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Forêt De Cystoseires, De Sargasses, Encorbellement À Lithophyllum Et Bloom D’Ostreopsis

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Forêt De Cystoseires, De Sargasses, Encorbellement À Lithophyllum Et Bloom D’Ostreopsis THESE DE DOCTORAT D’AIX-MARSEILLE UNIVERSITE Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography Ecole Doctorale Sciences de l’Environnement (ED 251) Spécialité Océanographie Le changement global en Méditerranée Nord Occidentale : forêt de Cystoseires, de Sargasses, encorbellement à Lithophyllum et bloom d’Ostreopsis Global change in the NW Mediterranean Sea: the fate of forests of Cystoseira and Sargassum, Lithophyllum rims and blooms of Ostreopsis Aurélie Blanfuné |soutenue à Marseille le 1er juillet 2016 devant le jury composé de : Enric Ballesteros CSIC, CEAB Blanes Rapporteur Conxi Rodríguez-Prieto Universitat de Girona Rapporteur Line Le Gall MNHN Examinateur Charles-François Boudouresque Aix-Marseille Université, M.I.O. Directeur de thèse Marc Verlaque CNRS, M.I.O. Directeur de thèse Remerciements Les mots me manquent sauf un : Merci à vous Merci à mes directeurs de thèse, Charles-François Boudouresque et Marc Verlaque. Merci aux membres du jury, Enric Ballesteros, Line Le Gall et Conxi Rodríguez-Prieto. Merci à Pierre Boissery, Agence de l’Eau Rhône Méditerrannée-Corse, d’avoir accepté que je réalise mon projet de thèse. Merci à Richard Sempéré, Directeur de l’Institut Méditerranéen d’Océanographie (M.I.O.) et à toute l’équipe EMBIO, pour m’avoir accueillie au sein du laboratoire. Merci à Michèle Boudouresque-Perret, Mélanie Ourgaud, Eric Pironneau, Sandrine Ruitton et Laura Palomba. Merci à ma famille, mes parents, mes grands-parents, ma sœur, mon mari Thierry et ma fille Emma. Un grand MERCI à toutes et à tous Aurélie Il y a trois stades de connaissance : ce qu'on croit, ce qu'on sait et ce qu'on peut prouver (Peter Parker) Je suis une cartésienne désabusée : je pense, donc je suis, mais je m’en fous ! (Gaspard Proust) Blanfuné A., 2016. Le changement global en Méditerranée Nord Occidentale : forêt de Cystoseires, de Sargasses, encorbellement à Lithophyllum et bloom d’Ostreopsis. Thèse de doctorat. Aix-Marseille Université. 478 pp. Sommaire Introduction ........................................................................................................................................1 Matériel & Méthodes .........................................................................................................................9 1. Sites d’étude ..................................................................................................................................11 2. La récolte des données ...............................................................................................................12 2.1. Les données historiques ...............................................................................................................12 2.2. Les campagnes d’échantillonnage ...............................................................................................13 3. L’analyse de données ..................................................................................................................14 3.1. Analyse des données concernant les Fucales ..............................................................................14 3.2. La vitalité des encorbellements à Lithophyllum byssoides ........................................................14 3.3. Calcul des surfaces des Aires Marines Protégées .......................................................................15 Partie 1. Taxonomie ........................................................................................................................17 1. L’étagement biocénotique .........................................................................................................19 1.1. L’étage médiolittoral ....................................................................................................................21 1.2. L’étage infralittoral.......................................................................................................................21 1.3. Le circalittoral ..............................................................................................................................22 2. Les modèles d’étude ....................................................................................................................23 2.1. Le genre Cystoseira C. Agardh ....................................................................................................23 2.1.1. Cystoseira amentacea (C. Agardh) Bory de Saint-Vincent .................................................25 2.1.2. Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh .......................................................................27 2.1.3. Cystoseira brachycarpa J. Agardh ......................................................................................28 2.1.4. Cystoseira compressa (Esper) Gerloff & Nizamuddin subsp. compressa ..........................29 2.1.5. Cystoseira compressa subsp. pustulata (Ercegović) Verlaque ...........................................30 2.1.6. Cystoseira crinita Duby .......................................................................................................31 2.1.7. Cystoseira elegans Sauvageau .............................................................................................32 2.1.8. Cystoseira foeniculacea (Linnaeus) Greville .......................................................................33 2.1.9. Cystoseira funkii Schiffner ex Gerloff & Nizamuddin .......................................................36 2.1.10. Cystoseira jabukae Ercegović ............................................................................................37 2.1.11. Cystoseira mediterranea Sauvageau .................................................................................38 2.1.12. Cystoseira sauvageauana Hamel ......................................................................................39 2.1.13. Cystoseira squarrosa De Notaris .......................................................................................40 2.1.14. Cystoseira spinosa Sauvageau var. spinosa ......................................................................41 2.1.15. Cystoseira spinosa var. compressa Cormaci, Furnari, Giaccone, Scammaca & Serio ....42 2.1.16. Cystoseira spinosa var. tenuior (Ercegović) Cormaci, Furnari, Giaccone, Scammaca & Serio …………………………………………………………………………………………………………43 2.1.17. Cystoseira usenoides (Linnaeus) Roberts ..........................................................................44 2.1.18. Cystoseira zosteroides C. Agardh .......................................................................................45 2.2. Le genre Sargassum C. Agardh ...................................................................................................47 2.2.1. Sargassum acinarium (Linnaeus) Setchell ……...………………………………..….………..47 2.2.2. Sargassum flavifolium Kützing ………………………………………………..………………..49 2.2.3. Sargassum hornschuchii C. Agardh …………………………………………...…...…………..50 2.2.4. Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt ………………………………………….....………..…51 2.2.5. Sargassum trichocarpum J. Agardh …………………………………………….....…………...52 2.2.6. Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh …………………………………………………….....……….....53 2.3. Clé de détermination des espèces de Cystoseira et Sargassum présentes en Méditerranée….54 2.3.1. Genre Cystoseira ..................................................................................................................54 2.3.2. Genre Sargassum ….............................................................................................................59 2.4. Encorbellements à Lithophyllum byssoides (Lamarck) Foslie ..................................................62 2.5. Le dinoflagellé Ostreopsis cf. ovata Fukuyo.................................................................................64 Partie 2. Stabilité et résistance des populations de la végétation marine face au changement global ………………………..…………..………………………………………………...…65 1. La Côte d’Azur face aux Fucales : une zone attractive ou menaçante ? ……...............67 1.1. Résumé ………………………………………...……………………………………………………….....67 1.2. Abstract ………………………………………...………………………………………………………....69 1.3. Introduction …………………………………...………………………………………………………….70 1.4. Material and methods ………………………...………………………………………………………...71 1.4.1. Study site …….………………………………...…………………….…………………………..…71 1.4.2. Data collection ………………………………...;…….………………………………………..…...71 1.5. Results …………………………………………...…………………………………………………...…...74 1.6. Discussion …………………………………………...……………………………………………...…….87 1.6.1. The loss of species ………………………………...…….………………………………………...87 1.6.2. Possible causes of the loss .……………………...……………………………………………….89 1.6.3. Consequences ……………………………………………………………………………………...91 1.6.4. Comparison with other Mediterranean area ....………………………………………………91 1.6.5. Conservation questions …………………………....……………………………………………..92 1.7. Conclusions …………………………………………...…………………………………………………..93 1.8. Nomenclature note …………………………………..…………………………………………..……...93 1.9. Supplementary materials …………………………..……………………………………………….....95 2. Le système infralittoral de mode calme à Cystoseira crinita : état des populations en France ………………………………………………………………………………………………………113 2.1. Résumé …………………………………………………...………………………………..…………….113 2.2. Abstract …………………………………………………...……………………………………………..114 2.3. Introduction ……………………………………………...……………………………………………...115 2.4. Material and methods ………………………………...……………………………………………….118 2.4.1. Study area ……………………………………………..………………………………………...118 2.4.2. Data collection ………………………………………..…………………………………………118 2.4.3. GIS analysis …………………………………………..…………………………………………119 2.4.4. Statistical analysis
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