind*”inOWID City (with OWID in “global*” term search the for Results 1 Figure dictionary ofneologisms · BlindDate · Blinddate · blinddate · … · blindBasiselementzu · blindBasiselementzu · blindBasiselementzu · blind · globalere · globaler · … · GlobalPlayer · Globalplayer · globalPlayer · globalplayer · GlobalCitys · GlobalCity · Globalcity · globalcity · GlobalCities · global headword listofthe joined OWID headword list andGlobalPlayer OWID headword list and article from the dictionary of of dictionary the from article and list headword OWID Komparativ zuglobal Komparativ zuglobal nichtnormgerechte Schreibvariante zu nichtnormgerechte Schreibvariante zu nichtnormgerechte Schreibvariante zu

nichtnormgerechte Schreibvariante zu Nominativ Pluralvon nichtnormgerechte Schreibvariante zu nichtnormgerechte Schreibvariante zu Nominativ Pluralvon

nichtnormgerechte Schreibvariante zu beingEnglishloanwordsinGerman)

B B B LIND LINDER LINDER D article fromthedictionaryof article fromthedictionaryof A A ATE KTIONISMUS LARM GlobalCity GlobalCity neologisms neologisms

BlindDate BlindDate GlobalCity GlobalCity GlobalPlayer GlobalPlayer GlobalPlayer Global

17 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 18

on the Internet and is published within the lexicographic information system OWID. If one refers to elexiko as an Internet “dictionary,” one should keep in mind that elexiko is more than a dictionary in its tradi­tional sense although, of course, it contains descriptions of the meaning and use of a lexeme just as any traditional dictionary. It is both, a hypertext dictionary and a lexical data informa­tion system (Storjohann 2005b, Klosa et al. 2006). The primary and exclusive basis for lexicographic interpretation in elexiko is an exten­sive German corpus. The compilation of the dictionary does not proceed letter by letter. Instead, the headwords are grouped into word classes or word fields for the compilation process. Modules may also be defined according to levels of frequency and dis­tribution of Figure 5 The Online Bibliography of Electronic Lexicography lexemes in the elexiko-corpus. Elexiko is now (OBELEX) working on a module called “Lexikon zum öffentlichen Sprachgebrauch” (“Dictionary on Public Discourse”). It contains approximately 2,800 entries selected mainly by their (high) frequency in the elexiko-corpus.1 Sense- 2 independent The list of headwords was taken exclusively information from the elexiko-corpus and was pub­lished on the Internet before starting the work on orthography lexicographic modules. For each headword, sense-independent information generated automatically or semi-automatically from the un­derlying corpus is given. This concerns 300,000 single-word entries comprising examples details on spelling, spelling variation, and from the word division. Many entries also contain elexiko- corpus automatically chosen citations from the elexiko-corpus (cf. Figure 6). Lexicographically fully-described entries (as in the module “Dictionary on Public Discourse”) entail sense-independent information on morphology and word Figure 6 Entry Globalbudget with automatically compiled formation (“Lesartenüber­greifende sense-independent information Angaben”) as well as a number of senses and their relationship. They also offer a large scope of sense-related information (“Lesartenbezogene Angaben”) in detail: meaning definition, collocations, Sense- syntagmatic patterns, sense-related terms, independent information pragmatics, and grammar. For the process of writing and presenting orthography elexiko on the Internet, the project uses etymology numer­ous technologies and software and change tools, such as the corpus query and of meaning processing tool COSMAS II3 developed Sense-related information at the IDS and its incorporated collocation

senses 1 Examples given here are part of this module and may be viewed online. 2 For the list of headwords in alphabetical on the relationship or reverse order, see http://www.owid.de/ between the elexiko_/Stichwortliste.html/. senses 3 For COSMAS II, see http://www.

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 Figure 7 Entry global with information on the senses. ids-mannheim.de/cosmas2/. 2 1 clustering.” and analysis collocation “Statistical package software range of sense-related information information sense-related of range com the opens user the 7, Figure in shown list the from senses the of one on Sense-related information: word sense‘weltweit.’ the of abstraction an is ‘pauschal’ sense word The explained: is relationship their (“On the relationship between the senses”), rubric “Zum Zusammenhang der Lesarten” and ‘pauschal’ (‘indiscriminate’). Under the (cf. Figure 7); here ‘weltweit’ (‘worldwide’) num­ not are search word, there is a list the in oftyping after opening screen allfirst the senses, which On connected. are they how and arranged are senses the how on explanation an find all. at others the Accordingly,in the to related not are that senses word be may there time, same the At apart. torn sometimes thus, are, sense other such as the literal and the metaphoric in Senses first. most The frequent sense in the hierarchy: frequency-based on allsensesofalexicalitemiscombined. corpus-driven and corpus-based information way,searchedthisagain.beIncorpus will the incomplete, be to yet seems senses of in that finds lexicographer the If dictionaries. other in given senses corpus-drivenmethodcontrastedare the to In a second step, the senses found semanticby a strictlydescription (Storjohann 2003: 755). and the text level and, thus, levels:achieves the acollocation detailed level, the KWIC-level,disambigu lexicographer the analysis, co-occurrence 2003: 755). Employing competency of data interpreting.” (Storjohann data-processingsoftware, disambiguation andthelinguistic this procedure of are an elaborate theory, corpora, a lexicographic prerequisites The grounds. theoretical disambiguation empiricaltechniqueonbasedand iswhich a “developed have we highly frequent polysemous word in disambiguation: Sense within thepracticalworkingprocedure. for numerous corpus-guided investiga employed are analysis co-occurrence the and software research corpus The used. is workbench workbench CCDB corpus-linguistic re For the software package “Statistical “Statistical package software the For o CD, e http://corpora. see CCDB, For methoden/ka.html/. http://www.ids-mannheim.de/kl/projekte/ see clustering,” and analysis collocation l sne ae itd in listed are senses All Belica (2007). and Keibel and ids-mannheim.de/ccdb/ ates a polysemous word at threepolysemous at worda ­ates bered but labelled with words with labelled but bered belonging to each each to belonging elexiko 2 ­search and development (also developed at IDS) -entries, users users elexiko-entries, elexiko COSMAS II and the Todisambiguate a 1 In addition, the the addition, In theelexiko range -corpus comes When clicking n a in elexiko elexiko, plete ­plete ­tions

the lexicographer. The headword The lexicographer. the se their to according arranged are and clustering”) and analysis collocation “statistical package software the (using corpus the from headword extracted are the with co-occurring words (“Lesartenbezogene in Angaben”) char­ to or actions specify to used is example, for (‘worldwide’), ‘weltweit’ sense the in informa in (cf. Haß2005,Klosa2007). approach corpus-based a a or in corpus-driven either corpus, the from extracted is (“Gram grammar relations (“Beson (“Typische lexical (“Sinnver patterns Verwendungen”), syntagmatic Mitspieler”), lexikalische und Umgebung (“Semantische collocations läuterung”), (“Bedeutungser definition meaning global? ( 8 Figure in shown as gives statistically significant partner words the first step the why analyzing collocations automatically is to the headword in a semantic way. This is lexicographers will often find words related analy this of results the Among II. software research corpus the with analyzed are word a of significant co-selections statistically the kind, this of developed inthefuture. be may net) semantic a in (e.g., partners paradigmatic presenting of ways Other article. corresponding the to hyperlink a elexiko by a citation, and each one includes 9. in illustrated is words partner Figure the of Each in shown as groups into semantic arranged are (‘national’) national (‘provin­ complemen The words partner (‘worldwide’). weltumspannend universell (‘international’), synonyms as ‘weltweit’lists entry the example, For 2005b). meronymy)” Storjohann also cf. and 1, 2005a: (Storjohann hyponymy as (such structures vertical and etc.), reversiveness, antonymy, com various subtypes of incompatibility (such as of system paradigmatic relations including differentiated syn “a in relations paradigmatic sense presenting of way new relations, semantic global? thinking,level,…’). is ‘What …, Ebene, Denken, global? ist …’; think, to act, to globally? done The information on collocations given given collocations on information The In order to gather lexical information information lexical gather to order In syntagmatic characterizing Besides elexiko acterize issues. The entry in entry The issues. acterize agieren, cial’), derheiten des Gebrauchs”), and and Gebrauchs”), des ­derheiten in Tpcl hgl fre highly Typical, ­tion: is an exam an is wandte Wörter”), pragmatics pragmatics Wörter”), ­wandte ­plementarity, converseness, (‘local’), lokal regional elexiko-lexicographers take denken matik”). All information information All ­matik”). (‘global’), el ple of corpus-driven corpus-driven of ­ple mantic function by by function ­mantic ­exiko (‘regional’), and and (‘regional’), , … ‘What can be can ‘What … , Was macht man man macht Was (‘universal’), also offers a offers also international weltweit weltweit and provinziell COSMAS COSMAS elexiko elexiko ­onymy, sis, the the ­sis, global global quent ­quent tary ­tary Was - :

entry global(‘weltweit’) Figure 8 Collocations for the 19 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 20

on their way to identifying paradigmatic relations - without relying on intuition or personal lin­guistic competence. In a second step, the lexicographers evaluate the results gathered auto­matically: They classify the sense relations found and search for citations from the corpus texts that exemplify the sense relation concerned. Since in some cases the corpus-tools cannot provide a comprehensive description of the sense relational patterns, the corpus is checked based on a comparison with other dictionaries in a third, supplementary procedure, particularly so as to extend or complete paradigmatic descriptions.­ Grammar in elexiko: Grammatical information in elexiko is also based on the corpus, and it is given for each sense. For adjectives, besides naming the part Figure 9 Groups of complementary partner words for global ‘weltweit’ of speech, users find information on (‘worldwide’) compari­son and on attributive, adverbial, or Grammar predicative use (see Figure 10). All uses are part of only given if they are found in the corpus. speech Corpus-based grammatical information in elexiko is, thus, more de­tailed and more reliable than information given in many other dictionaries. On the other hand, a strictly corpus-based approach may cause problems: “When you analyze corpus data, comparative you constantly find that inflectional forms given in the dictionary are in fact not attested in actual text productions, or the opposite situation of inflectional forms occurring that are not part of the official paradigm. The problem is primarily one of interpretation: gramm. is the absence of an in­flectional form an function - attributive indication that it does not exist, or is it an - predicative indication that the corpus is sim­ply not large - adverbial enough?” (Trap-Jensen 2002, cf. also Klosa Figure 10 Grammatical information on global ‘pauschal’ and Müller-Spitzer 2007). As can be seen from the information

on comparison in Figure 10, each comparative form for the headword global Die im Zuge der is checked in the elexiko-corpus, and, if globalen Erwärmung zu erwartenden Klimakatastrophen werden in Europa die not found there, this is recorded (“nicht im Gebiete im Süden und Osten härter treffen als jene im elexiko-Korpus belegt”, i.e., “no evidence Norden. … in the elexiko-corpus”). In a commentary accompanying the comparative forms, the lexicographer may note the rare use in the Der Aggressor in diesem Krieg ist kein Staat. Es sind sich religiös corpus and give an example from the corpus definierende Terroristen, deren Basen, Operationsfelder texts. und Zielgebiete global sind. … 4 Data structures and administration Dynamic customizable microstructures: Weder die Öffnung gegenüber Europa With respect to their contents, the individual oder der UNO noch Veränderungen im Innern sind selbst für Wirtschaftsführer, die global participating projects and their compiled denken und handeln und gigantische Fusionen durchziehen, lexicographic resources in OWID are ein Thema. independent of each other. However, it has been obvious from the very beginning that the value of OWID would be increased if > more common access structures for the different contents could be developed Figure 11 Part of the XML file of the article global in elexiko, representing and if the lexicographic data would be

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 the syntactic functions of the adjective interlinked more adequately. Above all, we Figure 11 provides an initial impression of unit. content each to access allows automatic for also it but structures, entry all in tagged granularly be to unit information individual each requires procedure This accessible across the different is dictionaries. information what shows already level modelling structures. the segmentation, entry this to all Due by shared are that attributes or elements, entities, all contain DTDs specific where OWID, for created was library DTD a dictionaries, different lexicographic for in contained type same the of information structure uniform provide an a To by HTML. to transformed stylesheet are XSLT presentation, data Internet XML the the For database Oracle system. XML an in an stored with and editor written then are entries dictionary The once. only and identically where identical phenomena were modelled projects, a individual modular on system was established the of Focusing interconnectedness the defined. are dictionaries these In DTDs, the microstructures of developed. the individual was XML-schema resource, a special tailor-made XML-DTD/ individual each For files. XML as stored OWID: are process data lexicographic All projects: all for modelling single of a uses OWID architecture Technical information. lexicographic individual the of level the is, that structure, content of level the on modelling harmonize to was attempt the accessed accessed on a more granular level. headwords, but that dictionaries can also be of level the is, that level, structure macro the on OWID of management the under integrated be can different products that lexicographic guarantees only not here modelling: Data lexicological resources. works that are written outside IDS and other lexicographic resources, namely, reference possible integration of externally developed other the hand, OWID will also be kept open for the On products. integrated all to applied were contents the structuring and content, consistent principles for modelling a the to structure access common a for create basis to order in hand, one the on So 2007) Müller-Spitzer concept modelling the on and 2001, Storrer 2001, Lemnitzer Schryver 2003: 178, cf. also Engelberg (De and look-up.” particular a to response in want users data the just present to entirely thing another but data, more ever store to able be to thing one is “It microstructures. situations by creating dynamic customizable be adaptable to specific dictionary consulting example, the dictionary user interface For shouldresearch. dictionary and lexicography modern of requirements respect to wanted The approach chosen chosen approach The

Therefore, corresponding to therestrictionexpressedas asearchterm 12 Figure old spellingvariantthatarecompounds; • information. Itis,forinstance,possible specific for searches detailed already facilitates dictionary each within (Advanced Search) Suche” “Erweiterte option partly revealed so far. However, the search hidden in these data structures has only been For the dictionary user, the search potential only be used internally by the lexicographers.Searchoptions: computer-related vocabulary. to belong result search this in displayed entries all that seen be can It paraphrase. their in “Computer*” word the have that entries all requests that query a of results the shows 13 Figure well. as possible paraphrases are of content the on Searches displayed. are dictionary neologism the prenominal position(cf.Figure12). in attributively used are that adjectives all 11, it is, for example, possible to search for On the basis of XML structures as in Figure access or refer to parts of an XML document.with XPath, an expression language used to structures for very special search questions (Electronic XML granular the use to lexicographers EDAS Dictionary allows System) Administration system editing EDAS: system Editing functions ofadjectives. of information concerning the grammatical tagging the illustrating 10), Figure of part from entry the of file XML the of part a shows granularity.It tagging overall the As a result, adjectives from adjectives result, a As to search in elexiko XPath search in EDAS (extract), displaying the list of adjectives adjectives of list the displaying (extract), EDAS in search XPath (corresponding to the bottom the to (corresponding elexiko for all nouns with an These search options can options search These Our internal internal Our and and elexiko global 21 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 22

relations within and between lexicographic resources. For OWID, today’s challenge is - besides the continuous extension and enhancement of the individual dictionaries and integration of new dictionaries - to provide the user with an increasing range of more flexible display possibilities of this machine-readable puzzle, which can lead to new forms of using lexicographic information. In this manner, OWID is a living system that is modified and expanded continuously.

5 Competence and workflow Technological and lexicographic competences: In order to compile Internet dictionaries like elexiko and create dictionary portals like OWID, a wide range of competences are required. The tasks that make up our Internet-lexicographic enterprise fall into four major domains: (I) corpus linguistics, (II) lexicography proper, (III) text-technology and computer Figure 13 XPath search in EDAS (extract), displaying the list of headwords that lexicography, and (IV) metalexicographic include “Computer*” in their paraphrase research. (I) Corpus linguistics: All our lexicographic projects are based on corpora. This requires • to search in the dictionary of neologisms the constant acquisition and maintenance for all new lexemes (Neologismentyp=“Neu- of large corpora of present-day German. lexem”) that entered the German language Corpus research software (“COSMAS II”) in the early 1990s (Aufkommen=“Anfang is developed within the institute as well as der 90er Jahre”). Search results are words methods of corpus analysis, in particular like wegzappen ‘to zap to another channel’, methods based on co-occurrence analyses. Neufünfland ‘New Laender’, or abspacen Most of these developments are made (partly calque of ‘to space out’); available to the public via Internet. Other • to search in the dictionary of neologisms methods have been developed mainly for for all verbs (Wortart=“Verb”) that gained internal use, for example, the semi-automatic a new sense (Neologismentyp=“Neube- compilation of frequency-based lemma lists, deutung”) in the 1990s. (Results are verbs methods for extracting and representing like blicken (new sense ‘to understand frequency changes in word use, and the something’) or surfen (new sense ‘browsing automatic insertion of lexicographic through the Internet’). examples from corpora. These activities These examples show only some of many require competences in the domain of possibilities. Similar searches can be statistics, text technology, data processing, defined for all approximately 450 possible etc. elements and their additional attributes Most of the work within the area of corpus available within the OWID modular entry linguistics is done in projects outside the structures. department Lexik (reference corpora, OWID and the user: It is our goal to co-occurrence analysis, corpus research provide a maximum of flexibility for the user software), in particular in the project interface of OWID. Therefore, the data are group “Corpus Linguistics”1 and the data modelled solely with respect to the content; processing division. The development of aspects of presentation and dictionary use methods for the automatic extraction of are kept apart from considerations about lexicographic information from corpora data modelling. Thus, the same data can and the acquisition of historic corpora are be displayed differently for numerous activities located within the department. user types and look-up situations with no These will be intensified in the future to need to transform it. However, until now meet our particular lexicographic needs. for electronic lexicography, it has not been (II) Lexicography proper: Despite the systematically investigated in large empirical indispensable corpus linguistic, text studies which functionalities are useful technological, and computer lexicographic for particular user groups and situations. Therefore, we are running an academic 1 See http://www.ids-mannheim.de/kl/

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 project focused on user research and data projekte/methoden/. 23 activities, most of the work falls into department and which support is necessary the domain of lexicography proper. As from other departments within the Institute. described in Section 2, this involves the Read from bottom to top, the chart also application of corpus linguistic methods, gives a rough description of the workflow. the analysis of the results, and the Many employees are involved in various compilation of lexicographic articles. It tasks and projects, but most of them allocate also involves a large amount of conceptual only part of their time to activities closely work and accompanying activities such as related to our Internet lexicographic projects. the maintenance of an elaborate editorial Furthermore, most of them are involved in manual, as in the project elexiko. The work more than one of the above-mentioned four requires experienced lexicographers and task domains. Altogether, the equivalent linguists and the ability for sophisticated of 10-12 full-time positions is allocated to use of corpus analysis methods. Since there Internet-lexicographic activities within the is still a lack of institutionalized training department. Since a number of researchers and study programs for lexicographers1, we have part-time positions, up to 18 invite students for short periods of practical lexicographers, linguists, text technologists, training, employ student researchers, and etc. are involved in our Internet-lexico- try to integrate lexicographers in the making graphic projects. This does not include the into our lexicographic projects. support given by approximately 8 student (III) Text technology and computer researcher positions. The distribution of lexicography: As described in Section 4, the lexicographic data are created in XML form, stored in an Oracle database, and then transformed by XSLT stylesheets into the HTML surface representations visible to the user. In addition, web-based methods of research on dictionary use are developed. Thus, the competences required range from text technology over database management to web technology. These core competences are covered within the department. Additional support comes from the grammar department that is experienced in Oracle database application. It is responsible for the development of the editorial system EDAS and the generic bibliography system on which OBELEX is based. (IV) Metalexicographic research: Finally, the department is engaged in numerous types of metalexicographic research: Its main focus is currently research on dictionary use, on the linking of lexicographic data, and on the investigation and lexicographic representation of lexical semantic relations, in particular with respect to elexiko and OWID. Apart from the core lexicographic, linguistic, and corpuslinguistic knowledge, the research on dictionary use in particular requires competences about research methods within the domain of empirical social sciences and Internet-based user research. Besides these activities, the OBELEX bibliography is developed in OWID. Personnel and workflow: Figure 14 gives an overview on the different activities that are involved in creating our Internet portal and dictionaries. It also illustrates which core activities are carried out within the Figure 14 Task domains with regard to Internet lexicography (I = corpus linguistics, 1 However, a "European Master in II = lexicography proper, III = text technology and computer lexicography, Lexicography" is currently being IV metalexicography) and an indication of the work flow. The shaded areas

developed. characterize the work done outside of the department Lexik Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 24

Diskurswörterbuch 1945-55. 2007. OWID Coordination and conception of Internet lexicography 10 % – Online Wortschatz-Informationssystem Task domain I: Corpus linguistics (in particular, automatic extraction 5 % Deutsch. Mannheim, Institut für Deutsche of lexicographic information) Sprache. www.owid.de/Diskurs1945-55/ Task domain II: Lexicographic work proper (half of it in elexiko, index.html/. the other half in the other dictionary projects mentioned in Section 50 % elexiko. 2003ff. OWID – Online Wortschatz- 2); including other activities like teaching classes, workshops on Informationssystem Deutsch. Mannheim, corpus-based lexicography, and Internet lexicography, etc. Institut für Deutsche Sprache. www.owid. Task domain III: Text technology and computer lexicography (DTDs, de/elexiko_/index.html/. 20 % stylesheets, Oracle) Engelberg, S., and Lemnitzer, L. 2001. Task domain IV: Metalexicographic research (as described above) 15 % Lexikographie und Wörter­ buchbenutzung­ (= Stauffenburg Einführungen, Band 14). Figure 15 The approximate distribution of positions within the department Tübingen: Narr. Lexik Engelberg, S., and Müller-Spitzer, C. Forthcoming. ‘Dictionary portal’ in positions within the department Lexik R.H. Gouws, U. Heid, W. Schweickhard, among our main Internet-lexicographic task and H.E. Wiegand (eds.), Dictionaries. domains appears in Figure 15. An international encyclopedia of Most of these positions are financed by lexicography. Supplementary volume: the regular budget of the Institute, some Recent developments with special focus of them - in particular, those allocated to on computational lexicography. Berlin / metalexicographic research, the automatic New York: de Gruyter. extraction of lexicographic data from eValBu. 2009ff. ‘elektronisches corpora, and the compilation of the dictionary Valenzwörterbuch deutscher Verben’ in of proverbs - are financed also with funds OWID – Online Wortschatz-Information- acquired from third-party donors. ssystem Deutsch. Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. 6 Outlook Feste Wortverbindungen. 2007ff. OWID Internet lexicography will remain a main – Online Wortschatz-Informations- task for the department Lexik. The challenges system Deutsch. Mannheim: Institut posed by a thorough corpus orientation will für Deutsche Sprache. www.owid.de/ continue to shape our lexicographic work in Wortverbindungen/index.html/. the future. This also holds for the conceptual Harras, G., Winkler, E., Erb, S., and demands that accompany the step from print Proost, K. 2004. Handbuch deutscher to Internet lexicography, as is evident in Kommunikationsverben. Teil 1: projects like elexiko. Wörterbuch (= Schriften des Instituts für OWID will be the main platform for Deutsche Sprache 10.1). Berlin / New our lexicographic work. We are currently York: de Gruyter. preparing the integration of several other Harras, G., Proost, K., and Winkler, dictionaries into OWID. However, for E. 2007. Handbuch deutscher Kommu- those dictionaries that were not modelled nikationsverben. Teil 2: Lexikalische as fine-grained XML structures from the Strukturen (= Schriften des Instituts für beginning, the conversion into proper Deutsche Sprache 10.2). Berlin / New XML structures is still tedious work. With York: de Gruyter. the experience we are gaining, these tasks Haß, U. (ed.) 2005. Grundfragen der are becoming easier to carry out. Also, new elektronischen Lexikographie. elexiko dictionary projects are more likely to begin – das On­line-Informationssystem zum with adequately modelled XML structures deutschen Wortschatz. (Schriften des from the start. New OWID dictionaries Instituts für Deutsche Sprache), Berlin / also pose new questions with respect to New York: de Gruyter. how to link the data and present them in a Herberg, D., Kinne, M., and Steffens, D. user-friendly and linguistically interesting 2004. Neuer Wortschatz. Neologismen format. Thus, besides broadening the der 90er Jahre im Deutschen. Unter lexicographic basis by integrating new Mitarbeit von E. Tellenbach und D. dictionaries, the main and most interesting al-Wadi (Schriften des Instituts für task will be to integrate the data in a way Deutsche Sprache 11). Berlin / New York: that goes beyond the creation of a common de Gruyter. external access structure. Kämper, H. 2005. Der Schulddiskurs in der frühen Nachkriegszeit. Ein Beitrag zur Bibliography Geschichte des sprachlichen Umbruchs De Schryver, G.-M. 2003. ‘Lexicographer’s nach 1945 (Studia Linguistica Germanica Dreams in the Electronic-Dictionary­ Age.’ 78). Berlin / New York: de Gruyter. International Journal of Lexicography Kämper, H. 2007. Opfer - Täter - Nichttäter.

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 16.2: 143-199. Ein Wörterbuch zum Schulddiskurs Klosa, Klosa, A., Müller-Spitzer,2007. and Klosa, C. A., ‘Korpusgestützte 2007. A. Klosa, ‘CCDB: 2007. C. Belica, and H., Keibel, Müller-Spitzer, C. 2007. 2009ff. online. Kommunikationsverben Neologismenwörterbuch. 2005ff. Neologismenwörterbuch. ‘The lexicographic lexicographic ‘The P.2003. Storjohann, J., Kubczak, H., Schumacher, Online-Wortschatz-Informa- – OWID Amsterdam: Benjamins,13-37. 2004. Copenhagen Lexicography, on Symposium International 12th the from Papers Selected Practice. Researchand Mogensen, E. (eds.), and H. Gottlieb, in Modellierung’ ihre in ‘Grammatische Angaben Gruyter, 105-122. de York: New / Berlin Deutsche 2006). für Sprache Instituts des (Jahrbuch Erkenntnis­ und Datenmengen (eds.), G. schneller, Zifonun, and W., besser, Kallmeyer, in umfangreicher?’ Lexikographie: pdf). corplingproceedings07/paper/134_Paper. (http://www.corpus.bham.ac.uk/ of Corpus Linguistics and 2007, Birmingham. Research Develop­ Corpus-Linguistic A de York: New Gruyter. / Berlin 1945-1955. Deutsche Sprache. ssystem Deutsch. Mannheim: Institut für OWID – Online Wortschatz-Information- 425-430. Alessandria, dell’Orso Edizioni Turin: Vol.2006. 1. 9th, – 6th Italy,September di Turin, 2006, EURALEX Lessicografia), Internazionale Congresso XII del (Atti Congress International EURALEX (eds.), al. et C. für Deusche Institut Sprache, Mannheim’ the at in Marello, system information hypertext corpus-based and lexicological, lexical A – ‘ELEXIKO 2006. P. Sprache 42). Tübingen: Narr. deutschen zur (Studien Datenbasis der Prozess. Konzeption für die Modellierung 2003 Conference, UCREL technical technical UCREL Conference, 2003 (eds.), P.Rayson, , Wilson, McEnery,and A., T. dis for tools computational and corpora of use Tübingen: Narr. Verben deutscher Valenzwörterbuch 2004. R. Schmidt, and de/. Institut für Deutsche Sprache. www.owid. tionssystem Deutsch. 2008ff. Mannheim: index.html/. www.owid.de/Neologismen/ Sprache. Deutsch. Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche – Online Wortschatz-Informationssystem Pro ambiguation’ in Archer, D., D., Archer, in ­ambiguation’ ment Workbench’ in Schnörch, U., and Storjohann, ­ceedings of Corpus Linguistics Proceedings of the 12th 12th the of Proceedings Dictionary Visions, Der lexikografische pahopr - Sprachkorpora Proceedings und und elexiko AB – VALBU fortschritt

OWID OWID .

Storrer,2001. A. 2005b.‘ P. Storjohann, Storjohann, P.vs. Storjohann, ‘Corpus-driven 2005a. ‘Descriptive and and ‘Descriptive 2002. L. Trap-Jensen, Linguistics 34.Århus,55-83. German Dictionary.’ Monolingual Corpus-Based bham.ac.uk/pclc/). Birming­ in 2005 Conference Linguistics Corpus relational patters’in relational of study the to approach corpus-based University. Lancaster UCREL, 16. number paper CST, 503-508. EURALEX Con International Tenth the of Proceedings (eds.), C. Povlsen, and A., Braasch, in Cases’Decision-Making: Boderline The Lexicographic of Aspects Normative Tübingen: Niemeyer, 53-69. (Lexicographi Lexiko computergestützter (eds.), A. des in Lemberg, I., Schröder, Nutzung B., and Storrer, Zur Hypertextkonzepts in der Lexikographie’ Hypertexte: als www.ids.mannheim.de (iii) corpus-basedInternet-lexicographyasdescribedinthearticleat hand. perspective, (ii) lexical theory with respect to syntagmatic aspects of lexical items, and research are currently pursued, (i) lexicology and of lexicography lines main from three in (Lexik), a Studies cultural-historical Lexical behaviour of Department the Within linguistic conversation. and German spoken on research out carries Pragmatics of Department The languages. other to comparison their including also described, and identified are German of structures grammatical the Grammar, of Department the In and thePublicRelationsSection,complementworkofinstitute. corpus on Section Processing Data Central the clusters as well as infrastructure, research and linguistics Project Studies. Lexical of Department the Department and the Pragmatics, Grammar, of of Department the departments, three in out carried is research The there. located still is and Mannheim in 1964 in founded was IDS The the structure, the contemporary usage, and the recent history of the German language. of documentation and study the for institution research non-university central the is The Institute for German Language ham. Vol. 1, no. 1. (www.corpus. Chancen und Perspektiven Perspektiven und Chancen ca Series Maior 107). 107). Maior Series ­ca ‘Digitale Wörterbücher Wörterbücher ‘Digitale Hermes, Journal of of Journal Hermes, . Copenhagen: Copenhagen: ­gress . Proceedings of the the of Proceedings A – elexiko ­graphie

(Institut für Deutsche Sprache) 25 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 26

KirzeN, the international dictionary

Balázs Sipócz

KirzeN is an innovative online dictionary can upload new translations, definitions, created by an ambitious company in pronunciation samples, pictures or videos Hungary that dared to dream big. The for any entry. Since we are committed to idea of the Website stemmed from an urge allowing only quality content to appear on to create something that could become the site, there is a strict reviewing system. unique, useful and positively exciting. Each uploaded item has to gain the approval After a long period of studying the current of two reviewers before being registered in market leaders in online translation and the records. The reviewer, who should be the main dictionary sites, it was concluded an active member of the community and that the overwhelming majority use either who contributes often to editing the entries, a multilingual dictionary core or language may become a mentor. The mentor makes pairs that can be selected at the main input decisions about questionable content and field to allow two-way searches between helps newcomers to become acquainted Balázs Sipőcz is COO of KirzeN. two languages. Furthermore, we noted the with the rules. Members gain rewards for He heads the production of the site meagre availability of “minor” languages quality work, in the form of points that are and defines strategies to achieve the and the lack of functions for non-verbal redeemable for valuable gifts in the KirzeN information. Thus, we decided to develop Shop. Points are given for approved content allotted goals. He has been working an online dictionary that includes a wider according to the difficulty level and language on Web projects with Docler range of languages, actually aiming to competence. In addition to the community Holding, including some of the cover as many living and extinct languages functions, users can communicate through a largest Websites on the Internet, as possible, and that provides users with private messaging system, and soon we will since 2004. an easy-to-handle interface in different launch our own instant messaging system as [email protected] languages—for free. well. In view of the success of Wikipedia and KirzeN is not only a tool for looking up YouTube, we strongly believe in the power words and phrases in diverse languages; of the community and that our members will it is based on a brand-new concept that share and gain knowledge through such a combines high-quality and well-structured dictionary. lexicographic data together with the After nearly one year of preliminary advantages of social networking and file work developing an appropriate database sharing. The site is now available on the structure and the interfaces for searching, Internet under several domains (.com, uploading and editing content, most of the .net, .eu, .us, .in, .cn, etc.) in 16 interface planned functions are up and running. At KirzeN is a business partner of languages. It is possible to search for present the site's main goals are to attract K Dictionaries. translations and definitions in more than a mentors, extend the number of the languages million items in over 40 languages, including in the database, and bring to perfection the most of the European languages and the grammatical component of the entries in the KirzeN Hungary Ltd. is the major Asian ones. Each word and phrase dictionary. Obviously, KirzeN is not only youngest division of Docler has its own sub-page that is easily accessible for surfers who need just a quick translation; Holding, one of the most by clicking on the relevant record. The page it has more to offer to users worldwide who successful and continuously contains all of the available lexicographic are generally interested in a language, wish growing companies in content as well as the uploaded multimedia to discuss their experiences and ideas, and Hungary. It was founded content for that word or phrase. After the are ready to elaborate the dictionary by and is owned by György registration process, users can fill out their contributing to or editing new entries. Gattyán. own profile and contact other members of Moreover, professional lexicographers, http://kirzen.com the community. Registered members gain experts on “minor” languages and students http://docler.com access to the KirzeN Workshop, where are all welcome to make their comments on Photo of the new Docler the action takes place. There they need to KirzeN and have their work recognized and building in Budapest. choose a mentor to cooperate with. They appreciated worldwide. We realize it is becoming more and more difficult to find an online dictionary that suits your needs, and we hope and believe that with KirzeN such needs will be fullfilled. Admittedly, we cannot forget that developing a site requires continuous hard work, so we do our best to enhance the present features and attain the planned ones. Hopefully, the presence of KirzeN, the international dictionary, on the World Wide

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 Web will satisfy many users. items such as “Word of the Day,” “News of homepage features a number of educational researched of topics. understanding broader a gain and sections different these between search page allow users to quickly navigate each of top the at located color-codedtabs Convenient, Encyclopedia. and Hutchinson Wikipedia; Encyclopedia; Idioms; Abbreviations; and Acronyms Dictionary; Financial Dictionary; Legal Dictionary; Medical Dictionary/Thesaurus; sections: easy-to-use of number a into organized is publishers other and these from educational content of wealth The McGraw-Hill Companies. Company, the and (Cengage), Language Gale Computer The Machines, Research Editorial, Larousse Encyclopædia Elsevier, Dictionaries, K HarperCollins, Britannica, Reed University Press, Columbia Press, University Cambridge Saunders, Company, Mifflin reference material, including the Houghton by destination partnering with reference the elite among publishers preeminent of a 50 contractors. supported by an extensive network of about articles for the homepage. They, in turn, are maintain the site’s content and create daily meticulously who individuals six of team partnerships. The two lead a dedicated core well as the company’s business dealings and Boymel it, focuses on powers the site’s that day-to-day operations technology asand engine. search a and a library, reference literature encyclopedias, several languages, of dozens It in dictionaries of scores hosts now bounds. and leaps by grow to allowed site has the partnership seamless their and terms, everyday of dictionary basic a by morethan1.6billionvisitors. active for information seekers,tool TFD online has been accessedprime network A users. global of a serves now and Web the on sites reference comprehensive and authoritative most the of one since into evolved has it but users, English-speaking to catering dictionary online a free as simple, debuted (TFD) dictionary. TheFreeDictionary online comprehensive most they 2003, world’sthe create to mission their it made in launched Inc., TheFreeDictionary.com Farlex, of co-founders Simonov, Nick and Boymel Steve When Each day, the site’s English-language English-language site’s the day, Each into TFD turn to able been has Farlex While Simonov oversees the architecture as TFD founded Boymel and Simonov TheFreeDictionary.com story allows users to create a personalized list of example is the “My Word List” tool, which such One requests. user to response direct a as come have features unique site’s the of many and comments, and questions of TFD’s staff has reviewed tens of thousands years, the Over receive. they email every and each to give they attention personal the on themselves pride editors Farlex’s for information on the site every day—and users—as many as 2 million visitors search from adropdownmenu. language desired the selecting simply by a host of different languages and can do so afforded the option of translating words into also are Users articles. published recently and literature usage classic both from and list examples antonyms, and thorough a synonyms of pronunciations, word English UK and English American both containing files audio with users provides site the information, definition/etymology part-of-speech/ standard the to addition In investigate and understand searched terms. better to users allow that features unique tools areavailabletousersfreeofcharge. and services site’s the of all advertising, through revenue generates TFD Because sources. news and reputable websites, publications, of dozens from feeds RSS of hundreds offers directory news syndicated display directly on for their homepage. In addition, the photos favorite their upload inboxes, and a picture option that lets them allows users to view messages in their email and educate, an innovative mail feature that entertain to designed games vocabulary of of customizable assortment offerings The includes a collection or software. download, additional installation, any without browser modern every from accessed be homepages—can personalized create to windows content drop and drag, remove, format—which allows of users to simply add, range window wide to the Web. a The fully customizable to personal a seeking visitors Internet-savvy appeals TFD at to morethan25,000subscribers. provided service free a email, Day” the of is also available through the popular “Word entries within the encyclopedia site. Much of this and content dictionary relevant to created by the site’s editorial team and link exclusively are items These Day.” the of “Quote “Today’sHistory,” and Birthday,” the Day,” “Article of the Day,” “This Day in At TFD, the foremost priority is the the is priority foremost the TFD, At many has dictionary English TFD’s available interface user-friendly The Michal Goldman [email protected] since 2007. has beenaneditorforFarlex with adegreein Visual Studies.She University ofPennsylvaniain2005 summa cumlaudefromthe Michal T. Goldmangraduated www.farlex.com respected sources. from theworld’s most and referenceinformation pages ofbooks,periodicals, contain overfivemillion and TheFreeLibrary.com, TheFreeDictionary.com tools. Itsflagshipwebsites, reference andlearning innovative, easy-to-use 2004, Farlexprovides Valley, PA. Foundedin based inHuntingdon reference products provider ofonline independent, privately-held Farlex, Inc.isan

27 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 28

words and terms on the site and easily access and Spanish. By expanding the scope of their definitions and encyclopedia entries. its resources to include titles outside of The feature has become an invaluable the English language, TFD addresses the learning tool for people from all walks of multilingual needs of its ever-expanding life, including students, professionals, and user base. people learning a new language. While TFD does not track user Over the years, TFD’s users have information, IP address data indicate that repeatedly expressed interest in a feature about half of the site’s users are based in that would allow them to provide the site the US. International Web surfers compose with their own definitions, and, in 2007, the remainder of its clientele. Many users Farlex addressed their requests by launching are not native English speakers and use the a second dictionary site—Definition-Of site to improve their English skills or even (www.Definition-Of.com). The site is built teach themselves the language. The unique around user-contributed definitions and multilingual translator feature, which allows allows visitors to rank the quality of existing users to easily translate words from one entries. language to another and just as easily switch In May 2008, Farlex announced the to a third, has become an invaluable tool for largest single addition of reference material such users. to TFD, including, for the first time, foreign TFD reached an exciting milestone in language resources. The overwhelmingly 2008, welcoming its billionth visitor in positive user response to those four initial just five years. Since that time, the number foreign language dictionaries encouraged of reference titles published by the site the development team to further enhance the has expanded exponentially. The Farlex site's multilingual offerings, and, just months team remains committed to continuously later, Farlex released TFD's newly expanded enhancing TFD and is always developing translations section, which allows users to new features that keep it on the cutting translate dictionary terms from English into edge of online reference site technology. more than 40 different languages. At the This ceaseless dedication to growing and same time, the site’s developers launched evolving the site distinguishes TFD from the homepage in 10 new languages: other reference websites and makes it a Farlex is a business partner of K Dictionaries. Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Greek, singular destination for online information Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Russian, seekers.

The BLDS Italian dictionary core

Palma Gallana

Introduction: a dictionary streaming to itself. Examples are actual, practical, useful perfection and not academic. The BLDS is an extraordinary instrument. Providing this monolingual base is This is what I thought the first time I came extraordinary for two reasons: across it and what I have become more • a propaedeutic purpose, since the user is and more convinced of during my work oriented to a soft monolingual approach on it. It is not a common dictionary but a before eventually getting to pure mono-bilingual one, “a dictionary streaming monolingual dictionaries. to perfection”. It is user-friendly and made • a linguistic purpose, since the user tastes to measure for students and speakers of a the real savour of a foreign language, foreign language at intermediate level, who confronting definitions, examples, can find in it all they need to understand the expressions, etc. in it. meaning of a word and use it correctly. BLDS is a rationally well-organised, The dictionary is bilingual, built upon a balanced, complete monolingual core, monolingual base. Definitions and examples predisposed to become a bilingual are in the source language, but are adapted dictionary, where headwords are correlated in order to be easily understood by someone by pronunciation and, together with the who is studying and needs to be coached examples and phrases, each sense is to understand the meaning and use of translated into L2. This satisfies the need words. Far from being banal or inaccurate, of finding punctual correspondences in L2, the definitions are formulated with simple besides leading to a complete understanding

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 terms, belonging to the dictionary core of the word. extensive the and to belongs the from starting the (after word a of sense the introduce to as so structured is fact in entry The of section. semantic element the first the as comes apparatus and an additional synonym apparatus. This a one: in monolingual core with dictionaries extensive definitionstwo make to idea the had I core, Italian the editing started I again. query your start to have you so one, first not have the same of division senses as the might dictionary second This dictionary. you have to look it up repetition in a avoid specific to synonym term alternative an or result is that if you need to find a synonym The information. as secondary, treated are synonyms and systematically, not terms, special section, but that occurs only for few dictionaries usually add one or two bigger extra synonyms in a Only synonyms. of are often non-extensive, reduced to a couple In medium-size dictionaries the definitions illustrate them eventually with one or more examples. and words of senses explain its merits,qualitiesandlimits. Italian core is the result of great efforts, actual withthe perfect, from far Though work. and study of years my during lacked had I dictionary the make finally to opportunity had worked on, and I found myself with the I dictionaries traditional the differentfrom was It myself. it edit to privilege the have to excited very was I began adventure the an have to be Italian BLDS core”, I thought, and the day would it fantastic “How one The Italiancore: twodictionaries in useful forbothL1andL2users. and interesting dictionary, bi-directional etc, complete the work. The result is a antonyms, fully and synonyms use, and sense of the headword and one or more conjunctions, etc) or concerning elisions, elisions, concerning or etc) conjunctions, (prepositions, words syntactic by required tense/mood verb concerning Specificities intransitive pronominal and reflexive verbs. between made is distinction accurate and For intransitive verbs,adjectives. the auxiliaryand is specified, nouns for given are forms plural and feminine the irregular, If morphology edition the in itself exclusively fornativeItalianspeakers. definition the of short a by preceded is definition the Moreover, and/or Exhausted by this double check, when when check, double this by Exhausted dictionaries monolingual Traditional of indicators as such tools Traditional sense sense ,indicator meant as a substitute illustrate it. it. illustrate expressions idiomatic definition it deals with/ deals it context section) section) morphology . Then, an an Then, synonyms. explains the meaning the explains examples

• • • • reasons: he/she isgoingtoencounter. sense the of idea an user the gives lemma the to close are that words of range a Such that is on the same level and can replace it. headword the to equivalent an proposing by this do They extend. of to headword the dimension semantic the permits that section. semantic Synonyms the act as introduce a kind and of accordion information grammatical the after right appear They more or one by headwords correlated are the of percent ninety About synonyms suitable andtranslation. dictionary helps the user to identify the most multiple and abundant sense indicators, the given whenusefulorappropriate. object, person or animal it refers to, is also of application of the word, that is to say the The consultation. the during reader the alert and/or guide to order in tracked accurately been have etc) economy, sport, (anatomy, terms specialist for labels are and etc); pejorative, ironic, extensive, (figurative, modalities expressive particular denote which indications, rhetorical or qualifiers etc); euphemistic, bureaucratic, expression beyond of standard language (familiar, levels vulgar, the identify which throughout the dictionary. the into specific put been provides which has structure, lexicographical effort of lot A context are given inexplanatorynotes. forms combined or forms euphonic example and translation. Since the number is linked to, it which has its proper definition, headword the with association of means by it approach or of synonym the meaning the to get to possible is it be may case this In synonyms. the among found headword a as registered not is that term a dictionary, the of version during a search for a word in the electronic establish linguisticassociations. good didactica tool be to to learn out new wordsturn and can synonyms of set a carry withinagivensense. may headword the a that of nuances possible panorama wider a gets he/she thus reader,and the of mind the in open channels with different possible contexts different same, the mean that terms of company the in headword the setting by unfamiliar. synonyms, so the headword becomes less the of one know already might user the This approach is very useful for multiple By contextualising the meanings with the niaos f s ad sense and use of indicators , which which indicators , sector/field Register labels, synonyms. range range sense sense

[email protected] dictionary core. the chiefeditorofKD’s newItalian dictionary translationin2007.Sheis began withaFrench-Italian Her cooperationwithKDictionaries Italian languageforRussiannatives. language forItaliannativesandof and exercisebooksoftheRussian dictionary, severalgrammarmanuals compiled aneconomic-financial by thesamepublisher. Shealso dictionaries (AmericanandEnglish) A. Vallardi in2005andoftwoslang dictionary publishedby was chiefeditoroftheRussian/Italian Japanese, Hungarian).DrGallana especially oriental(Arabic,Chinese, dictionaries invariouslanguages, dozens ofgrammarbooksand grammar andlexicon,hasedited is passionateinparticularabout masters fivemodernlanguages, author, editorand translator. She in linguisticsandlexicographyas Milan andhassincebeenworking from theCatholicUniversityof in Russianlanguageandliterature Palma Gallana graduatedin1993

29 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 30

of headwords is limited, as is the scope of with words from the dictionary’s headword the dictionary, synonyms help to create a list. Definitions are succinct and clear, as An extract from virtual extensibility. often as possible are autonomous and do not a BLDS Italian contain derivatives of the defined word. antonyms The definition usually centres on the entry: Antonyms too occur, though less frequently semantic nature of the term; however, 1 than synonyms, and only in cases when it is especially in case of grammar terms, it can andare  vi (aus. useful to highlight the headword by means explain the grammatical-syntactic function essere) 1 =muoversi; of semantic contraposition or when it is and application. {senza meta} spostarsi necessary to clarify the sense of a headword senza una meta precisa  by saying what it is not about. examples  andare a piedi andare in The contextualization of terms is achieved   bicicletta andare piano sense indicator by means of up-to-date natural examples,  andare a spasso andare The sense indicator is a word or brief phrase which reflect real contemporary Italian a zonzo passeggiare senza that immediately evocates the context language. Examples are rather short and meta  andare d'accordo for collocating a particular sense of the use simple words from the dictionary’s fig trovarsi bene insieme  headword and offers an intuitive association list of headwords. They can be syntagms andare fiero mostrarsi for it. Since it is represented by a word or (usually) or full sentences (if they are the fiero  andare sul sicuro non rischiare  andare a group of words (glosses) that frequently only or best way to show the commonest naso fig seguire l'istinto appear together with the headword, it forms use of a term). 2 =dirigersi; =recarsi; typical combinations that a native speaker =procedere; {verso una would consider as natural. idiomatic expressions direzione / meta} spostarsi The sense indicator can specify: Idioms and set phrases (and relative in una direzione o verso • the general context by means of a examples) with their metaphorical evocative una meta  andare avanti  complement (in literature, of an animal, meaning, not only have a particular andare a casa  andare in etc). The sense indicator is sometimes linguistic “taste” but also help impart an vacanza  andare in onda represented by part of the definition, if idea of Italian culture, history and life. essere trasmesso alla general enough. Since the definition and televisione o alla radio  sense indicator do not appear together in selection criteria andare in scena theat the same dictionary version, this won’t Headwords, examples and expressions essere rappresentato  generate redundancy. have been selected so as to offer a wide andare a nozze fig trovarsi • a category by means of a generic term, the panorama of the actual, active and living molto bene in una data hypernym, to whose field of application language. The headword selection ranges situazione 3 tempo: the headword belongs as one of its from spoken/informal words to the terms of =passare; =trascorrere; particular representatives (“animal” for specialist sectors (e.g. finance, technology, =volare; indica lo scorrere ‘horse’, “profession” for ‘lawyer’, etc). law, etc) which occur most frequently in del tempo  Due settimane The sense indicator can also be represented today’s communication. The extremes, too se ne sono andate solo per by: specific and too slangy, have been excluded scegliere la località. 4 • a generic synonym, that is to say the in order to collocate the dictionary on a {essere destinato} essere most generic among synonyms, usually well-balanced middle level. destinato  Questi CD used in the formulation of the definition, Within the headwords and sub-entries vanno sul primo scaffale.  that gives the sense of the headword and the meanings are ordered according to La forchetta va a sinistra, il eventually can replace it. frequency of use and logical consequence coltello a destra. 5 • a specific hyponym, that is to say a (literal before figurative or extensive, abbigliamento: =essere; particular representative of the headword, general before specific or sector, etc). {stare} stare in un certo that plays in such a case the role of generic modo  Le scarpe mi vanno term. Conclusion: work is always in progress strette.  La giacca mi va Particular attention has been put into The conclusion is that now that the core  alla perfezione. andare a avoiding redundancy as concerns the is finished, it is time to start it again. At pennello calzare o vestire “synonym-definition” section and present there is a core, quite rich as far as bene 6 attività: =procedere; “synonym–sense indicator” section. Since lexicography is concerned. But there are =svolgersi; avere luogo o synonyms are visible always, and definition many components that are missing and might avanzare in un certo modo or sense indicator alternatively, a term that be added, especially on a morphological  Come vanno le cose sul appears in the definition may occur as a sense level (informative notes on conjugations, lavoro?  Va tutto bene.  indicator or one that appears as a sense indicator or references to conjugation tables; degrees andare a gonfie vele ottimamente  andare a may appear in the definition, but neither of comparison for adjectives; augmentative, buon fine concludersi con will occur as a synonym (e.g. pentimento 1 diminutive and other altered forms; successo 7 apparecchio: =mortificazione (rimorso) rimorso per ciò che syllabication; etc). The headword list can =funzionare; adempiere la si è fatto 2 =rammarico (rimpianto) rimpianto be augmented and extended so as to include propria funzione  La per ciò che non si è fatto). also prefixes, suffixes and acronyms. And televisione non va più. many more integrations could be conceived, 8 =diventare; =modificarsi; definition since “streaming to perfection” never ends. The definition is a brief (approximate) Work on the second phase of the Italian

Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 description in simple Italian, formulated dictionary core is currently underway. Français-Japonais (below) Kernerman Japonais-Français section of Page fromtheJapanese-French BLDS samplepages Dictionnaire Assimil Français-Arabe (above). Kernerman Arabe-Français section of Page fromthe Arabic-French Dictionnaire Assimil 31 Kernerman Dictionary News, July 2009 Dictionnaires Assimil Kernerman, 2009

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