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Race, Class and Motherhood: How Professional African American Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis or dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis or dissertation. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Signature: _____________________________ ______________ Riché Jeneen Daniel July 28, 2009 Race, Class and Marriage: Black Women, Social Mobility, and the Companionate Marriage Ideal By Riché Jeneen Daniel Doctor of Philosophy Anthropology _________________________________________ Bradd Shore Advisor _________________________________________ Peggy Barlett Committee Member _________________________________________ Karyn Lacy Committee Member Accepted: _________________________________________ Lisa A. Tedesco, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School ___________________ Date Race, Class and Marriage: Black Women, Social Mobility, and the Companionate Marriage Ideal By Riché Jeneen Daniel M.A., Emory University, 2005 M.S., Georgia State University, 1998 B.A., Spelman College, 1995 Advisor: Bradd Shore, Ph.D. An abstract of A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology 2009 Abstract Race, Class and Marriage: Black Women, Social Mobility, and the Companionate Marriage Ideal By Riché Jeneen Daniel This dissertation examines African American professional wives and mothers understanding and enactment of marriage and motherhood. It empirically demonstrates how African American upper-middle class women are modifying their relationship with work and changing their understanding of marriage and motherhood to an ideal of companionate marriage as a marker of upper-middle class social position and attention to race and class reproduction. The emphasis on marriage and family stability, while solidifying their class-based identity, complicates their racialized and gendered identity and forces a reconciliation between the historic view of professional black womanhood as linked to the success of the “race”, and the contemporary focus on marriage and family, more in line with the companionate ideal. Drawing upon over three years of ethnographic observations and interviews with African-American married professional women and their families, first I provide an overview of the African American model of partnership marriage in which black wives’ much greater labor force participation and tradition of community participation alongside motherhood normalized more egalitarian marital relationships. Second, I demonstrate the importance of social mobility in creating a context in which some middle- class and upper-middle class black wives’ have opportunities to exercise “choice” in their work and family strategies. While these choices are often constrained, respondents demonstrate a move away from extended-kin and partnership marriage to a more traditional ideal of companionate marriage in which black women’s labor force participation is less readily linked to racial advancement. Third, by investing in and modeling a more “modern” marital form, I suggest African American professional mothers, utilizing strategic assimilation, resist and oppose contemporary stereotypes of African American families and seek to ensure their class advantages will be passed on to their children. The unique convergence of class, race, and gender as simultaneous constructs sets African American professional women and their families apart from white professional families, and poor and working class African American families. Consequently, my focus on strategies rooted in people’s different cultural models expands the discourse on work/career and family conflict to include varied histories, interpretations and responses. Race, Class and Marriage: Black Women, Social Mobility, and the Companionate Marriage Ideal By Riché Jeneen Daniel M.A., Emory University, 2005 M.S., Georgia State University, 1998 B.A., Spelman College, 1995 Advisor: Bradd Shore, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Emory University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology 2009 Acknowledgements There are so many African adages that speak to what the completion of this dissertation means to me but the one that sticks out in my mind; both because it is so accurate and because it has garnered the most popular attention is “It takes a whole village to raise a child.” In this instance the child speaks to multiple people. First the child is representative of me at various points in this process when I needed an “adult,” mentor, or advisor to keep me on track amid my myriad distractions. The child also refers to my three wonderful, beautiful, incredibly smart and patient children, whom I delivered while finishing my course work and preparing for my comprehensive exams respectively. Upon learning that all three of my children were born while I was in graduate school most people would say “how did you do it?” I would answer, “I don’t know… I just did.” But the truth is many people helped and in doing so, helped me to complete this project, sustain my marriage, parent my children and keep my sanity most days. In fact, my husband and I were blessed with a true to life village of family and friends who held us up and continue to do so even though we have now moved many miles away. My “dream team” committee has been a part of the village that has pushed me through these questions and sustained my desire to complete this process with their uncanny support. Bradd Shore and the faculty and graduate student fellows at the Sloan Center for Myth and Ritual in American Life at Emory University gave me the academic village that I needed to explore my questions and develop a critical analytical lens despite my close proximity to the research location and subjects. Peggy Barlett and Karyn Lacy have made countless suggestions from start to finish always letting me know they were available to me if I needed to talk about something, yet simultaneously providing me the flexibility to “juggle” all of my responsibilities. Having already mastered the art of being a professor, wife and mother, Carla Freeman offered valuable assistance simply by being one who had done it all. The Ford Foundation Dissertation Diversity Fellowship provided funds for a year of field research and writing. Thank you to Myra Burnett, Spelman College Vice Provost of Academic Affairs, Cora Marrett, formerly University of Wisconsin Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs, and the NSF sponsored Science and Social Transformation Collaboration. Thank you also to the Association of Black Anthropologists of the American Anthropological Association. Since moving to the Pioneer Valley, Kevin Quashie, Daphne Lamothe, Ginetta Candelario, Lisa Armstrong, Caroline Melly, Tina Wildehagan, Nadya Sbaiti, Eeva Sointu, Carol Christ, and Susie Bourque, have made my time at Smith College, immeasurably productive and enjoyable. Faculty Development Funds, particularly the Jill Ker Conway fund and research funds have helped me to finish the writing process and provided multiple venues for discussion and analytical inquiry. I would be remiss if I did not acknowledge the role Spelman College as an institution and as a group of people played in my life. Most notably, Sister Prez Johnnetta Betsch Cole; who I daily try to model my academic achievement and commitment to communities of women and “black folk” after. Dr. Cole introduced me to anthropology, saw me through the application process, mentored, and advised me at various stages of my development as an anthropologist, wife and mother. Thank you will never be enough. The women who graciously allowed me to poke and prod them and their families for the benefit of my research reminded me each and every day that it was not about me. When I thought about giving up because balancing my own demands was getting too difficult, they reminded me, in their own stories, that a study about them as professional black women, was important to them and had nothing to do with me or my degree. Fiction writers often say their books were written by the characters, they are simply the conduit. While the analysis is mine, and therefore could be severely flawed, the experiences are theirs and that is what makes this study so important. I am grateful to each and every one of them and I wish I could call their names and give homage to their stories and the selflessness which they exuded when I asked them if they would participate in this study. To each of them, I am because you are. I thank God. Some people do not believe in God. Some days I question Her efficacy, but most days, I know I would not make it through without believing “there is a God somewhere.” I thank my husband, Darnel Emir Barnes, who should walk across the stage and be hooded with me as I receive my Ph.D. I have heard the stories of men and women who have left their marriages stating “I did not sign up for this…” There are too many things he “did not sign up for” to name. I am grateful for you and to you. Thank you for taking this journey with me. I thank my family. My parents, Leon and Gwen Daniel who raised me to believe I had something to contribute to the world. I thank my Godparents, Shireen and Ronnie Patterson who met at thirteen and have been together ever-since. You showed me the power of love and marriage. To the extended Bishop and Molock families who waited and prayed and gave me quiet support.
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