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5-13-11

“Shots from a Luce Cannon”:

Combating Communism in , 1953-1956

Working Bibliography

OFFICIAL RECORDS AND PERSONAL PAPERS

Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas

Ann Whitman Files

John Foster Dulles Papers

Alfred Gruenther Papers

Psychological Strategy Board Central Files

University of Florida, Gainesville

Alden Hatch Papers

Library of Congress, Washington, DC

Clare Boothe Luce Papers

National Archives, College Park, Maryland

General Records of the Department of State (RG 59)

Central Decimal Files

Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs Files (Entry 1274)

NIEs, SEs, and SNIEs (Entry 1373)

Records of Foreign Service Posts (RG 84)

Luce Embassy Records (Entry 2783)

CREST (Central Intelligence Agency Records Search Tool) Database 2

National Archives, Kew, London

Foreign Office: General Correspondence (FO 371)

Confidential Print: Italy (FO 482)

Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Washington, DC

Subject Files

Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

John Foster Dulles Papers

Emmet Hughes Papers

Washington National Records Center, Suitland, Maryland

Records of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (RG 330)

ISA Files (Accession 60A-1025)

OSD Files (Accession 63A-1575)

Charles Wilson Files (Accession 63A-1768)

OSD Subject Files (Accession 64A-2093)

ISA-NSC Files (Accession 68A-4024)

ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEWS

Columbia University Oral History Project, New York

Luce, Clare Boothe. Interviewed by John Luter, 11 .

John Foster Dulles Oral History Project, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

Gates, Thomas S. Interviewed by Richard D. Challener, 13 July 1965.

Radford, Arthur W. Interviewed by Philip A Crowl, 8 May 1965. 3

The Eisenhower Administration and NATO Nuclear Strategy: An Oral History Roundtable. 16 March 1990. Conducted by David A. Rosenberg and Robert A Wampler. Participants: R. Gordon Arneson, Robert Bowie, Douglas MacArthur II, Edwin Martin, Ernest May, Jennifer Sims.

Frontline Diplomacy. The Foreign Affairs Oral History Collection of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/collections/diplomacy)

Engle, James B. Interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy, 1 August 1988.

Gammon, Samuel R. Interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy, 2 February 1989.

Harrop, William C. Interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy, 24 August 1993.

Luce, Clare Boothe. Interviewed by Ann Miller Morin. 19 June 1986.

McCusker, Paul D. Interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy, 14 October 1991.

Stabler, Wells B Interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy, 5 April 1991.

Torbert, Horace G. Interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy. 31 August 1988.

Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Washington, DC

Hensel, H. Struve. Interviewed by Maurice Matloff, 26 October 1983.

INTERNET DOCUMENTARY DATABASES

Central Intelligence Agency.

Declassified Documents Reference System.

Digital National Security Archive (nsarchive.chadwyck.com)

PUBLISHED SOURCES

U.S. CONGRESS

Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Hearings: Mutual Security Act of 1958. 85th Congress, 2d Session, 1958.

DOCUMENTARY COLLECTIONS 4

Minutes of Telephone Conversations of John Foster Dulles and Christian Herter, 1953-1961. 11 Microfilm Reels.1980.

U.S. Department of State. American Foreign Policy, 1950-1955: Basic Documents. 2 vols. 1957.

______. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948. Vol. 3: Western Europe. 1974.

______. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949. Vo. 4: Western Europe. 1975.

______. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950. Vol. 3: Western Europe. 1977.

______. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1951. Vol. 4: Europe: Political and Economic Developments. 1985.

______. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952-1954.

Vol. 2: National Security Affairs. 1984.

Vol. 6: Western Europe and Canada. 1986..

______. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957. Vol. 27: Western Europe and Canada. 1992.

______. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960. Vol. 7: Western Europe. 1993..

______. Foreign Relations of the United States: The Intelligence Establishment, 1950-1955.

Galambos, Louis, et al, eds. The Presidency: the Middle Way. Vol. XIV of The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953-1961. 8 vols. 1960-61.

MEMOIRS AND DIARIES

Baldrige, Letitia. Roman Candle: The Life of a Social Secretary. London: Robert Hale, 1957.

______. A Lady First: My Life in the Kennedy White House and the American Embassies of Paris and Rome. New York: Viking, 2001.

Campbell, John C., ed. Successful Negotiation: Trieste 1954: An Appraisal by the Five Participants. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1976.

5

Colby, William. Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.

Eisenhower, Dwight D. Mandate for Change, 1953-1956. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963..

Farrell, Robert H., ed. The Diary of James C. Hagerty: Eisenhower at [in?] Mid-Course, 1954- 1955. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1983.

Nenni, Pietro. Tempo di Guerra Fredda: Diari 1943-1956. Milan: Sugar, 1981.

Ortona, Egidio. La Diplomazia: 1953-1961. Vol. II of Anni d’America. Bologona: Il Mulino, 1986.

Sulzberger, C. L. A Long Row of Candles: Memoirs and Diaries, 1953-1954. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

Tarchiani, Alberto. Dieci Anni tra Roma I Washington. Milan: Mondadori, 1955.

Wollenberg, Leo J. Stars, Stripes, and Italian Tricolor: The United States and Italy, 1946-1989. New York: Praeger, 1990.

BOOKS

Amyot, Grant. The Italian Communist Party: The Crisis of the Popular Front Strategy. New York: St. Martin’s, 1981.

Blackmer, Donald L. M. Unity in Diversity: Italian Communism and the Communist World. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press, 1968.

Blum, William. The CIA: A Forgotten History. London: Zed, 1986.

Brogi, Alessandro. A Question of Self-Esteem: The United States and the Cold War Choices in France and Italy, 1944-1958. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2002.

Cook, Blanche Wiesen. The Declassified Eisenhower: A Divided Legacy. Garden City. NY: Doubleday, 1981.

DeConde, Alexander. Half Bitter, Half Sweet: An Excursion into Italian-American History. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1971.

Di Scala, Spencer M. Renewing Italian Socialism: Nenni to Craxi. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Farraresi, Franco. Threats to Democracy: The Radical Right in Italy after the War. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1996.

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Fillipelli, Ronald L. American Labor and Postwar Italy, 1943-1953: A Study of Cold War Politics. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989.

Grindrod, Muriel. The Rebuilding of Italy: Politics and Economics, 1945-1955. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1955.

Hatch, Alden. Ambassador Extraordinary: . New York: Henry Holt, 1955, 1956.

Horowitz, Daniel L. The Italian Labor Movement. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963.

Hughes, H, Stuart. The United States and Italy. Rev. ed. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.

Ismay, Hastings Lionel. NATO: The First Five Years, 1949-1954. [Paris, 1954].

Kogan, Norman. A Political History of Italy: The Postwar Years. New York: Praeger, 1983.

LaPalombara, Joseph. The Italian Labor Movement: Problems and Prospects. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1957.

Leighton, Richard M. Strategy, Money, and the New Look, 1953-1956. Vol. II in History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Washington, D.C.: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2001.

Mammarella, Giuseppe. Italy after Fascism: A Political History, 1943-1965. Rev. Ed. Notre Dame, Indiana: Notre Dame University Press, 1966.

Martin, Ralph. Henry and Clare: An Intimate Portrait of the Luces. New York: G.P. Putnam’s, 1991.

Morin, Ann Miller. Her Excellency: An Oral History of American Women Ambassadors. New York: Twayne, 1995.

Morris, Sylvia Jukes. Rage for Fame: The Ascent of Clare Boothe Luce. New York: Random House, 1997.

Muravchik, Joshua. Exporting Democracy: Fulfilling America’s Destiny. Washington, DC: AEI, 1991.

Prados, John. Lost Crusader: The Secret War of CIA Director . Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2003.

Sassoon, Donald. The Strategy of the Italian Communist Party: From the Resistance to the Historic Compromise. New York: St. Martin’s, 1981.

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______. Contemporary Italy: Economy, Society and Politics since 1945. 2d ed. London: Longman, 1987.

Schaffer, Howard B. Ellsworth Bunker: Global Troubleshooter, Vietnam Hawk. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.

Serfaty, Simon, and Lawrence Gray, eds. The Italian Communist Party: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1980.

Shadegg, Stephen. Clare Boothe Luce: A Biography. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1970.

Sheed, Wilfred. Clare Boothe Luce. New York; E. P. Dutton, 1982.

Treverton, Gregory F. Covert Action: The Limits of Intervention in the Postwar World. New York: Basic, 1987.

Winks, Robin W. Cloak & Gown: Scholars in the Secret War, 1939-1961. New York: Morrow, 1987.

Wiskeman, Elizabeth. Italy Since 1945. London: Macmillan, 1971.

Zuckerman, Alan S. The Politics of Faction: Christian Democratic Rule in Italy. New Haven: Press, 1979.

ARTICLES

Barnes, Trevor. “The Secret Cold War: The C.I.A. and American Foreign Policy in Europe, 1946-1956.” Part I, Historical Journal, 24, 2 (1981):399-415, and Part II, 24, 3 (1982):649-70.

Barzini, Luigi, Jr. “Ambasador Luce, As Italians See Her.” Harper’s, 211, 1262 (June 1955):23- 30.

Blackmer, Donald L. M. “The International Strategy of the Italian Communist Party.” In The International Role of the Communist Parties of Italy and France, by Donald L. M. Blackmer and Annie Kriegel, 1-34. Cambridge: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1975.

Brogi, Alessandro. “Ike and Italy: The Eisenhower Administration and Italy’s ‘Neo-Atlanticist” Agenda,” Journal of Cold War Studies, 4, 3 (Summer 2003):5-35.

Del Pero, Mario. “The United States and ‘Psychological Warfare’ in Italy, 1948-1955.” Journal of American History, 87, 4 (March 2001):1304-34.

______. “Containing Containment: Rethinking Italy’s Experience During the Cold War.” Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 8, 4 (2003):532-55. 8

______. “American Pressures and Their Containment in Italy during the Ambassadorship of Clare Boothe Luce. 1953-1956.” Diplomatic History, 28, 3 (June 2004):403-39.

Di Nolfo, Ennio. “’Power Politics’: The Italian Pattern (1951-1957).” In Power in Europe? II. Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy and the Origins of the EEC, 1952-1957, edited by Ennio di Nolfo, 530-45. New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1992.

Edelman, Murray. “Causes of Fluctuation in Popular Support for the Italian Communist Party Since 1946.” Journal of Politics, 20, 3 (August 1958):535-52.

Harper, John L. “Italy and the World since 1945.” In Italy Since 1945, edited by Patrick McCarthy, 95-117. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Marchetti, Victor. “The CIA in Italy: An Interview with Victor Marchetti.” In Dirty Work: The CIA in Western Europe, edited by Philip Agee and Louis Wolf, 168-73. Secaucus, New Jersey: Lyle Stuart, 1978.

Miller, James E. “Taking Off the Gloves: The United States and the Italian Elections of 1948.” Diplomatic History, 7 (Winter 1983):35-56.

Mistry, Kaeten. “The Case for Political Warfare: Strategy, Organization and US Involvement in the 1948 Italian Election.” Cold War History, 6, 3 (August 2006):301-29.

Nuti, Leopoldo. “The United States, Italy, and the Opening to the Left, 1953-1963.” Journal of Cold War Studies, 4, 3 (Summer 2002):36-55.

______, and Maurizio Cremasco. “Linchpin of the Southern Flank? A General Survey of Italy in NATO, 1949-99.” In A History of NATO: The First Fifty Years, edited by Gustav Schmidt, 3:317-445. New York: Palgrave, 2001.

Platt, Alan A., and Robert Leonardi. “American Foreign Policy and the Postwar Italian Left.” Political Science Quarterly, 93, 2 (Summer 1978):197-215.

Pogiolini, Ilaria. “Italy.” In The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives, edited by David Reynolds, 121-43. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1994.

Rich, Clifford A. L. “Political Trends in Italy.” Western Political Quarterly, 6, 3 (September 1953):469-88.

Rossetti, Maria Vittoria. “An Italian Woman’s Thoughts on an Arriving Plenipotentiary.” The Reporter, 26 May 1953, 20-22.

Schratz, Paul R. “Robert Bostwick Carney.” In The Chiefs of Naval Operations, edited by Robert William Love, Jr., 243- ___. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1980. 9

Sterling, Claire. “Italy Is Not Yet Lost.” The Reporter, March 2, 1954, 23-25.

______, and Max Ascoli. “The Lady of Villa Taverna.” The Reporter, February 23, 1956, 12- 19.

Varsori, Antonio. “Italy and Western Defense 1948-55: The Elusive Ally.” In Securing Peace in Europe, 1945-1962, edited by Beatrice Heuser and Robert O’Neill, 196-221. New York: St. Martin’s, 1992.

______. “A Minor Ally? Italy and the Atlantic Alliance from the Collapse of the EDC to the French Decision to Leave NATO.” In Von Truman bis Harmel: Die Bundesrepublik Deutschalnd in Spannungsfeld von NATO und Europaischer Integration, edited by Hans- Joachim Harder. 75-90. Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2000.

Weitz, Peter R. “The CGIL and the PCI: From Subordination to Independent Political Force.” In Communism in Italy and France, edited by Donald L. M. Blackmer and Sidney Tarrow, 541- ___, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975.

National Security Archive, Suite 701, Gelman Library, The George Washington University, 2130 H Street, NW, Washington, D.C., 20037, Phone: 202/994‐7000, Fax: 202/994‐7005, [email protected]