Cultures of Hypericum Androsaemum L., H. Perforatum L. and H

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Cultures of Hypericum Androsaemum L., H. Perforatum L. and H Universidade do Minho Escola de Ciências Ana Patrícia Serra Peyroteo Guedes Essential oils from plants and in vitro shoot cultures of Hypericum androsaemum L., H. perforatum L. and H. undulatum Schousboe ex. Wild Fevereiro de 2009 Universidade do Minho Escola de Ciências Ana Patrícia Serra Peyroteo Guedes Essential oils from plants and in vitro shoot cultures of Hypericum androsaemum L., H. perforatum L. and H. undulatum Schousboe ex. Wild Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Ramo do Conhecimento Biologia Trabalho efectuado sob a orientação de Professor Doutor Manuel Fernandes Ferreira Fevereiro de 2009 Acknowledgements Ao Professor Doutor Manuel Fernandes Ferreira, orientador científico deste trabalho, agradeço o apoio, incentivo e disponibilidade, bem como o espírito científico que sempre me transmitiu ao longo destes anos. Agradeço às Professoras Maria Helena Cardoso e Margarida Casal, Directoras do Departamento de Biologia, e à Professora Manuela Côrte-Real, Directora do Centro de Biologia, durante a execução deste trabalho, por promoverem todas as condições necessárias para o desenvolvimento do mesmo. À Eng. Ana Vicente, da Direcção Regional de Agricultura e Pescas da Região Norte, agradeço a simpatia com que sempre me atendeu, mas sobretudo a disponibilidade para ceder e colher todo o material biológico que lhe solicitei. À Associação Pedras Brancas, Covide - Terras de Bouro, agradeço o material biológico que me disponibilizaram. Agradeço também a todos os colegas de trabalho e funcionários do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade do Minho, o apoio prestado no decorrer deste trabalho. A todos os colegas que, ao longo destes anos, comigo trabalharam no Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal de Plantas, obrigada pelo companheirismo sempre dispensado. À Doutora Paula Gomes, amiga e companheira de laboratório, obrigada pelo apoio, disponibilidade e incentivo, ainda que nos últimos anos fisicamente ausente. Não imagina a falta que me fez… Ao Paulo e ao Luís agradeço o apoio, o companheirismo, a amizade e os constantes desabafos nas horas mais difíceis. À Alice, Marta e Mafalda agradeço o apoio e amizade na última fase da realização deste trabalho. iii Ao Franklin agradeço a sua contribuição directa na concepção de um dos capítulos desta tese. Aos meus amigos de sempre, Sandra, João, Herlânder, Zé, Ricardo, Tó e Sofia, um agradecimento muito especial por estarem sempre ao meu lado. A Vida não teria graça sem vocês… À empresa Águas do Fastio, agradeço o apoio e as facilidades concedidas na fase final deste trabalho. Às pessoas mais importantes da minha vida e que sempre acreditaram em mim, mesmo quando duvidei de que seria capaz, poucas são as palavras para exprimir o quanto lhes sou grata…. Aos meus sogros e cunhados, agradeço o apoio e incentivo ao longo destes anos. À minha irmã, Paula, agradeço todo o apoio, amizade, alegria e partilha de experiências. És a melhor “chefinha”… Aos meus sobrinhos, a luz da minha vida, obrigada por colorirem os meus dias, mesmo os mais cinzentos… Aos meus Pais, agradeço pela paciência, carinho, incentivo e apoio incondicional sem os quais as dificuldades na realização deste trabalho teriam sido ainda maiores… Ao Nuno agradeço-te por seres como és… iv Summary Apical buds and nodal segments, from plants grown in Nature were used as primary explants to establish in vitro shoot cultures of Hypericum androsaemum and Hypericum undulatum, respectively. Hypericum perforatum shoot cultures were established from nodal segments of axenic seedlings grown from seeds germinated asseptically on MS medium devoid of growth regulators. Shoot multiplication was performed by subculturing nodal segments on MS medium devoid of growth regulators, in the cases of H. perforatum and H. undulatum, and on MS medium supplemented with IAA and KIN, in the case of H. androsaemum. A modified Mg medium was used in parallel with the MS medium both devoid of growth regulators, in the case of H. undulatum. After 60 days on MS basal medium, H. undulatum cultures were characterized by a higher number of shoots and roots, comparing with the cultures grown on Mg basal medium. Essential oils (EO) from in vivo plants and in vitro cultures of H. androsaemum, H. perforatum and H. undulatum were isolated by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger type apparatus and analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). More than 70 compounds were identified in EO from plants of H. androsaemum L. cultivated in two places (Arouca and Arcos de Valdevez) and harvested with intervals of 2 months, over one year. Seasonal variations on the content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, the most represented group of compounds, were registered (42.8-72.7% in plants grown in Arouca and 43.4-78.5% in plants grown in Arcos de Valdevez). A high number of intermediate to long chain n-alkanes and 1-alkenes was recorded in EO of H. androsaemum plants grown in Arouca, in the month of February, as well as plants grown in Arcos de Valdevez, during the spring and in the end of winter. In most of the EO of this species, (Ε)-caryophyllene, β-gurjunene and γ- elemene were the major compounds independently of the experimental field. Ripened seed capsules and stems were the H. androsaemum organs with the highest and the lowest EO contents, respectively. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons dominated the EO of leaves and stems of H. androsaemum, while monoterpene hydrocarbons dominated the EO of the ripened seed capsules. From the five most represented compounds in the EO of H. androsaemum no one was common to all the three organs (leaves, stems and ripened seed capsules). Almost 80% of the total EO of in vitro shoots of H. androsaemum was represented by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, with γ-elemene as the only major constituent common to EO from in vitro shoots and from in Nature cultivated plants. v Essential oils from aerial parts of H. perforatum plants of two cultivars (common cultivar and cv. ‘Topaz’), grown in two experimental fields and sampled over one year, revealed high levels of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and low levels of oxygenated compounds. Germacrene D, (E)-caryophyllene and β-selinene were the major compounds. The highest EO content was found in flowers (~12-17 mg/g of dry biomass), in which sesquiterpene hydrocarbons was the major compound group and 2-methyloctane the most represented compound (22-29%). Alkanes which represented no more than 9% of the total EO from in Nature cultivated plants, was the second major group in the EO of in vitro shoots, in which n- nonane accounted for more than 24% of the total EO. Essential oils of plants and in vitro shoots of H. undulatum Schousboe ex Willd had n- nonane as the major constituent, accounting for more than 40% in most of them. This compound was that most contributed for the high level of n-alkanes group in the EO of the different plant organs, notwithstanding sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted the dominant group. The highest yield of H. undulatum EO was obtained from leaves, followed by ripened seed capsules, flowers and stems. The EO contents observed in in vitro H. undulatum shoots (4.9-10.5 mg/g of dry weight, for MS basal medium and 4.1-9.5 mg/g of dry weight, for Mg basal medium) were higher than those observed in aerial parts of in Nature growing plants. Although variations in the composition of the EO from shoots grown on two different basal media had been registered, over the 60 days of culture, the group of alkanes was the major one independently of the culture conditions. The highest contents of n-nonane were recorded in the EO from shoots grown on Mg basal medium. In order to get hairy root cultures of H. androsaemum, H. perforatum and H. undulatum, the influence of several factors (effect of explant pre-culture, bacterial density, explant wounding, addition of acetosyringone to the bacterial suspension and co-culture medium, as well as co-culture period) were evaluated, using the A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation as the main approach. Notwithstanding the several assays performed, hairy roots production was not achieved in any of the tested explants (leaves, internodal segments and roots). vi Resumo No âmbito do presente trabalho, foram estabelecidas culturas in vitro de Hypericum androsaemum, Hypericum perforatum e Hypericum undulatum. As culturas in vitro de H. androsaemum e H. undulatum foram obtidas, respectivamente, a partir de gemas apicais e segmentos nodais de plantas desenvolvidas na Natureza. Os explantes primários de H. perforatum foram obtidos de plântulas desenvolvidas a partir de sementes germinadas em condições de assépsia em meio de cultura MS sem fitorreguladores. Segmentos nodais foram utilizados na multiplicação de rebentos caulinares em meio MS suplementado com IAA e KIN, no caso de H. androsaemum, meio base MS, no caso de H. perforatum e meios base MS e Mg, no caso de H. undulatum. Após 60 dias de cultura, as plântulas de H. undulatum desenvolvidas em meio MS apresentavam maior número de rebentos e raízes, do que as plântulas obtidas em meio Mg. Os óleos essenciais (OE) de plantas in vivo e culturas in vitro de H. androsaemum, H. perforatum e H. undulatum foram isolados por hidrodestilação em aparelho tipo Clevenger e analisados por Cromatografia Gasosa (CG) e Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massa (CG-EM). Mais de 70 compostos foram identificados nos OE de plantas de H. androsaemum L., cultivadas em dois locais distintos (Arouca e Arcos de Valdevez), e colhidas com a periodicidade de 2 meses. Ao longo do ano, foram registadas variações de composição traduzidas em variações dos teores percentuais dos grupos de compostos, designadamente dos hidrocarbonetos sesquiterpénicos, grupo maioritário cuja expressão variou entre 42.8% e 72.7% nos OE de plantas desenvolvidas em Arouca e entre 43.4% e 78.5% nos OE de plantas desenvolvidas em Arcos de Valdevez.
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