JOURNAL of MILK and FOOD TECHNOLOGY

(including MlLK AND FOOD SANITATION•

Title registered U. S. Patent Office

Volume 12 March-April Number 2

Editorials The opinions and ideas expressed i1z papers a1zd editorials are those of the respective a1,thors. The express'ioiiS of the Association are completely recorded in the transactio11s.

THE FOOD SANITARIAN AS A RESEARCHER

E NOTE with interest the comment of Mr. Leete (see letter, page 124 of this W issue) that the proposed research team omits a sanitarian. Why the omission? This is certainly a pointed question. The simple, unvarnished truth is that we never thought of a sanitarian on the same basis as we considered the dairy husbandryman, the chemist, the bacteriologist. and the sanitary engi­ neer. Ea)!: of these latter four groups has received a professional training that 1s well recognized. The field covered by each is clearly defined; each member 11·ould be expected to contribute a type of outlook and a professional skill which can be evaluated and directed to coverage of definite .avenues of approach to the problem. Moreover, each of those skills is based on the scientific method­ a relatively precise educational discipline. The work of the food sanitarian is broader than that of any one of the aforesaid groups. It utilizes information from each of the above fields, sifts and c. a. i nterpret~ it, and then applies it to the immediate problem. The available data do not usually exactly meet the needs of the immediate situation, and so the 'Csanitarian uses his judgment. Thus, we tend to depend more and more on .our experience, and thus to become opinionated. The contradictory state of ur milk regulations indicates the extent to which we let opinions direct our actions instead of using facts. It would seem to us that teams of researchers should engage in studies of the several pro!J~ems, and present clear-cut facts. Then the sanitarian would have a dependable basis on which to base his action. In other words, the sani­ .rian. as a rule, would supplement. the research work instead of participating it-although we are well aware that the training of many sanitarians has en as rigorous as that of any other professional group. J. H. S. JVU

In retrospect it is of interest to review the ice cream manufacturers' etl rts in the past to secure uniformity of thinking as it pertained to their probtems in relation to the activities of official sanitarians. This is demonstrate by the cooperative program that was carried forward by the International _o· ciation of Ice Cream Manufacturers and the then National Association of ~ 1lk Sanitarians, which resulted in a joint committee of the two groups publis ing Forty-fifth Annua_l Ice Cream Convention and which can now be an­ Convention nounced are the following. The Forty-fifth Annual _Ice Cream 1. A trip to Hawaii, November 7 to Convention of the InternatiOnal Asso­ November 11, with eleven days on DIRECT MICROSCOPIC CLUMP COUNTS OF PASTEURIZED ciation of Ice Cream Manufa~turers the Island. will be held in Los Angeles durmg ~he 2 A western trip beginning with a MILK BY CARBOLATED, NEWMAN-LAMPERT NO.2, week of October 24. A joint sessiOn · get-together dinner in Chicago of AND THE ACID-AND-WATER-FREE METHYLENE will be held with the Milk Industry Eastern representatives at ~he Foundation on Wednesday a!ternoo~1, Edgewater Beach Hotel. Entram­ BLUE STAINING PROCEDURES·~ October 26. Ice cream se_s swns Will ing Sunday, October ~6, ?~ th: follow on Thursday and Fnday, Octo­ ''Special", the group w1ll v1 ~ 1t St. BENJAMIN s. LEVINE ber 27 and 28. The names of the Paul, Minneapolis, the Lake P~rk Senior Bacteriologist official hotels will be anno~mced later. region of Minnesota, the farmi?g AND As in the past, the International, MI~, centers of North Dakota, GlaCI~r and DISA will have block~ of hotels m National Park and other scemc LUTHER A. BLACK various geographical sectwr~s of the sites in the Rockies, the Grand Principal Bacteriologist, Mill< a-nd Food Sanitation Laboratory, city assuring the accommodatiOns of all Coulee Dam. and numer~us o~he,~ . Emtironmental Health Center active and associate members and attractive features. The SpeCial Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio guests. . . . tl will return to Chicago on Thurs­ Some features which will out1 me le day, November 3. N the 1939 edition of the Milk Ordi­ I nance and (':ode recommended by the of bacteria that were present in the Public Health Service, 1 it is stipulated milk prior to pasteurization. It wou!.d that the logarithmic average bacterial appear that the only other routine post­ plate count or direct microscopic clump pasteurization procedure applicable is count of grade A raw milk which is to the direct microscopic count. There­ be pasteurized shall not exceed 200,000 fore, it appeared desirable to obtain information on the effect of laboratory International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers per ml. According to the 1947 tenta­ tive edition of the code? this stipula­ pasteurization. on direct microscopic \Vashington, D. C. ,...., counts of milk films stained by several tion refers to milk, "as delivered from procedures. January 24, 1949 •· !'". the farm." It is on this basis that the Mr. W. B. Palmer stud_ here reported was conducted. If Journal of Milk & Food Technology the grading of pasteurized milk is to HISTORICAL Dear Mr. Palmer: be carried out in accordance with the From a review of literature on the '}bove requirements, bacteriological ex­ visibility of bacteria in milk after it has of the raw milk prior to its been pasteurized, in relation to bac­ • . . . A · f of Milk and Food Sani- ;~ miua ti dh The members of the Interna~wna1 sst?cta ~~ 11our guests and if any of pasteurization "as delivered from the terial visibility in its raw state, it is tarians are invited to will get in touch with fa rm" would be made. However, if a evident that contradictory conclusions a~tend tl~~s c~~~~n c:~vention have been reached in the past. Thus, your members who desire to ~ e~ f blanks when they are distributed procedure for examination of the pas­ 3 us we will send them hote1 1eser va Ion eurized milk could be found which Brooks using Wright's stain, obtained later in the year. would closely approximate the number in grade A pasteurized milks counts of oE bacteria in the raw milk at the time dead bacteria running into millions. Cordially yours, of delivery, this would have certain He found further that with the average (Signed) advantag-es. plate count of 7.900, on these pasteur­ ROBERT c. HIBBEN' Since the standard plate count pro, ized milks the corresponding direct Executive Secretary 11eaure as applied to pasteurized milk count was 440.000. or in a ratio of 1 to indicates only those bacteria, either 55. In a study of 87 specimens of Grade singly or in clumps, which survived the A pasteurized milk, he found an average heat treatment, it is evident that this direct microscopic count of individual can offer no indication of the number bacteria of 1,700,000 and an average clump count of 480,000. Hastings and 4 , ·~eselltn at the Seventy-sixth of bacteria which stain by the Breed ucr~nual 9, 1948.Mect. iug iu Boston, 1\Iassachusetts, Novem­ method varies from 3 percent to 83 percent. /V JVVJ..'-.L~.n.Lo vr J.V.LlLl\. 1\.N!J J:"OOD lECHNOLOGY 71 Ward and Myers 5 stated that "Heat­ of the number of bacteria in the milk then examined microscopically as ing milk at pasteurizing temperature prior to pasteurization. •• It would ap­ usual. pre~eded by a 5-minute preheating for 30 minutes caused a considerable pear that the contradictory results and penod. In order to take account of reduction in the number of bacteria the ensuing confusing opinions are due EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE the factors well expressed by Ande ·­ found in smears stained with methylene primarily to the fact that the studies This report is based on a study of son, 12 that. "direct microscopic coun~s blue. In many cases the percentage of were carried out by different workers, two sets of 25 milk specimens each may be ?~gh b_ecause of growth of reduction in count would appear to be at different times, using different pro­ and. sl~ould , therefore, be regarded as thermophthc mtcroorganisms during comparable to similar figures obtained cedures, and possibly having a different prelmunary. ~everal sets of milk the process of pasteurization or be­ by the plate counts. In general, the purpose in mind. For this reason it films o~ the mtlks studied were pre­ ca~se of contamination after pasteuri­ reductions after 30 minutes range seemed desirable to restudy this phase pared 111 accordance with Standard zatwn, and may not reflect the true from 75 percent upward, with 9 of the of the direct microscopic count pro­ 1f~thods. Four of these sets were cou~ts ~! the milk before it was pas­ 16 samples showing above 90 percent cedures in a more coordinated manner, sramed J;>y _each of the staining pro­ teunze<;~ ' counts were made on the reduction. " They further express the as described herein. c e ~lures 111d1cat~d, as follows : one set raw mtlks before and after 24 hours opinion that heating milk at a pasteur­ pr_wr to pastenzation, as soon as the storage as a control procedure. ization temperature for thirty minutes REASONS FOR SELECTION OF STAINING mtlk samples were brought into the kills and possibly disintegrates most -)f PROCEDURES labora~ory, and another set of the same EXERIMENTAL RESULTS the bacteria. In both instances last The carbolated methylene blue stain ra"·. tmlks after 24 hours storage in the In Tablt; 1 the results are presented cited, the authors conclude that the is accepted as the standard in the o fo~ 25 _mtlk specimens in terms of 8 r~ fnge rator at 4 C. ;-· one set imme­ number of bacteria lost to visibility Ninth Edition of Standard Methods. chately after pasteurization on the dav:> anthmettc and logarithmic average after pasteurization is sufficiently great The results obtained with this stain the samples were brought into the counts for the group as a whole prior to impair the usefulness of the direct were therefore taken as the basis for laborat~ry , anti another set after the to and after pasteurization, and in microscopic counts made on pasteur­ comparison. The Newman-Lampert pasteu~·tzed sam~les were kept for terms of corresponding percentage ized milks by the procedures they No. 2 stain, as was pointed out by us 24 o cou~t l?st and remaining after pas­ 9 hours 111 the re_fn~erator at 4 C. employed. in another report, is capable of pro­ The pasteunzatwn was carried out teunzatwn. This was done for counts Knavsi and Ford,<; on the other hand, ducing counts . not lower than b on _10 mi. portions of the milks in made on. the day milk specimens were the Carbolated· Methylene Blue, so this conclucle that the bacteria made in­ ~ tenle test tubes properly submerged brought 111, and for the counts on the visible by pasteurization do not vanish, stain also was included in the presentii 111 wat~ r kept at 143° F . in a LoSee· raw and pa_st7urized milk specimen<> but that their stainability is often suf­ study. The Acicl-and-vVater-Free stain Reclnctwn Incubator for thirty minutes, after they were stored in the refrigera­ ficiently reduced so that they are not developed in this labor.atory has beei;t tor for 24 hours. visible by methods requiring decoloriza­ described in a prevfutts report.10 Th tion or when stains containing decolor­ results presented in that report and itl! izing agents such as strong acids, for one recently prepared .for publication tft TABLE 1 instance, are used. indicate the acid-and-water-free stain SL"M:MARY .?F DrREcT MicRoscoPic CLUMP CoUNTs OF MILK UsiNG 7 Baker inoculated raw milk having ing procedure to be ~pable of yielding METHYLENE BLUE STAINS SEVERAL low initial bacterial counts with skim maximal counts as comparecl 'to sever, t (On the day milks were brought in and pasteurized) milk cultures of different strains of other staining procedures used on a bacteria commonly found in milk. He series of raw milks. Therefore, thi N ewman-Lampe1·t A "d d W Carbolated ct -an - ater- also found that direct microscopic staining procedure was also includea No.-2 Free Raw P · r---..A_----;------, ,..----"--- - counts of laboratory pasteurized milk in the study. The acid-and-water-free asteun:::ed Raw Pasteur·i:::ed Raw Pastettri:::ed expressed as percent of the correspond­ procedure consists of the followi ag ~ithn1eti c average/ mi. iflercent of raw milk count 320,000 120,000 260,000 100,000 570,000 240,000 ing raw milk counts, varied consider­ simple steps : The milk films are pr.~­ Percent of count loss 38 39 42 ably with all types of organisms studie(l, 62 pared and defatted in accordance wi~h l:!ligarithmic average/mi. 61 58 190,000 78,000 and that in some instances it may be Standard Methods. Directly after cJI • Percent of raw milk count lSO,OOO 65,000 330,000 160,000 only a small fraction of the original fatting, the slides are submerged j e>r 41 p rcent of count loss 59 43 49 direct count on raw milk. one to one and one half minutes in an 57 51 On the basis of the contradictory re­ alcoholic solution of 0.6 percent ceati· sults and opinions cited, it would ap­ fied methylene blue. It will be n0ted (After 24 hours storage in the refrigerator at 4o C) Arllhmctic average/ml 320 000 . pear difficult, if not impossible, to con­ that this stain is free from added aaid Percent of raw milk cou~t ' 170,000 270,000 110,000 460,000 clude whether or not the pasteurization or water, from which fact it deriv its 410,000 Pe cent of count"toss 47 53 59 41 89 of milk affects the direct microscopic name. The stained slides are tlren 11 count so as to make this procedme lightly rinsed in tap water and sl0;wly ~Ogarithm ic average/mi. 190,000 ercent of raw milk count 1~~ 160,000 66,000 270,000 250,000 suitable or unsuitable for an estimation but thoroughly airdried. They are Percent of count loss 41 47 93 59 7 milk specimens are presented An analysis of the data presented in 6. Refrigeration for 24 hours ef­ 111 pasteurized milk at a temperature of Table 1 appears to disclose the follow­ fected a considerable reversal in the Table 2. . It can be seen that post pasteuriza­ 4o C., the ::rit~metic average of the ing facts: adsorptive power of the heat-treated post pasteunzatton counts had gone up tion counts o~ s~mples stained directly 1. Immediately after pasteurization, bacteria in the case of the carbolated to 480,090 and the logarithmic to 290,- the percentage reduction of the counts methylene blue stain ( 12 percent by after pasteunzatton by the Acid-and­ Water-Free procedure were signifi- 000, whtle the averages of the control was greatest in the samples stained by the log average and 15 percent by the counts on the corresponding raw milks carbolated methylene blue ( 62 percent arithmetic average), and especially so on the basis of the arithmetic average in the case of the Acid-and-Water-Free TABLE 2 and 59 on the basis of the logarithmic stained slides ( 44 percent by the log CoMPARATIVE (MicRoscOPIC) CouNTs ON TwENTY-FIVE M - S average), and lowest in the Acid-and­ average and 47 percent by the arith­ AND AFTER PASTEURIZATION ILK PECII\IENS PRIOR TO Water-Free stained slides (58 percent metic average). on the basis of the arithmetic average 7. Storage of the raw milk for 24 Pasteuri:::ed Raw Mill~ and 51 on the basis of the logarithmic hours in the refrigerator did not ma­ ----- .- -·--"------. Dt.r ecfl'j• Stored 24 hours average). However, the difference is terially increase or decrease the origi­ Day After 24 hrs. Specimen 1·eceived aft~r _ afte1· comparatively small and may be re­ nal bacterial counts. stomge Pasteunzatton pasteurizatio 1 860,000 11 garded as lying within the same range It appears safe to assume, therefore, 2 840,000 560,000 540 000 1,100,000 1,300,000 of magnitude. that any demonstrable change in the 3 180,000 12o,ooo IIoo'ooo 4 130,000 110,ooo '13o'ooo 2. Following 24 hours storage in counts in the heated milks after. 200,000 160,000 5 140,000 17o,ooo I6o'ooo the refrigerator, the average count o{ storage was not due to bacterial growth. 6 140,000 48,000 Izo'ooo 220,000 350,000 the slides stained with the carbolated Certain observations during the per­ 7 400,000 1JO,ooo 29o'ooo 8 / 280,000 12o,ooo 26o'ooo methylene blue went up from 38 per­ fonnance of these experiments led us 570,000 140,000 cent by the arithmetic count and cor­ to believe that the increase in tli.e 9 1,800,000 180,000 n'ooo 10 1,100,000 5oo,ooo 55o'ooo responding 41 percent by the logarith­ counts under the circumstances dis­ 1,200,000 1,100,000 11 540,000 73o,ooo 1 8oo'ooo mic count to 53 percent, thus gaining cussed might be due to a rehabilitatio~ 12 440,000 17o,ooo '35o'ooo 310,000 260,000 between 12 percent to 15 percent, tak­ to a greater or. lesser degree of tire 13 230,000 15o,ooo 22o'ooo 14 170,000 23o,ooo 16o'ooo ing both methods of averaging into heat denaturized constituents of the ba - 880,000 920,000 15 150,000 7oo,ooo 95o'ooo consideration. · teria. Other experiments conducted 16 120,000 so,ooo 16o'ooo 460,000 300,000 3. Practically no change was affected in part to secure an explanation of t e 17 . 90,000 160,ooo 36o'ooo 18 96,000 96,000 1oo'ooo by refrigeration in the counts of the increased counts tended to point also 80,000 80,000 19 2,100,000 72,000 84'ooo pasteurized milk with films stained by in the direction ot' a"f avorable shift 'in 20 1,400,000 1,1oo.ooo 1 8oo'ooo 100,000 120,000 the Newman-Lampert No. 2 stain. the buffer factors of the milk. 21 1,200,000 96,ooo '13o'ooo 22 1,300,000 I 50,000 240' 000 4. The counts in the slides stained 3,000,000 2,900,000 with the Acid-and-Water-Free stain RESULTS WITH ·THE Acm-AND­ 23 240,000 1,7oo,ooo 1 7oo'ooo 24 _, 370,000 4Io,ooo '23o'ooo went up from 42 percent of the cor­ VVATER-FREE S:Mrn RE,.STUDIED 250,000 250,000 25 180,000 2oo,ooo 96:ooo responding raw milk counts to 89 per­ It appears ·from the data presented 170,000 400,000 310,000 Baltimore, il{d. The differences were great enough to 3. With the Acid-and-Water-FreJ! indicate that they were not due to stain the immediate post-pasteurization HE comparison of milk control with errors in count, but to some other loss in the bacterial counts was the Tc:ontrol oi water supplies is not sound. tend~d by emi?l?yees under frequent medical supervision, a milk so labeled causes. In nine of the 25 milks the lowest after storing the pasteurized \Vater is inorganic; milk . is organic that he can recognize· it, no one should increase in the pasteurized samples fol­ samples in the refr~gerator for 24 hours. \\'ater does not sour nor decompose; lowing 24 hours storage in the refrig­ The loss was regamed to a greater ex­ milk does both. The source of drinking have the right to deny it to him and . the duty of the Milk Control Officials erator was of an insignificant value, tent than in the Carbolated Methylene 11 ater is not animals that may be but the loss in count ranged from 25 Blue stained slides. For the two sets healthy or diseased. well nourished or is t? see that the milk is as represented. percent to as high as 8~ P.ercent. We of 25 milks tested, the average 2 poorly nourished; ·that of milk is. It IS by the demand for "super-milk" intended to make a statistical study of hours storage post-pasteurizatio~ coun_ Pathogenic microorganisms tend to die that the quality of the general milk these counts in order to determine the with this stain, as compared with the out rather tQ.an multiply in water; in .supply is raised. ( 3) Safety is not the influence which such post pasteuriza­ raw milk count. was 89 percent by t~ milk they may multiply. The control only factbr in good milk. Prevention tion counts may have upon the grade arithmetic average and 93 percent b)l ui a water supply is largely a chemical of disease is only half the function of a placement of the milks. \Ve found, the logarithmic average, in the first and engineering job but biology plays Health Officer (the negative half) ; to however, that the number of samples series of 25 milks, and 77 percent a~Maryland the Commission is Committee. These committees func­ farm and make monthly or more fre­ established by act of Legislature and tion throughout the yea1- and meet 4. Du,ties of Employees quent r~ports to their Commissions. 5 in Connecticut the Dairy and Food whenever occasion requires. The The attltu?e of these Supervisors to · Management of Communicable Infections Commission is the Milk Commission. Council of ten members has charge of 6. Records of Employees ~he farms Is ~me of cooperation and it Each Commission appoints or employs making the budget and is the interim IS our expenence that cooperation is four "Supervisors", a Physician, a authority between Annual Meetings. the most effective method of control . this heading but in Chart 3 are listed Veterinarian, a Sanitarian and a Labo­ It appoints an Operating Committee Certified Milk cannot be produced thr~e of t~e most important and on ratory Director, who carry out the which also includes a minority of successfully by police methods. which I will comment. duties which I shall describe. members from the Certified Milk Pro- a. ~edica! Examinations are thor­ MEDICAL SUPERVISION ough, mclttdi.ng a physical examination C b a r t 1. Chart 2, taken from the CONTENTS and other Items mentioned in the ORGAN! ZATION of .Methods t& Standards, lists the Chart. b. By Medical Inspections is dutles of. the Physician, Farm Owner mean.t .that .a~ least once a month the or .Supenntendent, and Employees in Physicia~ VISit~ the farm, is given an cann~ for the health of farm and milk­ ?Pportu~uty to mterview (and examine handhng personnel. If he thmks necessary) the employees ~xcept for tuberculosis and brucel­ an? to be consulted by them. He in­ Milk Commieeions ~uires abo~t thei.r families, the ex­ Vtterlnar1111 a.nl tar! Ill LaboratOI7 Director losis, _most of the ?iseases transmissible by m1lk have their origin in the per­ Istence of tllt~ess 111 the neighborhood sonnel (e.g.. septic sore throat, scarlet and schools, etc. .c. Upon occasion or , f~ver, typ~otd fever). I do not have call h~ makes Special Examinations and time to discuss all of the items under sub.mtts material for laboratory exami­ nation whenever he thinks advisable.

Co. I ttee on Closures & Containers CHART 3 lleaearen C~lttee MEDICAL SUPERVISION OF EMPLOYEES Co.alttee on Publle1t1 & Advertising nnat~clal & Legal .ldY1aol7 c-tttee Certified Milk a. Med ical Examinations Other Milk* ~or New Employees :-Med- Ical history. Vaccination. Not required of farm em­ Before the Commission can function ducers' Association. The Operatip.g Feces and throat cultures. P.loyees. Annual examina­ as a certifying agency it must be rec­ Committee meets several times a yea,r X-ray of chest and Was­ tiOn. ?"f employees at pas­ ognized by the Council of the Ameri­ to direct the business of the Associa­ sermann recommended. Cul­ teunzmg plant. tures repeated in 30-60 can Association of Medical Milk Com­ tion and employs an Executive Secre· days. missions, Inc., which controls the copy­ tary with headquarters in the Centfal For All Employees :-Re­ right and use of the name "Certified Office in New York City. The ffi.:x;· peat annually. b. Medical Inspections Milk". The ultimate authority of the ecutive Secretary edits Certified Mi'Jk Nature and Purpose. Month­ Association is the Annual Meeting of Magazine. The Council also appoi!lts ly or more often. Not required. c. Special Examinati011s U delegates from the Medical Milk Com­ Regional Inspectors who visit the va.ri· • pon call or occasion. ? missions. At this meeting a President, ous Commissions and Farms one or • In thi s and so f h ~.tana ard s for "A me o t e ~,ucceeding Charts the data under 0 l . . . a Secretary-Treasurer, and members more times during the year. Contaats Gr.fde A'". " Sele~f.~ov;.~taMdlk d"m New York City. With slig~tiCJ l}I~k a_re taken largely froru the of the Council are elected, and Methods of the Commissions and Farms with lllumties. The req~ir~ments na,~r not ~•if~~:;:- :f"Jteurizfd milks, other fu~n' C~~~'fiete;olto.uld apply to n are o ten less severe thall those for' raw miik. most com· ---·- ...., .._,.._,..., .a. .c.v.l..lJ,:~ULUUl:

VETERINARY SuPERVISION with the conditions at the farm the CHART 7 lines, inadequate refrigeration, bad Chart 4 lists the responsibilities of Veterinarian sometiq1es makes an ex­ VII. MILKING, MILK HANDUNG, TRANS­ condition of milk-handling equipment, the Veterinarian. cellent Sanitarian. PORTATION AND DISTRIBUTION improper sanitizing, or almost countless 1. Supervision and Reports other details. See Chart 8. CHART 4 SANITARY SUPERVISION 2. General VI. VETERINARY SUPERVISION OF THE HERD Buildings and Equipment (Chart 6) a. Employees' Clothing are under the supervision of the Sani­ b. Things to Be Avoided by Employees LABORATORY SuPERVISION I. Supervision and Reports 3. Milking I now come to that part of the con­ 2. Herd Management tarian. The list of items in this section a. Protection of Milking Equipment trol of Certified Milk in which I take a. Identification of Cows of Methods & Standards serves to in­ from Contamination b. Herd Records dicate his duties. b. Preparation and Handling of Cows greatest pride. I am not one of those c. Milking and Calving Period c. Milkers' Hands who think that the quality of a milk d. Pastures and yards -1. Milk Handling and Processing e. Feeding CHART 6 can be judged by studying valves and a. Collecting and Filtering temperature charts ; it is the milk itself f . Bedding v. BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT b. Cooling J . Disease Control 1. Supervision and Reports c. Processing, Bottling and Sealing that must be studied. The final result a. Isolation of the Herd 2. General d. Labeling is in the bottle that goes on to the door b. Admission to the Herd a. Location of Buildings 5. Transportation and Distribution step; all other things are subsidiary. c. Tuberculosis b. Surroundings of Buildings a. Equipment d. Brucellosis c. Extermination of Flies and Other b. Temperature The laboratory standards for Certified e. Withdrawals from the Milking String Insects c. Delivery Time Limit Milk are listed in Chart 9. f. Mastitis and Abnormal Milk d. Exclusion of Rats and Other Vermin d. Bottles from Qua,rantined Homes g. Notification of Veterinarian e. Water Supply 6. Preservation of Vitamins and Good CHART 9 f. Drinking Fountains or Cups Flavor He too visits the farm at least g. Toilets .IV. LABORATORY STANDARDS FOR CERTIFIED h. Employees' Homes, Dormitories The Sanitarian is also in charge of MILK monthly, usually more frequently, and Boarding Houses 1. Supervision and Reports at times daily because he is likely to Milking. Milk Handling, Transporta­ i. Visitors tion and Distribution (Chart 7) al­ 2. Certified Milk, the Basic Product be employed in obstetrical practice and 3. Cow Barns 3. Pasteurization to treat the manv minor accidents that 4. Milking Barn or Room and Equipment( though the supervision of milking may 4. Bacteriological Methods and Standards a. Construction and Condition wel(be assigned to the Veterinarian. 5· Pnysical and Chemical Methods and befall the animais in a £air-sized here!. b. Cleanliness The Sanitarian is alerted for faults in Standards He thus becomes thoroughly familiar 5. Milk Receiving Rooms equipment ' and dairy technique. No 6. Sediment and Flavor Tests with the cows. In Chart 5 are detailed 6. Dairy Building 7. Certified Gream and Certified Fat-Free some of the major duties of his super­ a. Construction and Condition ne is better able to insure the delivery (Skim) Milk b. Rooms Required 8. Special Certified Milks vision. of a milk of low bacterial count and c. Use good flavor to the consumer. Failure a. Vitamin D Certified Milk There are likely to be more occa­ 7. Dairy Building 15qti1pment and Bottles b. Certified Milk-Homogenized sions for calling the Veterinarian than a. Necessary Equipment to do so may mean careless milking, 9. Modified Milk and Products Made from b. Construction milk stone in milking machines or pipe Certified Milk there are for the Phvsician. Because c. Condition of his frequent visits and familiarity d. Cleaning and Sanitizing CHART 8 SANITARY SuPERVISION CHART 5 Certified Milll Other Milk \ ETEIUNARY SUPERVISION OF HER!> ~ nsp c cti o ns and Reports Monthly or more often. ? Certified Mill~ Other Mill~ !Building-s and Equipment Location, construction, con­ ? Physical E xaminations Monthly. Yearly. dition, cleanliness, use, sani­ tizing. Tuberculin Tests Semi-annually. Additions re- Yearly. tested in 60 days. filking, Milk Handling, Precautions for preservation ? Transportation, Distribution of vitamins and flavor (e.g. Blood Tests for Bang·'s Dis- On admission. Every 60 Not required. exposure to copper and sun­ ease clays if any reactors ar ~ light). found. Otherwise every 6 months. Temperature below so• F. Not over 60• F. when re­ from just after milking un­ ceived at city plant, so• F. Admission or Readmission Must be approved by Veter- Not required. til delivery to consumer. after pasteurization until of Cows to Herd inarian or by laboratot·y delivered. examination. To be delivered to consumer To be delivered within 48 Isolation of Herd From hogs, horses, clogs, Not required. -' within 42 hrs. from day of hrs. after pasteurization; fowls, diseased cows, and production. no time limit before pas­ cows of non-certified herds. teurization. Feeding of Cows Purpose : - Preservation of No injurious foods. Kept separate from all other vitamins and flavor ; uni- milk until bottled. Source fonnity throughout year. identified. CHART 10 LABORATORY SuPERVISION Certified Milk Other MWl Total Plate Count of bac­ 10,000 for raw milk or be­ 400,000 before pasteuriza­ teria per mi. of milk fore pasteurization; 500 tion; 30,000 after ( fre­ after pasteurization quency?). (weekly count) . Coliform Count per mi. 10 for raw milk or before ? before pasteurization ; I pasteurization; 1 after pas­ after pasteurization (counts teurization (weekly count). on request of Milk Division inN. Y.). Blood Agar Plates For recognition of strepto­ Seldom done or of int;rest cocci and mastitis organisms except during epidemics. (as requested by Physician or Veterinarian; required weekly by some Commis­ sions). FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 Spore Test To detect contamination of Not required. milk by manure or dust. of milk. You will be interested to consideration when radially ruled charts are used. The radial ruling re­ Brucella Agglutinins in Milk Required to be negative Not required (usually posi­ know something aboitt the illum~nation (tested monthly or more tive) · of this plate and the countmg of sults in greater accuracy and sim­ often). colonies. ,· plicity of calculation. Butterfat 4.0 percent or as indicated on 3.3 percent. Figure 2 shows four counting charts For counting colonies in a blood agar label. made of dull black paper. One of these plate similar charts ruled in black on charts is placed into the inverted lid transparent celluloid may be used, as of a Petri dish and over it, bottom side shown in Figure 3. In this case strong I shall confine my discussion to the In the APPENDIX to down is placed the agar plate to be transmitted light is used. In blood first few items which are summarized Standards. are Clescribed count~d. By a strong oblique light aaar one may obtain not only a total in Chart 10. making the above and the colonies appear white against the c~unt but a differential count. Colonies To meet these standards a milk (Chart 11.) black background. If the plate appears of the various streptococci are easily recognized and one becomes familiar must be good and, whether raw or pas­ CHART 11 to contain not more than 100 colonies teurized, I think it is as safe as a head APPENDIX .... , )' \ the chart marked XI should be used with the udder flora of the herd. of lettuce, a piece of rare meat, a APPROVED LABORATORY METHODS and all of the colonies counted. If the Desoxycholate agar plates inoculated radish, a piece of celery, or a drink of OMMENDATIONS' plate appears to contain from 200 with 1 ml. of undiluted milk serve very water. To have such a low bacterial 1. Total Bacterial Counts to 500 colonies chart X2 should be well for the enumeration of coliform 2. The Determination. of Coliform Or- bacteria in Certified Milk. The plate count it must have been produced and ganisms used airel all of the colonies in the four handled carefully. To have fewer than 3. Heat-Resistant Bacteria in Milk ruled sectors counted and the result 10 coliform bacteria per ml. (raw) the 4. Examination for Hemolytic Streptococci multiplied by 2. Chart XS should be milking must have been clean and the 5. Suggested Routine Bacteriological Pro- used for counting plates containing 500 cedure milk handling equipment free from 6. Diagnosis and Control of Mastitis to 1000 colonies; chart X10 for plates milk stone and must have been well 7. Sanitizing Methods and Materials containing more than 1000 colonieo,. sanitized. To have fewer than 1 coli­ 8. Deter~ination ?f Cur!l Tension o~ ~i!.W. The counting of four sectors at ri~ht form organism per ml. and to be phos­ (Amencan Datry Sctence Assoctatton~' angles to each other compensates tor 9. Titration of Ascorbic Acid in Milk phatase negative it must be properly (New Jersey Agricultural College) une,·cn distribution of coionies. Since pasteurized . and put into clean sterile 10. Titration of Brucella Agglutinins m the length of every arc of a radially bottles. To pass critical inspection of Milk ruled sector is in similar ratio to the a blood agar plate it must be free from 11. Nutritional Value and Flavor of Milk circumference at that point. all areas streptococci pathogenic for man. To I wish to illustrate some of these ijrom the center to the periphery of the show relatively few bacterial spores it methods. In Figure 1 is shown ~ plate are given proportionate evalua­ must have been clean milk before pas­ casein tryptone dextrose extract ag~ tion, which is not true when a guide teurization. To be free from Brucella plate inoculated with 0.1 ml. of Certi,.. plate ruled h1 squares is used and con- agglutinins it must have come from fied Milk-raw. It contains 97 coloni6p, ~c utiv e squares are counted vertically non-reacting cows and cannot have all of which were counted. The plate and horizontally. Variations in the been mixed with ordinary milk. count is therefore 970 colonies per ml. diameters of plates do not enter into FIGURE 3 J>J.._, ...... , ...... v.J..· .u.L.J.J.,..l\.. .t\..J.~u ruuu l.ECl-lNOLOGY shown in Figure 4 is of 1 ml. of raw glutinins in the blood. Nevertheless, milk, raw or pasteurized, has been posi­ milk and contains only two charac­ many cows with agglut.inin~ in t~ei_r · In conclusion I wish to emphasize teristic red colonies of coliform bac­ milk are not shedders. Dunng a v1s1t tive. Of course there are other herds that although about 75 percent of Cer­ teria. All Gram positive bacteria are to Denmark last summer I had an op­ than Certified which are negative but tified Milk is pasteurized, it differs inhibited either completely or so as to portunity to observe their use of the when milk is collected from farms over from all other milk in that CERTI­ produce very small colonies. Should so-called "Ring Test" for Brucella ag­ the countryside and mixed, it is invari­ FIED MILK - PASTEURIZED glutinins in milk. In this test undi­ ably positive. What does this mean? MUST BE CERTIFIED MILK luted. whole milk is used. To 1 drop Simply that some of the milk comes BEFORE IT IS PASTEURIZED. of the concentrated stained antigen from reacting animals. The Ring Test This can not be done if milk control placed in the bottom of a Wassermann or the whey titration are valuable for starts and ends at the pasteurizing the control of Certified Milk. tube add 1 ml. of milk and mix imme-_ plant. diately. Within 30 minutes the result may be read as shown in Figure 5. The phenomeno1:1 is explaine_d by t_he fact that agglutmated orgamsms nse with the cream whereas non-agglu­ tinated .organisms do not. We have been experimenting with this test for more than a year and it has been in­ Staining for Direct Counts corporated into Methods & Standards (Ed. 1948). It is simpler and, _I th~nk, (Continued from page 74) more sensitive than the whey tltrat10n. ' Newman-Lampert No.2 stain to cause 5. Ward, A. R., and Myers, C. E. In An improved antigen is available in an increase in the count after 24 hours fluence of Dead . Bacter~a on Microscopi FIGURE 4 small quantity from Mr. Ronald M. stor~ge o f tlel pasteunze· d m1"lk m· t l1e Health,Counts of27, Pasteunzed 899-905 (1937). Mtlk. Amer. !. Pu/; refngerator. It appeared to be marked 6. Knaysi, G., and Ford, M. Method fut . ' there be any non-lactose fermenting enough to cause an increase of 12 per- Counting .Viable Bacteria iJ? Mil~ by Means / cent by theb logharith~hic a~erage and ~~ ~~)~o~cope. I. Da,ry S"., 21, 129- , Gram negative bacteria in the milk they 1J1 9 would form colorless colonies. This I 5 percent Y t e ant metlc average, 7. Baker, M. P. The Direct Microscopic () medium is excellent for the isolation of in the carbolated methylene blue counts. Count as a Method for Counting Bacteria 0. typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery In the Acid-and-Water-Free stain, the in Pasteurized Milk. Ibid., 29, 5d6-507 bacilli; Proteus does not spread. The regain in the adsorptive power of the (1946>· (Abstract.) . bacteria was sufficient to bring the post- . 8. Standf!'Yd Methods for the E:ramma- coliform count does not parallel the . . twn of Dawy Products, 9th Ed. New York: total count and therefore has a dif­ pasteunzatwn counts to 83 p~rcent by Amer. Pub. Health Assoc., 1948. ferent significance. When it is high ~t the arithmetic average, and 87 percent 9. Levine, B. S., and Black, L. A. A is time for cooperation of the Sam­ by the logarithmic average of the Co~~arative Study of Com~only l!sed ~ tarian and the Laboratory until the original raw milk counts. Sta1J?mg Pro.ced?res for ~he D1rect Mtcro- .; scop1c Exammabon of Mtlk. J. MILK AND Q cause is found and corrected. FooD TEcHNOL., 11, 139-148 (1948). REFERENCES 0 w In Methods & Standards is described 10. Levine, B. S., and Black, L.A. Newly I. a method for titrating Brucella agglu­ 1. lVlill~ Ordinance and Code, U.S.P.H.S. Proposed Staining Formulas for the Direct ,__ tinins in milk. I am aware that there Pub. Health Bul. No. 220, 1939 edition. Microscopic Examination of Milk. Amer. ~r FIGURE 5 have been reports of finding very few 2. Tentative Revised Edition, Milk Ordi­ !. Pub. Health, 38, 1210-1218 (1948). nance and Code, Public Health Service, cows shedding Brttcella organis~ns but 11. Lev.ine, B. S., and Black, L. A. Com­ Wood, addressed care of this office · ~ issued August 26, 1947. (Mimeographed.) parative Analysis of the Standard Methods whose milk was reported negative for department. 3. Brooks, C. A Bacteriological Study of Methylene Blue Stains and Advantages of agglutinins. However, I find that in Results to date indicate that if t~ e Grade A Pasteurized Milk. Amer. !. Pub. the Polychrome and Acid-and-Water-Free these reports agglutination in dilutions ealth, 20, 1209-1215 (1930). Stains in the Direct Microscopic Examina­ milk of .one cow showing agglutinihs 4. Hastings, E. G., and Davenport, A. The tion of Milk. (Manuscript.) of whey no higher than 1 :25 or 1 :50 in whey diluted 1 :50 is mixed with tj;U! ffect of Pasteurization on the Number of 12. Anderson, C. W. Use of the Direct was regarded as negative. With this milk of 50 negative cows, a reada®e .Bacteria in Milk When This Is Determined Microscopic Count as a Control Measure in interpretation I cannot agree. Recent Wthe Direct Microscopic Count. !. Dairy positive result will be obtai~ed by t~1e V')NNNN !I ~ reqtu~e~nents for all restaurants (ex­ MAx ScHUBERT cept Itm~rant). a.nd uses exclusively OOf'...NOOO'I('f") Sanitarian, Ge·orgia Department of Publ-ic Health, Atlm~ta , Georgia -"" '-OVNVOOOOO\ the permit revocation method. In both 6~ P-4N ("')('f")M('f"')M l' ~- cases the minimum requirement must A practical environmental sanitation was impossible to distinguish the food .., I~- be fulfilled if the restaurant is to stav from the excreta; potatoes lying on ..-:: M\O.....-t-.:t'01""""'41""""'4 program of any Health Department is N,...., in operation. (The term "restaurant'' floors directly beneath dripping sewage "<1" "'<> I~ not complete without an adequate food ,. ~ Q in this ord~nance ref.ers to drinking as 00 pipes ; and roaches and maggots slither­ <') - "~ .., sanitation program- not a campaign. 0\ $;! N<""l00\000V')M V') well as eatmg establishments.) ing and crawling through flour and ...... , 00000"'-"'-NOO C"') The Food Sanitation Program is of ;:: " 00 N ... o ... oo.. oo... V>.., \0., ...... Under the grading system, an estab­ sugar. In some kitchens, dishes were rn \..)"' 1""""'4....-41""'"1.....-IC\11""""'4 ...... vital importance to the general public, ~" ...... !tshment m~eting all the requirements being washed in greasy, slimy single § to restaurant operators, and to health 0 '""' ,..., IS rated with an "A" classification washtubs, the unchanged water thick as ~ s -o::~ oot-.ooo"-ooN officers. To the general public. its im­ ~ -"" ...... c....-4(':1 ('I"')("')N which_ is a perfect inspection report. A1~ pea soup. Flies were crawling on cakes at portance is esthetic. This public de­ "'111 I§ est~bhshment receiving a " B" classifi­ mands food service under conditions and exposed food. Of course, this is """ catiOn has met all of the minimum re­ not to mention the victimized cus­ 0"" .., not repugnant to their sensibilities. To p -::: V")C'\l0M.,....('I";)ll) qui:em.ents necessary for proper food tomers. z "' N1""""'4Mll")0f"?V...... the restaurant industry, it is important < ,, ~ I ~ samtation; while a " C" establishment The need for proper regulation of ~ more on an economic basis. However, ~- 0 .., has not even met the minimum require­ public eating places has been further c ...... to the health officers. the program im­ ~ ~R88R~~~ 0\ ments and is so placarded. Under the 1-t, "~ Nr--...l.J")OVO\V') V') indicated by the interest shown by the ,« N "' M'\0"" v5 ~ C'f'">... v "' plements the elimination and prevention ~ \..) "- ~1on-grading system there is no placard­ U. S. Public Health Service and state - ...... V') of food-borne diseases. r:i -:;"' .; mg. health depa r tme'1~s in the war against I'< a "'< ..1~ ~ f-!1 0\0QO('f")t.l")tr)O() u -r:he minimum requirements of this NEED FOR REGL'LATION the "greasy spoon." In 1934, th . ....1 ?;: -"' {'...'o:::t1""""'4NVCOO\ "' >!) 6~ ,....,NNNNN 0 ordmance, grading or non-grading, are U. S. Public Health Service proposed 0 The U. S. Public Health Service :;; 0 the same and are listed in the Ordi­ :< 0 ""'..., I! minimum sanitation regulations for th r ~ "' has been aware of the great need for ..::: '"' nat:ce and Code Regulating Eating and approval by the Nationa!){ecovery Ad­ ..,; t; "'-"'-O'... .., *M VVO\....-tN\0 0\ ~~ ties conveniently located for all em­ of Columbia. as well as in 176 coml.­ ...... , 0\l..I")OOM"- ...... 00 C"') ous as those attributed to water and r:. \ON-ONt--..\0 co_ :1:1 r.n ~ .... ployees- to be properly ventilated and ties and 373 municipalities located in \..) ;;;"' N"" ~- ~- ~... V")- N "" ...... -5£ milk sources (total 85 )- not mention­ "' ...... :::::: m a clean condition and not or)enino· 37 states and territories, with a popJP­ ::: ...... 00 . , b ing sporadic cases of food poisoning ,..., mto rooms where food is being pre- which are never reported to health lation coverage of over 40,000,000. 'tt _, "" 00("')(")0("")\0N EE00 pared. A safe and adequate water has been adopted as state regulatio s :;: "' VV'V\Ot..r.IN("') authorities. a ::: t ~ supply shall be available which has ~ lg in 25 of these states. Georgia adopted !~ The crying need for proper food sani­ been approved by the state board of tation is evident and understandable the ordinance in 1940. "'"';!:;!: "'"' health. All lavatory facilities are to when one considers the findings of sani­ .. .. have hot and cold running water, soap PrwnsroNs OF ORDINANCE "::: tarians out in the field. For instance. ~:a and paper towels; the washing of hands in Georgia during the last year, the There are tvYO forms of this mo· ...... :::::: after the use of the toilet is to be re­ following items are highlights of some ~ quired. .All utensils and equipment tion, grading, and re-grading, ('®Jd ~~~~~~~ l<') ·- 0\ . of the inspection reports: Food so " "' 0\ "' C\ "' 0\ 0\ " .,.-.! ~.,.-.j.,.....t 9"'""1,...-1 ...... shall be m good condition and easily contaminated with rat excreta that it this is what some eating and drink1ing cleanable. (Enamelware is not recom­ splash. There shall be proper lighting mended in any kitchen.) All cases, and ventilation in all rooms where food is being prepared or serv'ed. It is im­ counters, shelves, tables, meat blocks, THE DETERMINATION OF THE HOLDING TIME IN HIGH­ etc., used in the preparation of food portant that the premises of any estab­ shall be in clean condition. All eating lishment be neat and clean, that living TEMPERATURE, SHORT-TIME PASTEURIZING UNITS and drinking utensils are to be and sleeping quarters be entirely sepa­ thoroughly cleaned after each use. rated, and that clean lockers with suf­ W. K. JoRDAN, R. F. HoLLAND, AND]. C. WHITE ficient space be provided for employees. After thoroughly cleaning and rinsing Department of Dairy lndt~stry, Cornell Universit)', Ithaca, N. Y. all equipment and utensils, they should The interpretation of the U. S. Pub­ lic Health Service of Section 9 (Dis­ be properly disinfected. All plates and HE purpose of any holding time This difference in temperature provides eating utensils which are exposed to the ease Control), recommends that the requirement of food handlers' cards be Tmeasurement is to determine the ~he. ac~ivation to especially sensitive general public shall be ste~ilized for _ t~o minimum time in which a particle of mdtcatmg or recording thermometers. minutes in water of 170 F. or chsm­ waived at the discretion of the health officer. It also enlists the aid of the the material being pasteurized could fected with a chemical agent. (The pass from the point designated as the EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE U. S. Public Health Service recom­ owner and proprietor in the elimina­ tion of workers suspected of having any inlet end of the holding tube to the out­ In the first two methods, the holding mends chlorine-containing compounds let end. The specific p,article we are ti?-1e is depe?dent on the passage of only for chemical disinfectants.) Uten­ communicable disease. Owing to the limited number of most concerned with is the bacterial discrete particles, namely salt or dye sils are to be stored in a manner to trained personnel, engineers, and sani­ cell since its destru~tion is the reason molecules, through the tube. Such allow for proper protection from flies, tarians, the program of food sanitation for pasteurization. Accurate timing of particles would be expected to be car­ dust, and exposure. Stra\VS are to be and the proper enforcement of the the period for which the milk and the ried along at the same rate as would protected from coughing, and alt dis­ bacteria in it are held at the desired bacterial cells, but no proof of this was pensing spoons and ice cream dippers model ordinance have been gravely handicapped. It takes more than a temperature is extremely important. available previously. Part of the ex­ to be kept in hot or running water. All few months in a training school to This fact is apparent when the time perimental work was carried out to liquid wastes are to be properly han­ orient propet'ly these field workers. As units in the short-time holding period find if this were true. In this experi­ cUed and disposed of, and a covered in the enforcement of all laws and are compared to those involved in the ment a 23-foot holding tube was con­ washable garbage receptacle to be regulations, comni.o11 sense and reason holder method of pasteurization. In structed from 2 0-inch sanitary pipe. available in every kitchen. All food are at a premium. Quite often restau­ th~ latter method the timing is done in A Waukesh~ 2SBB pump was used to and drink served to the public shall be mmutes whereas accurate timing of a pump water through the system at an wholesome and in a clean condition, rant operators are alienated by the picayunish and foolish metho~ls of so­ short-time holding period involves average velocity of about 1.3 feet per "'·hile all milk is to be served in its called food "'" It is only econcls or fractions of a second. second. All of the experimental work original container unless an approved sanitar-ians~ when a thorough of this Many methods have been used to was done with a setup consisting of a dispenser is available. There shall be kno ~ledge ordinance has been obtained by every check the holding time in high-tem­ pump and a holding tube only. Since no storage of food and drink any­ health worker in the fiel(l, will any ::on­ perature. short-time holding tubes. The the tests were to deal-with holding time where accessible to rodents, flies, and crete advancement be made in the in­ princiB!e in ·all of the methods is the measurements only, other standard ap­ roaches, and stored in such manner to terpretation and enfor cement· of the same. namely to provide some means par<~;tus suc~1 as the plate heating and protect the food and sewage contamina­ U. S. Public Health Service Ordinance! of activation to an automatic or a hand­ coolmg sectiOns were not included. tion. It is hoped that the employees and Code Regulating Eating and operated timing device when a charge The tube itself consisted of a straight have proper personal hygiene, but it Drinking Establishments. of the test material in question first nm of about lZ feet, two elbows, end­ should be required that they are enters the holding tube and again when to-end to form a 180° bend and an­ ciressecl in clean outer garments. All REFERENCES it reaches the outlet end. Salt has other straight run of about' half the spitting and the use of tobacco, snuff, 1. Fuchs, A. W. The U. S. Public Heal~\11 Service Restaurant Sanitation Program. !!J. been used as a test material the acti- total length. All pipe, including the etc., is to be prohibited in the kitchen. Milll Teclmol., 4, 305-310 (1941). l vation being clue to an incre~se in con­ 180° return bend, was firmly mounted Besides the minimum requirements 2. Fuchs, A. W. Sanitary Measures Hotll ductivity of the water containing the on supports which gave it a uniform Restaurant Customers. I bid., 8, 110-11.,15 as listed above, an establishment which salt molecules as it passed electrodes slope of ~ inch per foot. A sketch of (1945). is to be rated with an "A" classification at tl~e two measuring points. When the apparatus is given in Figure 1. shall have complied with the following 3. Fuchs, A. W . Restaurant Sanitat\OJl Program of the U. S. Public Health Service. dye IS used, the activation is visual in A hole was drilled near the inlet items: Ibid., 10, Jan. 1947. tlaat the appearance of color tells the end of the holding tube to receive a 4. Matthews, C. W. The War Against The floors of every establishment Qperato!· when to punch his stop watch. sho_rt length of brass tubing through shall be clean and of such construction the Greasy Spoon. Hygeia Magazine, Ap .u 1948. 'lll1e thu·cl method which has received whtch small amounts of different test as to insure proper cleanliness. All 5. Whitman, Howard. Disease a'la Carle. &rune use involves charges of fluid with materials could be injected. Near t)1e walls and ceilings shall be cleaned and Woma1t's Home Companion. Dec. 1946. a different from the main outlet end of · the tube holes were 6. Williams, Alberta. Report Cards or ~emperature of good repair; the kitchen walls must bedy of fluid moving through the tube. drilled for three pieces of brass tubing be smooth and washable to leYel of Restaurants. Readers Digest, Nov. 1947. FIGURE 1 .HOLDING TUBE AND AUXILIARIES ppm. was used for the dye, and plating so it was decided to see how the pos­ .. on desoxycholate agar was used for the sible variations in a given test could bacteria. The desoxycholate agar was affect the apparent holding time deter­ used since E. coli forms bright red mined by that test. The salt test is a ORIFICE colonies which can be detected easily. practical method of measuring holding l NANOMETER TAP Comparing the concentration of the time, and it was investigated in greatest DISCHARGE --- C~~--.--;------!!:.IB::oc·_:_BE~N':!:_D) particular test material in a sample to detail. In order to carry out the work SAMPLING POINTS iNJECTION POIN that of the stock solution injected told on the salt test, a holding tube, again what fraction of the injected stock of 20-inch sanitary pipe, with places 2f' PIPE f"PER FOOT SLOPE RESERVOIR TNIJK solution had reached the sampling for the insertion of electrodes was con­ point in a given time of travel. structed. The electrodes used were Analyzing the data in this manner per­ mounted in lucite blocks in such a way

'I mitted direct comparison of results that only the prongs of the electrodes II when different concentrati0ns of stock projected out into the stream, the rest I. solution were used, and also gave a of the block being curved to fit the shape means of comparing re.sults obtained of the pipe. A "T" containing one of CONSTANT LEVEL TANK with each of the three different test ma­ these electrodes was placed at the inlet terials. A large number of tests were end of the holding tube and another run and all indicated that regardless of one at the outlet end. The Waukesha spaced 4 inches apat t. Samples were woulll take about 8 seconds to pass the whether the test material injected into pump was used to pump about 8500 sampling point. Small traces of test drawn through these tubes. by an the tube contained salt molecules, dye pounds of water per hour through the el~c­ material would appear about 140 sec­ trically operated molecules, or bacterial cells, they were tube which was about 20 feet long. sam~lmg c~evtce onds after the injection, and the con­ which was capable of wtthdraw~ng .a carried along by the water at the same This rate was chosen to give holding centration would increase sharply up to sample large enough to work wtth m rate. These tests were performed with times which were about 15 seconds. In about 17I/z seconds and then decrease less than one-quarter of a second. T.est water at 80° F. A similar result was the cases where automatic timing of the material was injected into the holdmg less rapidly . u~til • about 23 secon~s observed when salt or dye molecules holding period was employed, a flow­ when no more could be detected. Tlus tube with a solenoid, or an electro­ were used with water at 160° F. The timer manufactured by the Industrial elongation of the charge caused by the conclusion to be drawn from this is Instruments Corporation was used. magnet, which pushed d~"":n the turbulent flow conditions in the tube plunger of the syringe COf.ltauung .the that the holding time of dye or salt The electric clock in this timer would resulted in a great dilu~ian ~ the test test material. All electncal de~tces molecules is the same as that of bac­ start when water containing salt mole­ were controlled by one master tuner material which hacl "• been mtroduced terial cells. This does not mean, how­ cules passed between the prongs of the which opened and closed the necessar.y into the tube in about. one-tenth of. a ever. that any test made with salt or electrodes at the inlet end of the holder second. From the pub.lic health yomt switches in a regular order. . Thts dye is satisfactory since many methods and stop when the salt charge reached of view the front of the charge ts the master timer consisted of a sen~s of are n0t sensitive enough to detect the the electrodes at the outlet end. The mercury switches which were tnppecl importa~t part since ~t · cont~ins the very fir st particles at the front of the concentration of salt necessary to ac­ by pegs mounted on a drum that was particles that aFe g~mg through the charge. The most desirable test would tivate the relays in this timer com­ made to rotate at a .by tube in the shortest ttme. be the one that was the most sensitive pared favQrably with the low concen­ constar~t spe~d Three different substances were used a small electric motor. Wtth th~s .m­ to small amounts of test material at tration found at the front of the charge strument the time between the mJ_ec­ in the test solutions, salt, a dy~ calle~ the front of the slug. None of the in the previous experiment. tion of test material and the drawmg tartrazine yellow, and bactena .th~t methods used in this experiment would could be easily detected., Escher:~c!tt"g! The amount of salt solution injected of samples was exactly th~ same for as be suitable for field use since few plants col-i. After each test w1th the hvm~ into the tube is an important considera­ many tests as were constdered neces- would be equipped with conductivity tion. This fact can be easily. demon­ organism, the tube was ~terilizecl _b)l measuring apparatus or photoelectric sary. . . circulating a warm chlonne solutlo.ru strated with two sets of electrodes, one The time interval between the colorimeters. In addition, the methods m~ec­ through it. Samples taken for. blank-s at the inlet end of the holding tube and tion of test material and the wtth­ ju,st described involved the drawing of showed that this was suffictent b one at the outlet end. With a properly drawal of samples was set by means. of eliminate contamination. The most samples and their analysis, all of which adjusted injection, the indicating de­ this timer at a value that. would g~ve sensitive means available were used U> takes more time than should be de­ vices will be activated as the salt charge samples from the front dtlut<: portto~ analyze the various samples after voted to a practical field test. passes these two electrodes. If a very of the charge of test matenal as tt ~h.e)" had been collected. A conductlVlj;y small amount of salt solution is injected, traveled past the sampling point. It CO MPARISON WITH FIELD TESTS its passage by the first electrode will be was of interest to note that, under the bridge capable . of measuring 5 PPll?· was used for the salt, a photoelectsc The methods commonly used for indicated, but, by the time the charge conditions of the experiment, t~1e colorimeter capable of measuring @,2 1\eld tests have not been standardized "charge" or "slug" of test matenal has traveled the length of the tube, il jouRNAL oF MrLK AND Fooo TECHNOLOGY 91 will be so dilute that it will pass the sec­ times for the 100 and 150 cc. injections the average velocity about one half the t!on used with SO, 25, and 10 cc. injec­ ond electrode undetected. This is the were the same as for SO cc., but are velocity 1:1sed in the first two experi­ tiOns. The apparent holding time in­ extreme case, but holding times from not shown on this graph to prevent ments. The variation of apparent hold­ creases much more rapidly with the those that are apparently infinite to the crowding of the points for s·maller ing time with volume injected was smaller injection as the concentration correct holding time can be obtai~ed volumes. practically identical to that shown on of the injected material is decreased. by changing the volume of salt solut10n TABL]3: 1 the last table. From these results it These graphs also show the effect injected. . . . APPARENT HoLDING TIME FOR DrFFERENT appears that for a 23/z-inch holding illustrated on the last graph, that is, In a series of tests m wh1ch cah­ VoLUMES OF INJECTION OF SATu RATED tube an_y volume above 20 cc. will be the difference in holding time for the SO, brated syringes were used to inject dif­ SoDIUM CHLORIDE SoLUTION (WATER AT free from the effects of too small an 25, and 10 cc. injections when satu­ F. IN 20.7-FooT HoLDIN~ TusE) ferent volumes of saturated salt solu­ so· injection. Less than 20 cc. gives false rated salt solution is used. These data tion a regular variation was found be­ Volume injected Apparef~t lwlding time results, but injections of more than 20 indicate that with an ample volume in­ twe~n the apparent holding time and cc. sec. cc. cause no error. jected, saturated salt solution is best volume injected. The smallest volume 1 15.77 The concentration of the salt solution but a slight degree less than saturated giving a charge that could still be de­ 2 15.22- used can also affect the apparent hold­ will not cause a serious error in the 4 14.97 tected at the outlet end of the holder 6 14.77 ing time, although, when an ample size holding time determination. was about 1 cc., the apparent holding 8 14.66 injection is used, slightly less than time for this volume being about 16 10 14.64 saturated condition does not cause a TABLE 2 seconds. As the volume injected was 15 14 .58 large error. When using a 50 cc. in­ THE APPARENT HOLDING TIME FOR DIF­ 20 14.57 FERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SoDIUM CHLO­ increased, the apparent holding time 25 14.49 jection, it was found that all concen­ RIDE SoLUTION FOR 50, 25, AND 10 cc. decreased. This continued up to a 30 14.50 trations of Sjllt solution from 60 percent · INJECTioNs (WATER AT so· F. rN 20.7-FoOT volume of about 1 S to 20 cc., for which 40 14.46 saturated to 100 percent saturated gave HoLDING TUBE) 50 14.47 the holding time was 143/z seconds. .14.50 holding times which agreed within 0.1 Percc1tt Apparent holding time for 100 saturation All volumes above 20 cc. and ·up to 150 14.43 second. Concentrations less than 60 inject-io11s of 150 cc. gave about the same. holding percent saturated gave false holding of salt ,------A--~------, sol~ttion SOcc. 25 cc. 10 cc. time. Results are tabulated 111 Table Figure 2 is the .Plot of data ~btai.ned times. When using a smaller injection, sec. sec. sec. 1, and Figure 2 is a graph of the data by injecting saturated salt solutmn mto the solution had to be more nearly the tube through which 8SOO pounds of 100 14.90 15 .00 15.24 obtained in this experiment. It shows saturated to give holding times which 90 "14.92 15 .00 15 .27 apparent holding time plotted !lgai':st water at 80° F. were pumped per hour. agreed within 0.1 second of the hold­ 80 14.98 15.13 15 .37 volume of saturated salt solut10n m­ The experiment was also conducted at ing time for saturated salt solutions. 70 14 .99 15.15 15.47 jected. The 1 cc. injection gave a h~ld­ the same rate of flu \.V. with water ali Figure 3 and Table 2 show the re­ 60 15 .00 15.12 15.49 160° F. and with a ~horter tube with so 15.04 15.29 15 .63 ing time of 16 seconds. The holdmg sults of this experiment. In Figure 2, 40 15 . 13 15.33 15 .80 the apparent holding time is plotted 30 15 .21 15.45 16.12 against the .concentration of salt solu- 20 15 . 36 - 15 . 62 * FIGURE 2. TH£ £FFEC.T OF VOLUME ON APPAR£Nf HOWING TIME 10 15.77 . 16.50 ..... * (Bo·F. ~ 2Q7 FT. TUBE) - · • Concentration at second electrode uot sufficiently FICUR£ 3 THE £FF£:CT OF great to stop clock. CCNC£NTRATION ON APPARENT HOLDING TIM£ The automatic timing device was compared to manual stop watch timing, and both were found to give comparable results. The manual test required two operators, one to inject the salt solu­ tion and the other to work the stop :vatch. After a little practice at watch­ mg for the sudden deflection of the ammeter needle, the stop-watch opera­ tor could get consistent results in which the variation was only one-tenth of a second greater than the variation in the results obtained with the automatic timer.

~~~~~~~~L-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ EFFECT OF DIRECTION OF INJECTION VoLUME SATURATED N.. Cl. SOLUTION INJECTED IN CC. The direction in which the salt is COIVCt:NTRAIION- - . fJF- N..Ct.- IN~ " OF. SATURATIO ~ ~ N - injected into tlie tube can affect the holding time. A number of nozzles pipe after the plate heater b~fore the were constructed which permitted the actual inlet end of the holdmg tube. stream of salt solution to be injected Results obtained using a setup in which in any desired direction. The v~ria­ the injections were made 19 inches be­ AN AID IN RESTAURANT INSPECTION tions due to this factor are especially fore the first electrode with a 50 cc. A. APPLEBY, B.S., D.V.M., M.S. important when the . timed h~l~ing injection are given in Table 3. period starts with the mstant _of ~nJ~c­ Division of Food and Sanitation, Department of Public Health, Yonllers, N. Y. tion that is when the matenal 1s m­ TABLE 3 ject~d right 'at the start of the holding THE APPARENT HoLDING TIME FOR DIF­ THE piece of equipment described tube. Under a set of conditions such FERENT DIRECTIONS OF INJECTION (INJEC­ here was developed as an aid in TION 19 INCHES AHEAD OF FIRST the evaluation of the efficiency of dish­ as these, a holding time of 15.33 sec­ ELECTRODE) onds was obtained by directing the salt washil)g machines in restaurants, par­ injection along with the direction of Apparent ticularly in those cases where indicating holding thermometers on the machine are of flow in the pipe. Turning the nozzle Direction of injection time questionable accuracy or are absent. around so that the salt solution was sec. directed against the direction of flow Spray-type injection 14.47 As shown in the diagram, a rubber in the pipe gave a holding time of 16.03 Right angles, downward 14.46 . stopper carrying a maximum-register­ seconds. Both of these tests were made Right angles, across to left or ing thermometer is attached to one of right 14.49 the dishes going through the dishwash­ by injecting at the same point, yet _the With the flow 14.39 results varied by 0.7 second. InJec­ Against the flow 14 .57 ing ma~hine in ~ re~ular run. Being tion of the salt solution across the flow a max1mum-reg1stermg thermometer In this table, the effect of direction of the reading 'at the end of the run will (at right angles to the direction of t~e liquid in the pipe) eliminates th1s injection is apparent although the mag~ be that of the rinse spray at its hottest. source of error. Another way to nitude of the effect is very much To measure the temperature of the avoid such errors is to use a spray­ smaller than in the case where the wash spray, the test dish can be pulled timed period · starts' with the i_nject~on. out at the end of the wash cycle. type nozzle. o ·ne w~s cons~ructed of The difference between holdmg . time Specifications are as follows: Safety 3/16-inch brass tubmg. w1t~ _about for with- or against-the~stream injec~ twenty 1/16-inch holes dnlled m 1t and pin-(A)-2" long; Rubber stopper­ tion was 0.7 second for,the latter case (B) No.2, with a slot-(C)--1/16" x the end sealed. Salt solution injected ' " I L II Th with this nozzle spreads out in all di­ whereas it was only Q~', second for the ~ x 78 ; ermometer- (D) - Taylor "Tell Tale" Maximum rections much as water comes out of a injection ahead of the ,fi_rst electrode. Regis~ tering, 3" long, brass armored, 140- lawn sprinkler. This type nozzle gave CoNCLUSION 2200 F., catalogue No. 21810. holding times that were the sam~ as those obtained by · injecting at nght Some of the things.Iound to be im~ The design of the assembled outfit allowstot:he thermometer bulb to rest at angles. The spray-type nozzle ha~ t~e portant in measuring holding t'ime are: near the center of the test dish. It advantage that no matter how 1t 1s Dye, salt, and bacteria are all trans­ ?\' 1s a _compact pi~ce of equipment, easily mounted, it will always be a spray ported at the same rate by a stream oj flowing water, and, if sensitive meal\f) earned ~nd eas1ly us~d. The approxi~ nozzle, whereas the straight tube used mate pnce complete 1s $6.90, which is are used to measure dye and salt, thes~ to inject at right angles could be the price of the thermometer. mounted in such a way that it would substances can be used to measure tl e inject with or against the strean: and holding time of bacteria under the san~€! thus bring in the errors mentiOned conditions. · li above. When using the salt test in a 2%.­ inch tube, an injection of at least 20 GG. Another way to nummize errors should be used, and a larger injecti<2.0 caused by direction of injection is to will cause no errors in the results. use two sets of electrodes, one at each Saturated salt solution is best, @­ end of the tube. If the injection is though a slightly less than saturated made a foot or so ahead of the first solution will cause no error when tlile electrode, the direction of the injection volume injected is adequate. • I has only a slight effect on the apparent Manual (stop watch) and automa'Uic holding time. To do this, a setup is (electric clock) timing can both be needed in which there is a foot or so of made to give comparable results. statesmanship that is so vital to orderly specialized training in sanitation ; for progress in sanitation." It is the aim other personnel, proper training courses of the Public Health Service to include should be established leading to a THE NATIONAL SANITATION CLINIC OF 1948 * the recommendations of the Clinic in bachelor's degree in sanitation; prefer­ the agenda to be considered by the ably in schools of public health. On A. W. FucHs U.S.P.H.S. Milk and Food Sanitation what constitutes a " work load" for a Advisory Board in connection with the full-time sanitarian no decision was .Chief, Milk and Food Brauch, United States Public Health Service, Washington, D. C. preparation of a revised edition of the reached, but a maximum of 300 estab­ recommended Ordinance. and Code lishments was mentioned. Neither and were included in a work panel. On OTH public health workers _and in­ Regulating Eating and Drinking could agreement be reached on the B dustry owe a debt of gratitude to subjects of interest to more. th~n one Establishments. need for routine medical examination the officers of the National Sanitation clinic. exchange and coordmatiOt; . of In the brief scope of this discussion of food handlers. Foundation and the Michigan School opinions were secured through JOmt it is. of course, impossible to do full The clinic outlined the problems and of Public Health whose vision, hard meetings of panels, by conf ~ rences of justice to the proceedings of the Clinic. responsibilities of health departments work, and financial sponsorship made representatives from different panels, A summary of the highlights of the and industry. It approved the support possible the first National Sanitation and through discussions at the general conclusions of each panel is all that by U.S.P.H.S. of training schools and Clinic at Ann Arbor, June 22-25, assemblies. can be attempted here. · refresher courses for sanitarians. It 1948. l\Iore than 380 representatives A 300-page printed report o£ the Sanitation Education. The clinic on urged the National Sanitation Founda­ of local state, and Federal public proceedings of the First National Sani­ anitation education urged the National tion to undertake appropriate research health ~gencies, schools of public tation Clinic. dated July 1948, has been Sanitation Foundation to establish a in food sanitation, to distribute the re­ health, and the various segments of issued in a limited edition to the par­ clearing hous.e for ideas and methods to sults of research, and to develop a test­ ticipants. After consideration by the industry from all sections . of ~he be employed in sanitation education. ing laboratory. United States spent four full mtensive Committee of Consultants of the Included in the discussion were: ( 1) The U.S .P.H.S . Eating and Drink­ National Sanitation Foundation, a days in discussion e:xchanges of What sanitation problems will yield to ing Establ-ishments Code. Unlike the an~ larO'e revised edition vvill be made viewpoints on food samtat10n. health education? (2) For whom shall other panels, the one considering the The purpose of the Clinic was t_o ar­ av~'irable at an indicated price of one sanitation education be planned? ( 3) Code was not limited to one field but rive at the best current group judg­ dollar per copy. · \\'hat media and methods are effective discussed all. subjects covered by food ments on some of the immediate prob­ Among the results of the Clinic may for reaching these groups-the spoken establishment codes. It was able to lems in food sanitation, as a guide to be listed the agreement on answers to word, printed matter, photographs, ex­ consider only a few of the 194 pro­ industry and to sanitarians, and to de­ many pressing question) jnvo~ving hibits. and conventions? posals contained in the prepared lineate the longer range problems _on standards, procedure5•,fa1,1d educat10~al Sanitation Supervision and Ad·min­ agenda. It agreed that a representa­ which further research and educatiOn methods. a delineation pf the specific ,istration. This clinic pointed to the tive of the retail food industry should are needed. The sponsors envision fields in which further·.research is de­ need of uniform standards and super­ be a member of the U.S.P.H.S. Milk this as the first of a series of similar sirable, many valuable references . to vision of food,Jrom source to consumer, and Food Sanitation Advisory Board, clinics on a national and local scale. the literature, and a recommendation and approved the development and im­ and that the scope of the Code should The Clinic was divided into twelve for the establishJuenCSy the National provement of uniform codes by the be broadened to include all retail food Sanitation Foundation of a testing lab­ separate panels or clinics, each in a U.S.P.H.S. However, it suggested establishments such as bakeries, deli­ oratory where equipment, materials, separate field of food sanitation, and that the U.S.P.H.S. restaurant code be catessens, ·groceries, meat, fish, and and methods may be evaluated objec­ each consisting of a co-chairman and indorsed by other interested agencies poultry markets, confectioneries, fruit approximately six members represent­ tively. The outstanding result, how= and called the "Uniform Standard and vegetable shops, locker plants, and ing public health, a similar group rep­ ever, was the development of mutu~)l Code" instead of the U.S.P.H.S. Code. soft drink dispensaries. Subject to respect and confidence between publuf resenting industry, several public health The sanitation section of a health control as eating and drinking estab· health and industry representatives anual 2 minutes) or by equiva­ persmg agents to Improve their free­ should be so designed that the direct For machine washing, scraping o ~; lent chemical treatment. rinsing p~operties. Polyphosphates are line from the customer's mouth to the prerinsing of dishes is desirable, and Additional research was suggested foods will be intercepted by glass or wash water temperatures above 140° .. sequestenng agents which may also~ on the design of wash racks to improve act as detergents. Water minerals and other partitioning. Drinking straws and up to 160° F. were recommended. wash patterns, water heaters, low­ and toothpicks should be either indi­ Effective washing by machine is de­ organic matter have a detrimental temperature machine rinses containing effect on detergency. Further study vidually wrapped or kept in sanitary pendent on time, volume, and jet pres, chemical bactericides, improvement of dispensers protected from handling and sure of the wash water. The return 0}; was recommended on performance • automatic temperature stops, and im­ tests of detergents. No agreement was other contamination during filling, rinse water to the wash water tank is. mersion type dishwashing machines. storage, and dispensing. desirable for maintaining the tempeF~ reached on the best method of con­ Detergents and Sanitizers. This trolling detergent feed to dishwashing Perishable foods should be kept ture and cleanliness of the wash wateu, clinic considered quaternaries, deter­ below 50° F., preferably below 40° F., but to overcome the resulting cliluti0rl machines, but effective methods are in gent -sanitizers, and detergents. use, and the hard-block method was in daily refrigerators, and below 40° F. of detergent automatic detergent di ~- Under the right conditions and in if stored more than four days. Prior pensers should be provided. . considered superior to manual feeding. prop_cr concentration quaternary am­ Food Service Equipment. This clinic to refrigeration, hot foods may be air­ In single-tank door-type machm

Bars and Taverns. It was the belief in the case of frozen meat, poultry, and of this clinic that the adoption of a fish. . uniform sanitary code for the control For hot foods held for servtce, the of all public eating and drinking estab­ desirable minimum temperature at t~e MILK and FOOD SANITATION center is 150° F. but further study 1s lishments by health departments should needed to determine if a lower tem­ be encouraged. The grading bars o~ perature such as 140° F., is safe. Hot and taverns is not, however, constdered foods ol animal origin and those con­ ABSTRACTS OF SOME OF THE PAPERS PRESENTED AT advisable. Sanitation inspection se_r~ice taining protein, including custards, can be improved by adequate trammg SYMPOSIUM OF SANITATION STUDY SECTION, should be cooled rapidly from '150° F. of sanitarians and by industry use of DIVISION OF GRANTS AND FELLOWSHIPS trained personnel. Education should to 40o F. The food contact parts of all fo?d be directed first at management and NATIONAL INsTITUTE oF HEALTH, U. S. PuBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, then the employees, in cooperation with preparation machine~ should _b~ eas.lly WASHINGTON, D. c., jANUARY 26-27, 1949 dismantled for cleamng. Ongmal m­ trade associations. dividual milk containers should be Adequate lighting of the bar the a~d served unopened, but the cap may be working spaces under the bar IS be­ removed in the presence of th_e con­ REVIEW OF RESEARCH GRANTS AND FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM lieved to promote sanitation. Thoron~h sumer. A recommended destgn of HENRY L. ROAHRIG washing of glasses after each us~ with sugar container is one in which a spoon suitable brushes and detergent IS es­ Exewtive Secreta./')', Sanitation Study Section, P~1blic Health Service cannot be inserted. Samples of food < sential and the prime need is for a to be tasted should be placed on small satisfa~tory detergent-sanitizer. Ice HE grants program is intended to basis of their basic value and their dishes ; spoons used for tasting. shoul~ should be from a safe source and con­ Tsupport basic and fundamental re­ , public health importance. Many of the tamination avoided during handling, not again be put into ~ood untll ~am­ tized. Food handlers with cuts, leswns, search. Already 127 applications for applications were either testing proj­ delivery, storage, and serving. Cru~h­ pimples boils sores; or skin infections sanitation projects have been submitted ects or only locally important. Funds ing ice on delivery trucks together _wtth on hands or ;nus, and those with head to the Division of Research Grants and ''.:ill soon be so limited that priority lists subsequent handling may contammate colds, throat or lung infections, should Fellowships, and 62 have been ap­ and more intensive evaluation will be the ice used in drinks. Adequate con­ proved for payment, amounting to necessary. If a project is to be started not be permitted to. food_ or. trol of insects and vermin is necessary. ~an~le $553,646. These acceptances constitute during the next fiscal year which be­ utensils until the condttlort IS remedied. The code should contain definite stand­ The last recorded recon1mendation of 49 percent of applications in this field gins July 1, the application must be ards for the construction, size, and this clinic was that cats should not b as compared to 72 percent for all proj­ submitted befor.e April 1, although the number of toilet fixtures, possibly one permitted in food establishments. ects. Applications are accepted on the project may begin later than July 1. fixture for each 25 persons of establish­ Rodent and Insect Control. The ment capacity, with substitution in male recommendations of tl'i1s, the tweHtll toilets of urinals for all but one water and last clinic, were so meaty and FROZEN HOMOGENIZED MILK FOR ARMY USE closet. Ultra-violet radiation is not numerous that a comprehensive picture considered acceptable as the sole sani­ cannot be presented in a brief sum­ CoLONEL RAYMOND RAN DALL, tizing agent for glasses. For od~r -v_c. mary. Consequently, only a few points Veterinary Division, Army Afedical Departml!llt, Research and Graduate S chool, control only safe methods, such as mr will be mentioned. Arm)' Medical Ccntc1· conditioning or activated carbon panels, First came a general discussion o should be recommended rather than the responsibilities of health depaEfi. ROZEN homogenized milk in indi­ The length of time that the milk re­ commercial deodorants. ments, pest control operators, the foe'jf Fvidual containers has been acceptable mained normal depended on the freez­ Food Protection. For refrigeration industry, and of research needs. _ fo r consumption after three months. ing and storage temperatures. Milk of raw meat, raw poultry, eggs, milk, well-balanced municipal rodent cont~l and at times up to nine months. How­ frozen and stored at - 32.8° C. was cream, cheese, and cooked protein sand­ program should include genera~ sa:ur- ever. some milk is unacceptable in less found to be normal for 115 clays, and wich fillings stored for less than 7 days, tation. ratproofing and rat eradicatu~ n than three months, although apparently presumably longer. The best results this clinic recommended a maximum in existino- business buildings, a 1flilt 'Processed in the same manner as the v\·ere obtained with milk frozen and ~ . temperature of 40° F. A:U refriger~tors eradication program on an area bast , acceptable milk. stored at --40° C. When the latter was should be equipped with a rehable, and the ratproof construction of all new The milk used in this study was pas­ stored at -10° C., the appearance and readable thermometer located in the buildings. A continuous pest conW.ol eurized at 155° F . for thirtv minutes. flavor was off if the storage time ex­ warmest zone near the top. Defrosting service was recommended for all fepd and packaged in ,0-pint a1;d 1-quart ceeded SO days. .. of frozen foods immediately before use establishments. The most effecfye J>i!. per containers by a commercial dairy. During the freezing process the con­ was recommended, in the refrigerator (Continued on page 112) 'Dhe milk averaged 3.8 percent of fat . centration of milk solids was highest in lVL: .:)YM..I:'U:OlUM U.N .l'UU.U 0A!~LUULV!~ J --~ • A· - ...... , ...... ,....,...., ..... ~.._,.~...,~..~.,v~vu.l. the bottom third and lowest in the top quantity was then added to the milk to The addition of the sodium citrate­ . The addition of 2 grams of sodium third. This distribution was not affected be frozen. ., ascorbic acid combination doubled the cttrate and 0.1 gram of ascorbic acid by chat}ges in freezing or storage tem­ The chemicals used and their con­ time that homogenized milk frozen and doubled the time that homogenized perature. centration per liter of homogenized stored at - 11.5 and -17.8o C. re­ milk frozen and stored at -11.5 and The bacterial count was only slightly milk were as follows : ( 1) ascorbic mained normal in appearance and flavor - 17.8o C. remained normal in appear­ lowered by the freezing and storage acid, p. 1 gram; (2) pectin, 1 gram; in comparison with the control sam­ ance and flavor in comparison with temperatures, and there was no cryo­ ( 3) calcium chloride, 0.5 gram; ( 4) ples, and, furthermore it was found ma­ ~he control samples. Also, it materially philic growth. urea, 3 grams ; ( 5) carboxyl methyl terially to increase the usable storage mcreased the usable storage life of Homogenized milk when thawed as cellulose, 0.5 gram; (6) sodium citrate, life of milk frozen at a low temperature milk frozen at low temperature and sub­ compared with fresh homogenized milk 2 grams; (7) disodium pho.sphate, 1 and subsequently stored in a frozen sequently stored in frozen condition at did not develop acidity, off flavor, or gram, and (8) 30 percent hydrogen condition at a higher temperature. a higher temperature. bacterial counts significantly different peroxide, 1 mi. A ninth group of sam­ when held at usual storage tempera­ ples to which no chemical was added tures. served as a control group. Homogenized milk of good quality The samples were frozen and stored INSECTICIDE STUDIES WITH DAIRY CATTLE could be held up to 120 hours at at - 17.8° C. They were removed and Lr C. before freezing- without ad­ thawed at intervals of about 10 days L. A. MOORE versely affecting the keeping quality of beginning with the fifth day of storage, B urcau of Dairy Industry the frozen product although there was for determination of the degree of sepa­ AND R. H. CARTER AND F. W. Poos a slight tendency for off flavors to be ration and of the flavor. Bureau of Entomology m!d Plant Quarantitte, Agricultural R.escat·ch Admi11istration, more pronounced as the age of the The milk samples containing pectin, ' Umted States Department of Agriculture samples before freezing was increased. calcium chloride, carboxyl methyl cellu­ There was no significant change in the lose, and disoclium phosphate each WHEN certain insecticides of the per acre was 15 p.p.m., while the aver­ bacterial content of the samples either showed separation and flavor deteriora­ chlorinated hydrocarbon type are age residue content of the alfalfa in the 120 hours that they were held at tion at about .the same time as the con­ used to control insects on crops fed to treated with 2.4 pounds per acre at Lr C. or in the 89 days that they were trol group. Urea and hydrogen perox­ milk cows, it is possible that milk may time of feeding was 114 p.p.m. held in the frozen state at -17.5 o C., ide each delayed the occurrence o£ contain appreciable quantities of these nor was there any correlation between separation but did not help to preserve insecticides. This possibility has been DDT the degree of separation and the age of the flavor of the milk. SQ.ditun citrat. demonstrated where pastures or forage in milk the milk prior to freezing. The acidity added at the rate of '2f ~rams per lite Averafle during crops have been sprayed with DDT and Average Average dail;y DDT as shown by titration and by pH de­ was found to be of valve as the mil ~ the cows consumed the DDT on the daily concentration output feeding terminations did not vary significantly did not show separation until it ha' feed and as a result secreted it into itttake itt milk inmilll period either before the samples were frozen been stored for 145 days although flavo the milk. It has also been demonstrated 727mg. 6 .4 microgram. 136 mg. 18.6o/o or while they were held in the frozen deterioration became ~.i.dent after 10· that DDT can be absorbed through the 553 mg. 7. 3 microgram 165 mg. 22.4% state. These finds should not detract days of storage . • Noticeable separatio- 303 mg. 2. 2 microgram 51 mg. 16.8o/o skin of animals. Therefore, when cows 109 mg. 0. 5 microgram Smg. from the fact that the milk should be · had taken place and flavor deteriora:;. are sprayed with DDT for the control 4.8% frozen as soon as possible after process­ tion had begun in the control samples1 of flies. DDT will appear in the fat por­ I~ 1948the experiment was enlarged mg. after a storage period of 65 days. The tion of the milk. to mducle <;hlordane and chlorinated Apparently before homogenized milk milk with added ascorbic acid showe Under the Research and Marketing camphene along with DDT. The fields can be held in the frozen state for long separation at the same storage age as Act of 1946 the Bureau of Dairy Indus­ were sprayed at the rate of 1 pound periods of time before use, methods the control samples, but its 'additio · try is conducting research on the rela­ of DDT per acre, 1 pound of chlordane must be developed for the preservation preserved the flavor slightly longer tion between the amount of insecticide per acre, and 10 pounds of chlorinated of flavor quality and the prevention of than did the addition of sodium citrate. ingested by a dairy cow and the amount camphene per acre. separation of the milk solids which is To establish further their value .as appearing in the milk The amount of No results are as yet available on evident at times on thawing. stabilizers, 2 grams of sodium citrate DDT in the hay was calculated from this winter's feeding trial. the total organic chloride in the residue To this end experiments were under­ per liter of milk with and without ~ 1 In another series, crystalline DDT following the procedure of Carter and taken to determine the ability of certain gram of ascorbic acid were used un d,~r dissolved in soybean oil was adminis­ chemical agents to act as stabilizers. different storage conditions, especial,ty Bubanks. The amount of DDT in the tered in capsules. tnilk was Aetermined by the colori­ \Vith the exception of ascorbic acid the to test their value when milk was froz metric method of Schechter as modified DDT fed daily quantity of each chemical required to at a lo>v temperature and subsequently for use with milk samples. DDT in milk impart a detectable flavor to the milk held in a frozen condition at a hig er The average insecticide residue con­ SO mg. 0.23 p.p.m. was determined and a slightly smaller temperature. 250mg. 1.33 p.p.m. tent o( the alfalfa treated with 0.6 pound 1000 mg. 4.15 p.p.m. It seems that the quantity of DDT of intake-; these and many other ques­ in the milk may be greater when it is tions need to be answeretl to give a i fed as a residue in the hay ration. fundamental background to the prob­ STUDIES ON HIGH TEMPERATURE DISHWASHING '} No data is available on the effect of lems of production of milk. A further ensiling hay crops on the destruction question of vital interest to the dairy­ VI/. L. MALLMANN AND DA\'lD KAHLER of the insecticide, but is under investi­ man is, what effect will the insecticides Department of Bacteriology aud Public Health, Michigan State College, gation. Previous data show that DDT have on the health and reproduction East Lansing, lvlichigan is fairly stable in baled hay. of cows if fed over a period of years. A stu~y o~ single tank conveyor cur- Four machines were tested for re­ Preliminary data show that when There is a glaring need for chemical tam nnse machines was made. barns are sprayed with a 5-percent solu­ methods. for the quantitative determina­ moval of soil with and without deter­ Tests we~e made. to determine the per­ gents. The results were : tion of DDT and the cows with a 0.5- tion of various insecticides. In some centage-loll of J.hcrococcus caseol,1ticus percent solution, only often enough for instances the determination of organic \Yith a rinse of 170° F. Four leadino· Percent removal of soil fly control, the DDT content in the chloride is the only tool at hand with manufacturers' machines were testecf milk ranged from 0.16 to 0.27 p.p.m. W ith out With which to work. The results were as follows : · Jllachine In summary, the U. S. Department It is quite apparent that where DDT detergent detergent Machitte Percentage-kill qf bacteria A 91.2 99.1 of Agriculture is conducting research is used to control insects associated B on various phases of the relation of in­ A 70 55 .6 98 .6 with the feed of cows the milk produced B c 81.1 99 .2 secticides to market milk production. 57 D will contain DDT. If the quantities of c ' 70 0 45.4 The work will be continued and ex­ ]) DDT used are kept to a minimum for 22 \Vashing efficiency of the machines panded to include insecticides other the control of insects, the quantity of than DDT. There is also an indicated F01~ satisfactory results the percent­ ~aried f?arkedly. Further explana­ DDT that appears in the milk is not age-kill should be 99.5. Thus these ma­ tions wtll be presented in another need for fundamental studies on the ab­ great. However, under practical con­ sorption and elimination of insecticides chines d

"QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF BACTERIAL VIRUSE::, AND THEIR RESISTANCE TO TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL STUDIES OF QUATERNARIES AS BACTERICIDES AND HEAT IN WATER" GEORGE R. WEBER S . A. Scimt·ist, Federal Secttritv Agmcy Pttblic Healtl s · E · SHU-I L. CHANG Center, Milk and Food Sanitation Section, ~Ci~~~%:~:ti / 'o/~~111 ental Health The Depart1nent of Sanitary E,;gineering, Graduate School of Engilleering and Schoo£ qua.ternary compounds are being of Public Heaitlt, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachttutts T ::rE ~ laboratory testing procedure simu­ mcreasmgly used as germicidal latmg: actual. practical usage of food agents but there is considerable contro­ N the control of virus diseases change brought about in the virus by utenstl !5ermtcides was developed ( re­ I through the control of environment, the agent is a lethal change. · yersy in the literature regarding their germicidal efficiency. ported 111 A1ner. f. Pub. Health Oc­ it is of primary importance to know the Different values for the energy of tober, 1948) by which the killing time relative resistance of different viruses activation have been reported in pure . They. are surf~ce acti_ve, having a of. unknown germicides is compared to common disinfecting agents and the chemical reactions at different magni­ hp~pluhc <~;nd l.tJ?ophobtc group in wtth th<~;t of SO p.p.m. available chlorine dynamics of the viricidal action. Stud­ tudes of temperature. The present ,\\·luch the hpophthc group is cationic. as alkalt?e hypochlorite. Other factors ies of this nature on pathogenic viruses studies bring out results showing dif­ As a result, they are readily inactivated sl!ch as m.terfering substances, etc., are by ani~nic agents such as soaps and have been held back because of the ferent magnitudes also for the destruc­ dtscussed 111 f. Milk and Food Technol. lack of a method for an accurate quan­ tion of P!tagus coli H by thermal en­ synthetic detergents, ·and may be ad­ Nov.-Dec., 1948). ' titative determination of the viruses. ergy. At temperatures· from 50o to sorbed by organic substances which There is need for : are amphoteric (such as proteins) and Employing bacterial viruses (also 65 ° C., the activation energy is found 1. Studies <;m the. efficiency of others. The 'molecules of these sub­ known as bacteriophage), attempts to be 99,720 calories, and at tempera­ ~uater.nanes agamst pathogens, have been made to determine the re­ tures from 65° to 75° C., 17~ 520 calo­ stances are oriented to form a film over mcludmg filterable viruses · producibility of the virus concentra­ ries. This phenomenon leads to inter­ surfaces, and bacteria below the film 2. ~ chemical measure for effec­ tions ascertained in different experi­ esting specula.tions as to the mechanism may be protected. This is encountered tive quaternary residual· ments. It was found that results were of destruction of viruses and carries in sanitizing food utensils in which · 3. A better inactivator · ' frequently non-reproducible and that practical importance as well. The cas: brushi~g !ncreases the' germicidal 4. Studie~ relative to 'interfering the virus-adsorption activity of the higher activation energy is thought to act10n. Amomc agents readily break substaf.lces in natural waters · glassware was chiefly responsible for reflect a process of thermoj.en.aturatio uch a film. 5. St.u~lies ?n the "life" of the ger­ this irregularity. By coating the glass­ of proteins, and the··Jc1'sver activatio There is need for inactivators for mtctdes m the rinse vat . ware with silicone, soaking the glass­ energy a process of thenno-disorgani­ quaternaries (similar to the use of 6. J?etermination of the co~centra­ ware overnight in a 2 percent N a2C03 zation. For rapid destt~ction of virus sodium ~hiosulfate against chlorine) to t~on level for adequate disinfec­ solution, or using 250 p.p.m. of Tween­ the thermal energy of the higher energ~ be. t.tsed m n!eth?ds for evaluating ger­ tion; and SO in the virus suspension, this disturb­ level is more effective than that of th n~tctdal ~fficte11ctes as well as in swab 7. Other studies. - ing phenomenon could be eliminated; lower energy levc;l. - - vmJs used for determining residual bac­ It is anticipated that when we fully but the silicone-coating method was The data on the destruction o ~ena count on food utensils sanitized unde.rstancl the underlying chemical and preferred because of its permanent Phagns alpha H by triethylene glyctry written for beginners technology that is widely scattered. tending 18" below ground with a 12" lishments shelves of pantries shoul' now attracts four times as many pyrenones may be applied in_, all food (Continued on page 124) 11 '"t Affiliates of JOURNAL o£ MILK and FOOD INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MILK AND FOOD SANITARIANS AssociATED It.LtNors ~hLK SANITARIANS MINNESOTA DAIRY FIELDMEN AND INSPECTORS' AsSOCIATION Pf'.csident,. C. V . Christiansen ...... Chicago TECHNOLOGY V tce-P•·estdent, F. M. Keller ...... Chicago P~esidc1tt , C. M. Pesek ...... St. Paul Secretary-Treasl:esidcnt, F. B. Carkhuff ...... Binghamton J. H. SHRADER, Editor Vtce-President, Sol Pincus ...... New York W. B. PALMER, Managing Editor FLORIDA AssociATION oF ~·hLK ' SANITARIANS Secretary-Trcasn•·er, C. S . Leete, State Department Wollaston, Mass. of H ealth, Albany Orange, N. J . President, J. F . Koger ...... Miami Vice-President, L . A. Scribne't' ...... Orlando OKLAHOMA ASSOCIATION OF :MtLK AND Associate Editors Secretary- Treas~trer , L . ~ - Arrington, Dairy Prod- FoJo SANITARIANS u~ts Laboratory, Umvers1ty of Florida, Gaines­ A. E. BERRY P. B. BROOKS vtlle, Fla. P.~eside~~t, E. Reid ...... Seminole c. A. ABELE F. c. BASELT Members of E::rec•,tive Committee: P. D . Shirley, P.~rst V•cc:Prestdent, Glenn Early . .. Oklahoma City Toronto, Ontario Altamont, N. Y. Tampa Se~01ui r.:occ-Prc_s ident, H . V. Orth ...... Shawnee Chicago, Ill. New York, N.Y. G. L. Duncan ...... • . Sanford Tlnrd Vtca-Prestdcnt, C. Harris .. .. . Oklahoma City A. W. FucHs Secretary-Treasurer, D. Cleveland, Bryan County F. w. FABIAN c. R. FELLERS Healt? Department, Durant, Okla. SARAH v. DUGAN Washington, D . C. East Lansing, Mich. Amherst, Mass. TowA AssociATION OF MtLK SANITARIANS Louisville, Ky. President ,_ Fred Payn ...... • ...... Clinton VIRGINIA AssociATioN OF MILIC: SANITARIANS C. K. JoHNS R. w. HART M . D . HowLETT Vtee-Pres1d1mt, J. H. Burkett ...... Sioux City l'~esident •. H. R. Anderson ...... Richmond J. G. HARDENBERGH Ottawa, Ontario Secretary·Treasurcr, Milton E. Held. State Health Vtcc-Prestrlt nt, G. S . Kennedy ...... Roanoke Kansas City, Mo. Los Angeles, Cal. Depa:·tmcnt, Des Moines Sec>·etary-Treas~trc•· . H. Clifford Mitchell Depart- Chicago, Ill. · !"ent of Public· Health, Richmond 19 'va. M. E. PARKER G. w. PUTNAM G. H. WILSTER Attdttors, J.. E . B:lrlow ...... :. Marshall J. A. KEENAN ERNEST KELLY 1\.licnrcAN Assoc iATIOr-.' oF SA N rTARtA~s l . L. Anderson ...... Waynesboro Chicago, Ill. Chicago, Ill. Corvallis, Ore. New York, N. Y. Orlando, Fla. Prr.,·idrnt , . Philip Shirley ...... 1\.Iason .. P~.\·t P!· ~s1de ·u.t1. Roy Cromley ...... Detroit WiscoNsiN MrLK SANITARIANs' AssociATION addressed to the Editor, J. 'It: ''shrader, 23 Eas ~ Fu·s1 f I C~~- Pr cs-r dcnt , John \\'ymau .. . Grand H aven P;residcnt •. C. K. Lucbterhand ...... Madison Sccoud r tcc-Presidcnt \~ ernou \Vaite ...... Pontiac 1 tcc-Prestdent, Dave Nusbaum., ...... Green Bav The JoURNAL OF MILK AND Fooo TECHNO.LOC_Y (in­ Elm Avenue, Wollaston 70, Mass. 1 cluding MILK AND FooD SANITATION) ts ts$ued Scc ; ·r ~a r y - T ·rcas1t r c r. Cranston Wilcox, Branch Scc:cto.r·y-Treasru·e.r, L. W. Brown, State Depari­ bimonthly beginning with the January number. Membership and Dues: Active memh•rship in ( onuty Health Department. Coldwatet'. Michi- Dir !' ;;;~:~: .. of Agnculture, htiadison Each volume comprises sil< numbers. Published by the Association is $3.00 per year, and Associate: ·•an the International Association of Milk and Food As,,·ista-nt Sccretm·y-Trcasurcr, :\lo;:ton Hilbert, Eloise Sanita.-ians at 374 Broadway, Albany 7. N. Y. membership is $2.00 per year, ;;.eluding respectively, Dn·cctors: ··· fu. ~: ~~~~~~·: : .'.' .'.'.' .'.' .' : .' .'.'.' .'.' .' .'.' .'.'.'ir;~i!~~ Executive Office, 23 East Elm Avenue, Wollaston all is"tcs of the JouRNAL _qg,·~ MILK AND FooD i\ t i!(l \\-lson ...... f..ucllu gton A uditors: 70, Mass. TEcHNOI.c>CY (including MILK AND Fom1 SANITA• < •.ale ~'fosey ...... :Montrose Laura F. Bates ...... , Sheboygan Snbscriptions: The subscription rate is $2.00 per TION} . All cm..-espondence concerning meilli !luge! Leonard ...... Lake City E . H . Zobel...... Ripon v'olume. Single copy, SO cents. hership in the T...,TERNATIONAL AssociATION OF Mtli:'lt Correspondence regarding business matters. ad­ AND Fooo SANITARIANS, including applicatiomo fo~ vertising. subscriptions. reprints, dE., shouiJ be membership. remittances for dues, failure to receive Associations Which Have Designated Hie aIllinois. Urhana ecrcta r,\· ·1 rcasu·rer, C. A. \Vhi pole, San Joaquin Rccordmg Secretary, H. P . Smi.th, Nordigard Corp., l.ucal Health .Dist•:ict, P. 0 . Box Ill, Stockton 342 N. Western Ave., Chtcago 12. l'resident, A. VV . Fuchs ...... _...... · Washington,_ D. ~ - Trcasnrcr, Adolph Brunner, Geo. F. Schwartz Ice Jiirst Vice-President, Dr. M. R. Ftsher ...... St. I:oms, M.o. CENTRAL ILLINots DAIRY TEcHNOLOGY SociETY Ct·~am Mfg. Supplies, 4547 Milwaukee Avenue fJ:csi'Ji"t•, Russell Pollitt...... Danville o~~ . Second Vice-President, Dr. K. G. Weckel...... Madtson, Wts. s!~;.- rc~tdc 11t , L. H. Winters ...... DeKalh Scrgcaltt-at·Arms, Leslie L. Chandler...... Chicago Third Vice-President, C. S. Leete ...... ···· .Albany, N. e1 T~ . P . H_. i.Jtracy, Departn1ent of Dairy Tech­ ~ - T: no ogy, Umverstty of Illinois, Tlrbana Secretarv-Treasurer, George A. West, Rochester Health Bureau, rcosurrr, Hazel Rhode, Normal Sanitary Dairy CoNNECTICUT AssociATION OF DAIRY AND FooD - 44 Marshall Street, Rochester 2, N. ¥. ·1 '10 Broadway Normal ' SANITARIANS Cwrrsrondinq Sec,:etary, Burton F. Whitmore, J . D. P• : csidc~tt,_ H. Clifford Goslee ...... , Hartford Auditors: C. E. Carl...... Jefferson Ci!Y· M:O· Ser Ro

ASSOCIATION NEWS DAIRY FARM METHODS: R. G. Ross, Chairman State Health Department, Oklahoma City, Okla. c. P. BLETCH Maryland & Virginia Milk Producers Assn., Washington, January Meeting of the _Chicago The trend is to place more respon­ D.C. sibility on the . manufacturer.. The L. E. BoBER Babson Bros., Chicago, Ill. Dairy Technology Soctety GEO. H. HoPSON De Laval Separator Co., New York, N. Y. guarar:tee the man~facturer r~~elV.~s on C. K. }OHNS Dominion Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont., Can. I , At the January meeting, Mr. Albert ingredients used 1s not an out f~r M. M. MILLER University of Denver, Denver, Colo. I. Kegan of the law firm of Kegan & him. Authorities say the consumer ~s E. H. p ARFITT Evaporated Milk Assn., Chicago, Ill. Kegan spoke on "Trends in Govern­ not in a position to det~rmin~ wb.at 1s I ment Regulation of the Food Indu~try." good, so it is the manufa(!W:t;er's. toug_h FOOD HANDLING EQUIPMENT : I Mr. Keegan said the trend 1s to luck if anything goes wrong w1th h1s C. W. WEBER, Chairman State Health Department, Albany, N. Y. I more and still more government regu­ product. ·. C. A. ABELE, Co-Chainuan Diversey Corporation, Chicago, Ill. lation. He stated that the dairy in­ The present trends tend·to make the P AUL DE KONIG Michigan State College, E. Lansing, Mich. LJ.:wis DoosoN .. City-County Health Dept., Denver, Colo. 1 dustry is the second n:~st regulated food technologist the "king;_pjn" in the F. H. DOMTNS, }R. Major, MSC, Hq. 4th Army, Fort Sam Houston, Tex. food industry. The pohcmg by Food food industry. . · ]OHN FAULKNER USPHS Milk and Food Branch, Washington, D. C. & Drug is only one asp~ct, as local The attendance at the meetmg wa \V . A. MACLINN Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N. ]. }ImOME TRICHTER Health Department, New York, N. Y. regulations are also very Important. 121. Indications are that the food laws for H. P. SMITH FROZEN DESSERTS SANITATION: the 48 state£ are going to be rewritten Recording Secretary F. W. FABIAN, Chairman Michigan State College, E. Lansing, Mich. to closely follow the Federal Laws, \V_ C. CAMERON Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont., Can. with close cooperation between the M. R. FISHER Div. of Health, Dept. of Public Safety, St. Louis, Mo. State and Federal Officials. Connecticut Association of Dair'j 0. A. GHIGGOILE State Dept. of Agriculture, Sacramento, Cal. Federal Standards are being estab­ and Milk Inspectors R. E. IRWIN Irwin's Dairy, Inc., Camp Hill, Pa. D .\VID LEVOWITZ New Jersey Dairy Laboratories, New Brunswick, N. }. lished for a great many foods. Once Last January the name of the Con­ J. 11. ScoTT · State Dept. of Agriculture, Gainesville, Fla. these standards are set, it will be diffi­ necticut Association of Dairy a~dl 1£. L. SPECK University of North Carolina, Raleigh, N. C. cult and expensive to have them Milk Inspectors was changed to t ~ changed. Because of the high cost of Connecticut Association of Dairy and 0 RDINANCES AND REGULATIONS: making a change in the standards, the Food Sanitarians. The constitutio]l C. J. BABCOCK, Chairman Dairy Branch, · PMA, USDA, Washington, D. C. big companies will undoubtedly have to was revised in the interest and tb:e c. A. ABELE Diversey Corporation, Chicago, Ill. w. N. DASHiftL USPHS Regional Office, New Orleans, La. instigate and bear most of the expe_nse. activities of the Association. .JI . L. DELOZIER City Health Dept., Louisville, Ky. Any deviation from a standard 1s a H. J. DuNSMORE City Health Dept., Pittsburgh, Pa. criminal offense regardless of whether c. w. CHAFFEE 0. A. GHIGGOILE State Dept. of Agriculture, Sacramento, Cal. the product is made better or worse. Secretary-Treasure r, c. S. LEETE State Health Dept., Albany, N. Y. 118 AssociATION NEws Agriculture Experiment Station Dr. New Food Technology at M.I.T. PROFESSIONAL STATUS OF SANITARIANS: F. F. Lininger, spoke on the China A new laboratory building for biol­ H. B. RoBINSON, Clzairma11 "GSPHS Regional Office. New York, N. Y. problem and showed colored slides State Board of Health, Jefferson City, Mo. ogy_ and food technology is among the c. E. CARL taken on his recent trip to China. J. J . DoNoVAN Health Dept., Brookline, Mass. proJects proposed in a $20,000,000 de­ J . A. KING State Dept. of Public Health, Denver, Colo. Scholarship awards presented at the velopment program announced on No­ H . MITCHELL State Health Dept., Richmond, Va. banquet were a silver cup donated by c. State Board of Health, Indianapolis, Ind. vember 20 at the Massachusetts In­ I. JoHN TAYLOR Joseph Costa of Athens, Georgia, and stitute of Technology. jl four $50.00 Government bonds do­ More than 250 members of a Com­ RESOLUTIONS: nated by M. B. Weisl of the Borden l W. D. TIEDEMAN, Chairman State Health Dept., Albany, N. Y. mittee on Financing Development Company, New York. The winners of assembled at the Institute on N ovembet: All ex-presidents of the Association in attendance at the annual meeting. the awards were: 1_9 and 20 to consider its responsibili­ 1: Donald A. Nelson, 757 Main Street Royers- ties and needs, recommended the SANITARY PROCEDURE: ford, Pennsylvania ' $20,000,~0 devel~pment program. C. A. ABELE, Chairman Diversey Corp., 2617 Hartzell St., Evanston, Ill. Charles F. Bowman, North Fifth Street t Half of th.ts amount IS required for en­ I H . E. BREMER State Dept. of Agriculture, Montpelier, Vt. Hamburg, Pennsylvania ' PAUL CORASH Department of Health, New York. N. Y. Al':'a Ray Love, 944 Sheridan Avenue, Wil- dowment and unrestricted funds · the B. DALZELL Cherry-Burrell Corp .. Little Falls, N. Y. liamsport, Pennsylvania · balance will be used for new facilities c. Michigan State College. ~- Lan.sing, Mich. . A. w. F ARRALL Div. of Health, Dept. ot Publtc Safety, St. Loms, Mo. Stanley Overland, 1559-40th Street, Brook- and equipment at the Institute. M. R. FISHER lyn, New York . o. A. GHIGGOILE State Dept. of Agriculture, Sacramento, Cal. The labora_tory for biology and food City Health Dept., Baltimore, Md. ~echnology wt~l house, in a single build­ I. M. MARTY The officers of the "Sucrose" chap­ H. L. THOMASSON State Board of Health, Indianapolis. Ind. USPHS Regional Office, Chicago. Ill. mg, . t_he In~tltute's work in biology, HAROLD W AINESS ter of the Serum Solids Club were: nutntwnal btochemistry, and food tech­ c. w. WEBER State Health Dept., Albany, N.Y. Preside~t, . Robert H. North, International nology ; appr.~ meetmgs for food handlers conducted. ~rgamzatwn in 1937, and has been con­ beyond the mere sale of its products. "sales through service." Mr. _H. A. Hargis, Sanitary Engineer, tmu.ously attached to the Milwaukee In support of this policy, it maintains H. W . Kochs is Chairman of tli:e prestde~ over the Austin meetings. terntory. He was made assistant Mil­ a nationwide field service organization orporation, and L. Shere, Preside~t. }leetmgs were held at Houston waukee manager last year. -of 180 experienced technical representa­ \ V. E . Noyes is General Sales Manag~ . ~~xas. for Sanitarians employed by th~ Mr. Rohrbacher, who preceded Mr. tives to provide in-plant assistance and 1 ~Y of Houston and Harris County. Ft:Lerson as manager, and who is now to assure the most effective and eco­ Milk and restaurant sanitation subjects on _leave _of absence, is widely known in ,_ nomical application of its materials by W!sconsm, became a Wyandotte laun­ Sanitation Schools ~vere presented by members of the its customers. Striking testimony to {Klenzacle Products, Inc. staff. Attend­ clr.y representative in 1921 and was ap­ the effectiveness of this basic principle Modern sanitation programs have ance at these meetings was exception­ pou:ted t~1anager of the Milwaukee ter:ltory 111 1943. On his return to is indicated by the fact that now the been recently conducted by Klenza~e a~ly good and ~11 present displayed a Company supplies more than 80 spe­ Products. Inc., Beloit, Wisconsin, 1n htgh degree of mterest in the subjects ach':e duty, Mr. Rohrbacher will do cialized compounds for cleaning and various Texas cities. Dallas, Eo;Ft under discussion. special sales and jobber promotion as­ Worth, Austin, Houston, and Amarillo, stgnments for the laundry department related operations in the dairy field and . Exceptionally well attended meet­ in many other branches of industry. Texas, vvere included in the meetings. and !he food and beverage department mgs .were held in Amarillo, Texas. A of Wyandotte Chemicals. ~eetzng for food handlers was held in F_red R. Hayden has taken over the ,.. t e afternoon and a session for milk terntory formerly covered by Mr. I producers conducted at night. As in Peterson. 124 125

CORRESPONDENCE NEW MEMBERS

New York State Assnciation of Milk this picture? As you know, we are ACTIVE Sanitarians doing all we can to "elevate" the posi­ Willi~m E. . Brandt, 3233 Fanshawe St February 7, 1949 tion of milk sanitarian in order that PhJ!adelph1a 24, Pa. ., E. F. Meyer, D.V.M., Grand Rapids City Health Department, Grand Rapids Mich·_ Dr. J. H. Shrader the engineer may not take over the Hugh F. .Butner, 2753 Claremont Circle gan ' 1 entire work. We, of course, believe J acksonvdle 7, Fla. ' 23 E. Elm A venue Cedi W. Corbett, 822 Sherwood Rd. At- 0.8DD.Mlloore, P. 0. Box 1530, P.H.S. Region Wollaston, Massachusetts that such a stand is log-ical in view lanta, Ga. ' . , a as, Texas Dear Doctor Shrader : of the fact that the sanitat~ian really has E. M. Foster, University of Wisconsin Sm10n. Orenstein, 251 East 30th St N better training than the engineer for Asso. Prof. of Agr. Bact. Madison 6 w· ' Yorl< 16, N. Y. ., ew Today I received the January-Febru­ sanitation work. Likewise, in this same Nelson Hall, Saginaw City Health D~pa::~ A. C. Robinson, Room 800, 116 Temple St m~nt, . Room 110, City Halt' Saginaw Los Angeles 12, Cal. ., ary issue of the JouRNAL OF MlLK ANn issue, appears the Committee Report M1ch1gan ' ' Max Schubert, State of Georgia Dept of Foon TECHNOLOGY and have read with of Mr. Robinson on the Status of Sani­ Kenneth C. Kidd, City-Co. Health Dept H.ealth, Atlanta, Ga. ' · interest . your editorial "Facts Versus tarians. This Committee Report, again, Lawton, Okla. · ., LoK~s. E. Smith, 620 S. Third St., Louisville, Opinions". emphasizes the need for "elevating" Hen~y Ko~a!k, 606 West Dayton Street Flmt, M1ch1gan ' G. J. .Turney, 534 Edison St., Lansing, There is one statement that you have the sanitarian to a higher status. Joseph q:. Leeder, Rutgers University, Dept. M1ch1gan made to which I would like to take It is possible that not including a of Da1ry Industry, New Brunswick N J Cranston Wilcox, 26 South Fremont· St., personal exception. In the next to the good sanitarian in this set-up was per­ v\ . L. Mal.lmaq ~ .M~chigan State Coll~ge: Coldwater, Michigan last paragraph, you suggest that a haps an oversight on your part. I do East Lansmg, M1ch1gan team of competent investigators might not see how a discussion of this in be used in studying the effect of non­ future issues would help the matter, ASSOCIATE farm-straining of milk. This, of course. any but am bringing this to your at ~ Arthur Aim, Lansing-Ingraham County is used as an example. However, on tention as a matter 'of personal view- Health Department, Lansing, Michigan Dr. Jacob F:inkelstein, Forrest Ave. & Elm Henry M: Auby, 615 Johnson St., Stough­ St., Nornstown Pa this team you have suggested a dairy point. Sincerely, ton, W1s. Alfred qan.non, 16205 Tracey Ave., Detroit husbandryman, a chemist, a bacteriolo­ (Signed) Nich.ola.s Badovinac, Box 127 Calumet 27, M1ch1gan . gist and a sanitary engineer. Just c. S. LEETE, M:1ch1gan ' ' Y.D¥· HWanson, Universal Milking Machine Dr. Perry G. Bartlett 41-16 West St L IV., aukesha, Wis. where does the milk sanitarian fit into SecretaPj;Treasurer Island City, N. Y. ' ., ong Ernest W. Hembroff, Dafter, Michigan John B~ughman, 3333 Grand River Ave Harry Hewett, Hewett's Dairy Foods 20 DetrOit 32, Michigan ., W. Ev:ergreen, Durant, Okla. ' Malcolm I--· Beck, City Board of Health H. T. Hn~m.elein, 649 South 4th St. Sagi- Shelbyville, Ind. ' naw, M1ch1gan ' ..., Jorgen ?CJ!ker, 25440 Fenkell St. Detroit E.I G. HAoile, Box 495, Klenzade Products 23, M1cfiigan ' nc., PP 1eton, Wis. ' New Books and Other Publications Arthur W Ho J L ' . \ crper ~o~ker, 25440 Fenkell St. Detroit Bid "'h. 'I d we? r., mco 1n Liberty 2.), M1ch1gan ' g., r I a elphta, Pa. .. (Continued from pa.gc 113} WP~. E. Botwright, P. 0. Box 214, Bristol, Ivar. Iv:ersen, 11414 Ward Ave. Detroit 27 H essing by freezing. Over 200 references together with the general regulatio115 M1ch1gan · ' ' Roy Butler, Imlay City, Michigan Williat~l W. Joy, .222 West Map! St support the text, and the illustrations Lansmg, Michigan e ., for food standards as they appear in Q.NTS . Cabot, Columbia Rd., Morristown are clear and usefully selected. the Code of Federal Regulations ~@1 l . S. ' DoMn. Sh: Kennedy, Route 1, Williamsburg CFR Cum. Supp. 10.2; 21 CFR 19}13 'Peter P. Carrigan, 4 Eliot St., Somerville ~ ~~ ' Definitions and Standards for Food, 43, Mass. OIIL Kuusisto, 428 Franklin St., Waukegan, Supp. 10.0). The preface conta.Pls M.G. Cassel, 402 Union St. Selma Ala issued by the Federal Security some of the relevant sections of .fue Gha_rlcs Clarkson, 220 We;t 5th St I· 1 Henry ]. Lammers, 3338 No. 17th St M'l-1 Agency, U. S. Food and Drug Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic C1ty, Michigan ., m ay waukee 6, Wis. ., Administration, Washington, D. C. Act and general regulations. h<,trlcs S_. ~ohen, 18 South Perry St. Pon- J aMck. Lh~mmy, 18 South Perry St. Pontiac 72 pages. 1948. ttac, M1ch1gan ' ~ ~an ' ' The foods listed are : Robert J. Courchaine 3724 Deacon Ave., Jutift, FMfang, Kennersley Farms, Church This publication contains the defmi­ Detroit 25, Michiga { Cacao products 1 tions and standards for food and Fruit butters W_Inh . Cushman, 511 Court House Flint Robe~t La~gsenkamp, 1234 Shelby St Cereal flours Shellfish MIc 1gan ' ' Ind1anapohs, Ind. ., amendments thereto promulgated un­ Alimentary pastes Eggs and egg pcod· Durk_ee,. Flint City Health Department Roger William Lewis, Calhoun Count der the Federal Food, Drug, and Cos­ Milk and cream ucts F" Ft·. mt, M1ch1gan ' Health Department Battle Creek M' hy gan ' , IC !- metic Act, as they appear in the com­ Cheeses and re- Oleomargine ~ank Edwa:ds, 703 Cadillac Square Build­ pilation published in the Federal Regis­ lated spreads Canned vegeta]:jks E ~ ng, DetrOit 26, Michigan Leonard Li~npach, Flint City Health Depart­ ter on October 30, 1948 ( 13 F. R. Canned fruit Tomato produGts ~he~ t J. C. .Fischer, 510 West Queen Lane ment, Fh_nt, Michigan Fruit preserves I 1 adelph1a 44, Pa. ' C.MJ. I ~ams, 600 Park St., Port Huron 6377), as amended ( 13 F. R. 6969), and jellies 1c ugan ' 126 NEW MEMBERS } OURN AL OF MILK AND FooD TECH NO LOGY 127 Bonner Martin, 310 State St., Lexington, Fred Rowlader, 703 Cadillac Square Build­ J. Joseph Mandelaro, 3 Dawson Place, Batavia, Dr. Edmund R. Rice, U. S. Public Health N. C. ing, Detroit 26, Michigan N. Y. to 16 Center St., Caledonia, N. Y. I John Maxwell, 506 Webb Drive, Bay City, Service, Richmond, Va. to 8232 Goodman . Gaylord Scanlon, Saginaw City Health De­ Dr. V. V. Martinson, 472 N. Story Parkway Rd., Overland Park, Kansas Michigan partment, City Hall, Saginaw, Michigan Milwaukee 13, Wis., to 620 N. 8th St.' William E. Meadowcroft, Hillsdale County Lee Schreibeis, 538 Capitol, Southwest, Bat­ Milwaukee 3, Wis. ' H. H . Schutz, 4300 N. Pt. Washington Rd Health Department, Hillsdale, Michigan tle Creek, Michigan Milwaukee, \Yis. to H. H. Schutz, c/~ Vern P. Melhuish, Carnation Co., Oconomo­ Food Processmg Co., 161 W. Wisconsin Joseph A. Meiser, Jr., Dairy Department, William M. Scott, 210 Beckford Ave., Prin­ woc, Wis. to Box 2035, Wilshire-LaBrea I Michigan State College, East Lansing, cess Anne, Md. Ave., Milwaukee 3, Wis. Sta., Los Angeles 36, Cal. John). Taylor, Osseo, Wis. to Pigeon Falls, Michigan W. K. Sharpe, Department of Health and N. A. ¥onson, 1325 Rutledge St., Madison Wis. H . Allan Moore, Box 408, Paoli, Pa. Welfare, Charlottetown, Prince Edward 4, Wis. to Box 773, Madison, Wis. t. Ralph W. Moore, 2618 Almont Ave., South­ Island, Canada William W. Wallace, 531 New Custom Phill.ip C. Ne.,wman, 205 Park St., Westby, House, Denver, Colo. to SOl Federal Office east, Grand Rapids, Michigan Paul E. Sheridan, P. 0. Box 145, Univer­ W!s. to 225 W. Elm St., Chippewa Falls, Charles Mortimer, 320 South Pt. Crescent, sity Sta., Syracuse 10, N. Y. Wis. Bldg., Seattle 4, Wash. H . Ken.neth Wilson, 612 S. 24th St., Phila­ Bad Axe, Michigan Philip Shirley, Lansing-Ingham County Hermon A. Price, Jr., Centre Hall, Pa. to Gale P. Mosey, 102)/, State St., Montrose, Health Department, County Building, del-phia, Pa., to 107 E. Elm St Urbana R. No. 2, Huntington, Pa. Ul. ~ ' Michigan Mason. Michigan Eugen~ Reeves, 510 Interstate Bldg., u. S. Jerome H. Mueller, 1022 N. 26th St., She­ Charles A. Shuler, 221 South Andre St., Pubhc Health Service, Kansas City Mo. Louis A. Zahradka c/o Consolidated boygan, Wis. Saginaw, Michigan to 2200 Fidelity Bldg., U. S. Public Badger Co-operativ~, Shawano, Wis. to Miles Nelson, 726 State Office Building, Herman Sievert, Saginaw City Health De­ Health Service, Kansas City 6, Mo. Dairyland Co-operative Assn., Juneau, Lansing 13, Michigan partment, Saginaw, Michigan Wis. Orville Nelson, Box 656, Rockford, Michigan Ferris L. Smith, P. 0. Box 64, Paw Paw, Charles l-I. Niggeman, Lenawee County Michigan Health Department, 119 West Church St., R. L. Smith, P. 0 . Box 741 , Safford, Ariz. Adrian, Michigan Walter F. Snyder, School of Public Health, Richard Paulus, Breckenridge, Michigan University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Owen S. Pilgrim, Fraser, N. Y. Michigan John Pomeroy, Kalamazoo City-County Del Soper, Flint City Health Department, Health Department, City Hall, Kalamazoo, Flint, Michigan Experimental Flow-Diversion Valve provide as good a temperature control Michigan Edward Stockton, Calhoun County Health Developed for Y se in Dairy in cool.ing liquids as in heating liquids, Herman A. Price, Jr., Centre Hall, Pa. Department, Battle Creek, Michigan Research Laboratories Robert M. Rau, Saginaw City Health De­ J. C. Temple, Gueder, Paeschke & Frey Co., the datry researchers believe. partment, City Hall, Saginaw, Michigan 324 No. 15th St., Milwaukee 3, Wis. F. P. Hanrahan, engineer in the A des~riptive sheet of the improved Wesley Rau, Route 2, Cedar Springs, Michi­ T. Dewey Waller, Flint City Health De­ Bureau of Dairy Industry, U. S. De­ valve, wtth a cut.away sketch, is avail­ gan partment, Flint, Michigan Lorenz F. Rein, 16041 East 9 Mile Road, Lewis A. Wi!eden, 534 West Ash St., ~ason, partm~nt of Agriculture, observes the able from the Bt\reau of Dairy Indus­ East Detroit, Michigan Michigan . . , .., - flow diversion valve which he and other try, U. S. Department of Agriculture John B. Reynolds, Allegan County Health William Wolf, Flint City Fid1lth Depart- investigators developed in the Bureau's Washington 25, D. C. ' Department, Allegan, Michigan ment, Flint, Michigan . , , dairy products research laboratories. C. V. Roose, 60 Reading Ave., Hillsdale, Edward J. Wykes, 1873 Hames, Northwest, Michigan Grand Rapids, Michigan The valve was designed and built sev­ Harold Rothchild, 10205 Mack A venue, De­ Gaby L. Yusko, 1623 Saw Mill Run Blvd., eral years ago when dairy researchers ~~ I troit, Michigan Pittsburgh 10, Pa. · -.. fmmd it n~cessarv to devise a more ' Armin A. Roth. 21551 Garrison Street, ,, Wyandotte, Michigan accurate means o{ temperature control I

for ~m old-style, centrifugal flash pas­ I ~ I teunzer that was being used in various CHANGES OF ADDRESS I' laboratory experiments. The original I ' Roy H. Allan, East St., Darlington, Wis. Mrs. Martha Hanson, State Co-operative; valve. which functioned satisfactorily to 520 East Cook St., Portage, Wis. Laboratory, Superior, Wis. to State! on an experimental basis, has been J. E. Brecklin, R 1, Monroe, Wis. to 2007 Branch, Lab. of Hygiene, Rhinelander, modified and improved. 8th Ave., Monroe, Wis. Wis. . ln operation the valve is actuated by Earl G. Buelow, 716 S. Michigan Ave., F. W . Harris, East Dane Quality Co-o p:;, Stevens Point, Wis., to 601 S. Michigan Lake Ripley, Cambridge, Wis. to 120 e1ther one or two solenoid coils. Only Ave., Stevens Point, Wis. Church St., Boscobel, Wis. one coil is needed when the valve is Lieut. Col. Wm. F. Collins, V.C., Station R. W. Hart, 206 Mutual Bldg., Kansas Ci operated in a vertical position, as the Veterinarian, Fort Monroe, Va. to Station 6, Missouri to 2200 Fidelity Bldg., 91 1l lo~rer valve outlet closes automatically Veterinarian, Camp Campbell, Ky. Walnut, Kansas City 6, Missouri Dwight Davis, Central Dairy, Shawnee, R. L. Howell, Pittsburg Co. Health Dept W1th the weight of the plunger. If the Okla. to Mgr. Steffens Dairy, 304 W. McAlester, Okla., to Health Dept., Tahle• ~al v <· is operated in a horizontal posi­ Main, Shawnee, Okla. quoh, Okla. , tion. huth outlets can be held alternately Arthur Graber, Co-op. Health Unit, Dist. 1, Andrew J. Krog. Dept. of Health, City of op.en and closed by providing a solenoid Talequah, Ohio to Kay County Health Plainfield, N. J., to 806 Kensington Ave,, Dept., Ponca City, Okla. Plainfield; N. J. coli at each outlet encl. Glen M. Hansen, 1252 So. Farwell St., Eau John C. Mahoney, 3241 Humboldt Ave. So., A valve of this type can be used to Claire, Wis. to 2014 E. Park Place, Mil­ Minneapolis 8, Minn. to R.10-334 N. 1s~, control temperatures in heating liquids waukee 11, Wis. Minneapolis, Minn. other than milk. and the valve will USDA Photo 128

"DOCTOR JONES" SAYS

BY PAUL B. BROOKS, M.D.

Well, I see they've established an­ Even human nursing mothers occa­ other "mastitis laboratory"-the State sionally get mastitis. When you stop Department of Agriculture and Mar­ to think that, when cows lie down, their kets and Cornell, working together. udders are on the floor, it's easy to see It's over in Earlville: the sixth in the how much more likely they are to get state. I was reading about the "doings" infected. If one infected animal is left they had when they dedicated it, a with the rest it can spread through the while back. It reminded me of a ques­ herd. tion they asked on one of the State It's caused by various germs but medical licensing examinations. ''What whichever ones it is- it isn't nice, of is bovine mastitis ?"- that was part of course, to think of drinking milk from it. "Bovine mastitis," one doc wrote, diseased udders but. if the milk's pas­ "is inflammation of a cow's rudder." teurized, there's probably no actual I figured he probably grew up where danger from it. Fortunately, the germ boats were more common than cows. that ordinarily causes mastitis works Anyway, I was glad to hear about mainly, and perhaps only, on cows. But, this laboratory because mastitis (in­ once in a great· while it's one that's flammation of cows' udders) is one of come from a human case of streptococ­ cus sore throat and so on. It was those the toughest problems dairy farmers mastitis cases that were responsible are up against. It comes from germs for the big milk-h0.p1~ ··epidemics w working their way up through the teats used to get, practically every year, be­ into the milk-secreting glands. It not fore most of our milk -was pasteurized( only makes the milk unfit for use but So this mastitis control program : io may destroy the milk glands. A cow the long run it'll save. money for the that's a "three-teater" : that usually farmers and, while ft!- ~ may not have means she's had mastitis and one "quar­ much effect on public health it cer­ ter" has been put out of business. tainly won't set it back any.

Illinois Dairy Plant Conference Conference for Small Dairy Plant gested that members of other daiuy Operators on April 14, 1948, will be technology societies in Illinois dri~e held at the Urbana Campus of the Uni­ down on Wednesday afternoon in time versity of Illinois. The Central Illinois for the Technology meeting and stay Dairy Technology Society meets there overnight for the conference. If sa, the evening of April 13th. It is sug- hotel reservations should be made ea&ly.