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Global Stocktake ways the GLOBAL STOCKTAKE can strengthen post‑2020 climate finance The Global Stocktake is a core and dynamic element 1 of the 2015 Paris Agreement, and a key opportunity to seek greater ambition for finance AT FIVE-YEAR INTERVALS, THE GLOBAL STOCKTAKE (GST) 1st GST The GST mandates that the climate finance community LEARN FROM THE PAST in efforts REVIEWS COLLECTIVE EFFORTS TO 2023 to enhance international climate action. 3 INCREASE CLIMATE AMBITION.1 2nd GST 3rd GST 4th GST 2009 2028 2033 2038 Commitment of $100 billion from developed to developing countries When the first GST finishes in 2023, it will be a way‑marker on the road to a NEW, and BIGGER, Its finance elements are key FINANCE CLIMATE FINANCE GOAL to be set prior 4 enablers of MITIGATION and to 2025. ADAPTATION action, with the GST including both the MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPPORT CAPACITY-BUILDING from developed countries to developing ones as well as MAKING Future GSTs will allow us to FINANCE FLOWS CONSISTENT repeatedly and critically assess with a pathway to low‑emission, progress made in financing climate‑resilient development.2 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER climate action. The GST outcome must demonstrate the shortfalls 2 of poorly defined climate finance goals A KEY CLIMATE FINANCE Though the GOAL FALLS SHORT BENCHMARK is the of financial needs estimates from developing countries, it is echoed in $100 billion goal ARTICLE 9 of the Paris Agreement of the 2009 which contains further climate Copenhagen accord. 5 finance objectives. ANNUAL FINANCING NEEDS FOR ONLY ADAPTATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Estimated $240bn by 2050 Estimated $140bn by 2030 LACK OF CONSENSUS LACK OF CLARITY GRAPPLING WITH THE $100bn on what counts as climate finance on the goal has undermined the $100 BILLION, commitment $70bn has led to diverging estimates, predictability of climate finance, the GST will likely emphasise that a for adaptation post-2020 particularly for concessional public which is critical for allowing post‑2020 climate finance regime AND mitigation finance flows from developed adequate investment programme needs clearer goals, informed by to developing countries that are planning in developing countries science and evidence and possibly critical to unlocking further finance.6 to deliver sustainable change and even sub‑goals, milestones and economic transformation.7 metrics for enhanced transparency. The GST is an opportunity to regularly assess 3 progress on climate finance effectiveness READINESS FINANCE LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS DEPLOYED THROUGH 2020 NOT ENOUGH IS KNOWN are often the best informed to develop and implement a project in GCF Adaptation Fund about whether climate finance is accordance with NEEDS, but they $284m $1.6m MEETING ITS INTENDED OBJECTIVES, can lack the institutional capacity 138 countries 36 countries raising issues on access, ownership, impact required to access climate finance. and alignment with needs. Efforts to improve access have focused on CAPACITY-BUILDING, PEER LEARNING, the provision National of READINESS FINANCE and the development of simplified ? ? procedures to DIRECTLY ACCESS bilateral and multilateral funding. Regional International Yet local‑level access to climate finance remains costly and challenging with the process and ? ? ? outcomes of direct access falling The GST must explore whether short of expectations.8 climate finance is effective.9 ENTITIES ACREDITED In doing so it can work to DECREASE TO THE MULTILATERAL INEFFICIENCIES in climate finance CLIMATE CHANGE FUNDS access and delivery, and developing ? ? ? metrics for needs alignment and impact, to maximise climate finane potential. The GST should oblige the global community to take a closer 4 look at equity in financing climate action EQUITY IS THE GST IS A PLATFORM TO INFORM THE NEW, BIGGER CLIMATE ONE OF TWO Though a broad concept, equity in the United Nations FINANCE GOAL DEBATE, OVERARCHING Framework Convention on EQUITY IN FINANCING CLIMATE exploring respective CAPABILITIES and the concept PRINCIPLES OF Climate Change (UNFCCC) ACTION NEEDS TO ADDRESS of VULNERABILITY to climate change and just THE GST.10 and Paris Agreement refers transition that takes on board CLIMATE JUSTICE to the differing obligations FAIR SHARE in the provision and EQUITY including gender responsiveness. and expectations on of means of implementation countries in their activities and support to address climate change.11 FAIR ALLOCATION of such support EQUITY IN THE ABILITY AND PACE at which countries pursue the climate‑consistency of finance flows.12 The GST should bring loss and damage 5 into the climate finance agenda LOSS AND DAMAGE The GST can ELEVATE THE DISCUSSION on loss and damage refers to the economic and non-economic finance by laying the groundwork losses due to the adverse effects of and providing a learning function for climate change. finance that averts, minimises and addresses loss and damage.13 The GST, at a minimum, will CONSIDER LOSS AND DAMAGE in technical dialogues, including those for finance. Damage Loss With loss and damage 2018 TOTAL LOSSES downplayed in climate from weather-related finance discussions to date, events were there are NO PROCESSES for systematically AVOIDED UNAVOIDED UNAVOIDABLE COLLECTING, $155 Damage prevented Avoidance of Damage that could RECORDING and billion through mitigation damage was not be avoided and/or adaptation possible, but through mitigation REPORTING While practical challenges mean it is measures adequate and/or adaptation unlikely to be a comprehensive analysis adaptation and/or measures information on loss and of loss and damage needs and finance, $81bn $74bn mitigation damage and related financial it is a much‑needed step in advancing INSURED UNINSURED measures were not needs under the UNFCCC. support for loss and damage. implemented The climate finance community should capitalise 6 on the GST as an opportunity to explore innovative climate finance instruments For the post‑2020 climate finance agenda, the pandemic has highlighted $ the HIGH LEVEL OF DEBT FINANCE (albeit at less THE COVID-19 than market rates) of PANDEMIC existing flows. HAS CHANGED It has emphasised inequalities, THE WORLD. increased countries’ debt, reduced fiscal space and lowered aid budgets. $ IT THREATENS TO REVERSE THE PROGRESS $ made in reducing global poverty $ and inequality.14 In For the The GST will provide a forum in which the CLIMATE EMERGENCY, reignited discussions on debt‑for‑climate 2020 the pandemic has been considered World’s 50 largest swaps, social protection as a climate a TURNING POINT showing economies spent response, special drawing rights for climate, government spending for climate utilisation of carbon border adjustment $14.6 trillion can be ramped up through a green mechanism fees and other INNOVATIVE in scal measures to address recovery and the opportunity CLIMATE FINANCE INSTRUMENTS can 15 the COVID-19 crisis. should not be squandered. be assessed and progressed.16 The GST must accelerate the climate‑consistency of all 7 finance flows in a post‑2020 climate finance architecture ONE OF THE THE GST IS THE ONLY PLACE IN THE It will need to address HOW FINANCIAL THREE MAIN GOALS UNFCCC WHERE PROGRESS TOWARDS THE FLOWS ARE SHIFTING IN ALL COUNTRIES, of the Paris Agreement is to PARIS AGREEMENT’S THIRD LONG-TERM GOAL and help demonstrate the role of means WILL BE CONSIDERED. of implementation and support from ‘make finance flows consistent with developed to developing countries in a pathway towards low greenhouse accelerating the transition in all finance gas emissions and climate-resilient flows WITHOUT DETRACTING FROM 17 development’ THE SUPPORT PROVISIONS. FINANCE ALIGNED WITH PARIS AGREEMENT Public and private nance towards low-emission and climate-resilient development and away from climate-incompatible investments $ FINANCIAL FISCAL PUBLIC INFORMATION POLICIES AND POLICY FINANCE INSTRUMENTS REGULATIONS LEVERS CURRENT ECONOMY LOWCARBON, CLIMATERESILIENT ECONOMY REFERENCES 1. Dagnet, Y., LePrince‑Ringuet, N., Mendoza, J.M. and Thwaites, J. (2020) A vision for a robust global stock take. Washington 10. UNFCCC (2018) Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement on the DC and San Francisco: World Resources Institute and Climate Works (https://files.wri.org/s3fs‑public/vision‑for‑robust‑ third part of its first session, held in Katowice from 2 to 15 December 2018, Decision 19/CMA.1, Matters relating to Article 14 global‑stocktake‑issue‑brief_2.pdf). of the Paris Agreement and paragraphs 99–101 of decision 1/CP.21. UNFCCC (https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/ CMA2018_03a02E.pdf). 2. Watson, C. and Roberts, L. (2019) Understanding finance in the Global Stocktake. London: ODI and Independent Global Stocktake (www.odi.org/publications/16513‑understanding‑finance‑global‑stocktake). 11. Holz, C., Athanasiou, T. and Kartha, S. (2019) ‘Equity in the Global Stocktake and Independent Global Stocktake’ iGST Designing a Robust Stocktake Discussion Series. Berkeley, CA, Boston, MA and Ottowa: Climate Equity Reference Project 3. UNFCCC – United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2018) Report of the Conference of the Parties (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2595493). serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement on the third part of its first session, held in Katowice from 2 to 15 December 2018, Decision 19/CMA.1, Matters relating to Article 14 of the Paris Agreement and paragraphs 99–101 of decision 12. See www.climateworks.org/report/equity‑in‑financing‑climate‑action/. 1/CP.21. UNFCCC (https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/CMA2018_03a02E.pdf). 13. Pandit Chhetri, R., Schaefer, L. and Watson, C. (2021) Exploring loss and damage finance and its place in the Global 4. CFAS – Climate Finance Advisory Service (2020) Options for the post-2025 climate finance goal. Bonn: CFAS (www.cfas. Stocktake. Part of the ‘Financing Climate Action: iGST Discussion Series’. San Francisco, CA: ClimateWorks Foundation info/en/publication/options‑post‑2025‑climate‑finance‑goal). (www.climateworks.org/wp‑content/uploads/2021/03/Loss‑and‑Damage‑Finance‑iGST.pdf). 5. The 2009 Copenhagen Accord notes that ‘In the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on 14.
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