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iniJally again in charge of the botany course Phycological Trailblazer in the Faculty of Sciences at the University of No. 38 Bordeaux, and later he became professor there. It was at Bordeaux where he spent the Camille Sauvageau greater part of his professional career. The early phase of his career was (originally printed in the Phycological newsle4er. 2013. spent in studying aquaJc flowering plants Vol. 49 No. 1) (Potamageton, Zostera, Cymodocea, Halodule, and Phyllospadix) as well as The illustrious career of Camille bacteriology, fungi and fungal diseases. It was Sauvageau (Fig. 1), who made some not unJl 1892 when he published his first landmark discoveries on the life histories of paper on brown algae. In the same year he brown algae and achieved remarkable also published on Nostoc and on freshwater success for his mes, deserves to be included algae collected in Algeria. in this series. His studies So from 1892 onward, his of algae were only a part a4enJon was directed of the full range of his toward the brown algae. botanical, mycological, He received guidance and physiological from the eminent Édouard interests. Camille- Bornet in his first efforts at François Sauvageau was studying small epiphyJc born on 12 May, 1861 in brown algae. He was Angers, Maire-et-Loire, especially drawn toward France. He earned the making observaJons on Bachelor of Sciences reproducJon and life degree from the histories in brown algae. University of Rennes in In meJculous detail, 1879, the licenJate’s Sauvageau (1898a, 1929) degrees in physical described his a4empts, sciences (1882) and both his successes and his natural sciences (1884) failures, in making from the University of “expediJons” and in Montpellier, and finally establishing cultures. He the doctorate degree in spent Jme in the natural sciences from the mid-1890s on the north University of Paris in 1891. coast of Spain, collecJng Fig. 1. Camille Sauvageau [from Dangeard, Career-wise, at first he 1936] and his signature. at Gijón, Ribadeo, San had low-level jobs such as Vicente de la Barquera, and preparator for the botany La Coruña, a very course in the Faculty of Sciences in picturesque coastline but then difficult to Montpellier, as a teacher at a secondary traverse because of the lack of a road parallel school in Bordeaux, and as an adjunct to the coast (Dangeard, 1937). He also professor of the Faculty of Sciences in Lyon. ventured out to Tenerife in the Canary Islands In 1898 he became in charge of the botany and to Algeria to carry out his studies. Back in course of the Faculty of Sciences at Dijon, France he frequented coastal sites such as then later professor there. In 1901 he was Cherbourg, Guéthary, and Roscoff. He would !1 gametophytes, analogous to the life cycle of ferns. Sauvageau (1915a, b, c) made this discovery in the kelp Saccorhiza bulbosa from material that he obtained from the shore at Guéthary (Basse-Pyrénées) in the south- western corner of France, and from material obtained from near the Biological StaJon at Roscoff. He observed heterogamous [oogamous] sexual reproducJon involving an alternaJon of heteromorphic generaJons. The large plant known under this name is the sporophyte, and it bears uniform sporangia. He saw that each sporangium forms idenJcal zoospores, and aoer their germinaJon, they become either independent female (Fig. 2) or male (Fig. 3) gametophytes of microscopic Figs 2. Saccorhiza bulbosa. Development of young size. The “oosphere” [egg] extruded from the sporophytes from female gametophytes. [From female gametophyte, aoer ferJlizaJon, Sauvageau, 1915b.] immediately germinates and develops the plantule that grows into the familiar kelp. ask for a hotel room with windows facing Sauvageau speculated (correctly) that this life north, to avoid full sunlight. He would set out history is probably true for all the Petri dishes with his cultures on the outside laminarioids. windowsill. On occasion a gust of wind would send a Petri dish to the ground, destroying the culture. He would take his cultures to the laboratory at Banyuls or at Roscoff and conJnue to make observaJons. Sauvageau’s early use of culture techniques opened that avenue of research for several other invesJgators, such as kathleen Drew-Baker, Jean Feldmann and Peter kornmann, who followed his lead in using cultures to unravel life histories of not only brown algae but red and green algae. The scope of Sauvageau’s interest in brown algae ran the gamut, from the very small epiphytes to those of intermediate stature up to Desmares9a, fucoids (Cystoseira and Fucus) and the kelps. Papenfuss (1955) characterized Sauvageau’s descripJon of the heterom- orphic life history in the Laminariales as an “epoch-making discovery”, and indeed it was, Fig. 3. Saccorhiza bulbosa. Male gametophytes that the dominant sporophyJc phase with antheridia. [From Sauvageau, 1915c.] alternated with microscopic oogamous !2 In fact, Sauvageau Sauvageau (1932a) also was responsible for criJcal proposed the term observaJons on the life “plethysmothallus”. He histories in a number of was well aware that many brown algae. In the brown algae, such as Cutleriales (1898b, 1899b, Myriotrichia, were 1905, 1907d, 1908e), thanks apparent in nature for only to maintaining cultures for a limited Jme in nature, long periods, he was able to be it a few months or even work out that Cutleria just a few weeks, and then adspersa and Aglaozonia they would disappear for melanoidea, which were the rest of the year. Their common at Guéthary, conspicuous state was represented the sexual and their “delophycean” stage, asexual dimorphic phases of and he referred to them the same species. being in their In the Sporochnales eclipsophycean stage he reported an alternaJon during the Jme they of heteromorphic disappeared. Fig. 4. U9lisa9on des algues marines by generaJons in Carpomitra Plethysmothalli were not Sauvageau (1920a). (1926b) and the prothalli, a term reserved gametophyte generaJon for for gametophytes, nor Nereia (1927a). For Tilopteris mertensii were they protonema, which was part of the (1928c, d) he observed that the monospores sporophyte, nor were they plantules, which behaved as propagules, recycling the plants. are the start of the young individuals that He was the first (1927d) to noJce and take on the form known in the adult plant. describe var. peregrina of Colpomenia The plethysmothalli are microscopic thalli sinuosa, which was an immigrant to the that produce zoospores, forming more of this Basque coastline. The life histories of many “adelophycean” stage, and at the right Jme brown algal genera (S9ctyosiphon, the zoospores give rise to the conspicuous Litopsiphon, Chordaria, Liebmannia, phase of the life history. Punctaria, Asperococcus, Over the full extent of his study of Dictyosiphon, Sporochnus, Arthrocladia, algae, Sauvageau was also interested in their Nemacys9s, and others) were invesJgated by physiology and their potenJal for uJlizaJon. Sauvageau (1928b, 1929, 1931a). Asexual Sauvageau (1907c) had a lengthy paper on cycles were noted for some of them. He the phenomenon of the “greening” of oysters (1900-1914) also was strongly drawn to the (their gills) by their filter-feeding on the family Sphacelariaceae and had many papers diatom Haslea [formerly Navicula] ostrearia on its members. (Gaillon) Simonsen, the only organism known From years of his experience in to accumulate this blue-green pigment in its observing how brown algae behave in vacuoles (Davidovich et al., 2009). This culture, Sauvageau (1924a, b) was the first to pigment in oysters was first described by describe the phenomenon of “heteroblasty”, Gaillon (1820), and it was first given the in which zoospores, from the same origin, name “marennin” by Lankester (1895), now show two developmental pathways, different spelled ”marennine” (Pouvreau et al., 2006). both morphologically and physiologically. !3 a consultant during the World War on possible industrial uJlizaJon of seaweeds. In 1920 he published the book Ulisa9on des algues marines (Fig. 4), summarizing the state of the art for the applicaJon of seaweeds and seaweed products commercially and in agriculture. Later, he (1921b, 1922) published on the “gelose”, or agar, produced and stored in seaweeds, their phycocolloids (carrageenan and agar), recognizing the important red algae Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus, and members of the Gelidiaceae. He thought that iodine was accumulated in special cells called “ioduques” (1925a) and bromine in other special cells (“bromuques”) (1926a), but this was later quesJoned by kylin (1930). Fig. 5. Sauvageaugloia divaricata. [Playa de Muxia, Sauvageau was responsible for the La Coruña, Spain, leg. J. Cremades, Exsicc. Algae descripJon of several new genera, most of Ibericae No. 99, in MICH] which are of brown algae: Chilionema (1898a), Hecatonema (1898a), Climacosorus These green oysters were known in Paris as (1933c), and Gontrania (1936). But some of “huîtres de Marennes”, Marennes on the his generic names (Alethocladus, Disphacella, Normandy coast being a primary source of Phaeocaulon, Protasperococcus, and their growth, or mariculture. Going back to Strepsithalia) have subsequently been the early 19th century oyster merchants along regarded as congeneric with older names. He certain stretches of the coastline of northern also described a few Cyanobacterial genera: France would place 500,000 to 600,000 Radaisia, Synechocys9s and Tapinothrix. oysters in “parks” or tanks, about 200 feet in Sauvageau was the recipient of length by 50 feet in width and 4 feet in depth numerous academic prizes (Prix Desmazières, and at certain season during the year Prix Gay, Prix Montagne). The genus (especially April to June and also in Sauvageaugloia was named in his honor by September), the kylin (1940), the water in these current name of reservoirs acquire a the type species bluish-green Jnt, being S. divaricata due to the growth (Clem.) Cremades of the H. ostrearia (Fig. 5). He even (Lankester, 1895). has a street in Sauvageau Bordeaux named always maintained aer him (Fig. 6). A a sense of the list of his pracJcal, and as publicaons up the French through 1931 was authority on Fig.

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