Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management

This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 25 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: CRC Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK

M. Thangarajan, Vijay P. Singh

Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Brazil: Current Status of Knowledge

Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315369044-5 Fernando A. C. Feitosa, João Alberto O. Diniz, Roberto Eduardo Kirchheim, Chang Hung Kiang, Edilton Carneiro Feitosa Published online on: 20 Jul 2016

How to cite :- Fernando A. C. Feitosa, João Alberto O. Diniz, Roberto Eduardo Kirchheim, Chang Hung Kiang, Edilton Carneiro Feitosa. 20 Jul 2016, Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Brazil: Current Status of Knowledge from: Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management CRC Press Accessed on: 25 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315369044-5

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT

Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms

This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 References 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.5 3.4 3.1 CONTENTS Feitosa Carneiro Edilton and Kiang, Chang Hung Kirchheim, Eduardo Roberto O. Diniz, João Feitosa, Alberto C. A. Fernando in Brazil: of Status Current Knowledge of GroundwaterAssessment Resources 3 3.2 3.3

3.6.1 3.4.4 3.5.3 3.5.2 3.5.1 3.6.4 3.4.3 3.6.3 3.6.2 Us Pre L Me Pa Hy Th Ge 3.2.4 3.4.2 3.4.1 3.2.3 3.2.1 3.2.2 imestone leozoic Sedimentary Basins leozoic Sedimentary e of Groundwater Brazil in e Hydrogeological Map of Brazil ological Framework Tectonic and Scenario drological Database drological sozoic and Meso-Cenozoic Sedimentary Basin Sedimentary sozoic Meso-Cenozoic and -Cambrian Crystalline Basement Crystalline -Cambrian

...... 3.5.3.9 3.5.3.8 3.4.4.4 3.4.4.1 3.5.3.6 3.5.3.5 3.5.3.1 Ba Sa Pir Ja In Ar Po Pa Pa Pa Am Wa Tub Ge Pl 3.5.3.7 3.5.3.4 3.5.3.3 3.4.4.3 3.4.4.2 3.5.3.2 ndaira Aquifer ndaira anialtimetry Base Map Base anialtimetry terior Basins litre Aquifer litre raná Sedimentary Basin Sedimentary raná Basin Sedimentary rnaíba (15, Basin Sedimentary 16)recis tiguar Basin tiguar mbuí Aquifer mbuí aripe Basin aripe ological Database abas Aquifer ter-Level Database . ular Wellular Database azonas Sedimentary Basin (1, Basin 2, Sedimentary 3,azonas 7) ......

Sa Re Mi Sã Ce Ri Co La Ig Ba Se Gu Tub uatu/Malhada Vermelha/Lima/Campos Icó Basins o do Peixe Basin o José do Belmonte Basin rra Geral Aquifer System Aquifer Geral rra (SASG) nfranciscana Basin/Urucuia Aquifer nfranciscana uru Aquifer System Aquifer (SAB)uru vras da Mangabeira Basin da Mangabeira vras côncavo/Tucano/Jatobá Basins dro Basin dro ronel João Pessoa/Marrecas Pau and dos Basins Ferros randiba/Carnaubeira/Betânia and Fátima Basins arani Aquifer System Aquifer (SAG)arani arão Aquifer Systemarão Aquifer (SAT) ...... 34 34 34 34 34 34 42 33 43 43 48 40 48 48 48 50 50 46 46 46 45 45 36 36 53 36 5 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 49 49 39 52 5 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 s 4,898,050 is basins occupied by area sedimentary continental The Içá, Barreiras. and Vista, Araguaia, Boa Pantanal, formation Solimões, are territory.of units the main The cover portions large heterogeneousits thickness with de São João, Taubaté). and depos Cenozoic Widespread Cassiporé,Amazonas, Marajó, Bragança/São Luís, Barra Pará/Maranhão,Potiguar, Foz Ceará, do Barreirinhas, Almada/Jacuípe, Sergipe/Alagoas, Pernambuco/Paraíba, Jequitinhonha/Camumu/ Cumuruxatiba, Santo/Mucuri, developedbeen (Pelotas, Santos, Campos, Espírito tal margin, a great number of number agreat margin, tal its Across Peixe, continen Sanfranciscana). Bacia and do Rio Iguatu, Araripe, Recôncavo/Tucano/Jatobá, (Parecis/Altooriginated Alto Tapajós, Xingu, Tacutu, were ones small other many basins, large Besides the migmatites TTG, and greenstone belts sequences belts sequences TTG, greenstone migmatites and of composed plutonic are cratonic areas gneisses, rocks, The Brazil. cover within sedimentary and basins main 3.1 Figure the margin. presents continental on the lying (500,000 have developed, been synecleses Amazonas as such multiple period, large its stabilization events. During across mation, emplacement and intrusions of granitic defor undergone shad has metamorphism, portion arc juvenile continental and insular rocks, of sedimentary Francisco, Goiano, Adamastor), and where awhole set developmentParaná) ocean allowing (Borborema, São (Amazônico, areas tonic São Francisco, São Luis, and cra actual to the rise giving wereblocks transformed continental and built. Microcontinents been has tory terri framework tectonic Brazilian of the actual the up Upper to the Ordovician/Lower whereby Silurian 2003). lasted orogenic cycle activities Brazilian The (CPRM, phase of its stabilization beginning the ting Phanerozoic covers have developed set then, since acomplex in framework. resulting Ordovician to the up Paleoarchean the multiple cyclesbetween tectonic period. It Meso-Cenozoic undergone the has during drifting mobile belt continental and Caribbean and Andean the stable against aforeland as remained homonymous of the portion plate,tinental has which situated, is con- to territory the corresponds Brazilian plate. plate, Caribbean South American the The where of Venezuela part madebe to a small belongs that to platform. Exception American South should the and Andes, Patagonic the the domains: tonic platform, tec large three hosts continent American South The 3.1 34 intracratonic and the remaining 384,600 remaining the intracratonic and (700,000

T Geological Framework and ectonic Scenario

k k m m

k 2 2 ), (1,700,000 Chaco-Paraná and ), (600,000 Solimões m 2 , from which 4,513,450 which , from me sozoic basins havesozoic basins

km 2 ), Parnaíba 2 2 (70%) are (30%) are

km 2 ). ). ------were developed aquifers: Boa following forregional the Water on groundwater level based level contour lines data 3.2.3 storage. and groundwater as such transmissivity characteristics, conversion and attributes oftion unit hydrogeology into CPRM (2003) the from Brazil on asimplifica based and GIS the from geological database wasThe obtained 3.2.2 points, vegetation. and energy, structure, reference economical communication, phy, system, transport boundaries, political landform, categories: following information hydrogra the with World of integration (CIM) the the Chart International Geography 2010)—generated Statistics and throughout tor base—1:1.000.000 for BCIM/IBGE Institute (Brazilian vec the from map base was obtained planialtimetry The 3.2.1 thematiclayers. fivetutes main groundwateruse, and nationwide. potential It consti overview water of an the offering well location, aquifer available country. data the sets at in information It aims of 2014, hydrogeological of the asynthesis represents Survey—CPRM/SGB Geological Brazilian at end the hydrogeologicalThe mapby of the launched Brazil, 3.2 aquifers. mostly fractured as low grades behaving and metamorphic structures primary bearing sequences sedimentary contain others Pardo, Rio Onofre,Santo Estancia, Jaibaras, and among Paranoá,AltoParaguai, Chapada Bambuí, Diamantina, as such basins neo-proterozoic cambri-ordovician and Some bodies. intrusive and sequences metasedimentary of apredominance is orogenic belts there the in while 3.2.4 waswells available for analysis. geological map development, of 241,692 aset tubular preparation hydro report modules.and the Regarding CPRM/SGB,the modules query with equipped is which Groundwater System, Information operated kept by and SIAGAS— the from were wells taken Data on tubular

Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management Assessment, Groundwater The HydrogeologicalThe Map of Brazil

Pla W G Tu ooia Database eological trLvl Database ater-Level bular Wellbular Database nialtimetry Base Map Base nialtimetry - - - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 técnica. Recife: CPRM—Serviço Geológico do Brasil, Recife.) do Brasil, Geológico CPRM—Serviço Recife: técnica. Ba FIGURE 3.1 Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Brazil Resources of Groundwater Assessment sins and sedimentary covers of Brazil. (Modified from Diniz, J. A. O. et al. 2014. de, Mapa hidrogeológico do Brasil ao milionésimo: Nota Nota milionésimo: ao 2014. do J. A. Brasil et al. O. hidrogeológico Diniz, de,Mapa from (Modified of covers Brazil. sedimentary and sins 30°S 15°S 0° 01 0 75°W 01—A 05—Alto 04— 03—Iça 02—Solimö 09—Rio da 08—Marajó 07—Amazonas 17—Bananal 16—Alto Xing 15—Par 14—Guap 13—Ceará 12—B 11—Pará-Maranháo 10—Parnaiba 06— 5 0 001500 1000 500 250 Ta do CrátonAmazönic Ba 02 arreirinha cr cu cias Pr ecis e tu Ta oré s Ba es pajó oterozóic u rr s eiras as 06 o 03 06 06 14 Ba cias eCobert 14 06 22—Ig 21—Bastiõ 20—J 19—S 18—Águ 23—Malhada 27—Rio Na 26—L 25—Icó 24—Lima Campo 28—Rio do 30—Rafael 30—Rafael 29—Coronel João 33—Araripe 32—S 31—Faceira 04 60°W 06 06 65°W aibar anfranciscana erra dosMartins av ua 06 km ras daMangabeira ras a Bonita a Bonita tu as es Fe za 05 Pe rnandes ré 15 Ve ix 06 uras Se uras 06 e 06 rme Pe 07 59 lha ssoa 06 dimentares Brasileiras 06 16 06 60 15 06 17 49— 48— 47—Alago 46—Pernambuco 45—Paraiba 37— 36—Mirandiba 44—Potig 43—Caatinga 41—Capim Grosso 40—Fátima 38—Carnaub 35— 34—Ced 39—B 42— 64 18 06 08 09 Tu Se São Ja Pale Rio São etâni cuipe rg panaci ro Jo ipe od 63 ua as sé do a 45°W unas do unas r 62 Fr eira da ancisco 11 Be 19 19 62 imonte 45°W Pe 10 61 nha 11 42 12 58 43 42 33 41 20 57 21 20 34 13 52 56 22 55 54 27 50— 51— 55—Cumur 54—Almada 53—Camamu av 52—Recônc 57—Espírito Santo 56—Macuri 65—P 64—Guabirotub 63— 62— 61—Resend 60—Paraná 59—Pantanal 58—Cam 36 53 23 51 26 3837 35 31 25 Tu Ta São 24 Jato 28 49 elot N 39 ubat 30 29 40 cano 50 bá Paulo po 48 as é ux e s 44 47 32 o atiba a 46 45 0° 30° 15° S S 35 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 ≥4.0 0.4 < Q/s Source: 0.04 2.0 (m Q/s Productivity Classes TABLE (Table classes six 3.1): Margat and (1995), of Struckmeier tribution who defined the con to according classified been has mapped units Sudeste, Paraná, Paraguai, Sul. Atlântico Uruguai,and Nordeste São Francisco, Oriental, Leste, Atlântico Atlântico NordesteAtlântico Atlântico Ocidental, Parnaíba, hy adopted.was divided 12 into been main country The Database has Waterthe ydrological National Council—CNRH Resources concept ofThe “hydrographic defined regions” by 3.3 model (DTM). terrain adigital after was determined groundwaterGPS. data such were level When missing, field with the topographical data faces gathered in using sur potentiometric into outputs wereThese transformed Urucuia. Cabeças, and Vista, Parecis, Guarani, Itapecuru, 36 1.0 and transmissibility properties with production classes production with classes properties transmissibility and storage have similar that units mapping stratigraphic 0.04 According to this methodology,According to this 18 are there hydro The hydrogeologicalThe of one of each the potential

drographic regions: Amazônica,Tocantins-Araguaia, ≤ ≤ ≤ 2. 4. 6. 3. 5. 1.

≤

= Q/s Q/s Q/s

Q/s specific yield;Q

Non Ge Ge M H Ve 3 3.1 /h/m) Hydrogeologists—Hannover (International ContributionstoHydrogeology; Vol. 17). Modified from Str igh

oderate < < < ry high ry nerally low but very low locally nerally low but moderate locally

1.0 2.0 4.0 productive or nonaquifer

0.4 ≥10 <10 10 10 10 10

= −6 −5 −4 −3 T (m

−6 −2

flow rate;T ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤

uckmeier, W. F. andJ.Margat. 1995.Hydrogeological Maps:A GuideandaStandardLegend.International Association of T T T T

2 < < < < /s)

10 10 10 10 −5 −4 −3 −2

transmissivity; K <10 10 10 10 10 ≥10 −8 −7 −6 −5 K (m/s) K −8 −4

≤ ≤ ≤ ≤

K K K K

< < < <

10 10 10 10 −7 −6 −5 −4

hydraulic conductivity <1 1 10 25 50 ≥100

≤ Q (m

≤ ≤ ≤

Q Q Q

< < < 3

10 /h)

25 50 100 - - - opie 905,000 comprises Marañon–Ucayali–Acreof area the whose total Basin, River. Solimões the of flood to the plains corresponds area layout.a fan occurrence greatest Their where spread they over coastassuming Atlantic the into region at Andean the start Amazonas) and Solimões, 3.4.1 3.4 chapter. this in references important as used were also UNESCO (1970). (1969) Rebouças et al. SADC and (2009) Legend for Hydrogeological Maps developed by International the used also map has The described. be order, magnitude at same the to need whose attributes T has been developed within aGIS developed a1:1000.00 under been has within scale. layout. its thematic nonoutcropping within It aquifers complementary of outcropping representations and with together information geologicalof background the asimplification with innovative dealing an ents feature Cretaceous, (iv) and Tertiary. (ii)sequences: (i) Jurassic, Permian–Carboniferous, (iii) prises the Apuí Formation, the madeprises edge up of of aclastic thicknesses up to 6000 thicknesses It Basin. border presents towardeastern Solimões the its Pliocene. Iquitos as the acts The and arc Cretaceous edge the dated between sedimentary of the part distal he Amazonas Province sedimentary basins (Acre, basins sedimentary Province he Amazonas The Acre Basin is situated at the Brazilian territory territory situated is at Brazilian Acre Basin the The hydrogeologicalThe 3.2) map (Figure of Brazil pres The Permian–Carboniferous supersequence com Permian–Carboniferous The

Generally low, butlocally moderate—Sour Moderate—Source ofwatersupplyforsmall High—Same relevance ofclass1intermssupply Generally lowbutlocallyverylow—Source of Nonproductive ornonaquifer—Insignificantwater Very high—Regionalrelevance (supplysource for Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management Assessment, Groundwater scheme demands. communities, factories,andsmallirrigation demands, butless-pr intermittent watersupplyforlocal privatedemands. supply. Extractionrestricted tomanualdevices. water supplyforlocalprivatedemands. national importance. urban andirrigationdemands). Aquifers with Paleozoic Sedimentary Basins Paleozoic Sedimentary

. Amazonas Sedimentary Basin (1, Basin Sedimentary 2,3, 7) Amazonas

Productivity k m oductive aquifers. 2 (CPRM, 2003), most the being

m di stributed into foursuper into stributed ce of Classes (3) (5) (6) (4) (1) (2) - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Brazil Resources ofGroundwater Assessment Organizadores: Diniz, J. A. O., A. B., Diniz, Monteiro, Paula, T. De F., L. Organizadores: Recife.) C. R. Silva, and Milionésimo. ao 2014. do Brasil do Brasil. Geológico Hidrogeológico Mapa CPRM—Serviço from (Modified of Brazil. map Hydrogeologic FIGURE 3.2 10°0'0"N 40°0'0"S 30°0'0"S 20°0'0"S 10°0'0"S 0°0'0" 9 9 8 .7 1.560 1.170 780 390 195 0 70°0'0"W 70°0'0"W HYDR OG 60°0'0"W 60°0'0"W EOLOGI km Aquifers aquifers Non- CA L MA Interg DETERM ranular 50°0'0"W 50°0'0"W P OFBRAZ IN AT ION OF FlowF IL AQ (IAH- International (IAH- UIFER S SYSYE 40°0'0"W 40°0'0"W As socia tion ofH issur MS ydrog ed eo lo gi sts) 10°0'0"N 40°0'0"S 30°0'0"S 20°0'0"S 10°0'0"S 0°0'0" 37 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 and a total sediment fill of 3800 fill sediment atotal and (Eiras et al.,(Eiras 1994). up supersequences six building discordances marked nian supersequence. The devonian–carboniferous supersequence. devonian–carboniferous The nian Trombetas group, ordovician–devo to the belonging the in arranged Manacapuru, Pitinga, and Nhamundá, Autás-Mirim, the from sediments clastic oftion marine deposi the with started phase syneclese The ronments. envi fan formation, on basically analluvial–fluviatile Prosperança of the rocks cambrian–ordovician the with reaches 5000 reaches side. eastern on the Gurupá arc Totalthe thickness rock western through side Marajómesozoic by and the rift arc) on the (Purus Solimõesbasin by the shields, limited Brasil Central the and Guianas the from basement rocks covering disposition form onlap in are Basin Amazon the of rocks dune fields.sedimentary The Catrimâni Araçá, the Anauá, and in eolic deposits originate that mentation product. Içá covered formation The is by Içá aPleistocenesequence, formationsedi the is while Tertiary super the formation constitute Solimões the from Finally, sandstones Pliocene the and pelites the orogeny. related Andean subsidence to the the effects Alter due preserved do formation,are Chão to which fluviatile to the deposits corresponds sequence of FonteCarauari, and formations). Boa Cretaceous The evaporites Tefé the continental from and group (Juruá, evaporites, marine limestones, sediments, up of clastic subbasin. up Juruá arc, to the extending Caruari the group (Uerê Jandiatuba formation), and outreach which Marimari the from rocks glacial–marine and rocks tary sedimen marine supersequencethe ous encompasses 1994a). et al., (Eiras subbasin devonian–carbonifer The Jandiatuba to the neritic limestone)and restricted are formation (neritic clastic) Jutaí and formation (clastic respectively, comprising, quences Constant Benjamim deposits Içá of formation the cover basin. entire the Pleistocene the formation and Solimões of the sediments 1998). Zalán, and (Milani sandy–clayish Pliocene The Tertiary sequences) up to sum 3000 basement. Together,the (the both they and Cretaceous deposition onlap formation against with Solimões the by represented ments. Tertiary supersequence is The - environ fluviatile–lacustrine from calcarenites and by sandstones, constituted shales, are which Ramón, supersequence:Cretaceous Moa, Divisor, Azul, Rio and belong Several formations environment. to the nental evaporiteswith basaltflows, and deposited at conti intercalated beds red and sandstones formation bearing made entirely upsupersequence is JuruáMirim of the evaporites, do (Rio Moura). sandstones and Jurassic The carbonates,conglomerates, do Sul, containing Cruzeiro 38 The ordovician and silurian–devonian superse silurian–devonian ordovician and The The carboniferous–permian supersequence is made supersequence is carboniferous–permian The The Solimões Basin has an area of about area an 500,000 has Basin Solimões The

m. S edimentation begins at the rift phase, at rift the begins edimentation

m, d

m of t ivided by clear hickness hickness

km ------2

area of aboutarea 410,000 data, Alter covers do the aquifer Chão on existing an Based regime. unconfined an under functioning aquifer regional main Alter do the the gest that formation is Chão sug water of the assessment wellsoundings logs oil and 3.3). well (Figure as Içá and formations Solimões aboutmation aquifer. overall the is information There Alter do the for with Chão mainly incipient deals and still is region this in groundwatersystems. The research tions), generated byand afluviatile fluviatile–lacustrine Cenozoiction) Içá another and forma and (Solimões upper (Alter the Cretaceous one from do forma Chão sequences, deposition the continental of the after ceased Basin Amazonas of the sedimentation The formations. the flowsAlterand Nova between Chão do Olinda placing Penatecaua and dikes occurred magmatism Jurassic, of the expressive an basalt-type beginning sequence is followed orogeny is sequence ( Sanrafaélica by the super supersequence. This Permian–Carboniferous up the building marine, and continental, clastic, as such environments of sedimentation a wide variety Itaituba, Nova formations, has Andirá Olinda, and rior gap. depositional aposte followed and period sedimentation by aglacial been one last has Urupadithe groups. Curuá and This from andsediments neritic fluviatile–deltaic sent the Faro repre and formations, which Oriximiná, Curiri, Ererê, Maecuru, of composed supersequence the is 260 ing an area of 948,600 area an ing system, cover Içá-Solimões the Regarding Santarém. forAlter do the Chãosystem, were in that determined values minimum to the similar are whose magnitudes varying from 4.1 from varying mum value of 1.5 State. Accordingauthor, to the amini from Tranges by Tancredi (1996) at of region for Pará Santarém, the were references as estimated data have that taken been nent reserve. perma aquifer may for the areasonable be magnitude volume saturation the estimation, of aregional terms in aquifers, does have magnitudes less than 10aquifers, have does than less magnitudes volumes, saturation S, confined parameter the in since volume pressure by much than is far less this that clear component, pressure of the data it estimation for the is et al.to Souza (2013), not sufficient even are there though ness ofness 400 ration volume 30,000 more reaches than are T are aquifers for Içá-Solimões parameters the hydrodynamic of 9.1 values fall in between 2.1 between in values fall The geologic The the before framework and described The TapajósThe group, Monte by the constituted Alegre, Regarding hydrodynamic parameters, the available parameters, hydrodynamic the Regarding

Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management Assessment, Groundwater Ma.

× =

) and by the Juruá diastrophism. At very the diastrophism. Juruá by) and the 10 3

× − 3

m an 10 m − 2 3 /s. storage The coefficient, has valuesS,

m d an effective porosity of effective 20%,d an satu the

2 × /s, S

× 10

km − km 4

− to 3.3 = 3

m 2 5 2

, the estimated reserves reach reach reserves estimated , the × . Considering a mean thick amean . Considering

× 2

/s value amaximum and 10

10 −

× − 4 and 5.0 and 4

, and K , and 10 − 4 and finally the K finally and

km ×

− 1 3 4 . According According .

− . Therefore, × 5 m/s. The

10 − 4 m/s, m/s, ca ------. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 10°0'0"S HCO siliclastic paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic sediments sediments cenozoic and mesozoic, paleozoic, siliclastic of 6000 Rondônia Mato almost and with Grosso 15° longitudes Sand of 64° 54° and states Wcovering the sodium-bicarbonate waters, values for Na bearing show generally low with contents anions, of and cations Basin Amazonic the from aquifers all almost in ity for Alter system. water do the The Chãoaquifer qual 7200 in Brazil Resources of Groundwater Assessment 100 conductivity,electric 1212 between ranges which and lowerionic concentrations determine values for the (maximum concentration reaching 5.5 concentration(maximum reaching 3.4.2 pH 5. 4and values between area of aboutarea 500,000 elongated W–E width. 1250-km It with form occupies an an southwest craton, border assuming Amazon of the situated is at which Brazil, the from intracratonic basins one largest of is the basin sedimentary Parecis The Main aquifers in the Amazonic Basin. Amazonic the in aquifers Main FIGURE 3.3 0°0'0"

k 3 S

− /cm. groundwater The generally acid has is and m Pa lower than 7 and 30 lower 7and than Ba Ac 3 recis Sedimentary Basin (15, Basin Sedimentary recis 16) , less expressive and 22% than the ones found ones the expressive, less 22% and than sin re Iquitos Arch 70°0'0"W 70°0'0"W

Solimõ km 2 between the latitudes 10° the between and es Basin

mg /L expressive and for K Rio Branco

mg /L). lower The Pur Po rt us Ar

o Ve + m of and and ch lho + -

60°0'0"W 60°0'0"W specific yields between yields0.4between and 2.0 specific to Table 3.1), low-to-medium with productivity, showing 4(according 3and between show productivity classes by sandstones,constituted conglomerates, siltstones and aquifer Furnas Alto-XingúThe region. the centrated in Guaporé the from river, sediments con quaternary is the erite covers Ronuro by to the formation and belonging Cenozoicthe sequence, detrital–lat by represented the Finally, basin. of the western portion and central the in group (Salto Nuvens formations) das Utiariti and occurs Anari/Tapirapuãthe Parecis the Ávila and Rio and units mesozoic by formed The hand, sequence, other on the west, southwestern, border southeastern basin. of and the Branca formation,Fazenda outcropping daCasa on the Ponta Cacoal,the Furnas, Bueno, Grossa, Pimenta and 3.4).(Figure by paleozoic constituted The is sequence Fazenda Casa Branca formation (conglomerate,Fazenda Casa arcosean (sandstones,tion conglomerate, siltstones), shales, and productive or nonaquifer). Bueno Pimenta forma The stones, siltstones, claystones) and 6(less belong to class by (shales, pelites sand mation, mainly composed fine discharge of about 10discharge 50 and Ba Amazonas sin 2 5 0 750 500 250 125 0 Gur

m upa Arch 3 /h. Ponta The for Grossa De Arch te ca State basemen pth ofcr

m 50°0'0"W 50°0'0"W Macap ct 3 pital /h/m mean and t (m) onic ystaline á 1.000 0°0'0" 10°0'0" 39 - - - - - S Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 3.5). The depositional site called Parnaíba basin covers3.5). basin Parnaíba site depositional The called Grajaúbasin, Espigão (Figure and basin, basin Mestre Alpercata basin, sites: fourdepositional hosts Parnaíba Feijó and According to(1994) Goés portions. basin the western, northwestern southeastern, and eastern, the borders onfault their are zone, arc Tocantins the and Senador Pompeu fault zone, Tocantins-Araguaia the border,its northern Tauá whereas the fault zone, the Vicente as acts Arc Ferrer-Urbano Santos-Guamá sive Pará of States. Tocantins the São and areas The expres and states of of Maranhão the Piauiarea and of about 600,000 area occupies an basin sedimentary Parnaíba The 3.4.3 them. totends use tapped,population of easily the part are agreat they that class 4; asnevertheless, were the classified duefact to by deposits sand, clay, constituted quaternary gravel and Finally, undifferentiated Ronuro the the formation and hn 4 than yield, valuesmore for high showing specific reaching 1 class high as productivity)(very Itbasin. classified is Parecis of the aquifer sidered most important to the be group (sandstones, siltstones, conglomerate) and con is (Tableclassification 3.1) andThe 4 6. Parecis classes from productivity diabases) to according the and vary (basalts shales),sandstones, and Anari/Tapirapuã and formation 2007.) Preto. Ouro Preto, de Ouro Federal Universidade 2007. de Minas, 115 Naturais)—Escola f. Ciências em Parecis—Amazônia. Tese dos dBacia (Doutoramento Tectonossedimentar R. C. B. Evolução Bahia, from (Modified Craton. Amazonic the within Basins Parecis and Amazon of the framework Geotectonical FIGURE 3.4 40

m rnaíba Sedimentary Basin Sedimentary rnaíba 3 /h/m and discharges higher than 100/h/m than higher discharges and 4°N 4°S 16° 12° 0° 8° Ba Ac do cia re

km Ba 68°W 68°W cia doSolimes 2 , embracing almost the entire entire the almost , embracing Po rt o Ve 64° 64 lho Manaus Ba cia dosPa 60° 60° Ba cia doAmazona re cis 56° 56°

O c

/h. /h.

a n

s o

- -

52°W â 52°W Be

(Figure 3.5).(Figure covers basin Alpercatas The 70,000 group Balsas the constitute formations Sambaíba and Poti Piauí, The Pedra-de-Fogo, formations. Motuca, Pimenteiras, Itaim, Cabeças, Longá, of the and posed com group is Jaicós Canindé formation whereas the Grande Ipu, of composed group the is and Tianguá, group). (Balsas Serra The triassic–carboniferous and (Serra Grande group), (Canindégroup), devonian 3.5).(Figure supersequences It Silurian the comprises area center southern and the in situated is mainly and basin entire of the area approximately total of the half groundwater potential in the northeast region of region Brazil. northeast the groundwater in potential basin. Sanfranciscana of the part setentrional the is which basin, Urucuia of the part northern to the It basin. corresponds abovediscordantly Parnaíba the covered is lies basin and byMestre eolic sandstones 3.5). supersequence (Figure Cretaceous Espigão The to the Grup belonging Itapecuru the and formations the ItGrajaú,by filled basins. is both Codóbetween continuity sedimentation the on exert any influence Ferrer-Urbano by the basin arc,not does Santos which São Luis the isolated gets from and Alpercatas basin Grajaú sideThe situated is at of northern the basin the (lowerMosquito (Jurassic) Cretaceous). Sardinha and formations top, igneous the by the and bottom at the Corda respectively, sealed, Pastos and formations Bons group),quence (Mearim of the constituted is which 3.5) Jurassic of(Figure composed the is superse and

lem i

c The Parnaíba sedimentary basin has the largest largest the has basin sedimentary Parnaíba The o Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management Assessment, Groundwater 16° 12° 8° 4°S 0° 4°N Granitóides me Ac Vulcãnic Cobe Sed Cobe UNID Lineamen Estr ida-inte diària imentares rt rt uturais ADES GEOL uras uras as s r- to s ÓG Comple Gr Neoprotero Cintur Vulcånic IC ee Provinci Limite da AS nstone öe xo as s Móveis gr Bá zóicos as be s aulitic sic lts as o

km - - 2

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 Janeiro F. A. M. and Góes, (Adapted J. from Feijó. 1994. do basin. Parnaíba. Bacia sedimentary Parnaíba FIGURE 3.5 (Ipu formation)middle followed to fine by arcosean, conglomerate consolidated kaolinite and sandstones sequence, conglomerates with clastic essentially by an basement. It constituted is cordantly over crystalline the unity, aquifer dis lies extensive which important and an Grandeproduction. represents Serra aquifer The cover low forquaternary with groundwater potential Grajaú aquifer, Barreira/Pirabas the group, the and sequence,the one may find sedimentary of the part upper the On basin. the within distribution graphical showaquifers slightly lower but potential awide geo Poti/Piauí the and system. Corda Itapecuru The and formations followed Sambaíba and Cabeças by the Grande Serra group the are units aquifer important 3.6). (Figure conditions artesian most The sometimes and to confined unconfined from varying regimes, lic heterogeneous hydrau in systems aquifer to regional multilayeredThe permeable geological strata gives rise in Brazil Resources ofGroundwater Assessment , 8(1), 57–67.) Major Aquifers D2c C2pi-Piauí A C1po-Poti Aquifer K12it-I J2c Ssg- -Corda A -Cab Se rra GrandeA ta K12it pecu eças quifer 252 5 7 500 375 250 62.5125 0 quifer A ru quifer A quife quifer

C2pi r

J2c C1po D2c km Ssg - - - coefficients are T are coefficients andThe mean hydrodynamic 5 6. classes as classified its outcropping have areas lower productivity, being class as 1, thougheven classified is aquifer of the Brazil, classification adoptedto the the by hydrogeologicalmap to 1000 400 from varies Itsareas. thickness some in regime expressive with artesianism properties showsconditions confined excellent hydrogeological 2–15-km-widtharea, anarrow under region The fringe. lower at exhibiting potential its recharge basin Parnaíba border southern of and southeastern, the eastern, the an clay outcropping material, over 42,000 of the basin. This aquifer extends over extends aquifer 38,000 This basin. of the part southern the in situated are predominantly which glomerate pelites, layers. clastic with ends sequence The formation) con (Tianguá with sandstones grained size –2000 The Cabeças aquifer is constituted by sandstones with with by sandstones constituted is aquifer Cabeças The d S

–2500 –1000

= –2000

–48° –3000

4. B

3 A

–1500 C

–2500 I

A –2000 A

Limits ofS De

BA –3200

ES C

O O pth ofthecr A PIGĀO- −

CI –1500 F

G 4 E

ST –2500 R –46°

A DO .

A R

E –1000 RE

A R

D J -

Boletim de Geociências da PETROBRAS. Rio de de Rio PETROBRAS. da Geociências de Boletim B = U A

A BA

Ú SÃOL –1500 R ubB

C S B 3. CI

A I A A A DE

L N 0

–1000 UI

acia P D O ystalline baseme

E S

× O S R –3400 A

–3000

C –44° P N 10

s A –1500 A T

R O

–2000 T N A

− S

3 A S

ÍB –3000 m A 70 2 0 /s; K Rift

Ra –2000

–2500 –1500 –42° e Ja imundo Nonat nt Rift

Rift ibar Rift km 140 0 Rio e São e Sã

e Co as = Ju o

co 1. Ju cã of the middle of the m. A km lião ci o -

× –10° –8° –6° –4° –2°

ccording ccording 10

km − 5

m/s, m/s, 2 in in 41 - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 of more than 200 of more than well of operation. the effect It an as showscharge yields dis artificial anddrainage, bottom infiltration, vertical when clay-rich vertical transpiration, hinder sequences over year, the discharges evapo basin keep which beds river and drainage natural the outletsIts are principal network. drainage by and the by sands unconsolidated covered at areas plain areas recharge in rainfall from 2).(classes 1and infiltration direct is Itsfed by inflow potential to very high high therefore and permeability high bearing by sandstones well-sorted mainly posed as well. is aquifer com It andas a confined aquifer fined uncon of states, Tocantins an part as both northeastern and Maranhão of the parts at southeastern the occurs (Feitosa Demetrio, 2009). and aquifer Sambaiba The T 5; 3and are parameters hydrodynamic classes between situated is areas those productivity in areas, cropping aquifer. topographical context out to the Due of their of 300 thickness amean reaching basin of the part 42 I aquifer units constitute an important aquifer system aquifer important an constitute units aquifer Hydrogeological potential for the geological formations of the Parnaíba basin, according to the classification of Table 3.1. classification the to according basin, Parnaíba of the formations geological the for potential Hydrogeological FIGURE 3.6 t is classified as class 1, similar to the Serra Serra Grandethe to class as 1, similar classified t is

1. 3

10 − 2

m Jurassic Tr Siluria Te Pe De Cretace Ordovicia Qu Carb 2 4 /s, K iassi rmia rt

vonian m ater ia oniferous Pe ry 3 n c /h in some cases. The Poti The Piauí and some cases. /h in n nary riod ous

= n

10 − G. Serr grande 5

m/s, S and Group canindé Group balsas Group mearim a Ge Longá Po Piau Pe Motu Sambaíba Mo Pimenteira Ca Pa Corda Sa Grajaú Codó It Group barreira Dune Se It ap aim olo rdinha rra grandeindiviso dra defogo stos b ti beça squito ec í gi

s, ca = uru/U cal formatio Alluvio s

ons 3. 7 s

ru ×

cuia s/Piraba 10 nS

m. − n - - - - - 4 s 7000-m thickness of sedimentary and volcanic rocks volcanic and rocks of sedimentary thickness 7000-m comprehends basin a successionthe of approximately al., 2000). of stratigraphic register The (Almeida et platform American South of the part southern the situated is in that Proterozoic crust and continental over established phanerozoic Archean basin the intracratônica an is basin sedimentary Paraná The 3.4.4 clay content. in richer evapotranspirationsystem at and portions some aquifer drainage the outlets are aquifer age network. main The drain the superficial andunits, throughout-confining drainage infiltration, vertical rain the from directly originates recharge sequence. of Their the part inferior of atsive shale few the intercalations with sandstones on mas based It constitution alithological presents condition. to aconfined itmiddle basin changes of the toward whereas the aquifer unconfined behaves an as River, Parnaíba to it the close of its extension, mainly covering an area of about area covering an 92,250 Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management Assessment, Groundwater

Pa raná Sedimentary Basin Sedimentary raná Sandst ands/Sandstone Intr Intr pr Cla Sandst Sandst Sandst Sandst Sandst Sandst Sandst Sandst Lit ed usive usive Shales Shales Shales y/Sands ones/Sile Cla holo ominant ones ones ones ones ones ones ones ones y ro ro gy ck ck s s x s

km po Aq tent (1) (6) (1) (6) (2) (5) (5) (1) (6) (5) (3) (6) (4) (6) (3) (4) (4) uife 2 . In the largest part part largest the . In ia r l - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 ence ofence carbonate cementation (Vidal, 2002). high The and, secondarily, selection size, by pres grain the grain by controlledmainly are reservoir of this permeability content Potter, (França and 1989). the porosity and The but lower may with up sandstones reach to 30% in clay generally low clay porosities4. are sandstones, The in and 3 classes as to classified be aquifer values allow this states, complemented 400,000 by more than lion km lion of about area occupies an 1.1 basin Paraná The mil 2007). et al., 2004; Milani (Milani, environments tion sedimenta to continental Cretaceous, marine under neo- the and developed neo-Ordovician the during in Brazil Resources of Groundwater Assessment basin reaching 750,000 reaching basin At subsurface, the it spreads over entire the almost southwestern and western, eastern, borders basin. of the about 99,000about TubarãoThe its system outcropping of has aquifer areas 3.4.4.1 SAT the between SAG and 3.7). (Figure aquifers hydraulic the continuity elite disrupting sequence aquiclude, permian by composed is athicker which low with permeability,aquifers Passa Dois the as such (SASG). some also are aquifers, there main Besides the aquifer Geral Serra the called volcanicby the rocks developed aquifer should given fractured be to the Emphasis demands. agricultural and tic, industrial, of domes wide exploitationallow their for fulfilling conditions (SAB), transmission and storage whose (SAG), aquifer Guarani the aquifer Bauru the and Tubarão the are ones most important (SAT), aquifer ent aquifers, the groundwater Among these potential. differ in hydraulic resulting characteristics, distinct ended modifications up postdiagenetical defining the and processes sedimentary predominant The desert. and fluviatile, glacial, as such environments, marine, depositional generated different been in has that ity poros intergranular with aquifers of sedimentary adiversity framework, contains cal basin Paraná the Paraguay,Argentina, Uruguay. and its geologi Within sometimes more than 1000 more than sometimes outcropping (DAEE, the areas in 2005) thickness and tivities range from 2.31 rangefrom tivities logs. hydraulic The conduc shown byas well drilling coastal, and fluviatile processes. fluviatile and maycoastal, It processes. 800 reach glomerate deposited glacier, sandstones by marine, siltstones, pelites, con shales, sandstones,- ritmites, and compositionlithological alot, varies diacmetites, from Bonito, Aquidauana, Its stratigraphic Itararé units. and Tatuí, by the constituted porous aquifer Palermo, Rio 3.5 et v alues may 150 reach

al., 1981) between vary whereas transmissivities ×

− Tu 6 and 4.63 and 2 in Brazil, distributed in eight Brazilian eight Brazilian in distributed Brazil, in barão Aquifer System (SAT)

k m 2 in a narrow fringe close to the north to the close fringe anarrow in

10 m

km −

2 4 × /day (DAEE, 1981, 1982). These

m²/s. Locally, transmissivity

10 2 . It is considered a granular . It considered is a granular

− m in t m in 8 to 8.10 he remaining areas areas he remaining

10 − 6

m/s (Diogo (Diogo m/s

m of 2 in in ------

deeper than 300 than deeper SATness, the exploited not wells being is by tubular fluvial network. the into Besides expressivethick its expressive of water amounts do they discharge and rainfall from recharge receiveable direct sediments (DAEE, 1981). At outcropping perme the the areas, SATthe aquifer unconfined behaves an generally as flowor (DAEE, local continuity 1981). depths, At small badly regional may the which affect variable thickness, with sills, diabase frequent the with happens same The (DAEE, permeability horizontal 1981; Diogo et al., 1981). lower is heterogeneity where permeability than vertical groundwater the flowhinder its increasing downward pelite lithologies interlayeredThe sandstones to the (DAEE, media. aquifer within 1981; 1981). Diogo et al., groundwater the work storage affects flow that and up set avery heterogeneous frame thicknesses distinct with sediments, fine and coarser between intercalations 2008). et al., (Bocardi conditions temperature Frequent and pressure of followed effect, the tion increase by an compac due aquifer of chemical the to the acteristics char permo-porosity the affected SAT also has unities deposition of during subsidence the basin rates of this 10 20 and prising 736,000 prising com territory Brazilian situated is in aquifer of the part Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay. and largest The wide of territories across aquifers, extending boundary considered to is one world’s be ofand the trans largest continent American South of the part southern the from SAGThe hydroestratigraphic most important unit the is 3.4.4.2 why is it intensively not is being This exploited far. thus concentrations,vated above saline potable thresholds. more than 400 more than 1984). in conditions, Underdepths confined extreme bicarbonate bicarbonate or sodium calcium (DAEE,as content 100 200 between and dissolved solids total with to slightlytends be saline, and Faccini, 2004). Faccini, and SAG The framework comprehends (Machado Guará formations and Caturrita, Maria, Santa SAG the basin, byof represented the the locally also is Nevertheless parts formations. at southern Botucatu the SAG the constitute are, exclusively, and Piarambóia the that stratigraphic units the basin, of the compartments formation (145–130Geral at top. million) the all almost In by and atvolcanic base flowsmillion) Serra the the from (250 discordancy permo-triassic by aregional delimited being basin, Paraná the within rocks clastic tinental SAGThe by of asequence constituted mesozoic is con 88,000 volcanic up sequences, 648,000 sum areas, covered belt confined a narrow whereas the by

m Gu

2 m and are situated along the basin border situated basin as are along the and arani Aquifer System (SAG) 3 h(ig t al., 1981)./h (Diogo et groundwater The

k m, t

m, ex m 2 . The outcropping areas reach only only outcropping reach . The areas he groundwater may present ele tracting moderate between yields tracting

mg /L and being classified classified /L being and

km 2 (OEA, 2009). 43 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 tion (LEBAC,tion SAG of the 2008). thickness increases The Aquidauana of forma the sediments carbo-permian ers aquiclude. SAG the basin, of At the western part the cov of lowunits permeability, Passa Dois integrate the which SAG the layered are permian sequences on top of thick extension, et al., basin 2008).Soares entire the almost In system(Machado, ited by afluviatile lacustrine 2005; depos succession pelites and of composed sandstones a basal is there basin, of compartment the southern the 1997). (Caetano-Chang, sandy pelites and sandstones At lacustrine andsecondarily fluviatile cross-stratification large-size exhibiting sandstones fine-to-medium-size deposits by represented eolic continental predominant 44 Main hydrostratigraphic units of Paraná basin. of Paraná units hydrostratigraphic Main FIGURE 3.7 30°S 25°S 20°S 15°S Argentina B olivia WE Argentina N S Parag Ur MA ua ug MA TO i ua TO i GROSSO 55°W GROSSO RIO GR DO ANDE SU L DO SU PA L RA NA SA NT A CA SAO PA TA 50°W GO RINA - - - 0 0 400 200 100 0 IA S UL DISTRI thickness of the SAG of the 250 200 and between thickness ranges (DAEE, major axis basin the 2005). Generally, mean the thickness of 600 thickness asediment accumulates that axis basin lel main to the elongated an is depocenter region, there paral northern At basin. of the axis preserved, main to the partially outcroppinggradually from only where areas, are they varies from 100 from varies intensive groundwater an is exploitation, SAG thickness where basin, of compartment there the At eastern the smaller until they are less than 100 than less are they until smaller get drastically thicknesses the Torresto the sinclinal, (Ponta Grande arcs Rio and arc)tectonic arc Grossa and O Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management Assessment, Groundwater MINAS GE MINAS TO FEDE RA RA L IS BAHI

m at o

km m (L A EBAC, 2008). internal to Close the utcropping areas to 400 utcropping areas Loca 80°W Hy Legend South America South 0 drostratigraphic units drostratigraphic units tion in South America tion inSouth Hy Ot Se Ba Tu Guarani aquifersystem Pa South America South Braz drostratigraphic rra geralaqui ssa doisaquitard uru aquifersystem uru baráo aqui her units ofparanaba 2.000 -Bra il states 0W40°W 60°W zi W l- Bra Paraná Ba N S fer 4.000

zi m (L sin l fer E sin syst km syst em EBAC, 2008). em 10°N 50°S 30°S 10°S

m to

m. A ward - t Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 Geral formation. These volcanic sequences are partially partially volcanic are sequences formation. These Geral its part, SAG largest covered is by about 1700 in Brazil Resources ofGroundwater Assessment 2005); transmissivity has been estimated at 3 estimated been has 2005); transmissivity aquifer has been estimated at 2.6 estimated been has aquifer show lower values (OEA, 2009). conductivity of The the porosities ofmean 20% up to 30%, butmay fluvial ones (LEBAC, rocks nic 2008). SAG The have eolic sandstones areas and 3.0 and areas with specific capacity varying from 2 to 15 capacity specific with varying to 250 up diluted hand, waterin other depths inflows, acting (Gesicki, 2007). rocks the of these On permo-porosity fications were notoriginal efficientchange enough to history, modi diagenetical the burying shallow the and SAG of the formation)units Pirambóia and (Botucatu hydroestratigraphic main of faciological the the features areas, well discharges are about are 80–100 wellareas, discharges At cities. outcropping the medium-sized and at small- water demands for astrategicsatisfying into reservoir it SAG The ism. excellent presents turning potentials, - levels go beyond far artesian levels surface building (LEBAC, axis basin 2008).areas, water some specific In main south,the flow to from following north be to tends terms, regional in where mostly confined fer remains flowthe there confined on, regime. From aqui under basin of dipping the toward interior parts areas the from andoutcropping case first the in graphic basin the flows,the topographyhydroruled by within being andregional reveals local potentiometry aquifer fined porosity (França et al.,to 2003). asecondary uncon The rise cement have giving and leachedfeldspatic grains ficient varies between ficientbetween 10 varies (DAEE,areas for confined the 2005).The storage coef 1.4 more outcroppingfor and than the areas about 735,000 System Aquifer Geral Serra spreadsThe over of area an 3.4.4.3 formations. underlying water in with originated however, of mixture possibility great presenting and mineralized, highly to sulfate, chlorinated be sodium groundwater the axis, tends basin degree. At main the mineralization bicarbonate higher with sodium are ductivity. theside, other in areas, Atwaters confined the bicarbonate con low to calcium with tends be electric the waterregime, unconfined outcropping with areas flow aquifer the on the regime. At depending patterns SAG oftivity. the hydrochemistry The shows different of produc terms 1in ittions, considered to is class be situa both volumes In ofextraction uses. for avariety its (OEA, extension considering very small 2009) and recharge rates SAG, of the recharge 1to 3 from 409,000 in the confined areas, they yield more than yield200 theyareas, than more confined the in

m wi

k Se m rra Geral Aquifer System (SASG) 2 constitutes outcropping areas of the Serra outcropping Serra of the constitutes areas thin SAGthin layers, have removed carbonate

km m/ day at the unconfined areas (DAEE,areas day at unconfined the 2 within the Paraná basin, from which which from basin, Paraná the within − 3 and 10 and

m/ − 5 (DAEE, 1974). to Due day for the confined day confined for the

m ³/annual, are 3 /h whereas

m of v × × m

10 10 3 /h. The /h. The − − 2 3

m m m olca 3 2 2 /h /h /s /s /s ------may 300 reach Geral formation. Its mean thickness is 100 is formation. Its thickness Geral mean Serra the basaltfloods coveringof the basin Paraná and vertical contact Consequently, relationships. vertical and the lateral share ferent permeabilities porosities and dif with framework sediments lithological which in behaviorheterogeneous to according their is namic (Paulaenvironment Silva, and 2005). hydrody Their relate aquitards todeveloped pelites The at lacustrine interactions.eolicwith fluviatile mainly are aquifers 2003, of 2005).these environments sedimentation The (Paula Silva, Pirapozinho and Araçatubards and aquita the and Caiuá Anastácio,Santo aquifers and Birigui, Adamantina, system Marília, of composed the 1979). SAB The amultilayered is hydroestratigraphic (DAEE, leakages contaminant organic 1976, and ganic toward inor it hand, other shows vulnerability high exploitation easier and gets low.ing are costs the On it fact that asuperficial to the is aquifer,drill well may reach almost 1700may almost reach they group and Bauru ofcovered the sediments by the ing from 100 from ing 100–200-m vary allow yields with wells depth, which 2006). et al., Lastoria Water done is through extraction respectively (Campos, fractures, subhorizontal 2004; and subvertical generating processes to cooling also and stresses related to are tectonic systems fracture (Rebouças,pic, media 1978). discontinuous and The aheterogeneous, constitute surfaces, which anisotro faults, interflow fractures, and as such continuities age flow and through physicalthe dis of wateroccur workand acomplementary as water stor source. The demands small-to-medium-size capacitywith to fulfill groundwater important consideredreservoir is to an be system this wide distribution, spatial to Due their axis. 250 contents than less bicarbonate saline with sodium and bicarbonate calcium–magnesium ate secondarily and bicarbon calcium water SASGThe the mainly from is techniques. but not detectable are by remote-sensing water do controlling influence flow, have important an lava as such contacts surfaces spill subhorizontal that out by DAEEcarried (2005). given explanation is The ment proved density to weak be to according studies water between linea yield and relationship The often. systems)ture to null,asituation may that happen very 3.4.4.4 graphic setting. and 6 topo their scenarios, due to clearly2, confined in class between adopted, fall scheme tion aquifers these over 370,000 over were that deposited rocks of sedimentary Cretaceous System Aquifer Bauru The comprehends asuccession

/L (Campos, 2004). classifica According to the Baur

u Aquifer System (SAB)

k m m

3 m in c m in /h (when productive intercepting frac 2 of the center-setentrional part of the part center-setentrional of the ertain sectors of the basin. Due basin. of the sectors ertain

m of t hickness at the main basin basin at main the hickness

m, b ut it 45 ------Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 wh higher than 300 than higher residueconcentration dry values showing with rarely fate water. Generally, SAB the lower presents saline chloride–sul sodium and chloride–sulfate of calcium 2003). Stradioto (2007a,b) presence found the also has ates (Coelho, 1996; 2002; Duarte, Celligoi and Barison, sium bicarbonate more bicarbon and rarely sodium water SAB the to calcium–magne from calcium is the bygroundwater watershed. the The flow within ruled is surface potentiometric unconfined aquifer one (Paulaand confined a deeper Silva, 2005).The potentiomentric surface,andfined at shallow depths, uncon So, an at place, one single recognize one can hydraulic unit aquifer charges. among different rium theequilib surface,one reflects potentiometric which SAB, the as such units, aquifer may more exhibit than 2005). Multilayered confined or single systems aquifer transmissivities reach far beyond far reach 200 transmissivities eolic,mentation predominantly clearly is sandy, the (DAEE, case the often 2005). where sedi areas In between 41,000between 60,000 and vary can that area an comprises extension Its entire GrandeRio do southeast Norte of and Ceará state. state coastof the of north the located is in basin This 3.5.1 3.1). (Figure sized going to empha be are country of the area northeast the situated ones in the only basins, Meso-Cenozoic Mesozoic the and among Brazil, all in region arid semi for the strategic importance to their respect In 3.5 SAB the 2.31 in rangefrom ties layers profile along the (DAEE, 1976).The conductivi of permeable presence less impervious to the and and to according its clay siltate contents and permeability Silva,and 2003). SAB The considered to is have moder variable are (Paula aquitards these in yields registered 46 10 up set exploitable at start characteristics that yields clay less stones (DAEE, with 1979). hydraulic These 10% between and 20% sand sandstones and clayish in 2000). about porosities are effective 5%The et al., in than 80 than 3.8 represented by the Jandaíra and Açu The formations. and Jandaíra byrepresented the are aquifers main The portions. subsurface and ping

ereas the transmissivities vary from 1.62 from vary transmissivities the ereas

× S Mesozoic Meso-Cenozoic and

10 /h and reach up/h reach to 120 and edimentary Basin P − tga Basin otiguar

3 m

m 3 /h, however, not (DAEE, recommended are 2 /s. Values lower 50 than

m g/L (DAEE, 2005).

m 2

, including its outcrop, including × 3

/h. Discharges more Discharges /h. 10 − 8 to 4.24

m 2 /day very are 2 /day (Iritani

× 10

10 − 5

− m/s m/s 6 to to ------20 an generating expressivegenerating drawdowns 160 of more than parameters are T are parameters class as sified productivity 1. Mean hydrodynamic it of to clas be yield allowing shows magnitudes high role providingtegic low in cost solutions. It normally always stra and play will Açu aquifer the important an depressionpotentiometric to tends recover. However, water Aquifer, haveJandaíra to use the from the started plants irrigation that and foraquifer domestic purposes GrandeRio do Norte) slowed has of this use down the CAERN (Water Sewage and Company State of the of the that capacity aquifer. of the admitting Meanwhile groundwater of the levels storageening the depleting deep the triggered has increase discharge the that is not conclusive far. still thus are incontestable The fact above, limestone the from studies drainage a vertical in in 3.5.2 limestone. the in 11,000 Pernambuco, covers of Piauí and about area and an states of the Ceará, situated is in basin Araripe The only a moderate potential with thickness about 100 amoderateonly thickness with potential faults). and porosity (fractures general, show they In case, groundwater flowsecondary theis controlled by porosity. this of In primary losses to significant ing contribut sandstones, generally silicified, grained of sequence coarse- by auniform constituted is aquifer Batateira/Abaiara/MissãoVelha system.Mauriti The the and Mauriti the are aquifers most important The few water valleys with the highlands. on the wells groundwater entire exploitationthe place inside takes Valley. Cariri and tors: Highlands Almost Araripe reaching overall discharge rates of about overall discharge 42 reaching fer exploitation accelerated been 1970s, the has since Açu aqui The schemes. on irrigation plants based water of the due demand increase to agro-industrial development economic intense an and region of the water favorable quality. This was followed scenario by belt whose widths vary from 5 from belt vary whose widths Basin. groundwater Potiguar the storage system within sequence. Itthe perceived most is important the as the sandstones upperof graduallyat to fine part ing glomerate at lower the evolv sequence of the portion con and by sandstones constituted is formation and 700 and 400 between varies Açu,aquifer whose thickness ism conditions, discharging about 80 conditions,ism discharging 1967 was in aquifer revealed artesian has this and in The outcropping areas are situated along a marginal situated outcropping are along amarginal The areas

d S km a km the most critical areas. Despite the fact that there is is Despite there fact that areas. the most critical the Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management Assessment, Groundwater

m, c

A k

t the western corner. The first deep well drilled western corner.drilled t the deep first well The 1 aie Basin raripe m orresponds to the inferior portion of the Açu of the portion inferior to the orresponds

× 2

. It can be divided into two different sec . Itdivided be different two into can 10 − 4 . The Jandaíra aquifer must be addressed must addressed aquifer be Jandaíra . The

2. 3

10 − 4

m km a km 2 5 /s, K t the eastern side eastern to t the

3 = /h of excellent

10 − 3 6 /year /year

m/s, m/s,

m ------

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 supply. water state-owned by the company CAGECE for public resources, 14 billion/m the sequence reaching 500 reaching sequence the stones, to upper shales, of at intermediate and part the with siltstones, claysandstones size toby fine course Batateira/Abaiara/MissãoVelha constituted system is zones, where tend to yields much be higher. da Rio The ing up toing 300 yield wells with region the in aquifer most used the is Discharge from wells is low is wells from ( Discharge in Brazil Resources ofGroundwater Assessment bu 60 about of Ceará state ofsoutheast region area the covering an the situated in basins agroup of represents small This the Jaguaribe River may Jaguaribe where havethe reservoirs 25 3.5.3.2 City. Iguatu water of demands groundwater fulfilling extraction allow expressive bars alluvial shown by these tivities o 3.5.3 3.5.3.1 cities, occupying an area of approximately area an cities, occupying 1000 Icó and Iguatu the situated between basins of small At Cearásoutheast state, ofthe the agroup is there 3 hydrogeological of delivering yields about potential showgeophysical aquifers asmall The assessments. 100 lower at aquifers depths these than all intercepting groundwater capacity. storing done is Well drilling may that exhibit formations clastic unconsolidated some are top of there On Campos. them, Lima and Icó, unities: Vermelha, aquifer lowing Malhada fol the composing pelite intercalations with clastic mainly is basins these within sedimentation The the Orós Lake. There is no well deeper than 100 no well is than deeper Lake. There Orós the due by hydric large to imposed small the availability a lion/m of 1mil availability installed an and year of potential Ceará (CPRM/UFC, 2008b) 4.6 indicates million/m out Federal the University CPRM by and the carried of showmations groundwater Assessments potential. ability of 54 million/m the following estimates: 360 million/m following estimates: the aquifers) both valley (including the Cariri for the posed Federal the UniversityCPRM and of Ceará had pro million/m

nd underground information has been generated been by has information nd underground f thickness and 500 and f thickness m

3 m. H /h. The greatest potential remains in the banks of banks the in remains /h. potential greatest The

/year. volume used of is this part greatest The I Lima/Campos IcóLima/Campos Basins La eir Basins terior ut/ahd Vermelha/ guatu/Malhada

owever, still is region exploitation the this in k vras da Mangabeira Basin 3 m /year of exploitable avail and resources, 2 . The Serrote, Limoeira, and Iborepi for Iborepi and Serrote, Limoeira, . The

m 3 /h. Recent studies carried out by/h. the carried Recent studies

m of w 3 /year. 3 of permanent resources, 450 resources, of permanent

m of t < idth. The high conducidth. high The 5

m hickness. Actually,hickness. it 3 /h), fault excepting 3 of renewable renewable of

m m 3 / 2 ------. These small basins with total area of 16, area total with basins 27, small These 65 and 3.5.3.3 at 1 at (starting occurs variation magnitude a wide discharge of one. that, aconsequence As overvails primary the behavior,hydrodynamic porosity pre where secondary diagenesis. It strong and shows avery heterogeneous levels kaolinite with sandstones medium-size-to-coarse Tacaratu the is formationof composed heterogeneous 3.5.3.6 converge to moderate groundwater potential. but expectations missing still is information Detailed whose hydrogeological behavior was already described. formation, by Mauriti represented the is aquifer tant and has an area of 755 area an has and It Pernambuco of state situated the is at center–north the Paraíba State covering an area of State 1300 area Paraíba covering an located is northwest at far basin the side of This the 3.5.3.4 zones. groundwater sand-rich at their potential reasonable bear they sequences, that one may estimate similar other with analogy ofistence an data, through Antenor Navarro the from formation. Despite inex the claystones and siltstones, sandstones, coarse-grained GrandeRio do by Norte.fine-to- constituted are They respectively, west the situated side are in state of the of 10 of yields about with potential showaquifers asmall geometry. aquifer Both concerning incongruences some still are there because calculated had not been estimates Thereserves the basin. flow networkwithin groundwater of the understanding advancesthe cant in Grande (CPRM/UFCG,Campina 2008) led to signifi Federal the University with of partnership Survey in Geological developedRecent studies Brazilian by the Antenor Navarro,the aquitard. separated Souza by the of major two and aquifers, namely, Piranhas Rio the stratigraphic profilethe existence conditions This tion. forma conglomeratesstones and Piranhas Rio of the sand fine formation,the and Souza of the sandstones Antenor siltstones, formation, the shale, calciferous and the of sandstones coarse-to-fine the comprises filling knowledge on the aquifer is still very incipient. knowledge still is aquifer on the CPRM, by 1000 the the registered of wells more than Pernambuco and has an area of 168 area an has Pernambuco and situated is at northwest basin the state of corner the of This 3.5.3.5

m 3 /h. 3 /h to more than 50 /h to more than

São J Ri C and Pauand Ferros dos Basins Co do Basin edro o do Peixeo do Basin ronel João Pessoa/Marrecas João ronel osé do Belmonte do osé Basin

m 2 . The predominant aquifer aquifer predominant . The 3 /h). existence Besides the

km 2 . The most impor . The 2 . Sedimentary

km 47 2 ------, Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 bu 12.4 about 500 about reach estimates formation). (Inajá part Thickness at upper siltstones the intercalations with sandstones (Tacaratuat base the formation) fine, and ferruginous pelite intercalations with sandstones of coarse-grained by asequence constituted system is fer system. This Inajá/Tacaratu by represented the potential cal aqui Federal University of revealedabout reserves 6.192 Pernambuco the with Survey together Geological out Brazilian by the carried formation. Studies Inajá 350 tive unit with wells reaching up to 100 reaching wells with tive unit most produc the formation is São Sebastião the one and most exploited upper the mation. system The is aquifer for Aliança lower and Sergi by represented the aquifer Group formation; (iii) Candeias and and Ilhas the the formations; (ii) by represented aquifer intermediate the São Sebastião and Marizal by represented the aquifer majorsystems: aquifer (i) three are upperthere the basins two State Pernambuco. and these In Bahia of the renewable resources in orderrenewable in of 3.1 resources behavior regime), (only unconfined under areas for the 3.5.3.7 48 143, 136, 280, 270 and following dimensions: of present the Pernambuco and state of center the portion the located are in basins These 100 at 300–420 starting depths with basin Fátima the Survey in Geological Brazilian moderatebe to low. Tubular completed wells by the to very incipient, expected edge but is still is potential aquifer. Mauriti to knowl the The behavior similar is outcropping well. the as groundwater areas, genesis In levels dia strong and kaolinite with sandstones neous heteroge by medium-to-coarse constituted is which given is byTacaratu the geological potential formation, covering 5941covering Alagoas state, of the northeast Pernambucoof and the ity. region Jatobá central The the situated is in basin Until 800 ness ofness 3000 tial with wells having a specific capacity aspecific of 3 having wells with tial amoderate assume hydrogeological tocan high poten lower and intermediate general, the one In aquifers. in no data consistent is on stored volumes,There mainly place. control taking monitoring is water-quality strict plant, where a supply petrochemical Camaçari of the cover of about area an 50,000 Recôncavo of the basins Tucano and sedimentary The 3.5.3.8

m m re m fo 3 /h, respectively.

Mi and Fátima Basins R fers to the Tacaratu tofers the 150 formation and r the entire sedimentary sequence, whereas sedimentary entire r the

cnaoTcn/aoá Basins ecôncavo/Tucano/Jatobá m th

randiba/Carnaubeira/Betânia h

m m. T

k 3 e water considered to is of be qual good /year, of 0.7 availability installed m his aquifer is responsible forwater is the aquifer his 2 . It shows excellent hydrogeologi an

2 m de , respectively. hydro Their

km 2 livered of yields 30and across the coastal areas areas coastal the across

3 m /year, potential 3 /h thick and

m to t 3 /h/m. /h/m.

hm he 3 / ------3

be 4 be respectively. exploitable The to were estimated reserves conglomerate levels reaching thickness of 600 conglomerate thickness levels reaching with sandstones kaolinite of fine-to-coarse-size friable point of view,cal by represented a succession are they renewable 3 in reserves country. and (2006) Gaspar permanent estimated has entire the State within one largest of and the Bahia the groundwater it largest in make the Aquifer reservoir the of Urucuia characteristics versities. unconfined The State, uni Bahia ofand the Water Secretary Resources Survey, Geological out Brazilian by the ies carried the stud after to areas pilot andrestricted insufficient still knowledge Aquifer is agriculture. of irrigated expansion accentuated following the vertiginously risen tation has exploi few last years, aquifer the the In crucial. are cepts where integrated water con management - the resources rivers, those flowin scenario role basal a tant keeping impor an exerts aquifer the that ditions, it expected is river Under at north. head the con Parnaíba of such the river at east,river Tocantins the the at west, the the and São Francisco the watershed between the as boundaries higher than 10 than higher The greatest area, 90,000 greatest The year, exploitable and of about resources 9.3 hydrogeologic karstic provinces may be recognized in in hydrogeologic may provinces recognized be karstic River. São of Francisco the basin Overall, fourmajor drainage the Gerais, within Minas and states of Bahia the occur, nevertheless,Neo-Proterozoic in in terrains, formations most extensiveThe limestone water-bearing raw as forcement and the industry. material reservoirs groundwater as of both interest economic degrees ing vary with basins sedimentary Brazilian all present in imestone always are formations or nearly limestone alwaysKarstic 3.6 delivering up to 500 depths havestudies 250–300-m with wells shown that a low hydrogeological However, unit. potential recent considered been has Aquifer Urucuia the information, State. For Bahia of the along due time, of lack to the Goiás) and occupies an area estimated as 120,000 as Goiás) estimated area occupies an and Gerais,and Piauí, Maranhão, Tocantins, Minas (Bahia, covers states basin, of Brazil ofdifferent territories six Aquifer, context Urucuia the Sanfranciscana The of the in 3.5.3.9 Arcoverde and Pernambuco state). in (Sertânia cities ing supply for the used being surround are of the resources next (CPRM/UFPE, 50 years the 2008). groundwater The

Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management Assessment, Groundwater

× L

Sa 11 m nfranciscana Basin/Urucuia Aquifer 3 .

m 3 /h/m frequent. From are a lithologi

m 3 /h and bearing specific capacity specific /h bearing and

× km

10 2 12 occurs in the western side the in occurs m 3 and 3 and

10 hm 10

3 m m. I /year for 3 /year, /year, t acts t acts

km 2 ------. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 2000 wells in the Platform of Aracati, with depths in Platform in of the Aracati, depths in with wells 2000 government counted about outried Brazilian by the Unitedto the EuropeStates. and car Recent studies pineapple, papaya, for exportation others, mainly and melon, extensive as such crops support togiving fruit earlythe decade of 1990, been has Aquifer Jandaira the Platform geologically as of Aracati.known There, since west region the Apodi of Rivermost the expression in shows aquifer its upperover this Basin, Potiguar the all Aquifer. Jandaira Although occurring so-called upper the 80 in caves,developed solutionas sinkholes channels, and GrandeRio do 3.8). such Norte (Figure structures Karst state coast of the of north the in Basin Potiguar of the history sedimentary Cretaceous the sion closed which transgres widespread backmation the traces marine Mossoró valley of River. the the as such Basin, for The 3.6.1 Gerais. Minas and west states of of the Bahia (4)and Group Bambuí of the Neoproterozoic age, the in Neoproterozoic state of age, the of north Bahia; the in stateof the of Pará, Brazil;(3) north Una the Group of coast basin ofAquifer Tertiary age, sedimentary the in of Grande Rio do Norte, (2) Brazil; northeast Pirabas state Basin, Aquifer, Potiguar Jandaira Cretaceous the in stage of knowledge. atBrazil, current (1) the are These in Brazil Resources of Groundwater Assessment ness may attain 600 mayness attain deposit made whose thick mostly of carbonate rocks marine Formation asedimentary Jandaira is The Hidrogeológica dos Aquíferos do Rio Grande do Norte. In: Hidroservice, Plano estadual de recursoshídricos do Rio Grande do Norte.) Grande do Rio de recursoshídricos estadual Plano Hidroservice, In: do Norte. Grande do Rio Aquíferos dos Hidrogeológica and J. C. E. G. Melo. Base—Caracterização de Feitosa, from 1998.Estudos (Modified of Aracati. Platform the and Basin Potiguar The FIGURE 3.8

J nar Aquifer andaira

m of t

m in s m in he formation, giving placehe formation, to the giving ome places Potiguar of the Cr Açu for Jandaira formation - - - - - ystalline basemen in the region. In the year 2010, the In region. the in 244 of groundwater sake forunderstood the management long-term fluctuation behaviorbetter is be to whose Aquifer, to undergo a its well seems as as reserves, way, this period. In water the table Jandaira of the toervoir what were its prior reserves draught to the may provide res of the seasons replenishment the 700 when precipitation value mean aboveof is annual the water of the in years response table to infiltration over greatlyimproves area surface all tered the the scat densely sinkholes with landscape karstic typical Nevertheless, stronglyimpacted by the acrisis. such economy of basis the the region, ofwere are the which go dry.of crops, can wells year 2002, the fruit In the may water when serious cause number agreat crises, region, which the affect droughts that recurring the storage, namely, water the table, very sensitive is to frequently. although less occur groundwateralso The the rangeof 60–120the from 10from to 70 3.6.2 (Oliveirachance et al., 2012). measures aboutmeasures 24,000 west region Formation the of is Belém City. area This Pirabas of the ofPará occurrence area State, main the overof region the Although present coastal all the able resources, estimated as 591 as able estimated resources, 41% represented which extracted, being renew of the mation

P rbs Aquifer irabas . On occasion, one or. On very two generous rainy 01 t 02 (km)

03 m 3 04 /h. Discharges from 70 from to 250 /h. Discharges

0 m, a Main fa Sec Doubtf

km nd discharges commonly vary vary commonly nd discharges ondar 2 and is known geologically known is and ul faul ult y faul t

hm t 3 /year a50% with

hm 3 /year were

m 3 /h /h 49 - - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 of about 400,000 suggest studies groundwater storage preliminary Quite sible to only government (Matta, 2002). or big industries acces drilling very expensive,ertheless, makes which 0 duce much 600 as as depths within the rangeof 180–280 the within depths developed lower the of Formation, Pirabas in in section yet on renewable Aquifer The Lower Pirabas resources. Main area of occurrence of the Pirabas Formation. Pirabas of the of occurrence area Main FIGURE 3.9 180and 70 between of depths Formation, Pirabas in section lower the in section. Light-graycarbonate sandstones. dominate sandstones and shale of black greenish-gray intercalations and with made marls is up and upper of limestone The section Formation, of Tertiary age, sections. shows distinct two 3.9). Platform (Figure Bragantina the as Pirabas The 50 3.6.3 exploited. little is aquifer this (Matta, 2002). though, to excessive Due of costs drilling, of Bahia. Itof over spreads Bahia. of itself about area an 38,000 Una Group, the formation in most important state the in Formation, Neo-Proterozoic of the Salitre The age, the is is something around 100 around something is .03% groundwater of the storage. No available data are The UpperThe developed Aquifer Pirabas upper the in

S lte Aquifer alitre

m. W Island Caratateua Ba

rc Marajó Island Mo Island arena ells can yield up to 200 can ells Guajará Bay squeiro Be Soure

Marajó Bay hm Guamá lém

Ananindeua 3 . The discharge being recovered being discharge . The

Ba Marituba 3 /h of excellent potable water y

Colares hm Bene 3 /year vide s –48°

m. W

corresponding to corresponding Castanhal m Bujaru 3 /h being, nev/h being, Cu ells may proells ru

çá Curuçá Bay

Guamá river

km St a mariadoPará - - - 2

do Guamá São Migue 3.6.4 of groundwaterability exploitation future. near the in agroundwater sustain lish budget the order in to assess to estab is studies of goal the to it. main The recharged being and aquifer of the water from withdrawn being at knowledge the amount of the aiming Basin, Francisco São of provinces the hydrogeologic karst the in studies Nowadays Water Brazilian undertaking the Agency is seriously economy on occasionthe region. ofaffect the supply.lic Aquifer, Jandaira hazards the with As climate pub and support to agriculture both giving Basin Irecê the in to exist reported are deep About 20,000 this wells of five (Três Formation,geological formations Marias Group, Bambuí The of Proterozoic age, composed is oped in the Salitre Formation to depths up Formation to 80 to depths Salitre the in oped widely are which devel structures to karst corresponds Aquifer Salitre Proterozoic The in quartzites. sculptured Group Bambuí ridges by the separated high from cally Una Group The regions. physi central is the in vertically dipping E–W near to and foldedbasin, layers striking of the layers, rims along region the horizontal the in Tectonic of near- metamorphism. degree from style goes black-to-grayacertain is lithology exhibiting limestone dominant of The Irecê. Basin so-called the is of them most fourseparate important The bodies. forming Maracanã Maracanã Bay Sa Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management Assessment, Groundwater 0 nt

B l arem Novo mu Aquifer ambuí Salinópolis Ca panema S. 30 JoãodePirabas Primavera Coqueiro Island Qua tipuru At Oc 60 lan Bragança ea Au gu n tic sto Correia 90 Caeté Ba N km

m. - - - - -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 area of aboutarea 120,000,00 Gerais, Goiás, over Tocantins, and itself spreading an Formation), Minas states of the Bahia, in occur which Formation, Helena Lagoas Formation, Santa Sete and da SaudadeSerra Formation, Lagoa do Jacaré in Brazil Resources of Groundwater Assessment Aquifer, therefore, applies karst water-bearing to the Bambuí term The amounts. or greater lesser in rocks Group Bambuí of include the formations carbonate other uppermost the Formation, Trêsthe all Marias Una and Bambuí Groups in the basin of the São Francisco River. Francisco São of the basin the in Groups Bambuí and Una FIGURE 3.10 48° N Uinaí

km ² (Figure 3.10).² (Figure Excepting

Minas Bahia 45° Ba Ja Mont Correntina nu 21° Pirapora rr 20° eiras ária It B. Horizonte es Clar acarambi Jaiba os Ur Una gr Arquean andPaleoproter Ramalho Se

ucuia São Francisco River da B 19° rra do om Jesu La out its domain of occurrence. The Bambuí Aquifer has has Aquifer Bambuí The out of its occurrence. domain widely varies Aquifer through Bambuí the in ability Group, Bambuí of the groundwater storage avail and carbonate content the formations of variation in the the to Due to developmentsusceptible structures. of karst way, this most In the limestone. are formations these do Jacaré, particularly, mostly ones made the up are of Group.Bambuí Lagoas Lagoa and Sete formations The of developed the formations various the in structures oup gr pa oup -Cretace Xique s 42° Ir 17° 16° 15° 14° ec ê Bambuí gr Bambuí ous oz oic 13° 12° oup -Ne oprotero 39° zoic 11° 51 - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 cases, unconfined aquifer characteristics and the high high the and characteristics aquifer unconfined cases, uninterruptedly. many In of water discharging wells number agreat is region, there northeast entire the in early century, the 20th since Despite this, mated still. safely esti be able cannot overall and yields reserves components groundwater-sustain extent the tothat the water always risk of is with these sources associated quantity. and groundwatering utilization quality The location exploitation and variables condition the and well sustain modelsenough strong to fully conceptual place. no are There taking water still are saline ing or bear wells drillings of number unsuccessful great A affirmation. technical deeper miss approaches still well. ofdepth the the Zis and locationwhere coordinates Yare Xand as represented area,being an HCs within existing of all sum the be aquifer would Therefore, fissured the rocks. crystalline water the represent that and storage production and at well acertain with associated are that systems ture ductor (HC),frac interconnected orderthe in to define (1996)Filho concept of the introduced hydraulic con water. to store transmit and ability the Manoel with systems, independent among themselves, buttinuity “n” are basement of region, there the mass rock discon volume representative is whole of of which rock, the control acertain extension.Considering limited with up reservoirs systems, building discontinuity and ture frac rock groundwaterinterconnected flows through no practically cover, weathering where is there the semiarid, Brazilian of region the crystalline the In 3.7 ter knowledge matter. on the out extensive to provide studies bet carrying Agency is Waterwater Brazilian The exploitation future. the in of ground to sustainability as aboutbrings incertitude recharge of withdrawals and knowledge concerning Aquifer. way Jandaíra same the lack the with The as economygoing, impact the public and supply exactly in droughts, however, under is region one the the as such of droughts. Prolonged times in Gerais, mainly Minas public and supplyirrigation and states of the Bahia in providing support to in become of utmost importance 52 At crystalline rock terrains, the water the prospection terrains, rock At crystalline

Pre-Cambrian Crystalline Basement Crystalline Pre-Cambrian ∑ i n = 1 CH i () X,Y, Z ------water (1000 (CE about 750,000 about is region northeast the in basement ofrocks the area occurrence of region The Brazil. semiarid the within population to supply diffuse-located of the parts great enough are aquifers fractured from extracted be can lation. However, that it quantities believed the is that attempt at evaluation reserve would mere be specu every issues, quantity Regarding (north–northwest). ter (midwest); salt water Zone 4—predominantly and southwest range); freshwa Zone 3—predominantly area); salt water Zone 2—predominantly (a northeast– Zone 1—predominantlyfreshwater (southeast coastal zones: four large are suggeststhere that assessment salt water. and fresh contour belts between Ageneric ent water qualities. (1998) value found the of 1.7 median oscillating around 1 and 2 1and around oscillating median model, alognormal with assumes yield distribution tent. However, ( scales for smaller data therefore, sets, aquifer not consis are fractured approaches, with Regionalization dealing surprising. HCs, are wells, interceptdistinct which neighboring between quality and quantity in differences ones. The aquifer, other a single represent from may which differ scale, practically,At apunctual everywell may single scale. assessment on the directly depends media tured frac of the anisotropy heterogeneity and high the ing dissolved above solids regard issue The potable limits. show and total general, chlorinated waters sodium are quality. the region, is In this water within resources factor,restrictive of ground foruse the for instance, long under of drought. periods major The disturbed only are exploitationmanent turn, in which, conditions per keeps promptthat and recharge allow a direct tems sys hydraulic fracture with conductivities associated single working tubular well in each 5-km each well in workingsingle tubular of one existence of the hypothesis the Considering terms of salinity: freshwater (CE of salinity: terms water in values,ductivity for expressing quality chosen to con- according Pernambuco. classified is source Each states ofthe Ceará, Grande Rio do Norte, and Paraíba, in aquifers groundwater ofity fractured the found in conductivshows of 18,600 electrical determinations variables. 3.11 Figure determined tendencies regarding possiblebe similar someshowing zones to establish drought polygon, would area the 600,000 be average 60 are wells of the depths The region. this groundwater within ing resources would of number 120,000 a total be exploit wells yields are situated between 1 and 3 1and situated are between yields It can be clearly seen that there are zones with differ with zones are there that It clearly be seen can Water classified as brackish appears in the form ofWaterin as appears brackish classified Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management Assessment, Groundwater

25 00

S µ /cm). S/

k cm m 2 and alone in the region called the the called region the alone in and

≤

25 00

µ m

S ≤ /cm), salt water and 3

/h foryield of the 50 ≥

m 1:

0 m an 3

1,000,000) it may 3 µ /h. Möbus et al. /h. Möbus et al. /h. Statistically, S /cm), brackish d the mean mean d the 2 cell, there cell, there

km 2 ------. Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 is, 1 is, lowerAdopting the value that found median, for the state of the of regions Ceará. at wells crystalline tubular in Brazil Resources of Groundwater Assessment 2008.) CPRM, de Janeiro: Rio eAmpliada. Revisada 3ª Edição eaplicações. conceitos J., Hidrogeologia: Filho, C., E. J. Feitosa, G. and A. Demetrio. de Tese F. Feitosa, de Doutoramento, Proposta UFPE, A. C., Manoel oriental. do Nordeste cristalinas rochas das subterrâneas águas das qualitativa F. Feitosa, (From Compartimentação A. 2008. C. region. northeast the in rocks of crystalline domain the in quality Groundwater FIGURE 3.11 (Feitosa Feitosa, and 2011). delivering water of quality physical good chemical and ( have depths between 100have 150 between and depths water boreholes tend to existing southeast area,the the At constraints. given is by region quality this within groundwater factor hinders use that most important production the reducing of freshwater drastically. The about is region 20%–30%, age this of freshwater within percent the Service, Geological done Brazilian by the lion inhabitants at a daily consumption rate at consumption of adaily 200 inhabitants lion ered wouldered 720 be than in the northeast, averaging the about in 5–10than ofrence thick-weathering covers. higher are yields The i considered low), of water quantity daily deliv the nhabitant/day. However, assessment according to the

m 3 /h, and admitting a pumping regime of 6/24 regime apumping /h, admitting and

mi llion L/day,llion supplying 3.6-mil Zona 3 Zona

m du e to the occur e to the Fo

m rt Zone 2 Zone 3 aleza /h and and /h

Zone 4 Zone L/

h - - - - the southeast and the northeast states of Maranhão and and states of northeast Maranhão the southeast and the south one, and the as regions, such other to this Similar tivity tivity showstory water conduc (electrical of excellent quality 2014). et al., terri (Diniz Brazilian of the part Agreat hydrogeological the it in was represented map of Brazil solved salt content of samples whole for the country, as reproduces dis the directly values that because ties conductivi electrical after analyzed be can potability availability. quantity and Groundwater quality and population growth between connection spatial a close of groundwater. use the in is There remarkable increase nation by have the experienced led to activities a trial indus and expressive of agriculture an expansion with together population growth rural and urban The 3.8 Fr Salty wate Brackish water Inferr es

h wate Use of Groundwater Brazil in ed < limit Zone 1 Zone 150 r— r— EC >2.500

EC ≤1.000 µ —1.000 µS/cm4.000 3.000–4.000 2.000–3.000 1.000–2.000 500–1.000 150–500 <150

μ S/ cm) suitable kinds for all .7 1.560 1.170 60°0'0" 60°0'0" W5 W5 km - - - found in Tablefound in 3.2. are country volumes the in region to according each country. of the overall axis The industrialization and urbanization south, main and coherenteast the with toward the place increasing areas, attakes coastal the general overview, groundwater largest the exploitation available only the represent waterstill source. From a country. entire the 41%ing volume total of the groundwater of extracted in consum wells 50% of registered than country—more groundwater, of well greatest the density present the Maceió, suppliedand with somepartially of them Recife,capitals Fortaleza, Natal, as such Joao Pessoa, regional conditions, large encompasses which climate water availability. of region semiarid northeast The development density urban enormoussuperficial and Although these waters are frequently saline, they they waters saline, frequently Although these are Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management Assessment, Groundwater 0°0'0" 0°0'0" W4 W4 0°0'0"W 0°0'0"W 30°0'0"S 20°0'0"S 10°0'0"S 0°0'0"S - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Brazil Resources of Groundwater Assessment Norte Region Geographic Brazil Groundwater Use of the in The TABLE Almeida, F.Almeida, F. M., B. B. C. D. Brito Neves, Carneiro, R. and References Barison, M. R. 2003. Estudo Hidroquímico da Porção da M. 2003. R. Hidroquímico Estudo Barison, B. R. dos C. Evolução Bacia da Bahia, Tectonossedimentar Total Norte Ne Total Nordeste etoOseDsrt eea .8,0183.43 198 5.780,00 DistritoFederal Centro Oeste Total C.Oeste Sudeste Total Sudeste Sul Total Sul Source: Total Brazil platform. Earth Science Reviewsplatform. evolution American and South of the origin The 2000. Exatas, UNESP, Claro—SP. Rio eCiências de Geociência e Meio Ambiente)—Instituto São Paulo. 2003, 153p. Tese (Doutorado Geociências em no Estado de Bauru Aquífero do Sistema Meridional Preto. 2007. Preto, Ouro deFederal Ouro Universidade de Minas, Naturais)—Escola Ciências em 2007. 115Parecis—Amazônia. f. Tese (Doutoramento

3.2 Based onSIAGAS—Groundwater InformationSystem—www Acre mzns159191 140.46 7134 1.559.159,15 Amazonas Amapá Pará Rondonia Roraima Tocantins Alagoas Bahia Ceará Maranhão Paraíba Pernambuco Piauí ..D ot 2810 5718.1 9557 52.811,05 R.G. DoNorte Sergipe Goiás aoGos 0.6,933 0.39 3535 903.366,19 Mato Grosso aoG oSl37155 370.39 1377 357.145,53 Mato G.DoSul síioSno4.9,811 2.19 1010 46.095,58 Espírito Santo ia eas56521 91 3.29 19316 586.522,12 Minas Gerais i eJnio4.8,7481.11 488 43.780,17 Rio DeJaneiro São Paulo Paraná R.G. DoSul at aaia9.3,076 7.58 7260 95.737,00 Santa Catarina State , 50:77–111. , .4.5,760 0.55 6809 1.247.954,67 .5.7,61660.48 18606 3.853.676,96 .5.9,2111 9.07 141015 1.554.291,62 .0.0,089 0.52 8291 1.606.403,50 .1.6,521622.84 241.692 8.515.767,05 Área (km Área 6.2,4670.39 647 164.123,04 4.2,2150.07 105 142.828,52 3.9,519 0.76 1794 237.590,55 2.0,1960.4 906 224.300,51 7.2,211 0.44 1211 277.720,52 6.3,82933.89 21943 564.733,18 4.2,720814.17 21098 148.920,47 3.3,51323.41 11332 331.937,45 5.7,427111.02 27721 251.577,74 4.2,01677.5 18607 248.222,80 2.2,73414.26 39421 924.620,67 9.0,21496.24 12429 199.307,92 8.3,41605.21 14670 281.731,44 7.7,63395.96 34359 576.776,36 4.1,838 0.94 3181 340.111,78

27.778,51 6497 78 31.49 17781 56.469,78 8183 51 25.9 25416 98.148,32 1951 9622.61 4956 21.915,12 2 ) Number Number of Wells of 214.36 1211 .cprm.gov.br. Celligoi, A. and U. Duarte. 2002. Hidrogeoquímica do Hidrogeoquímica 2002. U. A. and Celligoi, Duarte. Bocardi, L. B., S.L. P., Rostirolla, M. G. F.,Bocardi, Deguchi, F. and Mancini. Campos, H. C. S. 2004. Águas subterrâneas na Bacia do Paraná. do Paraná. Bacia na subterrâneas H. C.Campos, S. Águas 2004. M. 1997. R. no centro- Caetano-Chang, Pirambóia AFormação Wells/10 Wells/10 0 an UFPR. Aquí vatórios. vatórios. - de reser qualidade na do Itararé—implicações Grupo arenitos em ediagênese de soterramento 2008. História Geosul, Florianópolis Geosul, Claro. (UNESP), Claro,UniversidadeRio Paulista Estadual Rio Exatas— eCiências de Geociências Geologia)em Instituto doleste de estado SãoPaulo. 1997. Tese Docência (Livre

k m aense de Geociências, n. 51, pp. 19–32, Editora 2002. aense de Geociências, 2 fe ro Caiuá no Estado do Paraná. Boletim Par no Estado Boletim do Caiuá Paraná. ro Rev. Bras. Geoc. Brazil (%) Brazil 10.54 84 .4.3.5 41.08 3.844.738.056 58.43 63 .4.9.6 24.01 2.246.994.962 16.35 42 .6.2.4 15.69 1.468.927.247 14.24 11.5 0.27 2.96 0.04 2.82 0.74 0.38 0.5 .2131057314.11 1.321.085.723 7.72 0.5 9.1 8.75 4.7 7.37 3.96 2.06 0.08 1.32 1.47 0.57 3.44 0.42 8.01 0.2 .2148119616.01 1.498.161.956 7.72 5.15 6.08 3.01 — , 19(37): 47–65. , 38:207–216., Exploited (m Exploited 9.359.686.101 617.083.709 456.689.795 833.999.175 345.643.058 658.216.578 207.294.650 536.515.417 776.444.593 385.816.506 100.760.244 183.807.837 185.152.320 712.075.045 683.350.782 581.358.666 204.217.799 477.940.113 Volume Annual Annual 15.742.165 96.057.123 55.572.734 68.539.787 33.149.230 67.658.849 23.703.519 13.054.442 11.400.410 8.219.712 3 ) Brazil (%) Brazil ) 0.17 6.59 0.12 4.88 1.03 0.59 0.73 0.35 8.91 3.69 7.03 2.21 5.73 8.3 4.12 0.72 0.09 1.08 1.96 1.98 5.11 0.25 7.61 0.14 7.3 6.21 2.18 55 Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 CPRM—Serviço Geológico do Brasil. 2003. Geologia, tec do 2003. Brasil. Geologia, Geológico CPRM—Serviço do eisotópico O. R. Coelho, 1996. hidroquímico Estudo 56 DAEE—Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica: Elétrica: e Energia de Águas DAEE—Departamento do Estado Elétrica eEnergia de Águas DAEE—Departamento do Estado Elétrica eEnergia de Águas DAEE—Departamento do Estado de Elétrica eEnergia de Águas DAEE—Departamento do Estado Elétrica eEnergia de Águas DAEE—Departamento do Estado Elétrica eEnergia de Águas DAEE—Departamento do Estado Elétrica e Energia de Águas DAEE—Departamento do Universidade Brasil; Geológico de Federal CPRM—Serviço do Universidade Brasil; Geológico de Federal CPRM—Serviço do Universidade Brasil; Geológico Federal CPRM—Serviço do Universidade Brasil; Geológico Federal CPRM—Serviço CPRM—Serviço Geológico do 2014. Brasil. Geológico CPRM—Serviço Mapa de SãoPaulo, SãoPaulo. Universidade de Geociências, Hidrogeologia)—Instituto e Minerais Recursos em (Mestrado Dissertação do Sudoeste Estado Bauru, de SãoPaulo.aquífero Geral Gerôncio Rocha. São Paulo. São Rocha. Gerôncio Geral do Estado de SãoPaulo. 1:100.000. Escala Coordenação do 2005. Brasil, subterrâneas Geológico Mapa de águas Tecnológicas do Estado de SãoPaulo: CPRM-Serviço Geológico: IPT-Institutode Pesquisas IG-Instituto no Estado de SãoPaulo. DAEE, SãoPaulo. hídricos de SãoPaulo. dos recursos 1984. Caracterização SãoPaulo: DAEE. 4—Sorocaba. 2v. Administrativa Região de SãoPaulo. 1982. Subterrâneas— de Águas Estudo SãoPaulo: DAEE. 2v. 5—Campinas. Administrativa São Paulo. 1981. Subterrâneas—Região de Águas Estudo SãoPaulo: DAEE,Marília. v.1 e2. 10 e11—Presidente e Administrativas Prudente Regiões de SãoPaulo. 1979. Subterrâneas— de Águas Estudo Preto, SãoPaulo: Araçatuba. DAEE. v. 1e2. 7, do SãoJosé Administrativas Rio 8,Regiões 9—Bauru, de SãoPaulo. 1976. Subterrâneas— de Águas Estudo Preto. SãoPaulo: DAEE. 6—Ribeirão 4v.Administrativa de SãoPaulo. 1974. subterrâneas—Região de águas Estudo Tacaratu/Inajá. Fortaleza. Aquífero deBrasileiro/Hidrogeologia Jatobá—Sistema Bacia da do Nordeste Semiárida Região da Sedimentares Bacias das Comportamento 2008. Projeto Pernambuco—UFPE. Fortaleza. Peixe-Paraíba. do Rio do Nordeste Sedimentar Brasileiro/Hidrogeologia Bacia da do Semiárida Região da Sedimentares Bacias das Comportamento 2008. Projeto Grande—UFCG. Campina Fortaleza. Mangabeira-Ceará. da Lavras de Sedimentar Brasileiro/Hidrogeologia Bacia da do Nordeste Semiárida Região da Sedimentares Bacias das Comportamento 2008b.do Projeto Ceará—UFC. Fortaleza. do Araripe-Ceará. Sedimentar Bacia da Brasileiro/Hidrogeologia Porção da Oriental do Nordeste Semiárida Região da Sedimentares Bacias das Comportamento Projeto 2008a. do Ceará—UFC. F., Silva, C. Recife. and R. iz Hidrogeológico do Brasil ao Milionésimo. Organ ao do Milionésimo. Brasil Hidrogeológico M.,R. Gonçalves, J. and H. Brasília. C., A., L. Vidotti, Bizzi, Schobbenhaus, Organizadores: doTexto, Brasil: minerais &SIG. mapas erecursos tônica adores: Diniz, J. A. O.,adores: Diniz, Monteiro, A. B., Paula, De T. L. - Iritani, M. A., M. Oda, G. C., H.,Iritani, J. Campos, Kakazu, E., 2010.Estatística, e de Geografia Brasileiro IBGE—Instituto Góes, A. M. and F. A. M.Góes, and J. Feijó. 1994. do Parnaíba. Bacia A. 2007.Gesicki, Evolução Formações das diagenética Gaspar, M. T.- P. caracteriza Urucuia: aquífero 2006.Sistema A. P.França, B. and Potter. E. 1989. ambiente Estratigrafia, França, A.França, B., Araujo, M., L. J. Maynard, B., P. and Potter. E. águas das Feitosa, F. qualitativa A. C. 2008. Compartimentação Feitosa, F. C. Feitosa. E. A. 2011. C. and eperspectivas Realidade J.Feitosa, C. and E. G. Melo. 1998. de Base— Estudos J.Feitosa, 2009. C. and E. G. A. Demetrio. Aquíferos Os J.Eiras, F., M., E. F. and Kinoshita, J. Feijó. 1994a. do Bacia Eiras, J.Eiras, F., Becker, C. R., M., E. J. Souza, Gonzaga, F., E. Silva, L. A. C., H. C. Campos, N.Diogo, S., A., B. R. G. and S. Bertachini, J. A. O.,Diniz, Monteiro, A. B., Silva, de R. C. T. F., L. Paula. and Groundwater Assessment, Modeling, and Management Assessment, Groundwater Aquífero Bauru no Estado de São Paulo—Brasil. In: In: no Estado de São Paulo—Brasil. Bauru Aquífero ecapacidade do Sistema específica) (transmissividade hidrodinâmicas características das Zoneamento 2000. M. R., L. Ferreira, Silveira, L., E. A. A. B. and Azevedo. Ver.ésimo—BCIM. 3. de Janeiro. Rio - milion ao do Brasil contínua vetorial cartográfica Base Geociências—USP. SãoPaulo. Estado de SãoPaulo. Tese de Doutorado. de Instituto no Guarani) (SistemaAquífero eBotucatu Pirambóia doutorado. de Tese UNB. de gestão. Brasília: e propostas ção regional Petrobrás, 3:17–28. 2). (Parte do Geociências Paraná Boletim (Permocarbonífero), Bacia do Itararé Grupo deposicional Geociências da PETROBRAS da Geociências AAPG Bulletin AAPG America. South southern eolanite, Botucatu leaching: meteoric by deep formed porosity 2003. Secondary de CPRM, Janeiro: 2008. Rio e Ampliada. Revisada 3ª eaplicações. conceitos Edição Hidrogeologia: J., Filho, C., Manoel Feitosa, C., E. J. and G. A. Demetrio. de TeseUFPE, Proposta de Doutoramento, Feitosa, F. A. do Nordeste oriental. cristalinas rochas das subterrâneas Grande, INSA, Campina pp. 269–305. Semiáridas, O. V. and e Áridas P. Regiões em Hídricos S. Paz. Recursos S. S., Medeiros, do In: Brasil. H.árida Gheyi, R., Galvão, C. semi região na subterrâneas de águas racional de uso Grande do do Norte. Rio recursoshídricos de estadual Plano Grande doHidroservice, Norte. In: do Rio dos Aquíferos Hidrogeológica Caracterização Inédito. Relatório Recife: UFPE. de explotação. LABHID/ eperspectivas conhecimentos dos síntese Grande no do vale Gurguéia: eSerra Cabeças Janeiro PETROBRAS, da de Rio de Geociências Tacutu. Boletim Rio de Janeiro de Rio PETROBRAS, da Geociências de Boletim do Solimões. Bacia M.M., F.,L. Daniel, Matsuda, N. S., F. and J. Feijó. 1994. 1:359–368. São Paulo. SBG, In: Simp. Reg. Geol., 3, Atas, Curitiba, do Tubarão Grupo no de estado ehidroquímicas licas hidráu características das 1981.Rosa. preliminar Estudo Brasil, Recife. do Geológico CPRM—Serviço Recife: técnica. Nota 2014. de, ao do milionésimo: Brasil Mapa hidrogeológico , 8(1): 83–89. , 8(1): 17–45. , 87(7): 1073–1082. 87(7): , Rio de Janeiro de . Rio , 8(1): 57–67. Boletim de de Boletim - - Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5 Oliveira, F. R., Cardoso, F. B. F., J., Filho, Manoel Kirchheim, 2009. Aquífero Americanos. dos Estados OEA—Organização Möbus, G., Silva, C. M. S. V., F. and A. C. Feitosa. 1998. J. E. P. and Milani, 1: Part V. Geology 1998. Zalán. Brazilian Machado, J. F. L. U. and falha dos F. Influência 2004. Faccini. Machado, J. eArcabouço F. L. Espacial 2005. Compartimentação LEBAC—Laboratório Final 2008. Informe de de Bacias. Estudo Milani, E. J., E. Melo,Milani, J. H. G., P. Souza, A., A., L. and Fernandes, eaevolução aorigem sobre J. E. Comentários 2004. Milani, a para hidrogeológicos M. A.Matta, S. Fundamentos 2002. F.Manoel, avaliação para J. 1996. fractal Modelo de dimensão Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Brazil Resources ofGroundwater Assessment Lastoria, G., Sinelli, O., G., H.Lastoria, K., Sinelli, Chang, Hutcheon, I., Paranhos Bonito/MS. de ÁguasSubterrâneas, CongressoBrasileiro Norte. XVII Grande do eRio do Estados Ceará os do entre Apodi, Chapada na Subterrâneas de Águas Compartilhada Gonçalves, M. V. C., F. and 2012. S. Nascimento. Gestão R., Feitosa, C., E. Teixeira, H. R., Varella Neto, P. L., 2009. Uruguai, Paraguai; Argentina; Brasil; OEA: de ação—PEA. estratégico programa Guarani: Anais. Recife, IIISimpósiodeHidrogeologiadoNordeste. cearense. cristalino no poços de estatístico Perfil Course Notes. Short de Janeiro, Brazil. Rio Exhibition, and Conference International AAPG, In: of Brazil. Rifts Interior Mesozoic and of Paleozoic Cratonic Basins Geology the (UNISINOS). SãoLeopoldo (RS). Universidade doSedimentar, Vale dos Sinos do Rio deGeologia).—Programa Pós-Graduação Geologia em Grande do 2005, Sul. Rio 238 p. Tese (Doutorado em no Guarani Aquífero do Sistema Hidroestratigráfico Claro. Rio Guarani. (Coord.). H. K. Chang and Técnicodo Consórcio Informe do D. SAG. Regional Gastmans, de Hidrogeologia In: da Petrobras A. B. 2007. França. do Paraná. Bacia pp. 265–279. Ed. Becca, de Almeida. Marques Flávio obra de Fernando doGeologia Continente Sul-Americano—Evolução da A., C. D. Carneiro, R., B.Bartorelli, B. and Brito Neves. Montesso-Neto, V., In: do Paraná. Bacia da tectônica àUniversidadeapresentada do Federal Pará, Belém. Pará/Brasil.Belém/Ananindeua, Tese de Doutoramento de região da hídricos dos recursos integrada gestão USP, Tese de Doutorado. São Paulo: meio em fissural. hidráulicos de parâmetros CD-ROM, pp.Anais 1–14. 13, Subterrâneas, Cuiabá, de Águas Brasileiro Congresso ABAS, no Estado Grande do do In: Sul. Rio Guarani Aquífero do Sistema estruturação na regionais mentos Águas Subterrâneas Águas do no de estado MatoSul. Grosso Geral Serra Formação da 2006.Hidrogeologia A.Filho, C., D. and Gastmans. p. de Resumos. 147.Boletim 1 e (ABAS, 11 e ALHSUD, Brasil, 5), Fortaleza—CE, Subterrâneas, de Águas Integrado Mundial Congresso , 15(2): 265–287. , 20(1): 139–150. 20(1): , Boletim de Geociências Geociências de Boletim - Stradioto, M. R. 2007a. Hidroquímica e aspectos diagenéti easpectos Stradioto, M. 2007a. R. Hidroquímica de L., E. Galvão,Souza P. H. F., 2013. C. S. do and Pinheiro. Vidal, A. C. 2002. Estudo Hidrogeológico do Aquífero Tubarão do Aquífero Vidal, Hidrogeológico A. C. Estudo 2002. and Scientific Educational, Nations UNESCO—United de Tancredi, A. C. F. subterrâneos N. hídricos S. 1996. Recursos W.Struckmeier, A F. Maps: J. and 1995. Margat. Hydrogeological diagenéticos easpectos Stradioto, M. Hidroquímica 2007b. R. Paula eSilva, F. ehidroestrati de subsuperfície 2003. Geologia Soares, A. P.,Soares, P. Soares, C., M. Holz.2008. Heterogeneidades and Development Community. 2009. African SADC—Southern Rebouças, J., A.Filho, C., da Manoel B. B. and Brito Neves. Rebouças, dos A. C. 1978. hidrogeológicas Potencialidades Paula 2005. eSilva, F., C. H., M. Caetano-Chang. R. and Kiang, 13(1), SãoPaulo mar. USP, do eAlter Chão. Geological Solimões Sér. cient. Içá- Aquíferos Sistemas e do Solimões: do Amazonas sedimentares bacias nas hidrogeologia da Síntese Doutorado). São Paulo. IGCE/UNESP, SP. Claro Rio 109 p. (Tese de deda Afloramento Estadodo Área de Porção na Central Ltd, 101 &Kell England, Hammond pp. by Cook,for Maps. Hydrogeological published Paris, Legend 1970. International Organization, Cultural do Pará, Belém. Federal Universidade de Geociências, Centro e Geoquímica, (Doutorado)—Curso de Pós-Graduação Geologia em e proteção. 154 uso p. para Tese fundamentos Santarém: Vol. 17). Hydrogeology; to Hydrogeologists—Hannover Contributions (International) aStandard Legend and Guide Claro. Exatas, Universidade Rio Paulista. Estadual eCiências de Geociências Meio Ambiente)—Instituto e Geociências em (Mestrado de São Paulo. Dissertação sudeste do estado região na Bauru Aquífero do Sistema Claro. Rio Filho, de Júlio Mesquita Paulista Estadual eMeio Ambiente, Universidade de Geociências Curso deestado SãoPaulo. (Mestrado)— 103 f. Dissertação do sudoeste região na Bauru Aquífero dos Sistema cos Revista Brasileira de Geociências Guarani. Aquífero no sistema hidroestratigráficas de SADC). da Elaboraçãodo Mapa Hidrogeológico (SADC). Zambia]: [Lusaka, 2009. SADC, March (Projecto Austral África da oDesenvolvimento para Comunidade da Explicativo doFolheto Mapa Hidrogeológico eAtlas Documentação. de Divisão do de Nordeste. Desenvolvimento Superintendência SUDENE— Recife: Técnicas. eNormas Programa 1969. do básico Nordeste— hidrogeológico de Inventário pp. 2963–2976. SBG. Recife: BRASILEIRO DE GEOLOGIA, v. 30, Anais, Recife, 6, CONGRESSO In: no Brasil. do Paraná Bacia da basaltos Águas Subterrâneas Águas Paulo. (K)Estado no Sãode Bauru do Grupo Hidroestratigrafia (UNESP),Universidade Paulista Claro. Estadual Rio Exatas, eCiências Doutorado, de Geociências Instituto Estado no Sãode Bauru do Grupo Paulo.grafia de Tese , 19(2): 19–36. 19(2): , . International Association of of Association . International , 38(4): 600–619. 57 - -

Downloaded By: 10.3.98.104 At: 19:12 25 Sep 2021; For: 9781315369044, chapter3, 10.1201/9781315369044-5