Daniel Tápia a Orquestra Sinfônica Do Cinema Norte

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Daniel Tápia a Orquestra Sinfônica Do Cinema Norte UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES DANIEL TÁPIA A ORQUESTRA SINFÔNICA DO CINEMA NORTE-AMERICANO: O EXEMPLO DE BERNARD HERRMANN THE ORCHESTRA OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CINEMA: THE EXAMPLE OF BERNARD OF HERRMANN Campinas 2012 i ii UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES DANIEL TÁPIA A ORQUESTRA SINFÔNICA DO CINEMA NORTE-AMERICANO: O EXEMPLO DE BERNARD HERRMANN Orientador: Prof. Dr. Claudiney Rodrigues Carrasco THE ORCHESTRA OF THE NORTH AMERICAN CINEMA: THE EXAMPLE OF BERNARD OF HERRMANN Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao programa de pós-graduação em música do Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Música, na área de Concentração: Fundamentos Teóricos Dissertation presented to the Music Programme of the Institute of Arts of the University of Campinas to obtain the Master grade in Music. Este exemplar corresponde à versão final da dissertação defendida pelo aluno, e orientada pelo Prof. Dr. Claudiney Rodrigues Carrasco. ________________________________________ CAMPINAS 2012 iii iv v vi "Qualquer composição para um filme, mesmo que para um filme ruim, atingirá milhões de pessoas. Agora, se elas ouvem com a atenção que nós esperamos de alguém em um concerto, eu não posso responder; pois não estou certo de que as pessoas que vão aos concertos ouçam mais atentamente a música do que as pessoas que vão ao cinema". (Bernard Herrmann) vii viii RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve por finalidade demonstrar o processo pelo qual caminhou a linguagem da orquestração até sua chegada à trilha musical cinematográfica e, posteriormente, trazer à tona os processos adquiridos na música de cinema tendo a obra de Bernard Herrmann como exemplo. Ao observar a produção musical da primeira década do cinema norte americano, é possível perceber que a orquestração sinfônica do cinema é um dos frutos diretos do desenvolvimento da instrumentação e orquestração de concerto como linguagem. Para demonstrar este processo, estruturou-se uma análise cronológica das obras de compositores ligados ao contexto de produção germânico, considerado mais próximo em sua relação com a prática assumida pela música do cinema. Em um segundo momento, apresenta-se uma análise semelhante dos compositores que precedem Bernard Herrmann, considerados pilares de formação da linguagem musical no cinema. A terceira fase, por sua vez, trata da obra de Herrmann como um todo e analisa as peças compostas para Vertigo (1958) e Psycho (1960), ambas as produções dirigidas pelo cineasta Alfred Hitchcock. ABSTRACT This research has the aim of demonstrate the process on which the language of orchestration pervaded up to its arrival at film music composition and after, bring upon the processes acquired by film music using Bernard Herrmann's work as an example. On observing the musical production of the first decade of the north american cinema, it is possible to infer that the symphonic orchestration of cinema is one of the direct results of the concert music orchestration. To demonstrate this process, an cronological analysis of the works of the german composers was structured, considering this the closer model of cinema production. In advance, an equal analyses is made with the works of the cinema composers who preceeded Herrmann, considered references to the formation of the language. The third fase deals with Herrmann's work directly and analyses two of his works: Vertigo (1958) and Psycho (1960). ix x Dedico este trabalho aos meus queridos pais Pérola e Marcelo, companheiros firmes da jornada que não cessa, por seu amor incondicional. Dedico também a todos os meus queridos amigos. Vocês fazem parte disto aqui tanto quanto eu. xi xii AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador, Claudiney Rodrigues Carrasco, pela grande amizade e valiosa orientação. Sua importância como pesquisador é para mim uma inspiração. Ao meu pai, Marcelo Tápia, pela atenção com que leu este trabalho, apesar de seu tempo escasso, e pela constante orientação. À minha mãe, Pérola Wajnsztejn Tápia, pelo carinho com que me acompanhou nos momentos de dificuldades e pelas ideias que sempre me inspiram. À minha irmã Ana Luiza Tápia que, embora distante, mantém seu apoio e carinho. Ao meu querido amigo André Checchia, companheiro desta e de outras paradas, pela prestimosidade e generosidade de sempre. Ao professor Rafael dos Santos, pela atenção e amizade, talento e sabedoria. Ao mestre Adonias Souza Jr, pela grande amizade e enorme apoio. À minha família: meu amado avô Angelo Tápia Fernandes, maior das referências, símbolo de generosidade e honestidade que lhe fazem uma das pessoas mais especiais de minha vida; minha amada avó Maria Aparecida Belli Tápia (in memorian), por ter cuidado de mim muitas vezes mais do que de si mesma, grandeza de quem foi uma estrela em minha vida; minha amada avó Clara Grimblate Wajnsztejn, pela ternura e zelo, pelo sempre sentimento de otimismo e torcida; meu querido avô Jankiel Wajnsztejn (in memorian); meus queridos tios Rubens Wajnsztejn, Georges Gancz, Precila Lana e Alberto Wajnsztejn. Aos meus colegas de pós-graduação. À Fundação de amparo à pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP, por possibilitar que este trabalho acontecesse. À UNICAMP. xiii xiv Sumário Introdução ............................................................................................................................. 1 1. A herança da orquestração moderna: o desenvolvimento da orquestra sinfônica até sua inserção na trilha musical ............................................................................................. 5 1.1 A influência do modelo orquestral romântico e a origem da orquestra sinfônica dos filmes ................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Haydn: o grande experimentador e sinfonista .................................................................... 7 1.1.2 Mozart: a ‘orquestra clássica’ finalmente toma forma ..................................................... 12 1.1.3 O brilho dos efeitos: a orquestração dramática de Haydn e Mozart ................................. 18 1.1.4 A orquestra clássica caminha em direção à romântica ..................................................... 20 1.1.5 Beethoven: a maturidade sinfônica e o ponto de partida para a música romântica .......... 21 1.1.6 Weber: as primeiras inovações da orquestra romântica ................................................... 29 1.1.7 A visão de Hector Berlioz ................................................................................................ 34 1.1.8 A orquestra na ópera de Richard Wagner ........................................................................ 42 2. A formação da identidade orquestral do cinema norte americano do século XX: A década de 1930 e suas principais referências ................................................................... 51 2.1 O orquestrador de Hollywood ..................................................................................... 52 2.2 Max Steiner ................................................................................................................. 54 2.3 Erich Wolfgang Korngold ........................................................................................... 65 2.4 Alfred Newman ........................................................................................................... 71 3. O próximo passo: a importância de Bernard Herrmann para o desenvolvimento da orquestração de cinema ..................................................................................................... 77 4. O matiz versus a monocromia: as orquestras de Vertigo e Psycho .......................... 105 4.1 Vertigo ....................................................................................................................... 105 4.1.1 Prelude ........................................................................................................................... 106 4.1.2 The Nightmare ................................................................................................................ 111 4.1.3 Scene d’amour ................................................................................................................ 113 4.2 Psycho ....................................................................................................................... 120 4.2.1 Prelude ........................................................................................................................... 120 xv 4.2.2 The City .......................................................................................................................... 124 4.2.3 Marion ............................................................................................................................ 124 4.2.4 The Murder ..................................................................................................................... 125 4.2.5 The Water ....................................................................................................................... 128 4.2.6 The Car ........................................................................................................................... 127 4.2.7 The Swamp ..................................................................................................................... 130 4.2.8 The Cellar ....................................................................................................................... 131 4.2.9 Discovery .......................................................................................................................
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