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Tree Health, Carbon Sequestration, and Sustainability of Urban Forests

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Tree Health, Carbon Sequestration, and Sustainability of Urban Forests TREE HEALTH, CARBON SEQUESTRATION, AND SUSTAINABILITY OF URBAN FORESTS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Christian Alejandro Chiriboga, M.S. Graduate Program in Entomology The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Daniel A. Herms, Advisor Dr. Luis A. Cañas Dr. Mary M. Gardiner Dr. Parwinder Grewal Dr. Davis Sydnor Copyright by Christian Alejandro Chiriboga 2013 ABSTRACT Global climate change concerns have increased the need for multiple mitigation scenarios to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Strategic management of urban forests at different times and levels (e.g. nursery and landscape) can contribute to CO2 sequestration over time. Sustainable urban forests can therefore indirectly slow down the effects of climate change, emphasizing the need for increased research on different aspects of urban forest management. The goal of this multidisciplinary research was to investigate the patterns of carbon sequestration in urban forests in response to management practices at different levels over time. I investigated patterns of carbon storage and sequestration of urban street trees in the City of Wooster, Ohio, in response to tree planting and removal practices. Municipally owned street trees in Wooster acted as net sinks of atmospheric CO2 in 2010, as they increased rates of carbon storage and sequestration by 3% over 2009 in a city wide basis. The assessment of the economic value of environmental benefits provided by Wooster’s street trees, including carbon storage and sequestration, energy conservation, stormwater remediation, air pollution removal, and aesthetic/other benefits exceeded $270,000 USD in 2010. ii I also investigated the effects of nursery production practices on resource allocation, carbon sequestration, physiological tree and insect responses of common urban shade trees, both in the nursery and after they were planted in the urban forest. Specifically, the effects of imidacloprid and fertilization regimes on growth, biomass allocation, and gas exchange responses of hybrid elm (Ulmus × ‘Homestead’) and river birch (Betula nigra) were quantified while growing in the nursery. Overall, a positive trend towards greater growth and biomass allocation was observed for hybrid elm and river birch when treated with imidacloprid, but the effects were not significant, nor were thus gas exchange parameters. Fertilization impacted above- and below-ground growth of both tree species; as fertility rate increased, so did tree growth but percent root mass declined. However, net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were less affected. Finally, the effects of nursery production practices on subsequent establishment, growth, carbon sequestration, insect resistance, and herbivory were determined on hybrid elm and river birch after transplanting to right-of-ways of urban streets in the City of Wooster. Tree establishment was affected by nursery production practices in the nursery. Three consecutive imidacloprid applications (one at the nursery and one in the urban environments per year) increased growth and carbon sequestered of hybrid elms by 30%. The growth-enhancing effects of imidacloprid were species specific. Insect herbivory levels during the establishment period were low and did not explain the increased growth of treated hybrid elms in urban environments. The effects of fertilization in the nursery influenced tree growth and herbivory only one year post transplant in the urban environment. Lastly, implications on management practices are discussed. iii DEDICATION To my wife Gaby and our son Martin for being my daily inspiration in life! To my mother Rita for her unconditional love and support through this journey iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dan Herms for his constant support and guidance throughout this wonderful journey at The Ohio State University (OSU). His mentorship has helped me to grow and develop as a scientist and researcher. I would also like to thank Luis Cañas for giving me the opportunity to start my research career at OSU. I especially thank my advisory committee members Luis Cañas, Parwinder Grewal, Mary Gardiner, and Davis Sydnor for their time and all their helpful comments and suggestions throughout the course of my program. I am grateful to all current and former members of the Herms’ lab that directly or indirectly have contributed to this research. In particular, I would like to thank Bryant Chambers, Diane Hartzler, Samuel Discua, Christian Colindres, Patricia Verdesoto, Sebastián Nieto-Sáenz, Robert Easterling, Bryson Mosely, Jamie Imhoff, Priya Loess, and Bill Barrington for technical and field support. I especially appreciate the volunteer work of Juan Pablo Velasco and Tatiana Ortiz. I thank Dr. Zhiqiang Cheng for his help in soil processing samples. I also thank Trevor Havelka and Marcelo Goyzueta for ArcGIS support. Special thanks to the Department of Entomology, professors, staff and my fellow graduate students. Thanks to Brenda Franks, Lori Jones, and Shirley Holmes for all their help and invaluable administrative support. v I thank the collaboration of Daryl Decker and Dan Yarnell from the City of Wooster, Parks and Recreation Department and Dr. Robert Hansen from the Department of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering at OSU. Thanks to Ellie Shoup for supporting the operation of the fertigation system. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all the members of the Why Trees Matter OSU Extension Signature Program for welcoming me and letting me be part of their vibrant team. I especially would like to thank Jim Chatfield and Erik Draper for giving me the opportunity to share fascinating adventures trying to make the world a better place. Your passion to teach has been inspiring: ‘muchas gracias amigos’. I am especially grateful to Diane Hartzler for her friendship and for making me feel welcome and at home in Ohio. I would like to extend my gratitude for the friendship of the Cañas Family: Luis, Nuris, Luis Jr. and Bella; Claudia Kuniyoshi and Felix de los Santos; the Cruz Family: Freddy, Carmen, Christian, and Andres; Mavi Murgia; Bryant Chambers; Patricia Tovar and Brian Cope, and many others. There are no words to express my deepest love and appreciation to my wife Gaby for her infinite patience, support, and encouragement all these years. Thanks to my son Martin for changing my life in such way that I need his pure and beautiful smile to keep me going every day. Thank you for providing me with the strength necessary to complete this lifetime achievement. Thanks are also extended to my parents and the rest of my family for their love, support, and continuous encouragement. Finally, I would also like to thank the Bailey Nurseries Inc. Management Team for the donation of plant material used in this research. I specially thank Dr. Nate Royalty vi and Bayer CropScience for financial support of this project. Partial funding was also provided from a mini-grant from Why Trees Matter OSU Extension Signature Program and a grant from SEEDS: The OARDC Research Enhancement Competitive Grants Program. Salaries and research support was provided by State and Federal Funds appropriated to the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center and The Ohio State University. vii VITA April 20, 1980……………...……………….....…………………....Born, Quito, Ecuador 1998….……………...……………………...Baccalauréat Général, Série Scientifique (S) Dual degree: French and Ecuadorian Lycée La Condamine Quito, Ecuador 2002………....…….………………...….……..B.S. Agricultural Science and Production Pan–American College of Agriculture / Zamorano Tegucigalpa, Honduras 2003….……………...…………..Junior Advisor on Urban Agriculture and Micro-credit UN-HABITAT/UNDP/Urban Management Programme Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean Quito, Ecuador 2004….……………...……………………………………………….….. Project Advisor UN-HABITAT/UNDP/UMP-LAC 2005……………………………………………………………………..Research Scholar The Ohio State University Department of Entomology Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, OH, USA 2009…………………………………………………………...………..M.S. Entomology The Ohio State University 2006-present……….………………………….Graduate Research and Teaching Associate The Ohio State University viii PUBLICATIONS Chiriboga, C.A. 2009. Physiological responses of woody plants to imidacloprid formulations. MSc. Thesis. The Ohio State University. 146 pp. Chiriboga, C.A. 2002. Evaluation of chemical control of Rottboellia cochinchinensis in sugar cane plants in the San Antonio Sugar Refinery Nicaragua (In Spanish). Thesis, Pan- American College of Agriculture / Zamorano, Honduras. 36 pp. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Entomology ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….. ii Dedication …………………………………………………………………………. iv Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………..... v Vita………………………………………………………………………………… viii Table of Contents………………………..…………………………………………. x List of Tables………………………………………………………………………. xiii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………… xvi Chapters: 1. Introduction 1.1 Conceptual framework…………………………………………………….. 1 1.2 The Earth’s climate system and the role of carbon dioxide.………………. 3 1.3 Predicted impacts of climate change on managed forests ecosystems.……. 4 1.4 The role of forest carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change……….. 6 1.5 Research objectives………………………………………………………... 8 2. Assessment of the structure, carbon storage and sequestration, and economic
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