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Du Gaspillage Au Joyau : Patrimonialisation De La Rivière Nastapoka, Nunavik (1990-2015)

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Du Gaspillage Au Joyau : Patrimonialisation De La Rivière Nastapoka, Nunavik (1990-2015) Du gaspillage au joyau : patrimonialisation de la rivière Nastapoka, Nunavik (1990-2015) Mémoire Arielle Frenette Maîtrise en sciences géographiques - avec mémoire Maître en sciences géographiques (M. Sc. géogr.) Québec, Canada © Arielle Frenette, 2019 Du gaspillage au joyau Patrimonialisation de la rivière Nastapoka, Nunavik (1990-2015) Mémoire Arielle Frenette Sous la direction de : Étienne Berthold, directeur de recherche Najat Bhiry, codirectrice de recherche Résumé Le Nord québécois est aujourd’hui largement considéré par les chercheurs comme un territoire de représentations construites par une série de discours parfois contradictoires. La représentation territoriale se définit comme le sens donné à un territoire ou à un élément du territoire : l’étude de la géographie des représentations revêt donc une importance particulière dans le contexte actuel où les territoires nordiques québécois sont de plus en plus aménagés. Quelles représentations du territoire sous-tendent la mise en protection d’espaces naturels au Nunavik? Par l’étude de cas de l’inclusion du bassin versant de la rivière Nastapoka aux limites du Parc national Tursujuq, nous utilisons ici le concept de patrimoine afin de documenter les représentations du territoire nordique. En effet, en définissant le patrimoine comme un objet reconnu par la société comme ayant une valeur méritant d’être conservée, le patrimoine naturel peut être compris comme une forme de représentation territoriale. Par cette étude de cas, nous cherchons à répondre à la question suivante : est-ce que (et comment, le cas échéant) une représentation du territoire peut influencer les processus de mise en valeur du patrimoine? Nous procédons par une analyse de contenu appliquée aux discours pour caractériser, d’un point de vue critique, le processus de mise en patrimoine de la rivière Nastapoka, de 1990 à 2015. Nous avons identifié trois groupes d’acteurs ayant contribué au débat, soit la population locale (Umiujaq), l’État québécois, ainsi que les groupes scientifiques et environnementalistes. Les résultats suggèrent que le territoire de la rivière Nastapoka est représenté par les résidents d’Umiujaq comme essentiel à la pratique du mode de vie traditionnel, alors que les groupes scientifiques et environnementaux portent une représentation d’un écosystème vulnérable. Enfin, les différents plans d’aménagement proposés par le gouvernement du Québec démontrent une conception des aires protégées comme des espaces résiduels au développement des ressources, selon notre analyse. Mots-clés : Patrimoine naturel ; Représentations territoriales ; Rivière Nastapoka ; Parc national Tursujuq ; Nunavik ii Abstract Today, researchers widely consider Northern Quebec as being a “territory of representations” built by a series of sometimes contradictory discourses. Territorial representation is defined as the meaning given to a territory or landscape by society. Studying representations in geography is thus a significant approach in the current context in which Quebec's northern territories (Nunavik) are increasingly targeted by development. What territorial representations underlie the protection of natural areas in Nunavik? This research project is based on a case study of the inclusion of the Nastapoka River watershed within the boundaries of Tursujuq National Park. We use the concept of heritage to document representations of the northern territory. Indeed, by defining heritage as an object recognized by society as having a value worth preserving, natural heritage can be understood as a form of territorial representation. Through this case study, we seek to answer the following question: can (and how, if at all) a representation of the territory influence heritage construction processes? We proceed through discourse analysis to characterize, from a critical perspective, the Nastapoka River heritage construction process from 1990 to 2015. We identified three main groups of stakeholders participating in the debates, namely the local population (Umiujaq), the Quebec government, as well as scientific and environmental groups. Results suggest that the Nastapoka River area is represented by the residents of Umiujaq as essential to the practice of a traditional way of life, while scientific and environmental groups view this territory as a vulnerable ecosystem. Finally, the various plans proposed by the Government of Quebec demonstrate that protected areas are understood by the state planners as a compensation for resource development. Keywords: Natural heritage; Territorial representations; Nastapoka River; Tursujuq National Park; Nunavik iii Table des matières Résumé ............................................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... iii Table des matières ............................................................................................................................................. iv Liste des figures .................................................................................................................................................. vi Liste des tableaux .............................................................................................................................................. vii Liste des abréviations et des sigles .................................................................................................................. viii Remerciements .................................................................................................................................................... x Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapitre 1 Cadre théorique et conceptuel .......................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Problématique .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Objectifs et hypothèse .............................................................................................................................. 9 1.3 Site d’étude ............................................................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Cadre théorique ...................................................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Cadre conceptuel ................................................................................................................................... 15 1.5.1 La représentation : concepts afférents et véhicules ........................................................................ 15 1.5.2 Patrimoine ....................................................................................................................................... 17 1.5.3 Développement durable .................................................................................................................. 21 1.6 Méthodologie .......................................................................................................................................... 23 1.6.1 Source et collecte des données ...................................................................................................... 23 1.6.2 Mode de traitement des données .................................................................................................... 24 1.6.3 Portée et limites des données ......................................................................................................... 26 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 27 Chapitre 2 Le Nord québécois, le Nunavik et le(s) projet(s) du siècle .............................................................. 28 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 28 2.1 Chronologie de l’intervention étatique au Nunavik ................................................................................. 28 2.1.1 La Révolution tranquille et le Nord du Québec ................................................................................ 29 2.2 Le projet La Grande : entrée en scène d’opposants sous-estimés......................................................... 32 2.2.1 Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord québécois ...................................................................... 33 2.2.2 Le projet Grande-Baleine ................................................................................................................ 37 2.3 Le Nunavik aujourd’hui : aperçu ............................................................................................................. 43 2.4 Inuit Nunavimmiut : construction d’une identité régionale ...................................................................... 44 2.5 Retour aux sources à Umiujaq ..............................................................................................................
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