FORUM DISCUSSION PAPER 2013: MEASURING

AUSTRALIAN VOLUNTEER ENGLISH RESOURCE CENTRE MENTOR WORKING WITH STUDENTS AT YANGON UNIVERSITY, MYANMAR.

By Harjono Djoyobisono, courtesy of AVI

Benjamin J. Lough & Lenore MatthewIVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER Enabling Environment

James O’Brien VSO, Bonnie Learmonth AVI, Shaleen Rakesh VSO, Goopy Parke Weaving AVI Foreword

This paper has been produced for IVCO 2017 and is one of a series of papers exploring this year’s conference theme Implementation of the SDGs through transformative partnership in volunteering.

The paper focuses on the sub-theme enabling environment and what this means for international volunteering for development/volunteering for development and its role in implementation of Agenda 2030 and the SDGs. Separate papers consider the sub-themes innovation and measurement.

Note on terminology: the framing and sub-theme papers variably use the terms volunteer involving organisations (VIOs) and international volunteer cooperation organisations (IVCOs). IVCOs should be understood as a specific group or type of VIO.

International Forum for Volunteering in Development August 2017 IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 03 13 13 17 17 21 12 18 18 19 19 25 07 07 02 05 05 08 08 09 06 06 04 ......

......

...... Remuneration relief in humanitarian crises and disaster Volunteering relief crises and disaster in humanitarian elements Volunteer-focused Partnerships Technology Funding Role of the private sector of the private Role Inclusion of the State Role Public understanding and recognition of volunteering and recognition Public understanding landscape Political 3. Relational elements 3. Relational factors 4. System-wide 2. Actor-based elements 2. Actor-based 1. Contextual elements elements 1. Contextual Questions for consideration for Questions References reading Additional Literature review Literature an constitute that elements The enabling environment Foreword Introduction Contents IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 04 social, cultural and economic factors; social inclusion social, cultural and economic factors; sector and private elements – State, civil society, actor-based and power dynamics between actors elements – relationships relational shaping system-wide factors – partnerships, technology and funding; factors a whole-of-system perspective. volunteerism operations from contextual elements – understanding and recognition of volunteerism; political, of volunteerism; and recognition contextual elements – understanding to consider and discuss during IVCO 2017 and beyond. The questions are designed to are to consider and discuss during IVCO 2017 and beyond. The questions that warrant further exploration. areas discussion on key prompt essential elements for an enabling environment, or how these elements are connected to or how these elements are essential elements for an enabling environment, on how such an environment agreement the contribution that volunteers make. Nor is there and shape it. comes about or what power VIOs and volunteers have to create at IVCO 2017 The paper concludes with a brief conclusion and questions for participants not have We other. each influence and interconnect elements above the practice, In This every element in detail, nor have we given equal weight to every element. addressed limitations of elements, but rather importance of different relative the does not reflect no consensus on the is, however, demonstrates that there The paper time and literature. 2. 3. 4. The paper begins with a brief overview of the literature to reflect, at a high level, the at a high level, to reflect, of the literature The paper begins with a brief overview informs the elements of enabling This literature on enabling environments. literature as: environment 1. in community services” (Oxford English Dictionary 2017) – as a core and collective activity core Dictionary 2017) – as a English (Oxford in community services” concept of volunteering, singular and individualistic of VIOs, as opposed to the more (ibid). to do something” offering being “of a person; freely enabling (and therefore disabling) factors as those of other actors, for example civil society enabling (and therefore of internationalspace, the operational challenges risks, but cooperation, security and safety distinct to VIOs. These will be the focus of this paper. some factors that are are there especially – “the use or involvement of volunteer labour, The paper focuses on volunteerism and in some cases considers disabling factors. and in some cases Forum’s VIOs, from the work of runs through an enabling environment The concept of and the UN’s advocacy efforts national-level Alliance’s Groups Volunteer Strategic Plan to the samethe of some face VIOs organisations. individual of work the as well as Action, of Plan The purpose of this paper is to frame and inform conversations at IVCO 2017 about the conversations at IVCO 2017 about paper is to frame and inform The purpose of this identifies for volunteerism. The paper or conducive, environment concept of an enabling, for volunteers as a of an enabling environment some essential elements and explores effectively, work to (VIOs) organisations involving volunteer volunteerism and collective, Introduction IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 05

This paper will now focus on four elements that contribute towards an enabling environment an enabling environment This paper will now focus on four elements that contribute towards different will explore and system-wide elements. We relational – contextual, actor-based, aspects within these elements. The elements that constitute an constitute that elements The enabling environment and locally led and appropriate volunteer assignments; and the need for collaboration and locally led and appropriate VIOs and with government, between and other local actors. and coordination civil society corporate and volunteering South-South advances, technological and volunteering Online factors in enabling environments. as growing identified volunteers were the National Youth Council of Fiji 2015; NMVO, UNV and VSO 2015; British Council 2016). Council of Fiji 2015; NMVO, the National Youth and promote include: the need to measure in the literature Common themes that emerge of what volunteering a common understanding the impacts of volunteering, and to reach support, and policy funding, legal for sustainable need contexts; the in different means Several reports and conference summaries at the country and regional level provide level provide at the country and regional summaries and conference Several reports for local, national and international environments insight into enabling and challenging Action for on Volunteer 2011; UNV 2011; Southern Africa Conference volunteerism (EAV ARC 2014; Schech and Mundkur 2016; UNV and Development 2011; Comhlámh 2013; 2010, 2015a) and national Red Cross organisations (for example, ARC 2014, 2016) have organisations 2010, 2015a) and national Red Cross with a touched on below, their volunteers, learnedpublished extensively on lessons from and the impact of local and (IFRCRCS 2011, 2015b) focus on humanitarian and crisis relief (IFRCRCS 2015a). global changes on enabling environments needed to enable volunteerism to contribute to improving governance. UNV has published contribute to improving needed to enable volunteerism to including enabling environments, calling for action to understand and create reports (UNV 2014a, 2014b), and government support (UNV 2000) and volunteer infrastructure (UNV in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of volunteerism the role Societies (IFRCRCS Crescent and Red 2016). The International of Red Cross Federation VSO’s Valuing Volunteering research focuses on how and why volunteering contributes to on how and why volunteering contributes focuses research Volunteering Valuing VSO’s this (VSO and IDS change, and what prevents and sustainable positive poverty reduction State of the World’s 2015). The most recent Franco and Shahrokh 2015; see also Lopez enabling of governance in creating looks at the role Report (UNV 2015) Volunteerism support for civic engagement and identifies the legal and institutional environments, VIOs have contributed substantially to the literature on enabling environments for volunteerism, for on enabling environments substantially to the literature VIOs have contributed shows a wide The literature in depth. aspects select exploring publications academic with which we can draw some key themes. of enabling factors from and complex web Literature review Literature IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 06 Measuring and Conveying the Added Value of International Volunteering, of International Volunteering, Value Measuring and Conveying the Added for co-creation and co-generation of knowledge (Chambers 2012, in Lopez Franco and and co-generation for co-creation 2015). Shahrokh Volunteerism is, of course, a two-way exchange, and Lopez Franco and Shahrokh and Shahrokh course, a two-way exchange, and Lopez Franco is, of Volunteerism the fact that volunteers and promote (2015) call on the volunteering sector to recognise their placements. If volunteers themselves gain knowledge and develop skills through is potential have an open attitude, and a focus on learning there rather than helping, most commonly cited contributions made by international volunteers included capacity ingenuity (74 per cent) building and skills transfer (89 per cent of studies), innovation and of concernincluded a sense that and social capital (instrumental) (58 per cent). Areas volunteer-centred, “imperialistic, are models or internationalsome programs volunteer challenges of development”. at tackling the real neo-colonial, or otherwise ineffective Halman 2003, in Lopez Franco and Shahrokh 2015), we should be especially conscious 2015), we should Shahrokh Halman 2003, in Lopez Franco and to aim volunteers that communities and people the by understood is volunteerism how of discussion paper support, as well as by the volunteers themselves. Lough and Matthew’s for IVCO 2013, this perspective. A survey of 19 field studies found that the an insight into provides positive perceptions of individual volunteers can increase trust and therefore demand demand trust and therefore of individual volunteers can increase positive perceptions for volunteerism. in the understanding of volunteering, differences As well as well-documented cultural VIOs and the wider development community (Dekker and between and even differences Valuing Volunteering research found a range of perceptions of volunteering across and and across volunteering of perceptions of range a found research Volunteering Valuing of volunteering can erode that “[n]egative perceptions within countries, and concluded (VSO their effectiveness” reduce which can severely community trust in volunteers, as demonstrated in the Myanmar case study below, and IDS 2015, p.27). Conversely, 2014b; IFRCRCS 2015a). Volunteerism is universal, and while people in most societies is universal, and while people in most societies 2014b; IFRCRCS 2015a). Volunteerism understanding shared broadly is no of it, there have some knowledge and understanding 2011; British Council 2016) of its value. Some authors (UNV or positive recognition that the term is value- of volunteerism, recognising call for a common understanding contexts. VSO’s in different and understood differently laden (Lough and Matthew 2013) Public understanding and recognition of volunteering and recognition of Public understanding is or impeded by how volunteerism and VIOs can be enabled The work of volunteers context (Hvenmark and von Essen 2010; UNV understood and valued in a particular This section explores some contextual elements in which volunteers and VIOs operate, in which volunteers and some contextual elements This section explores and of volunteering, the political landscape and recognition including understanding are in detail here not addressed but are that could be considered inclusion. Other factors social and cultural considerations. economic and other 1. Contextual elements elements 1. Contextual IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 07 help address underlying causes of exclusion, including lack of employment, education, including lack exclusion, causes of underlying address help inclusion (UNV 2011). and changes in policy that may prevent health, resilience can thus promote the enabling environment for volunteerism. environment the enabling can thus promote in feelings of self-worth, development of skills, can lead to improvements Volunteering and community competencies and networks, and feelings of well-being within volunteers, volunteerism can way, cohesion and trust in the communities in which they work. In this Inclusion and encouraging marginalised can act as an enabler for social inclusion, Volunteerism volunteering of act The involved. become to and communities people, groups excluded Red Crescent and local NGOs and faith groups are among the very few remaining VIOs among the very few remaining are and local NGOs and faith groups Red Crescent and other services. Despite this, and aid, medical care providing with formal structures of volunteers in these situations, little attention has been given to the role the increasing major emergency needs, experiences and lessons of volunteering in conflict settings, environments. and other complex responses 2016; CIVICUS 2016). major impact on the risks faced by volunteerism, and can Political strife and conflict have a (IFRCRCS and achieve their goals. The Red Cross limit the ability of volunteers to operate Cross, Red the crisis, and conflict experiencing countries many in that identified 2015a) Since 2000, there has been a trend towards legislation and policies on volunteerism (see legislation and policies towards has been a trend Since 2000, there civil restricting towards same time, a worldwide trend Role of the State, below). At the and is shrinking the formal of assembly, freedom society space and rights, including (Allum effectiveness operate, limiting volunteerism’s informal spaces in which volunteers Support for volunteering from political leaders and other decision-makers is one way political leaders and other decision-makers is one Support for volunteering from This can lead to on the enabling environment. in which the political landscape impacts of volunteering, and to partnerships and collaboration between public recognition greater political and other actors. actors can be incentivised to engage with volunteers if VIOs succeed in measuring and if VIOs succeed in measuring to engage with volunteers actors can be incentivised 2017). value of volunteering (see Chowns demonstrating the Political landscape As well as formal recognition of volunteers and volunteerism, recognition by influential by influential recognition and volunteerism, of volunteers formal recognition As well as “Public beyond, can raise the status of volunteerism. in politics and people in society, means of motivating be a powerful can of volunteerism for development recognition levels at different needs to take place of recognition [and] expression citizens to volunteer 2014b, p.16). Various (UNV the board.” for development across to encourage volunteerism Beyond understanding, enhancing public recognition of volunteerism can affect its impact. can affect of volunteerism public recognition enhancing Beyond understanding, IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 08 – action to create a conducive environment for the act environment a conducive – action to create engagement in national strategies and programming” (United Nations General Assembly (United Nations General Assembly engagement in national strategies and programming” 2015, p.5). in areas such as civil society and labour regulation which can impact on volunteering volunteering on impact can which regulation labour and society as civil such areas in on integrating volunteering identifies a trend (UNV 2015, p.34). The UNSG report and policy at national level, with “[m]any Governments... volunteering legislation towards and revising schemes, approving national volunteering and diversifying establishing and including volunteering and community supportive policies, laws and regulations policies, structures and programmes for volunteer engagement and have structures to for volunteer engagement and have structures and programmes policies, structures the opportunity to volunteer.” people to realise enable more laws and conducive to volunteering through Governments environments can create for the rights of volunteers, and laws and standards policies on volunteering, protections The 2015 State of the World’s Volunteerism Report finds that governments provide two Report finds that governments provide Volunteerism The 2015 State of the World’s types of support for volunteering to volunteer-led and responsiveness broadly), of volunteering (and for civil society more initiatives. It notes that “[s]ome governments the value of systematic legislation, recognise for volunteerism to succeed.” As the IVCO 2017 theme suggests, we should not think of for volunteerism to succeed.” As They collaborate, compete, and sometimes do both these categories of actor in isolation. 2017). contexts (see Devereux times and in different at different Role of the State of interactions between these actors? rightly concludes Report (UNV 2015, p.85) Volunteerism The 2015 State of the World’s essential and building multi stakeholder partnerships are that “[c]ollaboration, alliances 2. Actor-based elements 2. Actor-based society for volunteering is influenced by actors including the State, civil The environment of these actors, we should ask what is their As we consider each and the private sector. and what is the nature and value of volunteering in development, understanding of the role and resourcing (see Allum 2016), or through social inclusion policies and implementation social inclusion or through (see Allum 2016), and resourcing participating particular barriers to volunteers by VIOs in ways that address of programs in their programs. effectively lack of time, material support, financial incentives and appreciation of the importance importance the of appreciation and incentives financial support, material time, of lack of (British Council 2016). In Fiji, lack been identified as key barriers of volunteering have support for organisations volunteering as well as lack of organisational information about Council of Fiji 2015). Some the National Youth barriers (UNV and are hosting volunteers financing and innovation in volunteer by technology may be overcome of these barriers We should recognise barriers to volunteering. For young people in Jordan, for example, Jordan, people in For young barriers to volunteering. recognise should We IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 09 and private sector volunteering are relatively new phenomena, both for humanitarian and humanitarian for both phenomena, new relatively are volunteering sector private and depends development cooperation. Their effectiveness and longer-term crisis response issues, on their on companies’ openness to serious engagement on development of volunteers in development. commitment to CSR, and on their understanding of the role mentioned below. are examples Two Corporate volunteering has emerged as a prominent trend in volunteering for development trend as a prominent Corporate volunteering has emerged have can conditions, it right the in that, suggest to evidence is there 2011), and (UNV people and driving reaching marginalised significant impact on outcomes for beneficiaries, (CSR) responsibility development outcomes (Lough and Matthew 2013). Corporate social actively support citizens and state actors to come together and practice new ways of actively support citizens and state governance,democratic participation for high and sensitive post-conflict, including in poverty contexts. Role of the private sector of government policy without supportive governance frameworks and policies. The report and claimed in operate to communities supporting volunteerism of examples includes demands for supporting communities to create less formal spaces, with volunteers of skills and networks that can be drawn on change and supporting the development arise. Aked (2015) identified that volunteers can when opportunities for civic engagement and district health or education offices. and district health or education offices. of the role Report (UNV 2015) considered Volunteerism The 2015 State of the World’s and implementation citizen participation to influence the creation volunteering in promoting and receptive to the voices of volunteers in influencing policy and practice, and in and practice, and policy influencing in volunteers of voices the to receptive and to account decision-makers and service providers monitoring implementation and holding form of support for local and national volunteers like (UNV 2015, p.85). This can take the to host national and internationalcommunity health workers, and willingness volunteers in service bodies civil national-level ministries, such as bodies in state influence positions of individual volunteer involving NGOs, funding streams to support volunteer interventions, to support streams volunteer involving NGOs, funding individual operating at national, regional government volunteering programs through directly or more and international level. initiatives volunteer-led to governmentsresponsive being by volunteering support Finally, structures and support mechanisms that encourage and reinforce volunteer involvement by involvement volunteer and reinforce that encourage mechanisms and support structures of VIOs. to volunteer and building the capacity opportunities creating sharing good practice, receive now of internationalprograms volunteer proportion a significant directly, More government. can come in the form of funding funding from Support the majority of their The State can also create and support volunteering infrastructure and organisational organisational and infrastructure support volunteering and can also create The State IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 10 the wider policy environment, which can indeed support private sector engagement in which can indeed support the wider policy environment, volunteerism, as demonstrated below. India case study below. Their openness to receiving returned volunteers, and to taking on returned volunteers, and to taking Their openness to receiving India case study below. contribute of VIOs to the ability determining factor in is a views, volunteers’ these board livelihoods and other areas. to secure is also connected to volunteering sector to effective The contribution of the private As well as directly supporting volunteer-based projects through financial contributions, through projects supporting volunteer-based As well as directly private sector corporate part in volunteer programs, and by supporting employees to take VSO benefit to their corporate employers, as noted in the volunteers bring reciprocal staff and the local partner contributes to an enabling environment. The Uniterra program program Uniterra The environment. enabling an to contributes partner local the and staff its employee benefits arise: the corporation increases has seen mutual but different the and leadership skills, the employee develops professional engagement and retention, experiences program and the Uniterra capacity, overseas partner witnesses an increased outcomes. a contribution to its development sector participate in three to four week assignments with very specific objectives. Their with very specific objectives. to four week assignments in three sector participate given development goals, to larger allow them to contribute effectively short assignments longer- precede They often work alongside or program. structured part of a larger they are In addition, the pre-departure optimising their shorter assignments. term volunteers, local to volunteers during their assignment by and the supports provided preparation support employee participation in their Uniterra international in their Uniterra employee participation support volunteering development and the Americas partners in Asia, Africa The skills sought by Uniterra program program. its corporate partners, in Canada. In conjunction with recruited and then identified are they where in short-term assignments corporate volunteers to participate Uniterra recruits the corporate from partners; volunteers skills and expertise with Uniterra’s their share For over a decade, the WUSC-CECI Consortium has engaged with corporations to with corporations has engaged WUSC-CECI Consortium a decade, the For over IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 11 the program design the program impact for communities and development outcomes Monitoring and evaluation that considers themselves. as well as the impact on the volunteers engage with civil society organisations (CSOs) engage with civil society organisations by private sector actors co-created that are and Statements of Work assignments Volunteer primary actors as part of with and active inputs from and CSOs, and that include engagement Resonance between corporate social responsibility strategies and the program strategy within strategy and the program strategies responsibility Resonance between corporate social which volunteering is situated and have the capacity to sensitised to community development, Private sector actors that are ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ their placements back into the business. VSO India is working at governmenttheir placements back into the business. VSO India is working at level, as part of a the value of volunteering among businesses. to promote Consultative Committee on the 2% law, and retention, and the value of the volunteer experience. IBM in India has recognised the value of of the volunteer experience. IBM in India has recognised and the value and retention, learningbring to potential their and leaders, potential as volunteers returned from intelligence and This important piece of the legal context has not been sufficient for an increase in employee for an increase This important piece of the legal context has not been sufficient the value of volunteering for employee development volunteering. Businesses must also appreciate businesses from using corporate volunteering to promote their brands has led them to partner with volunteering to promote using corporate businesses from NGOs to achieve impact. of more than 10bn rupees (USD155m) must give away two per cent of its net profit to charity. While to charity. (USD155m) must give away two per cent of its net profit than 10bn rupees of more in in investment in corporate social responsibility led to a marked increase the law has controversial, in the law that prevents A provision India, and has raised the status of CSR as a priority for businesses. connected to the wider policy environment. A key factor in the enabling environment in this case in this A key factor in the enabling environment connected to the wider policy environment. revenues annual with business any that states law this 2014, April In Passed law’. ‘2% India’s was factor in increased private sector support for development cooperation, and for employee volunteering. private factor in increased engagement with the development sector is also The contribution of the private sector to effective VSO has identified the contraction of institutional funding in middle-income countries as a compelling of institutional funding in middle-income countries as a compelling VSO has identified the contraction The evaluation identified a number of elements that were essential to the success of this partnership, essential to the success were a number of elements that The evaluation identified corporate volunteering: applied to broadly and that can be more perceptions of volunteering and relational elements such as sensitivity to cultural practices and values. elements such as sensitivity of volunteering and relational perceptions Some of the enabling elements identified in the evaluation match those in this paper, such as varying such as in this paper, the evaluation match those elements identified in Some of the enabling An evaluation of this partnership focusing on corporate employee-based development initiatives employee-based development this partnership focusing on corporate An evaluation of into the enabling insights and offered was published in October 2016, and Bangalore in Varanasi for corporate or employee volunteering. environment VSO India is the implementation partner of the IBM Corporate Service Corps (CSC) program. Since program. (CSC) Corps Service Corporate IBM the of partner implementation the is India VSO organisations. of local partner the work supported have bono consultants pro of IBM 2015, teams Case study: VSO India and IBM Partnership VSO India Case study: IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 12 volunteers highly relational”, going as far as to say that “relationships and relationship and relationship going as far as to say that “relationships volunteers highly relational”, as important as technical skills building between volunteers and their counterparts [are] identify and understand power imbalances, including their own role, within their networks identify and understand power imbalances, including their own role, (see also Lough and Matthew 2013). found that “[t]he need to navigate complex politics, research Volunteering Valuing VSO’s makes the work of and achieve results highly marginalised, engage people who are Recent research has made it clear that relationships of trust are crucial to the success of of trust are has made it clear that relationships Recent research skills on volunteers’ soft relational rely volunteer placements, and that these relationships the long term. Turner over within communities of volunteers embeddedness on the and skills to networks, volunteers need self-reflection (2015) emphasises that when creating volunteerism, collaboration alliances and multi-sector and -stakeholder partnerships. The multi-sector and -stakeholder partnerships. and volunteerism, collaboration alliances further under system-wide partnerships. explored of civil society will be role elements 3. Relational to work more closely with CSOs to learn from each other in the measurement and in the measurement closely with CSOs to learn each other from to work more implementation of the SDG agenda. of volunteering understands and values the role might ask how well wider civil society We is to innovation and new ways of working that involve in development, and how open it of volunteerism and volunteer groups as part of CSOs’ approaches to sustainable to sustainable approaches as part of CSOs’ of volunteerism and volunteer groups The development in the International Framework for CSO Development Effectiveness. together for implementation the importance of VIOs and CSOs working framework explores CSOs to encourage volunteering. It also calls on VIOs of the 2030 Agenda, and calls on is often not referred to as volunteering, partly reflecting a mixed perception of volunteers a mixed perception to as volunteering, partly reflecting is often not referred inexperienced unprofessional, of volunteers as by CSOs, including negative stereotypes and unqualified. occurring, for example, in the explicit recognition are Changes to such negative perceptions Volunteers support CSOs to implement high-impact development activities, including in high-impact development support CSOs to implement Volunteers et al. 2014). (Howard government/core funding cuts the face of significant CSOs in the context between VIOs and the relationship (2015b) explores A paper by UNV society of civil the work engagement of volunteers in that the of the 2030 Agenda, noting Civil society has a significant role to play in the success of volunteering. First, it is a host in the success of volunteering. First, role to play a significant Civil society has 36 across that found Report Volunteerism World’s the of State 2011 The volunteers. for organisations of civil society work force comprised 44 per cent of the countries, volunteers workers (UNV 2011, p.20). equivalent of 20.8 million full-time the (CSOs), representing Role of civil society Role of IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 13 – “access to and the support of trusted local networks or the support of trusted local networks – “access to and relationships and supporting participation (Turner 2015). Aked (2015) reports that volunteer 2015). Aked (2015) reports participation (Turner and supporting relationships focused on individual volunteers, not on how volunteers can currently support systems are 2014; UNV 2015; Devereux 2017). 2014; UNV 2015; Devereux complex systems, it is challenging to understand power and In a world of increasingly calls for VIOs to provide are political dynamics in communities (IFRCRCS 2015a). There training in building volunteers with local connections (Lough and Matthew 2013), and Volunteering is most effective when volunteers work as part of multidisciplinary teams, is most effective Volunteering 2015). (Turner organisations and networks local with connect interventions when and in and this systems, interventions across change requires and systemic Transformational and partnership with multiple actors approach a collaborative, co-created turn requires (Kelly and Roche while maintaining focus on locally-developed and locally-led solutions funding. These factors, like context, shape the operations of volunteers, volunteerism and funding. These factors, like context, perspective. a whole-of-system VIOs from Partnerships 4. System-wide factors 4. System-wide and technology partnerships, including factors, system-wide on focus will section This We should consider, then, the factors that enable the types of relationships that make then, the factors that enable the types of relationships should consider, We spanning engage in relationships to of openness levels volunteering successful, including the access that volunteers, as outsiders, have and spheres the personal and professional (VSO and IDS 2015, p.25). to these types of relationships and function as part of a collective local effort rather than in isolation” as important rather than local effort and function as part of a collective is determined in part by the (VSO and IDS 2015). This foundations for relationship-building in earlier questions addressed but it is also connected to two volunteer and their program, of volunteering. of the State and other actors, and perceptions this paper – the role have been left out of established networks (Howard and Burns 2015; VSO and IDS 2015). of established networks (Howard have been left out factors identifies Volunteering Valuing of volunteers and programs, Beyond attributes the wider environment to related being able to connect into established local networks decision-makers” and “volunteers as an element of the enabling environment for volunteers. Volunteers play a key role in a key role play Volunteers for volunteers. environment of the enabling as an element 2000; (UNV alliances and networks diverse and complex within working and creating and IDS 2015). With 2015; UNV 2015; VSO 2013; ARC 2014; Turner Lough and Matthew can of communities, volunteers networks both within and outside their ability to access otherwise people who might marginalised reaching innovations, applicable locally create and hard outcomes” (VSO and IDS 2015, p.24). The literature focuses on local networks networks on local focuses literature The IDS 2015, p.24). (VSO and outcomes” and hard IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 14 volunteering, which can limit the ability of volunteers to discover and build networks volunteering, which can limit the 2015). 2015; Turner and Burns and Shahrokh (Howard 2015; Lopez Franco including with local volunteers (IFRCRCS 2015b). VSO’s Valuing Volunteering research research Volunteering Valuing VSO’s volunteers (IFRCRCS 2015b). including with local of local volunteer on a deep understanding design based project recommended volunteers can and then work to see how outside and how to support them, resources 2015; Turner Franco and Shahrokh system (VSO and IDS 2015; Lopez connect with this is particularly important for short-term between volunteer programs 2015). Coordination within them to participate, and ensure that they maintain engagement in the long term? in the long term? engagement that they maintain and ensure to participate, within them 2015) Turner 2016; Council (British VIOs between coordination for calls also are There multi- partnerships and effort, of volunteer for coordination including centres in areas communities, within interventions of coordination better and engagement stakeholder sustain networks. Even if volunteers can build networks, how do we support the people do we support build networks, how volunteers can Even if sustain networks. IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 15 approach of locally-identified and locally-driven volunteer placements built interest and locally-driven volunteer placements built interest of locally-identified approach identified their volunteers as highly All organisations and trust with host organisations. the international community from specialised and skilled, partly due to the high interest for highly in working in Myanmar as well as volunteer sending agencies’ requirements specialised skill sets. For AVI, the volunteers themselves were a key enabler. Successive highly skilled and Successive a key enabler. the volunteers themselves were For AVI, and and helped spread experienced volunteers exemplified the value of the program found the volunteers. In addition, all organisations demand for Australian increase AVI and VSO are now reducing the number of volunteers in INGOs and increasing those the number of volunteers in INGOs and increasing now reducing and VSO are AVI their capacity to host volunteers. VSO placed in local NGOs, as these NGOs increase of internationalidentified the need to work with local NGOs and build their understanding supported. development outcomes are volunteering for development to ensure VSO and AVI started programming by placing volunteers within INGOs which had the started programming VSO and AVI with the government capacity to support volunteers, including registration organisational to resourced that INGOs were visas. VSO also identified so that volunteers could secure co-finance volunteers. communicate with host organisations and to staff the AVI Myanmar office. Myanmar the AVI and to staff communicate with host organisations establishment of a volunteer program. For Cuso International, the personal relationships For Cuso International, the personal relationships establishment of a volunteer program. had within country was key to their establishment. the Country Director Myanmar who were of highly skilled people within also identified the presence AVI AVI to connect and establishment. This assisted fluent in English as enablers to their To establish a presence within Myanmar, both AVI and Cuso International and Cuso utilised existing both AVI within Myanmar, establish a presence To the Burnetoperating in Institute was For AVI, within the country. networks operating to local access the Burnet Institute gave AVI from entry in 2011. Staff Myanmar prior to enabling of the country, a deep cultural and social understanding networks and shared ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

Volunteers creating an enabling environment: creating Volunteers Identifying and partnering with organisations with the capacity to host volunteers: Identifying and partnering with organisations This case study provides a brief overview of the key enabling factors, and challenges, that and challenges, key enabling factors, overview of the a brief study provides This case VSO in Myanmar – AVI, VIOs operations of three and the current supported the establishment members. and Cuso International staff based on interviews with host country – a presence: within country to establish Use of existing partnerships Case study: Enabling environment in Myanmar in Enabling environment Case study: IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 16 volunteers achieving development outcomes. This varies depending on the geographical volunteers achieving development In one example, is particularly evident in the health sector. and placement, but area gain governmenta volunteer was placed in a midwifery institution but was unable to permission to enter the hospital for the duration of their assignment. understanding with government. AVI identified a key enabling factor for its establishment identified a key enabling factor for its establishment understanding with government. AVI experience with Southeast Asian bureaucracies, and management was its long-term equipping it to manage complex systems. on volunteer movement as a particular barrier to VSO pointed to the restrictions encourage the development of volunteer social support networks. encourage the development of volunteer identified complex and demanding logistics as challenges organisations All three of and memorandums This includes visa requirements to operating in Myanmar. all three organisations identified the need for additional support to volunteers living in identified the need organisations all three and volunteers Naypyidaw is isolated in the country, other areas Relative to this city. transport options and face higher living expenses. have limited accommodation and challenges exist within countries. All of the enablers and This highlights that different working to support to volunteers and are additional logistical provide organisations with this volunteering modality. with this volunteering and the Government in Naypyidaw, Many volunteer placements with of Myanmar are Both VSO and Cuso International said there is a need to work more closely with to work more is a need and Cuso InternationalBoth VSO said there and value of international volunteering for of the nature awareness other VIOs to build by Cuso International Nations in collaboration with the United development. A report of demonstrated the high levels Myanmar (2015) Searchers and programme Volunteer opportunities for closer engagement and potential within Myanmar, national volunteering ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Challenges: Future opportunities to create a stronger enabling environment: enabling a stronger to create opportunities Future IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 17 currently a factor in driving multi-sector partnerships, with VIOs having to diversify their diversify to having VIOs with partnerships, multi-sector driving in factor a currently Roche 2014), and joint management being seen as a way (Kelly and funding sources per cent that it led the organisation to take positive action in favour of volunteerism. to take positive per cent that it led the organisation Funding Funding is funded. are on the types of volunteering that impact among donors Trends resources, with cost effectiveness and technical expertise offered by volunteers being and technical expertise offered with cost effectiveness resources, also found that online demand. The report organisations’ host key factors affecting of volunteerism. Of volunteering contributed to changing practices and perceptions that the online agreed or strongly agreed surveyed, 87 per cent the host organisations to volunteering, and 84 commitment the organisation’s volunteering positively affected registering or completing assignments reported they were encouraged to engage in other encouraged they were or completing assignments reported registering forms of volunteerism. opportunities to leverage development online volunteering offers For host organisations, by volunteers that otherwise might not be possible due to limited outcomes offered violent conflict, providing early disaster warning and reporting election fraud (UNV 2011, (UNV fraud election reporting warning disaster early and providing violent conflict, it enabled 2015) revealed (Broers volunteering program p.26). An evaluation of the online – persons with groups including specific target a wider range of volunteers to engage, countries. It also offered low-income from disabilities, women, youth and volunteers South-South volunteering. In turn,opportunities to bridge and expand volunteers of online volunteering. UNV has a large online volunteering presence, formalised in 2004, online volunteering presence, large of online volunteering. UNV has a global volunteerism and in expanding a marked role which was found to have played 2015, p.iii). the world (Broers of online volunteerism around the mainstreaming promoting monitoring volunteers such as tracking food insecurity, UNV lists opportunities for online networks, for example helping Red Cross and Red Crescent volunteers become more more volunteers become and Red Crescent Cross networks, for example helping Red sharing of ideas (IFRCRCS countries, building unity and enabling the connected across 2015a). the potential Volunteerism Report (UNV 2011) highlighted World’s The first State of the Online volunteering was cited as a way to expand volunteer demographics and skills (UNV demographics and skills was cited as a way to expand volunteer Online volunteering and in most in many middle-income countries 2013). It is increasing 2014b; Comhlámh base expands the volunteer (IFRCRCS 2015a). Online volunteering high-income countries conventional and cost that can be barriers to the considerations of time and overcomes new up opens also technology to Access 2013). Comhlámh 2014b; (UNV volunteering Technology is a key enabling factor for volunteering raised in the literature. The opportunities The opportunities literature. factor for volunteering raised in the is a key enabling Technology and management, such digital volunteer engagement including and broad, significant are for online volunteering. of practice, and new roles as with online communities Technology IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 18 ). To ensure that volunteer support is locally ensure ). To volinha.eu (IFRCRCS 2015a, 2015b) and supplement national capacities, not supplant them (Disasterthem supplant not capacities, national supplement and 2015b) 2015a, (IFRCRCS Response Dialogue 2014; see also has subsided, and encourage governments to provide sustainable funding and supportive funding sustainable and encourage governmentssubsided, has to provide this volunteerism (IFRCRCS 2015a; UNV 2016). Importantly, relief policies for emergency volunteer safety in the field (IFRCRCS 2015a). in supporting also plays a role Crisis situations demand that international volunteers work well with local volunteers and we should consider commonalities and differences with long-term development and we should consider commonalities and differences approaches. of the value of and active promotion Commonalities include the need for measurement after crisis longer, volunteers (IFRCRCS 2015a, 2015b). This can keep volunteers engaged Volunteering in humanitarian crises and disaster relief in humanitarian crises and disaster Volunteering emergency in volunteering disasters, in government increase an and funding reduced With important and in demand (Comhlámh 2017; increasingly becomes and humanitarian relief for volunteering in such settings is distinct, IFRCRCS 2015a). The enabling environment hierarchies within the communities where they operate, working against volunteerism for they operate, working against volunteerism within the communities where hierarchies wealth, social justice and human rights goals by reinforcing international development’s competition between Remuneration can also create access and opportunity disparity. VIOs (IFRCRCS 2015a). an integral component of the landscape of volunteering (IFRCRCS 2015a), albeit a an integral component of the landscape the importance of different to recognise 2016). Failure very divisive one (British Council the capacity affect can training) expenses, of coverage (payment, remuneration of forms new or challenge existing inequalities, and create of volunteers to engage, reinforce learn from past projects within existing networks (Aked 2015). past projects learn from Remuneration has become a major issue for VIOs. It is now The question of financial compensation This trend may threaten VIOs’ emphasis on deep understanding of local contexts to enable on deep understanding of local VIOs’ emphasis may threaten This trend rather based on infrastructure change, and lead to partnerships systemic, transformative outcomes that do not consider 2015), linear pre-designed values (Turner than shared the programmatic 2015) and Turner or collaboration (ARC 2014; complex local systems and build on to failure and effectively, these navigate to needed innovation and flexibility (with the exception of the UN). Donors increasingly emphasise the cost-effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, emphasise the UN). Donors increasingly exception of the (with the focus and 2015) Burnsand Turner 2015; (Howard programs of add value and scalability is a countries there and in many and short-term (ARC 2014) projects, on new (Aked 2015) in funding. trend downward to mitigate risk. Donors are historically and generally country government core donors donors country government and generally historically core are risk. Donors to mitigate IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 19

Can volunteering happen with a limited enabling environment, or with limited Can volunteering happen with a limited enabling environment, to the actors listed above? or entry points support from Which elements are necessary, which are important and which are nice to have? important and which are which are necessary, Which elements are Is an enabling environment less necessary, or different, in fragile states or during or different, less necessary, Is an enabling environment to volunteering for long-term development cooperation natural disasters compared the similarities? What are and less stable contexts? in more ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ to be in place before Do we need all of the elements of an enabling environment volunteers can be successful? Research, Policy, Practice and Learning Group. We encourage IVCO 2017 participants to Practice and Learning We Group. Policy, Research, these questions, as these will theory of change when reading consider their organisation’s in which they operate. include assumptions about the enabling environments to successful volunteering? a necessary precursor Is an enabling environment This paper provides a snapshot of some of the key enabling factors for volunteers and a snapshot of some of the key enabling factors for volunteers This paper provides and the of what we have been able to cover, acknowledge the limitations VIOs. We to intended below are The questions left unexplored. complexities and considerations discussion with available in this paper and to generate build on the themes explored evidence. They include some questions raised by the Forum and program literature Questions for consideration for Questions often the first on the scene, and have particular knowledge and connections within affected particular knowledge and connections within affected often the first on the scene, and have have in humanitarian settings UNV 2016). Volunteers communities (IFRCRCS 2015a, 2015b; includeThese undertake. they work the and face they risks the to due needs particular an event (IFRCRCS 2015a). during and after before, insurance, and psychological support and support is crucial. coordination While in the field, adequate communications, Volunteer-focused elements in humanitarian crises and disaster relief humanitarian crises and disaster elements in Volunteer-focused settings, as is for volunteers in humanitarian important skills are and relational Technical Local volunteers are 2010). (Blanchet and Tataryn relief experience in humanitarian crisis plan for potential volunteer support, and ensure that volunteering is reflected in emergency in emergency reflected volunteering is that support, and ensure volunteer plan for potential longer-term ensure Comhlámh 2017). To plans (IFRCRCS 2015b; UNV 2016; response during and after crises to intervention before, calls for volunteer are outcomes, there after most they arise and rebuild better manage crises when local organisations that ensure Comhlámh 2017). left (IFRCRCS 2015b; UNV 2016; have international organisations driven and locally owned, VIOs must work with governments VIOs must work locally owned, driven and to agencies and humanitarian IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 20 What might VIOs do to enhance visibility and support of volunteerism in conflict What might VIOs do to enhance visibility and support of volunteerism settings? How well does wider civil society understand and value the role of volunteering How well does wider civil society understand and value the role working that in development, and how open is it to innovation and new ways of involve volunteers? How does the increase of private actors change the configuration of the of How does the increase volunteering field? including for their orientation and training? including for their orientation and inclusive? are their own volunteer programs ensure VIOs working to How are Do volunteers and VIOs need to engage all the actors covered in this paper to all the actors covered Do volunteers and VIOs need to engage an enabling environment? create volunteers, selecting and preparing the implications for recruiting, What are Can we build the willingness of actors to engage with volunteers where needed? to engage with volunteers where Can we build the willingness of actors engage with volunteers? How can they be better What incentives exist for them to engagement? contribute to effective incentivised? How can volunteers What is the role of volunteers in data/evidence collection, policy and advocacy work of volunteers in data/evidence collection, policy What is the role and in capacity building of various actors? both within and outside the system, Can volunteers shape or create a positive or more enabling environment? Do they enabling environment? more a positive or or create Can volunteers shape vibrant civil to a more active citizenship and contributing do this by encouraging society? members take to influence positive enabling environments? environments? positive enabling take to influence members make to the 2030 the contribution that volunteers will maximise What environments Agenda? What can we control or influence, and what should we try to understand and we try to understand and what should or influence, we control What can can Forum actions What concrete understand? that our volunteers ensure ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Actor-based aspects Actor-based Contextual aspects Relational aspects How relevant are the attributes of volunteers themselves? the attributes are How relevant IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 21

http://www.redcross.org.au/files/Responsive_

http://forum-ids.org/2017/08/ivco-2017-sub-theme- http://comhlamh.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/

https://erc.undp.org/evaluation/documents/download/9185

http://www.civicus.org/documents/reports-and-publications/ Practice. Accessed 30/06/2017 Models-of-International-Volunteering.pdf CIVICUS. 2016. A Year in Review: Civic Space. State of Civil Society Report. Accessed CIVICUS. 2016. A Year 18/07/2017 SOCS/2016/summaries/YIR_Civic-Space.pdf Innovation and Good Trends, Comhlámh. 2013. Models of International Volunteering: Chowns, E. 2017. IVCO 2017 Sub-Theme Paper – Measurement. InternationalChowns, E. 2017. IVCO 2017 Sub-Theme Paper – Measurement. Forum in Development. for Volunteering paper-measurement/ British Council. 2016. Enabling youth volunteerism for a better future in Jordan. Report Report in Jordan. volunteerism for a better future British Council. 2016. Enabling youth submitted by Al-Dajani, H. British Council: Amman. Report: Impact of UN volunteers online volunteering service. R. 2015. Evaluation Broers, Accessed 1/6/2017 Blanchet, K and Tataryn, M. 2010. Evaluation of post-earthquake physical rehabilitation of post-earthquake physical rehabilitation M. 2010. Evaluation Blanchet, K and Tataryn, Report. Research in Haiti. International for Evidence in Disability response Centre for Evidence in Disability: London. International Centre AVI. 2015a. Australian Volunteers for International Development (AVID) In-country for International Development (AVID) 2015a. Australian Volunteers AVI. Nov-Dec 2015. Unpublished. Monitoring Visit Report – Myanmar and 2016-17. Unpublished. Country Strategy 2015-2016 2015b. AVID AVI. Australian Red Cross. 2016. What international volunteering taught us about Australian Red Cross. partnerships. Accessed 30/06/2017 Partnerships_Learning_Paper--WEB.pdf Wellbeing and Change.” IDS Bulletin 46 (5) 29-42. and Change.” Wellbeing The Effectiveness Program: AVID Red Cross 2014. The Australian Australian Red Cross. by Dr Martine Report prepared Development Tool. as a of International Volunteering Hawkes. Aked J. 2015. How volunteering promotes and enables the practice of participation. and enables the practice of participation. volunteering promotes Aked J. 2015. How UNV. Paper. Background Building for Relationship Work? about How Volunteers Different Aked, J. 2015. “What’s References IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 22 http://www.

https://www.icvanetwork.org/ http://forum-ids.org/2017/08/ivco-2017-framing-paper/ http://www.kansalaisareena.fi/EYV2011Alliance_PAVE_copyfriendly.pdf Review on Volunteering Report. IFRCRCS: Geneva. Review on Volunteering International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 2011. Protect Societies. 2011. Protect and Red Crescent International Federation of Red Cross IFRCRCS: Geneva. in emergencies. Recognise. Volunteering Promote Societies. 2015a. Global and Red Crescent International Federation of Red Cross Civil Society. Paper submitted to the ninth international of the International conference Civil Society. Istanbul. Sector Research. Society for Third Societies. 2010. Volunteering and Red Crescent International Federation of Red Cross Geneva. development (supporting National Society development). IFRCRCS: 2014. How to Protect and Expand an Enabling Environment. Space for Civil Society. Act Space for Civil Society. and Expand an Enabling Environment. 2014. How to Protect Alliance and CIDSE. Switzerland and Belgium. Changing in Transformation? Hvenmark, J and von Essen, J. 2010. Civic Trinity and Citizenship in Swedish Patterns and Perspectives on Membership, Volunteering, Howard, J and Burns, D. 2015. “Volunteering for Development within the New J and Burns,Howard, D. 2015. “Volunteering Ecosystem of International Development.” IDS Bulletin 46 (5) 5:16. L. Winstanley, Mayaya, B, Prof. S, Mavhinga, D, Chirwa, W, K, Bresnihan, Howard, European Alliance for Volunteering. 2011. Policy Agenda for Volunteering in Europe. in Europe. Policy Agenda for Volunteering 2011. Alliance for Volunteering. European Poland. Accessed Commission 4th Thematic Conference. at the European Presented 30/06/2017 Disaster Response Dialogue. 2014. Outcome Statement of the 2nd Global Disaster Disaster Response Dialogue. 2014. 14/08/2017 Response Dialogue. Manila. Accessed system/files/versions/DRD%20global%20conference%20-%20outcome%20 document%20-%20final%205%20Nov%202014_0.pdf wed09.pdf?sfvrsn=2 of the SDGs through P and Learmonth, B. 2017. Implementation Devereux, in International Forum for Volunteering in Volunteering. Partnership Transformative Development. Initiative. Discussion paper. Initiative. Myanmar. Searchers and programme Cuso International, United Nations Volunteer Accessed 3/6/2017 in Myanmar. Urban Volunteerism 2015. A Study on cusointernational.org/docs/default-source/publications/reports/report-myanmar_ Comhlámh. 2017. Volunteering landscape and the European Union Aid Volunteers Aid Volunteers Union and the European landscape 2017. Volunteering Comhlámh. IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 23 http://www.

. http://forum-ids.org/2013/12/

http://www.cosmopolitandevelopmentproject.

http://www.mn.undp.org/content/dam/mongolia/ http://forum-ids.org/2000/11/guide-on-what-members-of-

United Nations Volunteers. 2000. Below the Waterline of Public Visibility. Roundtable of Public Visibility. 2000. Below the Waterline United Nations Volunteers. Netherlands, 29–30 November. and Social Development. The Hague, on Volunteerism Accessed 30/06/2017 parliament-can-do-for-development/ Volunteering in Sustainable Development: An Organisational Perspective.” IDS Bulletin in Sustainable Development: An Organisational Volunteering 46 (5) 83:94. 2015. Integrating volunteering in the next decade. United Nations General Assembly. Seventieth session. A/70/118. New York. Report of the Secretary-General adopted on 19 October 2011. Johannesburg. Accessed 30/06/2017 adopted on 19 October 2011. Johannesburg. volunteeractioncounts.org/iyv/content/dam/unv/PDFs/111029%20Southern%20 Africa%20Conference%20Declaration.pdf the Role of K. 2015. “How Participatory Practice can Help to Strengthen Turner, of the Findings. Accessed 30/06/2017 com/uploads/1/3/6/0/13608974/summary_report_final.pdf 2011. Creating Action for Development. on Volunteer Southern Africa Conference Final declaration for volunteer action in the region. an enabling environment Mongolia. Accessed 30/06/2017 Publications/UNV/VWG-VolSAR-Publlication-Eng-12Dec5.pdf Summary of International A. 2016. The Impacts Volunteering: Schech, A and Mundkur, international Accessed 30/06/2017 volunteering. Forum. forum-discussion-paper-2013-measuring-and-conveying-added-value/ and Volunteers United Nations Organizations, Network of Mongolian Volunteer in Volunteerism Recommendations on Promoting VSO. 2015. Situation Analysis and Lopez Franco, E and Shahrokh, T. 2015. “The Changing Tides of Volunteering in Tides of Volunteering 2015. “The Changing T. and Shahrokh, Lopez Franco, E IDS Bulletin 46 (5) 17-28. Knowledge and Practice.” Development: Discourse, L. 2013. Measuring and conveying the added value of Lough, BJ and Matthew, Disasters Report: Focus on local actors, the key to humanitarian effectiveness. effectiveness. key to humanitarian local actors, the Report: Focus on Disasters IFRCRCS: Geneva. Development. Australian Partnerships for Effective L and Roche, C. January 2014. Kelly, Council for International Development. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 2015b. World World 2015b. Societies. and Red Crescent Internationalof Red Cross Federation IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 24 Universal Universal http://www.

http://www.volunteerspirit.

http://www.civicus.org/index.php/socs-2014- https://issuu.com/unvolunteers/docs/unv_vi_global_ .

http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/corporate/ Sustainable Development. Brighton and London: VSO and Institute of Development Sustainable Development. Brighton and London: VSO and Institute Studies. Empower, Experience. Youth volunteerism in Fiji. Accessed 30/06/2017 Experience. Youth Empower, fj.undp.org/content/dam/fiji/docs/UNV/Youth%20Volunteerism%20Report_Web. pdf in VSO and Institute of Development Studies. 2015. The Role of Volunteering Development: UNV Responding to the 2030 Agenda. UNV Discussion Paper. the 2030 Agenda. UNV Discussion Paper. Development: UNV Responding to Accessed 14/08/2017 Executive%20Board/2016/Annual-session/dp2016-15_Annex%204.pdf Council of Fiji 2015. 2015. Engage, and the National Youth United Nations Volunteers expert-perspectives/592-volunteerism-civic-engagement-and-the-post-2015- agenda Sustainable as Essential in Achieving 2016. Volunteering United Nations Volunteers. United Nations Volunteers. 2015. State of the World’s Volunteerism Report – Volunteerism 2015. State of the World’s United Nations Volunteers. Governance. Bonn: UNV. Transforming and the post-2015 civic engagement 2015b. Volunteerism, United Nations Volunteers. agenda. Last accessed 19/07/2017 United Nations Volunteers. 2014b. Developing a Volunteer Infrastructure: A Guidance A Guidance Infrastructure: Developing a Volunteer 2014b. United Nations Volunteers. 30/06/2017 Note. Accessed report Values for Global Well-being for Values Volunteer in Strengthening Experience UNV’s 2014a. United Nations Volunteers. 30/06/2017 Evaluation Report. Accessed Infrastructure. org/files/UNV_VI_Global_Report.pdf United Nations Volunteers. 2011. State of the World’s Volunteerism Report – Report Volunteerism the World’s 2011. State of Volunteers. United Nations IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 25 http://forum-ids.org/2015/12/forum-

http://forum-ids.org/2016/10/why-

http://www.kansalaisareena.fi/HELPING_

http://www.issuelab.org/resource/strengthening_the_policy_

https://www.unv.org/about-unv/unv-strategic-framework-2014-2017

United Nations Volunteers. 2014. UNV Strategic Framework 2014-2017. Accessed 2014. UNV Strategic Framework United Nations Volunteers. 30/06/2017 for Peace and Development in Southern Africa. Discussion paper prepared for the for Peace and Development in Southern Africa. Discussion paper prepared Action for Development. South Africa. on Volunteer Southern Africa Conference Accessed 30/06/2017 environment_for_volunteering_for_peace_and_development_in_southern_africa United Nations Economic and Social Council. 11 May 2017. Progress towards the towards United Nations Economic and Social Council. 11 May 2017. Progress to the High-level Sustainable Development Goals. Report of the Secretary-General political forum on sustainable development. E/2017/66. New York. for Volunteering the Policy Environment 2011. Strengthening United Nations Volunteers. Vodafone Foundation Technology Partnership. Technology Foundation Vodafone Inform the Design of Review to 2012. Literature T. Lopez Franco, E and Shahrokh, London: VSO and Institute of Development Studies. Brighton and Volunteering. Valuing volunteer groups. Forum. Accessed 30/06/2017 volunteer groups. discussion-paper-2015/ of Information Initiative. 2011. Disaster Relief 2.0: The Future Humanitarian Harvard UN Foundation & and Berkshire: Washington Sharing in Humanitarian Emergencies. HANDS_Report.pdf 2015. Documenting the Contribution of Volunteering P. Haddock, M and Devereux, opportunities of universal SDGs for VIOs and to the SDGs: The challenges and Booth, D and Unsworth, S. 2014. “Politically smart, locally led development.” Discussion Booth, D and Unsworth, S. 2014. Overseas Development Institute, London. Paper. Conference (CEV). 2015. Helping Hands Hope for Europe! Centre Volunteer European Report. Brussels. Accessed 30/06/2017 Allum, C. 2016. Why measure and for whose benefit? Addressing the challenges of benefit? Addressing and for whose measure Allum, C. 2016. Why in a multiple stakeholder of volunteering for development measuring the contribution Forum. Accessed 30/06/2017 environment. measure-and-for-whose-benefit/ Aked, J. 2014. Valuing Volunteering Philippines – Views from the watershed: how from Philippines – Views Volunteering Aked, J. 2014. Valuing Brighton and London: VSO describe volunteering for development. citizens and actors Studies. and Institute of Development Additional reading Additional IVCO 2017 SUB-THEME PAPER

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 26 https://

https://www.vsointernational.org/sites/default/files/VSO-IBM- www.wagggs.org/en/resources/facilitating-and-improving-volunteering- environment-toolkit in sustainable development. Brighton and London: VSO and Institute of Development VSO and Institute of Development Brighton and London: in sustainable development. Studies. Region. 2012. Facilitating of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, European Association World Accessed 30/06/2017 – Toolkit. Environment the Volunteering and Improving initiatives can be leveraged to reduce poverty and promote economic empowerment. economic empowerment. promote poverty and to reduce can be leveraged initiatives Accessed 14/08/2017 CSC-India-Impact-Evaluation_31_10_2016_v3.pdf of volunteering A summary: the role of Development Studies. 2015. VSO and Institute VSO. October 2016. ‘Bridging the Gap’: How corporate employee-based development development corporate employee-based the Gap’: How 2016. ‘Bridging VSO. October