DOCSLIB.ORG

In Kazakhstan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In Kazakhstan Analysis of China’s Economic Strategy and Foreign Policy in Kazakhstan Nur-Sultan, 2020 UDC BBK Team of authors: Fatima Zhakypova Timur Shaimergenov Dauren Oshakbaev Fatima Gerfanova Bolat Issayev Dmitry Kim Ivan Zuenko Iskander Akylbaev Rakhim Oshakbayev Analysis of China’s Economic Strategy and Foreign Policy in Kazakhstan: analytical research – Nur-Sultan, 2020. – 153 p. ISBN The TALAP Center for Applied Research together with the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung conducted a study on Kazakh-Chinese cooperation covering its past, present and future. The paper includes an analysis of the Belt and Road Initiative and reveals a set of factors that determine the role of Chinese investment in the development of the Kazakh economy. It furthermore provides an assessment of the impact of Chinese labor on the Kazakh labor market, and looks at trends in the development of China's “soft power” in Kazakhstan. Based on the results of a sociological survey, a China Perception Index was created to determine the assessment of China in Kazakhstan. This led to a set of recommendations for the development of Kazakh-Chinese interaction. This research is of interest to government agencies, entrepreneurs working or intending to work with Chinese partners, experts, students, and any members of the general public interested in learning more about cooperation between Kazakhstan and China. UDC BBK @ Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung ISBN @ TALAP Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ 4 List of figures ........................................................................................................................... 5 List of tables ............................................................................................................................ 8 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 9 1. The Belt and Road Initiative: China’s global vision ........................................................ 10 1.1 The Belt and Road Initiative as a reflection of China’s vision of a new world order ....................... 10 1.2 The Belt and Road Initiative as a recent “paradigm of international relations”: what should Central Asia expect? .......................................................................................................... 20 1.3 Between the “Chinese model” and the “Chinese strategy”: Kazakhstan’s experience ................... 32 2. Cooperation or dependency: prospects and challenges of Kazakh-Chinese relations ................................................ 38 2.1 Analysis of fifty-six Chinese infrastructure projects: impact on Kazakh economy ................................................................................................................... 38 2.2 Investments or loans: the specifics of Chinese capital ....................................................................... 43 2.3 Cross-border trade assessment: the Khorgos case ............................................................................ 50 2.4 Expansion of the Chinese workforce: myth or reality? ....................................................................... 60 2.5 Digitalization of relations: introducing Chinese technology giants into the Kazakh market ....................................................... 65 3. “Panda” or “dragon”: difficulties in perception ............................................................. 71 3.1 Development trends of China's “soft power” in Kazakhstan: education, culture and mass media ...................................................................................................... 71 3.2 Results of the China Perceptions Index in Kazakhstan analysis ........................................................ 82 3.3 Xinjiang economic development: the environmental and social impact on Kazakhstan ....................................................................... 121 4. Ways of Chinese cooperation: advice ........................................................................... 126 4.1 Status quo: has Kazakhstan developed a current political strategy? ............................................. 126 4.2 “Keeping a balance of interests”: implementing EU and other extra-regional potential in cooperation with China .................................................................................................................... 139 5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 148 3 Acronyms and Abbreviations BRI Belt and Road Initiative AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank AC Agroindustrial Complex ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations «IAC» JC "Information and Analytical Center" Joint Stock Company of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan BRICS countries Political and economic union of the following five countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa NPC National People's Congress EU European Union GDP Gross Domestic Product HEI Higher Education Institution LRK Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan BRI Belt and Road Initiative SRC MF RK State Revenue Committee of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan CCP Chinese Communist Party PRC People's Republic of China SC МNE RK Statistics Committee of the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan MES RK Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan RLA Regulatory legal acts CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization OBOR “One Belt and One Road" UN United Nations Organizations RK The Republic of Kazakhstan USA The United States of America XUAR Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization CCP CC Central Committee of Chinese Communist Party 4 List of figures Figure 1. Routes of the Belt and Road Initiative....................................................................................... 11 Figure 2. The share of Central Asian countries in China’s total exports, in % ...................................... 21 Figure 3. China’s share in the exports of the Central Asian countries, in % ......................................... 22 Figure 4. International Motor Traffic Corridor “Western Europe-Western China” .............................. 25 Figure 5. Dynamics of trade turnover of Uzbekistan and China (billion dollars) ................................. 27 Figure 6. Enterprises with Chinese participation by regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan as of May 1, 2020 .............................................................................................. 36 Figure 7. Distribution of projects by areas ............................................................................................... 39 Figure 8. Distribution of projects by economic sectors .......................................................................... 40 Figure 9. Dynamics of direct investments of the PRC allocated abroad in 2000-2018, mln. US dollars. ............................................................................................................................ 43 Figure 10. Ratio of foreign direct investment to the country’s GDP,%, 2000-2018 .............................. 44 Figure 11. Direct investments of the PRC received by recipient countries in 2018, bln. US dollars, % ...................................................................................................................... 46 Figure 12. Direct investments of the PRC accumulated by recipient countries by 2018, bln. US dollars % (according to the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC) ............................ 46 Figure 13. Total number of foreign workers by country in 2010-2017, people ................................... 60 Figure 14. Total number of foreign workers by region of the RK in 2010-2017, people ..................... 61 Figure 15. Total number of permits issued to foreign workers in 2010-2020, including Chinese citizen, people............................................................................................ 62 Figure 16. Share of permits issued to foreign workers - Chinese citizens in 2010-2020, % ............... 62 Figure 17. Permits to attract Chinese workers for the period 2010-2017 by region ........................... 63 Figure 18. Dynamics of imports of telephones and communication equipment to Kazakhstan (FEACN code 8517), mln. US dollars ................................................................. 67 Figure 19. Contingent of foreign students in the PRC (480,000), 2018 ................................................. 75 Figure 20. Dynamics of the number of Kazakhstani students in the PRC, thousand people ............. 76 Figure 21. Information about foreign students in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2018, people ..... 76 Figure 22. Comparison of the interstate exchange of students of the RK-PRC ................................... 77 Figure 23. Number of articles with the “China” tag .................................................................................. 79 Figure 24. Topics of publications about the PRC in selected Kazakhstani media, number. ............... 80 Figure 25. Regional breakdown of respondents by RK, people ............................................................. 82 Figure 26. Comparison of respondents by region to the total number with the ratio of population of certain regions in relation to the total number of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Central Asia in a Reconnecting Eurasia Kyrgyzstan’S Evolving Foreign Economic and Security Interests
    JUNE 2015 1616 Rhode Island Avenue NW Washington, DC 20036 202-887-0200 | www.csis.org Lanham • Boulder • New York • London 4501 Forbes Boulevard Lanham, MD 20706 301- 459- 3366 | www.rowman.com Central Asia in a Reconnecting Eurasia Kyrgyzstan’s Evolving Foreign Economic and Security Interests AUTHORS Andrew C. Kuchins Jeffrey Mankoff Oliver Backes A Report of the CSIS Russia and Eurasia Program ISBN 978-1-4422-4100-8 Ë|xHSLEOCy241008z v*:+:!:+:! Cover photo: Labusova Olga, Shutterstock.com. Blank Central Asia in a Reconnecting Eurasia Kyrgyzstan’s Evolving Foreign Economic and Security Interests AUTHORS Andrew C. Kuchins Jeffrey Mankoff Oliver Backes A Report of the CSIS Rus sia and Eurasia Program June 2015 Lanham • Boulder • New York • London 594-61689_ch00_3P.indd 1 5/7/15 10:33 AM hn hk io il sy SY eh ek About CSIS hn hk io il sy SY eh ek For over 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has worked to hn hk io il sy SY eh ek develop solutions to the world’s greatest policy challenges. ­Today, CSIS scholars are hn hk io il sy SY eh ek providing strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart hn hk io il sy SY eh ek a course toward a better world. hn hk io il sy SY eh ek CSIS is a nonprofit or ga ni za tion headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center’s 220 full- time staff and large network of affiliated scholars conduct research and analy sis and hn hk io il sy SY eh ek develop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change.
    [Show full text]
  • KAZAKHSTAN TREND from Totalitarianism to Democratic and Legal State
    Astana, 2015 ББК 63.3(5Ка)я6 С 82 Kazakhstan trend: from Totalitarianism to Democratic and Legal State (View from the Outside) / Collection of articles. Executive editor and author of the introduction Doctor of Law, professor, Honored worker of the Republic of Kazakhstan I.I. Rogov, Astana, 2015. – 234 p. ISBN 9965-27-571-8 ББК 63.3(5Ка)я6 Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, drafted on the initiative and under the direct supervision of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Leader of the Nation N.A. Nazarbayev, adopted on the nationwide referendum on 30 August 1995, has become a stable political and legal foundation of the state and society, dialectical combination of the best achievements of the world constitutional idea with Kazakhstan values, of the formation of unified constitutional and legal policy and practice, of gradual assertion of real constitutionalism. This publication includes articles, reflecting the opinions of foreign experts on the significance of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the deep and comprehensive reformation of Kazakhstan, its transformation into a modern, strong, successful and prosperous state. The collection also includes analytical comparative materials on the experience of Kazakhstani law and state institutions in comparison with similar branches and institutions of other countries. Among the authors are the representatives of authoritative international organizations, famous politicians, heads of state agencies, world-known scientists from various fields of human knowledge. Publication is interesting and useful for politicians, legislators and law enforcers, academics and wide audience. ISBN 9965-27-571-8 © Constitutional Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2015 CONTENT INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Price Monitoring for Food Security in the Kyrgyz Republic
    Price Monitoring for Food Security in the Kyrgyz Republic Price Monitoring for Food Security in the Kyrgyz Republic Annual Review 2017 1 Price Monitoring for Food Security in the Kyrgyz Republic Contents Summary ........................................................................................................................................................................ 3 1. National and global wheat and wheat flour production ....................................................................................... 5 1.1. Fortified wheat flour production ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Wheat and wheat flour supply chain................................................................................................................ 7 1.3. International wheat and wheat flour prices ..................................................................................................... 7 1.4. Domestic wheat and wheat flour prices ........................................................................................................... 9 1.5. Introducing VAT on imported wheat/wheat flour prices ............................................................................... 10 1.6. Safety nets alert platform (SNAP) scenario planning ..................................................................................... 10 2. Vegetable production and prices .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Preventing Violent Extremism in Kyrgyzstan
    UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE www.usip.org SPECIAL REPORT 2301 Constitution Ave., NW • Washington, DC 20037 • 202.457.1700 • fax 202.429.6063 ABOUT THE REPORT Jacob Zenn and Kathleen Kuehnast This report offers perspectives on the national and regional dynamics of violent extremism with respect to Kyrgyzstan. Derived from a study supported by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) to explore the potential for violent extremism in Central Asia, it is based on extensive interviews and a Preventing Violent countrywide Peace Game with university students at Kyrgyz National University in June 2014. Extremism in Kyrgyzstan ABOUT THE AUTHORS Jacob Zenn is an analyst on Eurasian and African affairs, a legal adviser on international law and best practices related to civil society and freedom of association, and a nonresident research Summary fellow at the Center of Shanghai Cooperation Organization Studies in China, the Center of Security Programs in Kazakhstan, • Kyrgyzstan, having twice overthrown autocratic leaders in violent uprisings, in 2005 and again and The Jamestown Foundation in Washington, DC. Dr. Kathleen in 2010, is the most politically open and democratic country in Central Asia. Kuehnast is a sociocultural anthropologist and an expert on • Many Kyrgyz observers remain concerned about the country’s future. They fear that underlying Kyrgyzstan, where she conducted field work in the early 1990s. An adviser on the Central Asia Fellows Program at the socioeconomic conditions and lack of public services—combined with other factors, such as Elliott School of International Affairs at George Washington drug trafficking from Afghanistan, political manipulation, regional instability in former Soviet University, she is a member of the Council on Foreign Union countries and Afghanistan, and foreign-imported religious ideologies—create an envi- Relations and has directed the Center for Gender and ronment in which violent extremism can flourish.
    [Show full text]
  • Bishkek–Osh Road) Improvement Project, Phase 4 (RRP KGZ 45169) Initial Environmental Examination
    Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Corridor 3 (Bishkek–Osh Road) Improvement Project, Phase 4 (RRP KGZ 45169) Initial Environmental Examination P45169-KGZ TA 8107-KGZ August 2013 KGZ: CAREC Corridor 3 (Bishkek–Osh Road) Improvement Project, Phase 4 (Bishkek–Kara-Balta Section) The IEE is an update of the IEE report disclosed on ADB and MOTC website in August 2013 available on http://www.adb.org/projects/45169-001/documents. Prepared By the KOCKS Consult GmbH for ADB and Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Kyrgyz Republic. The IEE is a document of the Borrower. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1 A. BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................1 B. ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS .........................................................3 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...................................................................................6 A. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................6 B. TYPE AND CATEGORY OF PROJECT .............................................................................6 C. NEED FOR PROJECT .......................................................................................................7 D. LOCATION .........................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Kyrgyz Republic Transition Initiatives' Case Studies
    Kyrgyz Republic Transition Initiative Case Studies October 2013 This materials contained in this directory were made possible by the support of the American people through USAID. The contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and researchers and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Table of Contents Kyrgyz Republic Transition Initiative ........................................................................... 1 Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... 2 The KRTI Case Study Initiative ..................................................................................... 4 The Case Study Approach .......................................................................................... 5 Case Study Themes .................................................................................................... 6 Case Study Researchers ............................................................................................. 8 Supporting Reform in Judicial Selection ................................................................... 10 I. Executive Summary ........................................................................................... 11 II. Background ....................................................................................................... 12 III. Activities Implemented by KRTI ......................................................................... 15 IV. Observed Outcomes and Achievements
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Report on the Kyrgyz Republic's
    ALTERNATIVE REPORT ON THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC’S IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD AND ITS TWO OPTIONAL PROTOCOLS Bishkek 2013 1 This report was prepared by the Child Rights Defenders’ League (Liga Zaschitnikov Prav Rebyonka) with the participation of human rights expert Dmitry Kabak, director of the Open Viewpoint public foundation (Otkritaya Positsiya). Material for the report was provided by the following organizations: The Family for Every Child public foundation (Semya Kazhdomu Rebyonku), the Women’s Support Center (Tsentr Pomoschi Zhenshinam), Innovative Solutions, the Childhood Institute (Institut Detstva), the Association of non-commercial and non- governmental organizations for the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of the Child (Assotsiatsiya NKO I NPO po Zaschite I Prodvizheniyu Prav Rebyonka), the Kylym Shamy Human Rights Centre, and the individual experts, Elena Khalitova, Burul Makenbaeva, Nazgul Tashpaeva, Cholpon Kudaiberdieva, Natalya Efimenko, and Elena Gavrilova. This report was prepared with the support of the Netherlands Helsinki Committee based on research conducted by the Child Rights Defenders’ League on the observance of economic, social, and cultural rights. 2 Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1. General Principles of
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Situation of Children's Residential Institutions in the Kyrgyz Republic
    ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN'S RESIDENTIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN’S RESIDENTIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC Analysis of the situation of children’s residential institutions in the Kyrgyz Republic – B.: 2012. – p.115 This publication is a product of a national study on children in child care residential institutions in the Kyrgyz Republic, which was carried out by Public Fund “My Family” upon the initiative and support of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) in cooperation with the Ministry of Education and Science of the Kyrgyz Republic and the Ministry of Social Development of the Kyrgyz Republic during the period from September 2010 to January 2012. This research report fills current gaps in national data on children in child care residential institutions in the Kyrgyz Republic and provides an analysis of the situation in the institutions. It sheds light on the perspectives of children and caregivers and provides recommendations for improving the situation of these children. The findings of the report provide a foundation for the elaboration of further strategic programmes and action plans on child care system reform in the Kyrgyz Republic. The opinions expressed in this document do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of the United Nations Children’s Fund and the organization does not bear any responsibility. ©UNICEF, 2012 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEGMENTS…………………………………………………………………………. 4 ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………..………………… 4 GLOSSARY…………………………………………………………………………….……… 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………… 7 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………..……… 10 2. AIMS AND TASKS OF THE RESEARCH……………………………………………….. 14 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………….. 15 4. CLARIFYING THE DATA ON THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN’S RESIDENTIAL INSTITUTIONS IN OPERATION IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC…………….…………….
    [Show full text]
  • Bishkek-Osh Road Will Contribute to Expanding Trade and Increasing Competitiveness Among the CAREC Economies and the Rest of the World
    Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors Project Number: 45169 October 2013 Proposed Loan and Grant Kyrgyz Republic: Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Corridor 3 (Bishkek–Osh Road) Improvement Project, Phase 4 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 8 October 2013) Currency unit – som (Som) Som1.00 = $0.0205 $1.00 = Som48.75 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CAREC – Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation EDB – Eurasian Development Bank EIRR – economic internal rate of return km – kilometer km/h – kilometers per hour LARP – land acquisition and resettlement plan PBM – performance-based maintenance MOTC – Ministry of Transport and Communications SDR – special drawing right NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. Vice -President B.N. Lohani, Vice-President-in-Charge, Operations 1 Director General K. Gerhaeusser, Central and West Asia Department (CWRD) Director X. Yang, Transport and Communications Division, CWRD Team leader S. Lim, Transport Specialist, CWRD Team members L. Alejandro, Project Analyst, CWRD M. Eshenaliev, Senior Project Officer, CWRD D. Hill, Senior Transport Specialist, CWRD R. Idei, Transport Specialist, CWRD S. Khan, Lead Portfolio Management Specialist, CWRD V. Medina, Social Development Specialist (Safeguards), CWRD B. Mirbabaev, Senior Financing Partnerships Specialist, Office of Cofinancing Operations D. Perkins, Counsel, Office of the General Counsel C. San Miguel, Senior Project Officer, CWRD N. Singru, Senior Transport Specialist, CWRD J. Stickings, Senior Social Development
    [Show full text]
  • 45169-001: CAREC Corridor 3 (Bishkek-Osh Road) Improvement
    Initial Environmental Examination Project No.: 45169-001 August 2013 DRAFT KGZ: CAREC Corridor 3 (Bishkek–Osh Road) Improvement Project, Phase 4 (Madaniyat–Jalal-Abad Section) Prepared by KOCKS Consult GmbH for the Asian Development Bank and Ministry of Transport and Communications of the Kyrgyz Republic. INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION REPORT ______________________________________________________ PrШject NumЛer: 45169-002 LШКЧ NumЛer: TA-8107 KGZ AuРust 2013 CAREC Transport Corridor 3 (Bishkek – Osh Road Improvement Project, Phase 4 Section Madaniyat to Jalalabad TСis IEER is disclШsed ШЧ ADB КЧd MOTC weЛsite iЧ КuРust 2013, Кs requested Лy ADB PrepКred By tСe KOCKS CШЧsult GmЛH fШr ADB КЧd MiЧistry Шf TrКЧspШrt КЧd CШmmuЧicКtiШЧs Шf tСe KyrРyz RepuЛlic. IЧitiКl EЧvirШЧmeЧtКl ExКmiЧКtiШЧ RepШrt is К dШcumeЧt Шf BШrrШwer CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 6 A. BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................... 6 B. ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE REQUIREMENTS .......................................................... 8 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ..................................................................... 11 A. OVERVIEА .......................................................................................................................... 11 B. TВPE AND CATEGORВ OF PROJECT ............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A New Russian Base in Southern Kyrgyzstan: Containing Uzbekistan?1
    A NEW RUSSIAN BASE IN SOUTHERN KYRGYZSTAN: CONTAINING UZBEKISTAN?1 On July 7, Igor Sechin, Russia’s Deputy Prime Minister supervising law enforcement agencies and a close ally of Prime Minister Putin along with Anatoly Serdyukov, Defense Minister, met Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev in Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, to discuss, as officials of both countries confirmed, the possibility of establishing a new Russian military base which will formally serve as the base for Collective Operational Response Forces [CORF] under the Collective Security Treaty Organization auspice (in Russian: Коллективные силы оперативного реагирования ОДКБ). The location for a new contingent of Russia’s increasing military presence, if the plan is materialized, is as an old Soviet military base in the outskirts of the Kyrgyz southern capital, Osh, situated in the heart of the volatile Ferghana Valley and bordering China, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Map of Osh province2 In June, the leaders of CSTO (member-states include Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) met in Moscow at their regular summit and signed an agreement on the creation of the Collective Operational Response Forces under CSTO. The idea to create a new joint forces agreement, under Russian command, to combat terrorism and other security challenges in the region was earlier discussed at the February CSTO extraordinary summit. The June summit transformed the decision into a functioning document that Russia conveniently used to minimize American political and military presence in Central Asia. Containing disobedient leaders of former Russian colonies is another purpose of the CSTO. Uzbekistan, always suspicious of Russian neo-imperialistic intentions, did not sign the agreement.
    [Show full text]
  • 54123-001: Urban Transport Electrification Project
    Initial Environment Examination Project number: 54123-001 August 2020 Kyrgyz Republic: Urban Transport Electrification Project Prepared by the Mayor’s Office of Bishkek City for the Asian Development Bank. This initial environmental examination report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. 2 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS As of 27th August 2020 Currency Unit – Kyrgyz Soms (KYGS) 1 KYGS = $ 0.0135 US$1.00 = 74 KYGS ACRONYMS ACM Asbestos Containing Material ADB Asian Development Bank AIP Access to Information Policy BCMO Bishkek City Mayor’s Office BEBs Battery electric buses BTD Bishkek Trolley Bus Department COVID-19 Pandemic virus CSC Construction Supervision Consultant dB Decibel EA Executing Agency EARF Environment Assessment Review Framework EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EHS Environment, Health, and Safety EIA Environment Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EV Electric Vehicle FGD Focus Group Discussions FI Financial Intermediary GHG Greenhouse Gases GRG Grievance Redressal Group GRM Grievance Redress
    [Show full text]