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Advances in Membrane Science and Technology Uploaded by: Ebooks Chemical Engineering https://www.facebook.com/pages/Ebooks-Chemical-Engineering/238197077030 For More Books, softwares & tutorials Related to Chemical Engineering Join Us @facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Ebooks-Chemical- Engineering/238197077030 @facebook: https://www.facebook.com/AllAboutChemcalEngineering @facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/10436265147/ ADMIN: I.W << If you like this Book, than support the author and BuY it >> ADVANCES IN MEMBRANE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. ADVANCES IN MEMBRANE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TONGWEN XU EDITOR Nova Biomedical Books New York Copyright © 2009 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Available upon request ISBN: 978-1-60741-877-1 (E-Book) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York Contents Preface vii Chapter I A Random Walk through Membrane Science—From Water Desalination and Artificial Kidneys to Fuel Cell Separators and Membrane Reactors 1 H. Strathmann Chapter II Preparation and Application of Ion Exchange Membranes: Current Status and Perspective 21 Tongwen Xu Chapter III Proton Exchange Membranes and Fuel Cells 75 J. Kerres and F. Schönberger Chapter IV Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Membranes: Overview and Perspective 119 Cuiming Wu and Tongwen Xu Chapter V Pervaporation Membranes for Organic Separation 163 Xiangyi Qiao, Lan Ying Jiang, Tai-Shung Chung and Ruixue Liu Chapter VI Membrane Bioreactor: Theory and Practice 201 In S. Kim, Namjung Jang and Xianghao Ren Chapter VII Membrane Integration Processes in Industrial Applications 243 Hong-Joo Lee and Seung-Hyeon Moon Chapter VIII Membrane Controlled Release 279 Liang-Yin Chu Index 295 Preface Even though membrane-related technologies can be traced back to 250 years ago, the first laboratory-scale membrane synthesis became available only 60 years ago. Since then, membranes and related technologies have gained more technical and commercial relevance. Their applications have extended to environmental, chemical, medical, food, and energy industries. Since membrane-related technologies will play a key role in solving the problems in environmental protection and energy supply, we can not have a happy and sustainable life without membranes. As stated by Prof. Richard Bowen, “If you are tired of membranes, you are tired of life”. The academia and industry also attach importance to these technologies because of their characteristics, such as high energy efficiency, environmental benignity, integration flexibility, and economical competence. To date, many books on membranes have been published to awaken reader's interest in this field. This book, however, is intended not to make a summary of the literature in these areas, but to focus on the current status of some advanced membrane technologies which are well related to human life. Eight chapters were contributed by the selected researchers and professors in the corresponding fields. Chapter 1 takes a roam through membrane science and technology—from desalination and artificial kidneys to fuel cell separators and membrane reactors, informing the reader of what kind of membrane technologies have come true, or might or might never come true. Chapter 2 concentrates on the current science and technology using electro-membranes. Such topic was selected because electro-membrane related processes are playing a great role in cleaner production and separation due to ionic selectivity of membranes. Chapter 3 treats of the application of membranes to energy supply, which has been a hot issue for sustainable development of our earth. Inorganic-organic hybrid membranes, which combine the advantages of inorganic and organic membranes, were recently developed and expected to be applied in such harsh conditions as high temperature and strongly oxidizing circumstances. So an overview and perspective of such domain is included in this book as Chapter 4. The improvements on traditional chemical processes using membrane technologies are summarized in Chapter 5 and exemplified with pervaporation for organic separation. Chapter 6 covers a hot issue in our daily life: recycling of municipal waste water using membrane bioreactors. Another distinctive characteristic about membrane technologies is integration flexibility, which is crucial to the realization of multiple functions needed for a specific viii Tongwen Xu complex industrial application. Chapter 7 deals with such technique integrations. Membrane controlled release, the focus of Chapter 8, is an emerging membrane technology that might come true and has proved important in medical and pharmaceutical applications. The main purpose of editing this book is to provide valuable information and enlightening ideas to all the scientists and researchers in membrane research area. Besides, dabblers can find food for thought in some chapters, too. As an editor, I appreciate the cooperation and active participation from all contributors, who, despite their extreme busy schedule of teaching and research (and even administration), found time to make this book a reality. Sincere thanks are extended particularly to Ms. Maya Columbus from Nova Science Publishers for her help and encouragement to publish this book. Tongwen Xu, Prof.& Dr. Laboratory of Functional Membranes School of Chemistry and Materials Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, Anhui 230026 P.R. China Tel:+86-551-3601587 Email:[email protected] In: Advances in Membrane Science and Technology ISBN: 978-1-60692-883-7 Editor: Tongwen Xu © 2009 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Chapter I A Random Walk through Membrane Science—From Water Desalination and Artificial Kidneys to Fuel Cell Separators and Membrane Reactors H. Strathmann* Institute for Chemical Technology, University of Stuttgart, Boeblinger Str 72, D-70199 Stuttgart, Germany Abstract When during the middle of the last century the first synthetic membranes became commercially available, a multitude of potential applications were identified and the expectations for the future technical and commercial relevance of membranes were very high. Membrane processes have indeed several intrinsic properties which make them especially suited for certain applications such as the separation, concentration or purification of molecular mixtures. They are energy efficient, do not generate hazardous by-products and can be operated at ambient temperature. However, in spite of their obvious advantages in many applications, membranes have not met the needs of modern industrial production processes. In some applications, such as in hemodialysis and water desalination, membranes indeed play a key role today. But in other applications such as the treatment of industrial effluents or the production of chemicals and drugs, membranes find it difficult to compete with conventional separation processes. The reason for the poor performance of membranes in certain applications is the unsatisfactory properties of today’s available membranes. However, with the development of new membranes with improved properties, the membrane-based industry is responding to the market needs. An assessment of today’s membrane products and their application illustrates the importance
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