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Effect of Photoperiod on Flowering and Tuberous Root Formation in Dahlia Pinnata (White Perfection)

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اجلمهورية العربية السورية وزارة التعليم العالي جامعة دمشق -كلية الزراعة قسم علوم البستنة تأثري طول الفرتة الضوئية على إزهار نبات اﻷضاليا Dahlia white perfection وتشكل درناته اجلذرية Effect of photoperiod on flowering and tuberous root formation in dahlia pinnata (white perfection) رسالة أعدت لنيل درجة املاجستري يف اهلندسة الزراعية )) قسم علوم البستنة (( إعداد املهندسة ديانا محد القنطار بإشراف اﻷستاذ الدكتور نبيل البطل 6102-6101 م شكر وتقدير في البداية ﻻ يسعني إﻻ أن أرفع آيات التقدير واﻻحترام ﻷستاذي الدكتور نبيل البطل الذي أمدني بالتوجييات العلمية الواس عة والمعاملة اﻷخﻻقية واﻹنسانية المميزة والذي رافقني وساعدني بكل رحابة صدر وكرم أخﻻق في إنجاز ىذا العمل . وأتقدم بال شكر واﻻحترام لجامعة دمشق لتبنييا الموضوع وتمويليا لو. كما أتوجو بالشكر إلى قسم علوم البستنة في كلية الزراعة لما قدمو من دعم ومساعدات جمة. وكل الشكر واﻻمتنان إلى كلية الزراعة الثانية في السويداء و كل العاملين فييا لما قدموه من تسييﻻت مادية ومعنوية ﻹنجاز ىذا ال عمل وأخص بالشكر المكتب اليندسي . شكر خاص و تقدير لزوجي وأىلي وأصدق ائي و لﻷخت والصديق ة الميندسة عﻻ العيسى على جيودىا المبذولة . Index 0 Introduction 0 9 Literature review 6 09 Research objectives 3 61 Materials and methods 4 61 0 4 60 6 4 65 Results 5 65 Flowering time 0 5 65 Flower number 6 5 62 Tuberous dry weight 3 5 62 4 5 61 tuberous number 5 5 62 Plant lenghth ) 2 5 31 total Leaf area 6 1 5 specific Leaf 6 2 5 31 weight 36 Discussion 2 32 Conclusion Suggestions 1 31 References : 2 0 0 2 6 61 2 3 63 Alaska fort 4 64 5 62 2 61 1 30 8 2 2 0 2 6 69 3 2102 2102 Dahlia pinnata white perfection T1 T2 T3 28.70 022.2 013.2 71.8 90.3 28.80 02 88 03 98.2 92 03.2 28.9 88.8 T3 72.19 T2 019.2 T1 371 7 T1 022.7 0831 232.9 T3 281.8 T2 Summary The Experiment was conducted in the glasshouse of the second Faculty of Agriculture, Swieda ,during the seasons of 2015 – 2016. The objectives were to study the effect of photo period on the flowering of Dahlia pinnata (white flower) and tubers formation. The first treatment was the control where plants put to grow under natural light condition. Second treatment, which have been cut natural photoperiod in one hour (T1). Third treatment, which have been cut natural photoperiod in two hours (T2). Fourth treatment which have been cut natural photoperiod in three hours (T3). The results showed significant superiority of the treatment two hours and treatment three hours with values 57.81 % and 152.5% respectively in relation to the tuberous production and tubers dry weight in comparison to the control. Also it was an increase in wet weight of tubers in all transactions by 31.9%, 80.4%, 109.2%. the results also showed a decrease in the number of tubers in the treatment of three hours by 27.41% while the results did not show a significant difference in the number of tubers between the one hour and two hours comparison to the control. The results also showed significant delay in flowering dates in the three treatments in comparison to the control. It was (15 days -19 days) in one hour and two hours respectively. While the plant in three hours showed the most significant delay (44 days) in comparison to the control. It was also noted that the photoperiod affect in the average number of flowers formed, Where no significant difference observed between the control and the treatment of one hour, where the average number of flowers 34.6 and 35 respectively. The number of flowers is significantly decreased in the two treatments two and three houer to (27.3,19.5) flowers respectively. Plant hight and leaf area were decreased in studied cultivar in all treatments. Average Plant hights in all treatments (103.6 cm, 85.03 cm,74.4 cm) respectively, while it was 126.8 cm in the control plants. Total Leaf areas of plant were (980.8 cm²) in T1 and (670.7 cm²) in T2 and (296.3 cm²) in T3 in comparison to the control (1490 cm²). Introduction 0 Tuberous roots 91 2 Vernon,2013 Asteraceae 0 Hansen, 2004 Kingdom Plantae Order Asterales Family Asteraceae Subfamily Asteroideae Genus Dahlia Species Pinnata 1 0 D.pinnata-D.imperialis- 9811 0211 D.coccinea 0329 2 Kral,2014 0782 28111 .RHS(Royal Horticultural Society) Anders Dahli Cavillis Kral,2014 Sorensen,1990 9 0.2 Cranshaw,2009 3 2 2 1.2 91 22 (Weland,2007 Single Cactus 021 021 Semi Cactus :Collerette 4 011 31 Anemone 021 021 Pompom Decorative 97 2 Fimbriated Waterlily Black.2005 22 21 22 01 02 2 01 5 6 R = AN = AA = 25 W = BA = A = 2 5 20 Y = CO = B = 20 15 PR = SC = BB = 1 5 1 0 OR = S = M = 10 DR = FD = BA = 9 P = POM= MB = 9 - 5 BR = PE = P = 5 [email protected] 2112 2118 211111 99 0392 (Jobson,2015) 6 07 02 28 07 09 02 91 21 00 7 2 9 2112 7 0 0 0 0 0 2118 Kiran D.pinnata 2100 Khan EC PH Ph 8 2.2 2112 Gorman 2102 blodnick EC 0 (0.80-0.75)EC 2.2)EC 0.2 (EC 6 8 6 Photoperiodism HA. WW .Garner 0321 Nicotiana tabacum Allard Maryland Mammoth Smith,2000 08 2112 critical 08 09 photoperiod 9 Runkle,2002 02 Mattson,Erwin.2005 Erwin,Warner.2002 Vince,1969 daylenghth Waide,2010 Pfr Pr 221 Pr Pfr 891 Pr ( Fankhauser,2004 Jarillo,2001 chromoproteins tetrapyrrol 11 Andel et al,1996 Parks and Quail,1991 Tepperman and Quail,1998 221 Pr 0 8 Pr Pfr 2 Quail,1997 Pfr Pfr Pr Pfr Pfr Pr 0378 Pfr Pr Pr 7 Pfr 7 Pr Pfr Pfr Pr 11 Pr Pfr 09 Pfr Pr digana et al ,2011 Pfr Pr 0328 Siegelman Firir Phy A,B,C,D,E Sharrock PhyA ,PhyB and Clach ,2002 PhyC ,PhyE and Quail, 1989 Franklin and Lin,2000 Pfr Sharrock Quail,2010 0 Cryptochromes 2 Smith,2000 Phototropins 9 Somwrs et al,1998 12 Chrysanthemum ramat Pfr morifolium 0 Pr 91 02 Borthwick 02 21 and Cathey,2016 Chrysanthemum yellow King and Bagnall,1994) Lolium temulentum 02 King and Evans,1991 13 Pfr Shalit et 2 8 al,2008 Juliusvon sachs 0722 Kroeze ,2015 1936 Chailakhyan 2112 Putterill RNAm FT and Gasic,2008 14 Hanlon,2016 Xanthium strumarium Pharbitis nil Valverde,2000 Runkle,2002 2112 (02 Biran,Halevy.2006 15 0323 Hess Moser 00 20 02 (0322 konishi Inaba 0387 Payne Halburton 0388 Hertogh Durso D.Kolchelsee 08 01 D.Parkprincess 0339 Heins Brondum Royal dahlitta yellow 82 91 21 01 02 01 02 22 02 91 21 21 08 02 16 D.Sanny 2110 Legnani Millar 3 D.Sanny yellow rose 02 21 3 29 22 2.8 21 0323 Hitchcock Zimmerman 2113 Hasegawa D. imperialis 91 21 17 92 89 18 Research objectives 3 Dahlia white perfection 0 2 19 Materials & Methods 4 0 4 Dahlia pinnata( white perfection Dinnerplat Decorative 22 21 021 011 21 81 81 0:0:0 2 TS2 Peatmoss 6 3 211 2.2 2.2 PH 1.2 32 72 2 221 221 2108 21 6 4 27 22 21 2 01 21 2102 0 09 02 T1 08 02 T2 02 02 T3 91 8 Alaska fort 011 011 22 Alaska fort 4 0. 005%(FE EDTA) 18%(n) 0.01%(ZN EDTA) 07%(p205) 0.03%(MN EDTA) 07%(k2o) 0.05%(CU EDTA) 0 Mgo 0.02%(B EDTA) 0.03%(MO EDTA) Methonyl90 Admix 6 Leaf area A4 01 A4 2 011 01 011 23 Tuberous dry weight 87 012 SLW 6 2 2101 Open Flowers number flowering time 5 8 8 8 8 0 8 8 8 8 2 8 8 8 8 9 24 Results 5 0 5 2 98 2 03 78 02 23 6 5 2 98.2 92 88.9 22 2 25 2 LSD SD Mean N 2.2 92.1 02 1.21 2.2 98.2 02 1.117 0.2 28.9 02 1.118 0.9 03.2 02 2.2 23.08 87 Total 0.3 39.30 02 1.118 0.1 013.21 02 1.112 0.9 009.82 02 1.118 0.8 027.22 02 02.2 009.32 87 Total LSD SD Mean N 2 3 5 8 013.2 71.8 90.3 4 5 8 26 2 5 5 28.80 7 1 LSD SD Mean N 1.19 7.88 02 1.21 1.18 7.27 02 1.117 1.88 09.92 02 1.112 1.31 20.90 02 2.9 02.31 87 Total 02.3 81.2 02 1.117 29.2 39.1 02 1.118 02.2 028.2 02 1.112 29.7 088.2 02 92.2 013.2 87 Total 0.8 2.2 02 1.2 0.9 2.2 02 1.3 2.1 2.9 02 1.10 0.3 8.2 02 0.7 2.2 87 Total LSD SD Mean N 2 27 2 5 LSD 8 SPSS 2 81.92 28.30 82.22 27.82 80.37 22.22 80.92 92.22 9 2 28 3 29 1 5 7 2 LSD 2 0831 2 281.88 2 371.79 2 232.99 71.00 82.12 98.08 2 5 7 2 07 31 8 LSD SD Mean N 982.12 0831.1 02 1.113 72.18 371.79 02 1.117 70.33 281.88 02 1.112 89.22 232.99 02 70.22 312.28 87 Total 1.10 1.198 02 1.2 1.119 1.197 02 1.8 1.112 1.197 02 1.102 1.118 1.188 02 1.1182 1.193 87 Total LSD SD Mean N 2 31 Discussion 2 Dahlia white perfection Pfr Pr Pfr Pr Pr Pfr 02 2000 Weaver (D.pinnata 32 22 0323 Hess Moser 20 02 00 0323 Hitchcock Zimmerman 2112 Millar fructan 33 2006 Halevy Biran Inaba (0322 konishi Brondum 34 Royal dahlitta yellow 82 0339 Heins 21 02 02 Hasegawa 2113 D.
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    Growing Dahlias (Cocoxochitl) of Every Shape, Size, and Color

    for the Gardener Growing Dahlias (Cocoxochitl) of Every Shape, Size, and Color ecause of their prolific nature and diversity, dahlias are an excellent crop to grow no matter the scale. Whether it be a plant or two in your backyard or a half-acre for commercial production, dahlias will always be worth Bthe amount of space they take in your cropping system. Dahlias are relatively free of pests and diseases, have moderate fertility and water needs, and are fairly straightforward to grow. Basically, anyone who has an interest in growing flowers, or who can appreciate the simple, beautiful things in life, should be growing dahlias! A BRIEF HISTORY The dahlia is an herbaceous perennial plant grown primarily for its ornate flowers. For thousands of years, the indigenous people of Central Mexico cultivated and foraged for the Cocoxochitl, the dahlia’s original name. Little is known about this period of pre-colonial dahlia history as any recorded information was lost during Spanish colonization. We do know that dahlias originated in the uplands of Central Mexico at elevations up to 10,000 feet. As with roughly 1/10 of all flowering plants, the dahlia belongs to the Asteraceae or daisy family. Other members of the Asteraceae family include artichokes, lettuce, sunflowers, and chrysanthemums. Sometime in the 16th century, Spaniards took interest in the dahlia and shipped seeds from the flowers (which at the time had very simple daisy-like blooms) to Europe. European botanists and horticulturalists quickly discovered the dahlia could be bred into an ornate double form. They dubbed the plant Dahlia pinnata, for Swedish botanist Andrew Dahl and in reference to the arrangement of the leaves.
  • Gene Family of Asteraceae

    Gene Family of Asteraceae

    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 9033-9038, August 1996 Evolution Duplication and functional divergence in the chalcone synthase gene family of Asteraceae: Evolution with substrate change and catalytic simplification (anthocyanin/flavonoid genetics/gene phylogeny/secondary metabolism/stilbene synthase) YRJO HELARIUTA*t*, MiKA KOTILAINEN*, PAULA ELOMAA*, NISSE KALKKINEN*, KARE BREMER§, TEEMU H. TEERI*, AND VICTOR A. ALBERTt *Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 45, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland; *The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126; and §Department of Systematic Botany, Uppsala University, Villavagen 6, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden Communicated by Michael T Clegg, University of California, Riverside, CA, May 20, 1996 (received for review November 29, 1995) ABSTRACT Plant-specific polyketide synthase genes con- SS genes at the level of deduced amino acid sequence. Its stitute a gene superfamily, including universal chalcone syn- expression pattern at both organ and cellular levels is not thase [CHS; malonyl-CoA:4-coumaroyl-CoA malonyltrans- correlated with anthocyanin pigmentation, for which CHS ferase (cyclizing) (EC 2.3.1.74)] genes, sporadically distrib- provides the first committed biosynthetic step. Furthermore, uted stilbene synthase (SS) genes, and atypical, as-yet- the catalytic properties of the corresponding enzyme differ uncharacterized CHS-like genes. We have recently isolated from CHS and SS, although the GCHS2 catalytic reaction and from Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae) an unusual CHS-like gene, its role in vivo are not yet completely understood. GCHS2, which codes for an enzyme with structural and In this study we show that the GCHS2-like genes in Aster- enzymatic properties as well as ontogenetic distribution dis- aceae constitute a gene family, whose corresponding amino tinct from both CHS and SS.