DOCSLIB.ORG

Peter the Great Pamphlet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Peter the Great Pamphlet Peter the Great Reading Since the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1583, eight Tsars sat on the thrown in Moscow, and eight Tsars were assassinated. In 1610 the Swedes and the Poles attacked from the east; Russia was ready to fall. The head of the Russian Orthodox Church sent out a plea from prison for the people to rise up and save their motherland. The Russian people rose up and defeated the invaders, reclaiming the country. They searched for a man of “Royal Blood” whom they could crown Tsar and follow. Michael of Russia was a descendant of Anastasia Romanov, wife of Ivan the Terrible. Michael was put on the thrown, thus starting the Romanov Dynasty: a family line of Tsars that would rule for 300 years. Early life Peter was born in Moscow on June 9, 1672. His father was Tsar Alexis. Alexis died in 1676 and was succeeded by his oldest son, Fedor. Fedor died in 1682. Peter had to share the throne at the age of 10 with his half brother Ivan V, who was weak-minded. Peter had a problem: his older half sister Sophia wanted to be the Tsar. Indeed, Sophia took charge and ruled Russia. In 1689, at the age of 17, Peter decided to take the throne for himself. Peter’s followers forced Sophia to “retire,” sending her to a convent to become a nun. Peter became the sole ruler of Russia. Peter was a 6’7” giant who was strong willed, demanding, and had an insatiable desire to learn. He had a strong passion for boats, war, knowledge and power. He was especially interested in military matters. As a young boy, he enjoyed spending time with foreign military officers who were visiting in Moscow. Peter learned much about European civilization from them. They told him about a lifestyle that was far more advanced then how people lived in Russia. In 1697 and 1698, Peter toured Western Europe with a group of Russian government officials. They were looking for allies to help Russia fight a war against the Ottoman Empire. Peter traveled for about 17 months, mostly in England and the Netherlands. He was always learning everywhere he went: from shipbuilding and military strategy, to dentistry, anatomy, and surgery. When observing a class on surgery, Peter’s men were acting squeamish and uncomfortable around the dead body being used in the demonstration. Peter was furious with their “weakness” and made them each go up and take a bite out of the dead body in front of the entire class. Peter used the trip to recruit Western experts to bring modern techniques of engineering, architecture, art, and science to Russia. Russia lagged far behind other European nations in these areas. Peter’s trip was suddenly cut short when news came of trouble in Russia. Some of the Royal Guard were not happy about the changes Peter was planning and had begun a revolution to overthrow Peter. Upon hearing the news, Peter returned and crushed the revolt. This victory further cemented Peter as the unquestioned Tsar of Russia. Foreign Policy From 1700 to 1721, Peter led Russia in a war against Sweden. When the war began, Sweden was the leading power in northern Europe. During the war, Peter created Russia’s first navy and greatly improved the army. By the end of the war, Russia had gained control over important territory along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, which gave Russia immediate access to the rest of Europe. Changes within Russia Peter's programs led to the expansion of industry and foreign trade, along with the construction of new roads and canals. He also did the following: founded the Russian Academy of Sciences, started Russia's first newspaper, and founded technical schools, a museum, a public library, and an art gallery. Because of his admiration for European society, Peter forced Russia's nobility to take on many Western customs. The men were forced to shave their long beards and shorten their long garments. If a man had not shaved or shortened his garments, the police would hold him down, and shorten the beard for him. In 1703, Peter founded the city of St. Petersburg on territory taken from Sweden. St. Petersburg started as a forest by the Baltic Sea. Tens of thousands of peasants and prisoners were brought in to build the city. By 1713, St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia. Peter modeled St. Petersburg after the great cities in Western Europe, like Paris and London. St. Petersburg was a symbol to the world of Russia’s arrival in modern times. Peter's rule also had some harmful effects. To finance his wars and reforms, Peter raised taxes on the Russian people. He also dealt harshly with those who opposed his changes. Peter forced many Russians to work against their will in the mines, in factories and on building projects. Peter also extended serfdom, a system under which the majority of Russian peasants lived in conditions little better than slavery. Family Peter had 15 children by two wives, but only two daughters survived. Peter’s oldest son, Alexei, did not share his father’s love for knowledge, war or power. Instead Alexei was short, lazy and loved luxury. Peter gave Alexei a choice: prepare to become Tsar or depart. Alexei left Moscow and began to plot a rebellion against his father. Peter caught wind of this plot and squashed it. Alexei was tortured, and then put to death for these actions. This left him with no male heir to the throne. Death On February 8, 1725 Peter saw a group of sailors drowning off the coast in the Baltic Sea. Peter waded out into the water to save the sailors’ lives. These heroics earned him a dreadful sickness that would claim his life. While on his deathbed, Peter began to write his will. As Peter the Great penned the words, “Leave all to…” death took him before he could finish. Peter the Great had rebuilt and modernized Russia, but left it in chaos without a ruler to take his place. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A MAN INA PANTHER SKIN GAEL ELTON MAYO a MAN in a PANTHER SKIN the Life of Prince Dimitri Djordjadze by Gael Elton Mayo
    GAEL ELTON MAYO A MAN INA PANTHER SKIN GAEL ELTON MAYO A MAN IN A PANTHER SKIN The Life of Prince Dimitri Djordjadze by Gael Elton Mayo ¡5 o 50 g b .» JoAcr»gj)(rr! gAb o» ognb^^Jgnn boJ¿Acr>gg(mml* 26 3 6 0 b 0 1984 © Gael Elton Mayo 1985 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of The Kensal Press. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. Mayo, Gael Elton A man in a panther skin. 1. Djordjadze, Dimitri 2. Soviet Union— Princes and princesses—Biography I. Title 947.08'092'4 GT1218.D5/ ISBN 0-946041-36-9 Published by The Kensal Press Kensal House, Abbotsbrook, Bourne End, Buckinghamshire. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Butler & Tanner Ltd, Frome and London. Contents List of Illustrations.............................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements...................................................................... v Prologue ................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 2 ............................................................................................................. 18 Chapter 3 ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Vladimir Canterbury Sister City Com Collection
    McLean County Museum of History Vladimir/Canterbury Sister City Committee Processed by Ann B. White April 2017 Collection Information VOLUME OF COLLECTION: 7 Boxes COLLECTION DATES: 1986-2016 RESTRICTIONS: None REPRODUCTION RIGHTS: Permission to reproduce or publish material in this collection must be obtained in writing from the McLean County Museum of History ALTERNATIVE FORMATS: None OTHER FINDING AIDS: None LOCATION: Archives NOTES: 2 Brief History Citizen visits to the Soviet Union, the Portland-based Ground Zero Pairing Project and the Northwestern University 1986 conference on U.S.-Soviet Relations provided the impetus to form a group of citizens to initiate a sister city relationship with a Soviet city. A group of 22 local citizens organized a trip to the Soviet Union to meet with officials in three cities – Chernigov, Orel, and Vladimir. Vladimir was chosen, and the citizens approached the Mc Lean County Board and the city councils of Bloomington and Normal for official support. Scope The collection was compiled by the Vladimir/Canterbury Sister City Association Historian, Ann B. White. The scrapbooks contain news articles, photographs of events, event publicity, annual reports, and newsletters that cover the history of establishing the relationships, association events, and exchange of visitors. Additional folders provide more in-depth material on the establishment of educational and medical exchanges, association newsletters, meeting minutes, committee reports, grant programs, and miscellaneous projects from 1986 – 2016. Box 6 contains books, magazines, pamphlets, and media items (DVDs, VHS tapes) related to Vladimir, Canterbury, or Bloomington-Normal. Box and Folder Inventory Box 1 Scrapbook Volume 1: September 1986 – July 1989 Listed below are some of the events covered.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Coins and Historical Medals
    £25 Russian Coins and Historical Medals www.dnw.co.uk Tuesday 17 September 2019 at 14:00 16 Bolton Street Mayfair London W1J 8BQ Telephone 020 7016 1700 Fax 020 7016 1799 email [email protected] Catalogue 162 BOARD of DIRECTORS Pierce Noonan Chairman and CEO 020 7016 1700 [email protected] Nimrod Dix Deputy Chairman 020 7016 1820 [email protected] Robin Greville Chief Technology Officer 020 7016 1750 [email protected] Christopher Webb Head of Coin Department 020 7016 1801 [email protected] AUCTION SERVICES and CLIENT LIAISON Philippa Healy Head of Administration (Associate Director) 020 7016 1775 [email protected] Emma Oxley Accounts and Viewing 020 7016 1701 [email protected] Christopher Mellor-Hill Head of Client Liaison (Associate Director) 020 7016 1771 [email protected] Chris Finch Hatton Client Liaison 020 7016 1754 [email protected] David Farrell Head of Logistics 020 7016 1753 [email protected] James King Deputy Head of Logistics 020 7016 1833 [email protected] COINS, TOKENS and COMMEMORATIVE MEDALS Christopher Webb Head of Department (Director) 020 7016 1801 [email protected] Peter Preston-Morley Specialist (Associate Director) 020 7016 1802 [email protected] Jim Brown Specialist 020 7016 1803 [email protected] Tim Wilkes Specialist 020 7016 1804 [email protected] Nigel Mills Consultant (Artefacts and Antiquities) 020 7016 1700 [email protected] Peter Mitchell Consultant (British Hammered Coins) 020 7016 1700 [email protected] Douglas Saville Consultant (Numismatic Literature) 020 7016 1700 [email protected] BANKNOTES Andrew Pattison Head
    [Show full text]
  • The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016-1471
    - THE CHRONICLE OF NOVGOROD 1016-1471 TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN BY ROBERT ,MICHELL AND NEVILL FORBES, Ph.D. Reader in Russian in the University of Oxford WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY C. RAYMOND BEAZLEY, D.Litt. Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE TEXT BY A. A. SHAKHMATOV Professor in the University of St. Petersburg CAMDEN’THIRD SERIES I VOL. xxv LONDON OFFICES OF THE SOCIETY 6 63 7 SOUTH SQUARE GRAY’S INN, W.C. 1914 _. -- . .-’ ._ . .e. ._ ‘- -v‘. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE General Introduction (and Notes to Introduction) . vii-xxxvi Account of the Text . xxx%-xli Lists of Titles, Technical terms, etc. xlii-xliii The Chronicle . I-zzo Appendix . 221 tJlxon the Bibliography . 223-4 . 225-37 GENERAL INTRODUCTION I. THE REPUBLIC OF NOVGOROD (‘ LORD NOVGOROD THE GREAT," Gospodin Velikii Novgorod, as it once called itself, is the starting-point of Russian history. It is also without a rival among the Russian city-states of the Middle Ages. Kiev and Moscow are greater in political importance, especially in the earliest and latest mediaeval times-before the Second Crusade and after the fall of Constantinople-but no Russian town of any age has the same individuality and self-sufficiency, the same sturdy republican independence, activity, and success. Who can stand against God and the Great Novgorod ?-Kto protiv Boga i Velikago Novgoroda .J-was the famous proverbial expression of this self-sufficiency and success. From the beginning of the Crusading Age to the fall of the Byzantine Empire Novgorod is unique among Russian cities, not only for its population, its commerce, and its citizen army (assuring it almost complete freedom from external domination even in the Mongol Age), but also as controlling an empire, or sphere of influence, extending over the far North from Lapland to the Urals and the Ob.
    [Show full text]
  • Ordo Supremus Militaris Templi Hierosolymitani (OSMTH) Annual
    OSMTH Annual Report 2012 Page Ordo Supremus Militaris Templi Hierosolymitani (OSMTH) Annual Report 2012 OSMTH is a United Naons Non‐Governmental Organizaon (NGO) registered in Geneva, Switzerland. Swiss Federal Registry Number CH‐660.1972999‐4 OSMTH Annual Report 2012 Page 2 Table of Contents Royal Patron Message 3 Religious Protector Message 4 Grand Master Welcome 5 Grand Commander Welcome 6 Grand Priory Reports 7-26 We are Expanding 27 Our Vision OSMTH’s raison d’etre is expressed through the Brussels Declaration: “Aiding humanity on the pilgrimage through life.” Vision and Commitment Christian Ethos, Spirituality and Chivalric Values. Domestic Charity and International Humanitarian Aid Human Rights and the respect for Human Diversity Interfaith Dialogue and Bridge-Building OSMTH Annual Report 2012 Page 3 ROYAL PATRON Cordon of the GPUSA Order of Merit in 1996. Subse- quently, she agreed to become the Royal Patron of the Ordo Supremus Militaris Templi Hierosolimitani (OSMTH). Princess Elisabeth is the widow of His Serene High- ness Prince Ferdinand Heinrich of Ysenburg and eldest daughter of Prince Friedrich Ferdinand of Schleswig- Holstein-Sonderburg- Glücksburg. Her mother is Duch- ess Anastasia of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She is the great granddaughter of Grand Duchess Anastasia Mikhailovna of Russia, wife of Grand Duke Friedrich Franz III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and daughter of Grand Duke Michael of Russia, younger son of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia. Princess Elisabeth is descended twice from Empress Catherine II “the Great” of Russia. Also, she is a great- great-granddaughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and a great-great-great-great granddaughter of King George III of Great Britain, America’s last King.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Ethics of Nineteenth Century Russia
    Social ethics of nineteenth century Russia The same corrupting influence that Paris had upon France, St. Petersburg had upon Russia. Social ethics of nineteenth century Russia v. 15.11, www.philaletheians.co.uk, 25 December 2017 Page 1 of 8 DOWN TO EARTH SERIES SOCIAL ETHICS OF NINETEENTH CENTURY RUSSIA 1 First published in The Pioneer, Allahabad, March 12th, 1880. Republished in Blavatsky Collected Writings, (THE HISTORY OF A “ BOOK”) II pp. 351-61. S THE INDICATIONS IN THE PRESS ALL POINT TOWARDS A RUSSIAN REIGN OF TERROR, either before or at the death of the Czar — a bird’s-eye view of A the constitution of Russian society will enable us to better understand events as they transpire. Three distinct elements compose what is now known as the Russian aristocracy. These may be broadly said to represent the primitive Slavonian, the primitive Tatar, and the composite Russianized immigrants from other countries, and subjects of conquered states, such as the Baltic provinces. The flower of the haute noblesse, those whose hereditary descent places them beyond challenge in the very first rank, are the Rurikovich, or descendants of the Grand Duke Rurik and the aforetime sepa- rate principalities of Novgorod, Pskov, etc., which were welded together into the Mus- covite empire. Such are the Princes Bariatinsky, Dolgoruky, Shuysky (now extinct, we believe), Shcherbatov, Urussov, Viazemsky, etc.2 Moscow has been the centre of the greater part of this princely class since the days of Catherine the Great; and though, in most cases, ruined in fortune, they are yet as proud and exclusive as the blue-blooded French families of the Quartier St.
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Choices of Russia's Democracy
    William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal Volume 1 (1992) Issue 2 "Winds of Change" Symposium Article 5 October 1992 Critical Choices of Russia's Democracy Svetlana A. Chervonnaya Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj Part of the Comparative Politics Commons Repository Citation Svetlana A. Chervonnaya, Critical Choices of Russia's Democracy, 1 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 227 (1992), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj/vol1/iss2/5 Copyright c 1992 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj CRITICAL CHOICES OF RUSSIA'S DEMOCRACY by Svetlana A. Chervonnaya* Winds of change are sweeping across the land known for seventy-four years as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.). The umbilical cord has finally been cut. The newborn nation-states face critical choices about nation-building and, more specifically, about developing constitutions and economies. Painfully shedding the vestiges of imperial heritage, the people of Russia must choose between democracy and authoritarianism. Six years ago the U.S.S.R. proclaimed its desire to return to the mainstream of civilization, rejecting its totalitarian past and launching a chain reaction of democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe. This promise of a new democratic world is still far from being realized in Russia. In the midst of economic chaos, political disintegration, and ethnic strife, there is a growing popular sentiment that this turmoil is the price to be paid for the freedom of expression brought by Gorbachev's glasnost and perestroika.
    [Show full text]
  • “Hands Off That Sacred Image!” the Vladimir Icon and Its Power
    “Hands off That Sacred Image!” The Vladimir Icon and Its Power Maria Sergeevna Bakatkina Department of Slavic Languages and Literature University of Virginia April 2017 2 Content Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………. 3 Chapter 1. The Vladimir Icon and Its Restorations …………………….………...…… 8 Chapter 2. A Journey of a Single Image through the History of Russia ...…………… 26 Chapter 3. The Reflection of the Vladimir Icon in Visual Arts ....………………….…47 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………….… 75 List of Images ……………………………………………………………….………... 76 Bibliography ……………………………………………………………….…………. 78 3 «Страшная история России вся прошла перед Твоим Лицом» - М. Волошин1 On December 4th, 1998, a Russian avant-garde artist, Avdei Ter-Ogan’ian, made a performance called The Young Atheist (“Юный безбожник”) as a part of the exhibition at Moscow Manege. His performance included three icons, the Vladimir icon, Spas Nerukotvornyi, and Pantocrator (Spas Vsederzhatel’), and a poster with the following words: Dear connoisseurs of contemporary art, here you can get a wonderful source for blasphemy. Spas Nerukotvornyi - 200 rubles; the Vladimir icon - 150 rubles; Spas Vsederzhatel’- 120 rubles. The gallery offers you the following services: Desecration of the icon purchased by young infidels - 50 rubles; You can desecrate the icon personally under the guidance of young atheists - 20 rubles; You can get advice for desecrating icons at home - 10 rubles.2 Nobody volunteered, and the artist began to cut the icons with an axe (fig. 1). After the performance the criminal case was initiated against the artist on charges of inciting religious hatred.3 To avoid punishment Ter-Ogan’ian fled to the Czech Republic, and in 2010 the case was closed due to the expiration of the statute of limitations.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of RUSSIA (IX-XVIII Centuries)
    Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского Национальный исследовательский университет Факультет иностранных студентов К.В. Кемаев ВВЕДЕНИЕ В КУРС ПО ИСТОРИИ РОССИИ (IX-XVIII ВЕКА) Учебное пособие Предназначено для студентов, обучающихся по направлению «Информационные технологии» (программа подготовки бакалавров с интенсивным использованием английского языка) Нижний Новгород 2010 Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod National Research University Faculty for International Students Konstantin Kemaev INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF RUSSIA (IX-XVIII centuries) Tutorial Meant for international students, majoring in «Information Technologies» (B.Sc. Programme) Nizhni Novgorod 2010 2 CONTENTS Course Agenda ………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Session 1. Russian lands before 862 AD ……………………………………………………….. 4 Session 2. First Rurikids and foundation of the Rus’ of Kiev ………………………………….. 7 Session 3. Decline & political fragmentation of the Rus’ of Kiev …………………………….. 11 Session 4. Mongol invasion & overlordship (yoke) ……………………………………….…… 15 Session 5. Rise of the Moscow State …………………………………………………………… 19 Session 6. Moscow Tsardom under Rurikids …………………………………………………... 23 Session 7. Time of Troubles …………………………………………………………………… 27 Session 8. Moscow Tsardom under Romanov dynasty, XVII century ………………………… 30 Session 9. Russian Empire, XVIII century …………………………………………………….. 35 List of Themes for Examination ……………………………………...…………………………
    [Show full text]
  • Byzantine Influence on Russia Through the Ages", Culture & Memory
    Panayiota Nazou, The Memory of the Dissident/Divergent Left the great wager, the constant struggle for its attainment is the great reality. Byzantine Influence on Russia BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, John R: Language, Memory, and Thought (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1976). Through the Ages Angelakopoulos, A.: To Epanastat1ko Kenema trs Ergatikes Taxis (The RevolutiOnary Mavement ofthe Workers' Class) [URL Directory: http://www.politikokafeneio.com/istoria/ Files: Norma Ryan epanastatikol30505.htm- epanastatiko270505.htm], May 2005. Asteriou, E. and Lambatos, G.: He Amten antrpolite.fsr sten Ellada (Athena: Filistor, 1995). Macquarie University Castoriadis, Cornelius: He Fantas1ake Thesmese tis Kenonias (Athena: Rappas, 1981). - To epanastatiko provlema semera (Athena: Ypsilon!Vivlia, 1984). - Synchronos lcaprtalrsmos lear epanastastase; trans. K. Kouremenos and A. Stinas (Athena: Ypsilon!Vivlia, 1987) Introduction - Oi omilies sten Ellada (Athena: Ypsilon!Vivlia, 1990). The spread of Byzantine culture and its influence on regions beyond its immediate - 0 thrymmatrsmenos lcasmos (Athena: Ypsilon!Vivha, 1992). control was considerable and long lasting. From a Russian perspective, the most Emmanouilides, M.: A~ret1kes diadromes 0 ellm1kos trotskismos kai o B' Pagkosmios polemos (Athena: important legacy of the Byzantine Empire was its impact on the development of Russian Filistor, 2001). Falilgot, R. and Kauffer, R: "Pablo: 0 teleftaios ton Moikanon", in Michel Raptis (Pablo), He polit1ke society and culture, which followed the acceptance in the 1Oth century of the Orthodox mou autovwgraphra, 3rd edition (Athena: lkaros, 2005). religion by the ancestors of modern-day Russians. Through this impact Byzantine Paul Froelich, Rosa Luxemburg: Her Life and Work (London: Seldes, 1940). Christianity has had a profound and permanent effect on Russian civilisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Mongol Influences on the Development of Moscow
    ~--- The Mongol Connection: Mongol Influences on the Development of Moscow MICHAEL VOGEL Communicated by: Dr. Dmitry Shlapentokh Department of History ABSTRACT The Mongols ruled Russia for 240 years during the 13th to 15th centuries. One of the greatest effects of Mongol rule in Russia was the rise of Moscow as not only the preeminent city in Russia but also the central power of a large and expanding empire. This paper explores the connections and influences between Mongol rule and Moscow's rise to power. At the time of the Mongol conquest Russia was ceeded. badly divided, a mere collection of city-states, and The Mongols defeated Russia in two rapid winter Moscow deserved mention only as one of the lesser campaigns from 1237 to 1240. There is disagreement towns sacked by the Mongol general Batu (The about the true extent of the devastation, but the dead Chronicles 82). By the end of Mongol rule, Moscow certainly numbered in the hundreds of thousands (Sil­ not only became the center of power, but also pos­ fen 15). In Batu's campaigns of 1237-40, the south, sessed the tools required to eventually control an em­ which suffered more than the north, was extensively pire that rivaled that of the Mongol Empire in size, depopulated, and many inhabitants were killed or car­ and lasted until the end of the 20th century. This ried off as slaves. Plano Carpini, traveling trough the paper explores how this Mongol connection made it Kievan area a few years later on a mission for the possible. Pope, wrote of seeing innumerable bones and skulls on Current knowledge of Mongol activities is largely every roadside.
    [Show full text]
  • Zemsky Sobors of the Late 16Th- Early 17Th Century in Russia: Historiographical Stereotypes in the Reflection of Historical Sour
    ISSN: 0213-2079 – ISSN electrónico: 2386-3889 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14201/shhmo2015377191 ZEMSKY SOBORS OF THE LATE 16th – EARLY 17th CENTURY IN RUSSIA: HISTORIOGRAPHICAL STEREOTYPES IN THE REFLECTION OF HISTORICAL SOURCES Los Zemskie Sobory en la Rusia de finales del sigloXVI y comienzos del XVII: los estereotipos historiográficos reflejados en las fuentes históricas Dmitry Vladímirovich LISÉYTSEV Instituto de Historia de Rusia de la Academia de Ciencias de Rusia, Moscú Correo-e: [email protected] RESUMEN: En los estudios dedicados a la historia de los Zemskie Sobory rusos se estableció la tradición de trazar un parangón entre los Sobory y las asambleas representativas de los países europeos de los siglos xvi y xvii (el Parlamento en Inglaterra, los Estados Generales en Francia, las Cortes en España). Se considera que a finales del siglo xvi y comienzos del xvii (especialmente durante el Período de los Tumultos) tuvo lugar el auge de los Zemskie Sobory, coincidiendo con la debilidad del gobierno central, que, actuando en condiciones de guerra civil, buscaba el apoyo de la sociedad en las instituciones estamentales representativas. Entretanto, el análisis de las fuentes históricas primarias no permite afirmar que losZemskie Sobory tuvieran en este período mucha más inportancia que con anterioridad. Los Zemskie Sobory, incluyendo las mayormente estudiadas asambleas electivas de 1598 y 1613, fueron organizados con violaciones serias del procedimiento electivo, y las provincias no fueron representadas tal como, sin embargo, era descrito en la documentación oficial. El problema de la importancia de los Zemskie Sobory en el sistema político del Estado Moscovita a comienzos del siglo xvii requiere futuras investigaciones.
    [Show full text]