WorldKa rstAquifer Ma p

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Chanmean of ge an n uaprecipitation between l periods the 1961-1990an 1981-2010 d Theglobal imp ortankarst ceof aquifers WOKAM:mathe p p ingap p roach karstSelected wa sources ter an caves d Karstaquife rsconstitute valuable freshw ateresource r sfor hundreds of millions of pe opleworldw idemanyIn . countries and , T heWorld Karst Aquife Map r focuse son groundw ateresource r sinkarst aquife rs,which are de ve lope dprimarily incarbonate rocks. groundw ate rfrom karst aquife rsis the major source of freshw ate rfor drinking wate rsupply and agricultural irrigation. Many large Evaporite salso constitute important karst aquife rsyste mbut s, high sulfate conce ntrationsofte nham pe rthe irdirect utilization as cities,such as Vienna, Rome San , Antonio, Dam ascusand Taiyuan, rely entirely or predominantly on karst groundw atetheIn r. drinkingwate Rocks r. that contain at least %75 of soluble mine ralsare typically karstifiable. The actual de greeof karstification can WORLDKARST AQUIFER MAP conte xtof climate change and population growth (se einse tmaps), the pressure on the sefreshw ate rresource sis expe cte dto varygreatly as afunction of various ge ological,hydrological and climatological factors; howe veitis r, safe to assum ethat expose d increase . carbonaterocks are karstified at least to some de greeunless , prove nothe rwiseisimportant It . to note that eve naslight de greeof 1 : 40 000 000 unde rgroundche m icalrock dissolution can result in atypical karst aquife rwith rapid groundw ate rflow and contam inanttransport, M anykarst aquife syste r m sare conne cte dove large r areas and constitute transboundary groundw ateresource r For s. exam ple,the e ve nwhe nno acce ssiblecave sand ge omorphologicalkarst fe aturesare prese nt. DinaricKarst Syste misshared be tw e e nnorthe astItaly,Slove nia,Croatia, Se rbia,Bosnia and Herzegovina, Monte ne gro,Mace donia andAlbania. The Southw e stChina Karst, one of the world’s large stkarst regions, isshared be tw e e nse ve nChine seprovince sand WOKAM:ma p p ingun an its legend d e xte ndsacross the borde rinto Vietnam The . seexam pleshighlight the ne e dfor transboundary wate rmanage m e ntand fully T hemapping units “carbonate rocks” and “evaporite rocks” represe ntpote ntialkarst aquife The rs. iractual de greeofkarstification and inte grate dwate resource r smaps. hydraulicprope rtiescannot be de te rmine dconsiste ntlyata global scale, but itisa de fe nsibleapproach toassum ethat most expose d Karstifiablerocks / karstSelected wa sources ter carbonateand evaporitic rocks represe ntkarst aquife rs.Lime stoneand dolomite are the most wide spreadkarstifiable carbonate pkarst otential aquifer a ncaves d Ka rstaq uifersan karst d terra ins rocks.Chalk isa fine -graine dbioge niccarbonate rock, which de ve lopsless promine ntkarst fe aturesthan classical lime stonekarst. Carbonaterocks ! S pringwith low flow discharge m³/s2 ≥ Karstaquife rsform in che m icallysoluble be drock,mostly carbonate rock, such as lime stoneand dolomite theIn . serocks, the Howe vein many r, regions, for exam plein the UK and France chalk , aquife rscontribute substantially to freshw atesupplies. r Marble continuousdiscontinuous / che m icalaction of flowing wate rcontaining carbon dioxide from the atm osphe reor soil zone ge ne rate sane tw orkof hydraulically andothe me r tam orphiccarbonate rocks also form important karst aquife rsinsome regions, for exam pleinEthiopia and South . ! S pringwith low flow discharge m³/s2 < conne cte dfractures, conduits and cave Evaporite s. rocks, such as gypsum anhydrite , and halite are , also highly soluble, but the ir S ourceGlobal : Evaporiterocks Precipitation dissolutiondoe snot require carbon dioxide At the . land surface karst , landscape softe nde ve lopcharacte risticge omorphological Carbonateand evaporite areas we resubdivide dinto continuous and discontinuous cate gories,base don an area’s share of the !~ S ubm arinespring ClimatologyCentre continuousdiscontinuous / (GPCC),Offe nbach2017 fe atures,such as solutional sculpting of the be drock(karren), doline sor sinkholes, and large close dde pressions(poljes), but also respe ctiverock type geIn . ne ral,areas with more than %65 of carbonate or evaporite rock we remappe das “continuous”, whe reas DO I: 10.5676/DWDO D_GPCC/I: positivelandforms such as rock towe rs,cone sand pinnacles. M ostof the rain and snowm e ltwate rinfiltrate sunde rgroundand areasbe tw e eand n15 %65we remappe das “discontinuous”. Areas that contain more than %15of each rock type we remappe das H T he rmalspring CLIM_M _V2015_025 contribute stogroundw aterecharge r whe , reassurface runoff isscarce or entirely abse Rive nt. rsand sfrom adjace ntnon-karst “mixedcarbonate and evaporite rocks”. Zone swhe reexpose dkarstifiable rocks plunge be ne athadjace ntnon karstifiable formations M ixedcarbonate and evaporite rocks areasofte nsink unde rgroundatthe contact with expose karstifiable d, rock. arehighlighte dby red triangles pointing to the direction of non-expose dkarstifiable rocks, which may constitute de e por arte sian J W ateabstraction r structure inkarst aquife r Chanan of ge n uaprecipitation [mm]totals l aquife rswith fresh or the rmalgroundw ate r. Bordebe r tw e e nexposed and Chara cteristicsan challenges d waof terresources karstin non-exposedkarstifiable rocks Ω Cavesyste m - 500 - 100 - 25 - 0 25+ 100+ 500+ nodata Karstaquife rsofte ndrain towards large springs. Most of the large stsprings on our plane are t karst springs. The springs ge ne rally T hedigital ve rsionof WO KAMand , the previously release dkarst aquife map r of (Che nalsoet 2017), al. display tw oothe r T hechange of the me anannual precipitation is calculate dbased on the land surface precipitation climatology from rain gauge sof the refe rencepe riods1961to 1990and 1981toNote 2010. that the num beof rrain gauge stations ishighe stfor the 1980s and 1990s,with up displaymarked discharge variations in response to rainfall eve ntsor snowm eSome lt. karst springs have maximum flow rate s m appingunits represe ntingnon-karstifiable formations. Howe vefor r, the sake ofclarity, this printe dworld map focuse son karstifiable tostations,00050 while this num bede r creasesbe lowuntil00030 the year of2010. e xce e dingcubic100 me te rspe se r cond,but run dry indrought pe riods.This high de greeofhydrologic variability isa major challenge rocksand the reforeuse samodified color sche m e . Geogra p hyan clima d te Surfacewa ter inthe utilization and manage m e ntof karst aquife rs,be causewate rsuppliers and consum e rsne e drelative lyconstant and reliable T hefirst lette of rthe IDsrefe rstothe contine ntallocation: the=A Ame ricas,Europe=B ,C=Africa, D= , /Oce=E ania freshw atesource r Karst s. wate can r also be abstracte dfrom pum pingwe lls,drainage galleries, or from unde rgroundcave stream s. WOKAM:Additiona karst l aqu informa ifer presented tion Abbreviations:cave= C.S. syste no=n.d. m data , ! S e lecte dcity, M ajorrive r Chanpopulation of ge density between 1990an 2010 d Dee pcarbonate rock aquife rsmay constitute important rese rvoirsof the rmaland mine ralwate which r, can be use dfor bathing or W O KAMalso prese ntsase lectionofimportant karst wate source r sand cave s(se etables). Karst wate source r sinclude conve ntional Pleasenote that the num beof rse lecte dsprings and cave sdisplaye don the map isdictate dby cartographic constraints. moreA exte nsivedatabase isavailable partlygroundw atede r pe nde nt ge othe rmalene rgyproduction. The the rmalsprings and baths ofBudape stare aprime exam pleofthe rmalwate resource r sinkarst. karstsprings, the rmalsprings, subm arinesprings, we llsand othe rwate rabstraction structures. Wate rsource swe reprimarily throughthe WHYM APview eat rww w.whymap.org/whymap-view e r. Largefreshw atelake r se lecte don the basis ofthe irdischarge during low-flow conditions, which ismore relevant inte rmsofwate supply r than the maximum + S e lecte dcity Expose dkarst aquife rsare particularly vulne rableto contam ination.Che m icaland microbiological pollutants can easily ente rthe dischargeThe . regional importance was also conside red.For exam ple,aspring inan arid that isuse dfor wate supply r has a Ma pprepa raan tion editing: d ZhaoChe Nico n, Goldsche ide(project r leade r) aquife rand spread rapidly through the ne tw orkof fractures and conduits, ofte nwithout effe ctiveproce sse sof filtration and se lf- higheregional r importance than an unuse dspring in ahum idregion. The reare se ve ralexam plesof large karst springs that ran dry N ationalboundary Largesaltw atelake r purification.The refore,karst aquife rsrequire spe cificprote ctionand manage m e ntapproache Karst s. te rrainsare also challenging in duetoove rexploitation,such as the fam oussprings ofBahrain. Howe vesuch r, ancient springs are not displaye don the map. advisoryScientific board: AugustoAuler, Miche Bakalowicz, l Ste fanBroda, David Drew, Jens Hartm ann,Guanghui Jiang, Nils Moos- dorf,Andrea Richts, Zoran Ste vanovicand Ge orgeVe ni(ope rationalcore te amAurélien ); Dum ontand Alice Aureli (UN ESCOadvisors) te rmsof hydraulic engine e ringand natural hazards. Re se rvoirsin karst ofte nface the problem of large -scaleleakage through Permafrostboundary Continuousice she e t fracturesand cavities. Sinkholes and collapse sof unde rgroundcavities are amajor problem in large areas of the Easte rnUS and A Cave swe rese lecte dbase don acombination of the irdime nsionsand the irregional importance Cave . sassociate dwith important Ca rtogra peditingan hic technical d su p p ort: PatrickClos, Martin Krombholz (arealpe rce ntage50%)> e lse w he re. freshw ateresource r sand cave sthat are the longe stor de e pe stin alarge karst region, we reassigne dahigh regional importance . Studentassistan ts: F ranziskaGrige Andreas r, Tide T hese lectionof wate source r sand cave sisto some de greesubjective and also reflects the regional diffe rence sin data availability. Thewider significan carbona ceof rocks te an karst d aquifers regionsIn with high spatial de nsityoflarge karst springs and cave many s, important fe aturescannot be displaye d. Regionaexperts: l fullA list ofthe regional expe rtsinvolve dinthis project isavailable atww w.whymap.org/wokam -expe rts. T hismap was prepared and publishe das part of the World-wide Hydroge ologicalM appingand Assessme nt Asthe proce ssof carbonate rock dissolution involve scarbon dioxide from the atm osphe reand the soil zone karst , proce sse sare Program m e(WHYM – AP)ww w.whymap.org naturalsinks for this gree nhousegas and play an important role in the carbon cycle. Furthe rmore,many karst landscape shost high Conclusion Un derthe au sp icesof: U N ESCOInte rnationalHydrological Program m e(UN ESCOandIHP) the German Fe de ralInstitute for Geoscience sand Natural Re source s(BGR with ) spe cialcontribution of the Inte rnationalAssociation of Hydroge ologistsand (IAH) its biodive rsity,both at the land surface and unde rground,including alarge num be rof rare and ende m icspe cies.Karst aquife rsalso W O KAMallows amore precise global quantification of karst syste mThe s. map will he lpto increase aw arene ssof karst groundw ate r Comm issionon Karst Hydroge ology supplybase flowto rive rsand groundw ate r-de pe nde ntecosyste mSoils s. on karst are use dfor agricultural food production, but are resource sin the conte xtof global wate issue r sand will se rveas abasis for othe karst-relate r drese archque stionsat global scales: Disclaime r T hede signationsem ploye dand the presentation of mate rialon this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoe veon r the part of the particularlyvulne rableto erosion. For exam ple,in , more than one hundred thousand square kilome te rsof karst te rrainare forexam plethose relate dtoclimate change biodive , rsity,food production, ge oche m icalcycles and urbanization. Top ogra pbase hic ma p : Data&M apsRive (ESR2012); I, rs&Lakes (GR Shuttle DC,2012); Radar Topography M issionSR T M 30 U nite dNations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UN ESCOor the ) WHYM APConsortium conce rningthe legal status of any country, affe cte dby soil erosion and rocky de se rtification.Karst landscape sand cave shave high recreational, cultural and historical value s: (NASA/USPermafrost GS2006); , Boundary Cartographic(NS 2002); IDC, Data (UN2011) , te rritory,city or area or ofits authorities, or conce rningthe delimitation ofits frontiers or boundaries. m odifiedby BGR (2017) T hismap was derive dand compiled from disparate source sofinformation. The WHYM APConsortium give sno warranty, expresse dor implied, tothe m orethan karst50 site sare on the list of UN ESCOWorld Heritage Site for s, reasons, such as landscape culture , and biodive rsity. qualityor accuracy of the information supplied and acce ptsno liability whatsoe vein r respe ctof loss, dam ageinjury , or othe occurrence r showe ve r Lastbut not least, carbonate rocks are exte nsive lyexploite din quarries and use das building mate rialand for various te chnical T histext isbased on apape by r the WO KAMte am(Che netal., caused.The data and information on this map are prote cte dunde rthe copyright of Bunde sanstaltfür Ge owisse nschafte nund Rohstoffe (BGR ), Ma pprojection: R obinsonprojection, longitude ofce ntralme ridian11°E,sphe roidWGS 84 Inte rnationalAssociation of Hydroge ologistsKarlsruhe (IAH), Institute of Te chnologyand(KIT) UN ESCONo . part of this work may be reproduce dor purposeAllthe s. sevalue sand resource sunde rlinethe importance ofa global asse ssme ntofcarbonate rocks and karst aquife rs. which 2017), de scribesthe de tailedmapping proce dureand transmitte dinany form or by any me answhatsoe veor r stored ina retrieval syste mofany nature without the prior writte npe rmissionofBGR KIT IAH, , include sadetailed refe rencelist for furthe information. r W HYM APis aprogram m eof aconsortium including the Unite dNations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UN ESCOthe ), andUN ESCO . Comm issionfor the Geological Map of the World (CGM the W Inte ), rnationalAssociation of Hydroge ologiststhe Inte(IAH), rnationalAtomic S ourceCente : for r Inte rnationalEarth Science Information Ne twCIESINColum ork - - biaUnive rsity,and Centro Inte rnacionalde Agricultura Tropical 2005.CIAT. - WOKAM:basic concepts Ene rgyAge ncythe (IAEA), Inte rnationalGroundw ate rRe source sAssessme ntCente r(IGR AC)and the Ge rmanFe de ralInstitute for Gridde dPopulation ofthe World, Ve rsion(GPW3 Population v3): Density Grid Population& Density Grid, Future Estimate Palisade s. NY: s,NASA Socioe conomic References: Dataand Applications Cente (SEDAC). r http://dx.doi.org/10.7927/H4ST 7M RAcce B. sse d20-07-2017. T heWorld Karst Aquife Map r (WO KAMisinte ) nde dto increase the aw arene ssof the sevaluable but vulne rablefreshw atesupplies r Geoscience sand Natural Re source s(BGR ). andto he lpto address global wate rresource smanage m e nt.WO KAMwas prepared in the fram e w orkof the World-wide CheThe net (2017) al. World Karst Aquifer Chanpopulation of ge density [persons/km²] Hydroge ologicalM appingand Asse ssme ntProgram m e(WHYM The AP). digital Global Lithological M ap(GLiM by ) Hartm annand --- M appingproject: conce mapping pt, proce dure T hismap was create dto the be stknowledge of the WO KAMte amNe . ve rthe less,we would appreciate comm e nts,sugge stionsand scientificinput to contribute to the continuous improve m e ntof the WHYM APproducts, including the present ve rsionof this map. Contact --- andmap ofEurope Hydroge . ologyJournal. M oosdorfse (2012) rve das an important basis for WO KAMM . anyothe rregional ge ologicaland hydroge ologicalmaps, cross- informationfor the subm issionofany note sand drafts relate dtothis map isavailable atww w.whymap.org/wokam -contact. - 500 - 25 - 5 - 5+ 25+ 500+ nodata se ctionsand lite raturewe reconsulte dtoimprove the map, which was also validate dby alarge num beof rregional expe rts.Howe ve r, Hartm annMoosdorf& The (2012) ne wglobal T hechange ofpopulation de nsitybe tw e e n1990and 2010isbased on the Gridde dPopulation ofthe World, Ve rsion(GPWv3),3 consisting asthe type and quality ofinformation, as we llas the availability of regional expe rts,isve rydiffe rentindiffe rentparts ofthe world, the --- lithologicalmap database GLiM represen-A : R e com m e nde dcitation: ofestimate sof hum anpopulation for the years 1990and 2010byarc-minute 2.5 grid ce lls.proportionalA allocation gridding algorithm , BGRKITand IAH, , UN ESCOWorld (2017). Karst Aquife Berlin, 000. 00040 Map,r Re : 1 ading,Karlsruhe and Paris. utilizingmore than national000300 and sub-national adm inistrativeunits, isused to assign population value sto grid ce lls.The population reliabilityWOof KAMisspatially variable (asis shown on the small inse map). t --- tationofrock prope rtiesatthe Earth surface . de nsitygrids are de rive dby dividing the population count grids by the land area grid and represent pe rsonspe square r kilome te r. --- Geoche m istryGeophysics Geosyste m s. W orldKarst Aquifer BGRUNKIT, Berlin, MapIAH, ESCO , 1 : 40 000 000 Re ading, Karlsruhe Paris , 2017

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