7522 · 00NGREBSIONAL REDORil-SENATE. :UAY 24 ' ' 5738. Also .resolutions adopted by the Texa Chamberof Com PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS. merce, relative to section. 28· of tlie .Tones shipping bill·1 to the Committee on the Merchant Marine and· Fisheries.. Mr. LADD presented a resolution adopted' at the annual 57o9. By-Mr.. CULLEN: Resolution1adopted.by the American meeting of the Pennsylvania Branch, Women's International' Marine_ Association of· New- York City; indorsing Sooate bill, League for P-eace-·and Freedom, at Philadelphia; Pa., favo1·ing the prompt declaration of La _general amnesty · by the President 321.7 . a~d House bill 10644 and-urging their early passag~; to tb.e: of the United States, which· was referred· to the Committee on Committee on1the. Merchant Marine and1Fish&ies. the Judiciary; 5740J By· l\1~ CURRY: Resolution of thee-Henry w;: Lawton: Camn, United Spanish War- Veterans,. at. their; nineteenth. anT Mr. SHORTRIDGE' presented a memorial of•sundry citizens nual encampment, favoring the retention1a.nd developmentiof tbe of Oakland, Calif., remonstrating against the enactment' of leg M.ar.e Island Navy Yard; to the Committee on Naval Atfairs. islation providing for compulsory Sunday observance- in the 574-L By !lilr: KIESS :-Petition of: residents of, Millpe.rt, Pa:,, District of Columbia-,, which was· referred to the Committee on protesting against the passage of House,bills-.9753 and14388 and' the District· or COiumbia. ' He also presented resolutions· adopted by. the Santa Rosa Senate bi11 1 l948~ to the:Committoo on the District•. ot Columbia. 5742.. By;• Mr~ KISSEL: Petition of Naval1,Militia. New Y-.ork Chamber of Commerce, of Santa Rosa, Calif.,· protesting against City, N. Y., relative- to- an additional appropriation' forr the. any present change in th~ transportation1 act: of- 1920, which Naval ReseriVe-, Foroo.; to the Committeeaon Appr()priations. were referred to the Committee on Interstat;e commerce. Mr. CAPPF)R presented a resolution· adopted• by Golden Rule 57 43: Also, pe_ti tlon on·board of. estimate 1 and apportionment, Lodge, No. 90; Ancient Free· and' Aeeept09 Masons, of1 North city of. Newa Yo.rk, . N:. Y ~. indorsing the, B.acharach 1 bill; to_. the. Topeka, Kans., favoring the enactment of legislation creatmg a Committeeion th •Judiciary. 1 5744. By Mr. LINTHICUM: Petitions of Regal Laundry, department of education, which was referred to the Committee on Eaucation and Labor. ~altimore, and ManhattanJLaundry Se.r_yice Corporation, Wash ington,, protesting against· duties levied on foreign vegetable Mr. SHEPPARD presented resolutions adopted by the Pres• oils•· etc:·; also _petitions: ofi Merchants and, Manufacturers1As b-ytel"f of Brownwood, Presbyterian Church; at Winters, Tex., favoring amendments to the Constitution prohibiting_• polygamyi sociation and1 Doyle &, K'"eyser) Baltitnore ~ protesting- against proposed duty-- on,linens ;·also petition of Hendler Creamery Co., and providing for uniform marriage and divorce• laws, which were referred to the Committee,-,on: the_. Judiciary. Baltimore; protesting-aga:inst1 proposed tariff on' salti; also peti• tion of• Baugh & Sons Co., Baltimore, pli'otesting against pro,, He also presented a resolution adopted by the -Presbytery of posed· tariff' on· potash; etc.. ; also letters. protesting against· in~ Brownwood, Presbyterian Church-,. at Winters, Tex., favoring sufficient tariff on· cannoo g9ods--; to the• Committee on Way& the. enactment-of.legislation providiilg:· for Sunday observance in and Means. the District of Columbia; whicli was referred· to· th& Committee 5745; Also, petition•of James H: Jones, Baltimore,. Md,, fa.von on the District of Columbia. ing ~ passage . of' Bursum and Morgan bills_, for be:nefit of1 CiVil Mr. NEWEEJRRY presented· resolutions adopted by, the Pres War· veterans; to·the Committee•ominvalid Pensions:. bytery of Grand Rapids, Presbyterian: Church, at Grandi Rapids, 5746. Also, petition·ofiCharles.F. Namuth, Baltimore, favoring Mich~, favo-ring_ amendments· to• the Co:nstitution prohibiting increase- of retirement• amount--to each individual.; to-.tlie-- Com-. polygamy-and providing-for-uniform nutrriage andidivorce laws, mittee• on Reform in the Civil: Service: which were referred to the Committee-:.on the Judiciary. 5747. Also; petition' of North! Carolina Pine Box &! Shook He• also· presented· a: resolution adopted' by the• Presbytery of Manufacturing Go:, Baltimore, protesting against- transf-eF of Grand Rapids, PtesbyterUm CJ:turch, a Grand Rapids1 Michi, United States Forest Service from Department-of- Agrioultnm favoring the enactment of legislation providing·for Sunday ob· to Department of• Interior; ta the- Committee- on Agriculture .. sertVance•in .the District of Columbia. which was refer-red to the 574S. Also,• petition of 0. F. Macklin, Baltimore,. favoring Committee on the District of-·Columbia. extra appropriation for training· of civilian portion1 of1 Naval REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEK.ON N:A.V.A.L .AFFAIRS. Reserves; to the Committee on1Appropriations. Mr:. NEWBERRY. from· the Committee· on Naval Affairs, to 5749. Also, petition-of· Rev. J. Howard· Braunlein-and1John C. which were referred the following- bills, reported. them ench Thomas, Baltimore; S: E. Persons, Annapolis; and•Rev. W. H. without· amendment'-'and1 submitted reports thereon: Settlemeyer, Middletown, Md!, appealing· fo:r proper protection H. Th 3754• .An act for the relie.fi of Rear Admiral Livingston to the Armenians; to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Hunt, Supply·Cor-pSj . United States1Navy, (Rept: No 722J ;. and 5750. By Mr. MACGREGOR · Resolutions adopted by the Pres H. R. 3508; An act for: the relief• of Rea~ Admiral .T. S. Car bytery of Caledonia.- at· Mumford, N. Y., indorsing HausecJoint penter, Supply. Corps. United States: Navy (:(lept. No. 723). Resolution No. 131; relative to 1 prohibiting polygamy.and poly,ga ENROLLED BILLS PRESENTED. mous marriages-in the United States, and 1 also Senate-Joint Res olution No. 31, relative to enacting uniform laws on the subject Mr. SUTHERLAND, from the Committee on. Enrolled Bills-, of marriage and divorce~ to; the Committee on .the Judiciary. reported that they presented to the. President of the Uhited 5751. Also, resolutionaadopted by the.Presbytery of'. Caledonia States the following enrolled bills: at1Mumford, N. Y., indorsing. House bill 9753, to secure_ Sunday On May 20; 1922 : as a day of resUn the District of Columbia; t-o the .Committee S: 1162. An act declaring· Lake George,. Yazoo. County, Miss-.• on the D.istrict of Columbia. to be·a •nonnavigable·stream·; ands 5752. Also, resolution adopted by · the council, of the city o! On May 22, 1922 : . Buffalo. indorsing the riYer and harbori bill ; to the- Committee S. 2919. An act to extend for the period•of two years·the pro on Rivers and·Rarbors. visions of ·Title II of the•food control and the District· of Co lumbia rents act, approved Octob~r 22, 1919;. aa: amended. BILLS- INTRODUCED. SENATE. Bill& were introduced, read the. first, time, and, by·tinanimous consent, the second. time,_and referred as- follows : WEDNESDAY, May 134, 1fm12. By· l\Ir-: W.ALSH of Montana: A bill (S. 3640) for the relief of the estate of James W. Mar· (Legfslative day of Thursday, Apn1 ~o. 1922.) dis~ to the aCommittee on_•Clai.tns. The Senate met at 11 o'clock a. m., on the expiration of the By Mr. FLETCHER: . recess. · A bill ( S. 3641) to grant. and confirm to the State of Florida MESS'A-GE FROM THE HOUSE. title in and to sections 16 within the exterior limits of the area patented to the State• of Flo.rids: April 23, 1903, and fo1· other A message from the Hou.se of Representatives, by Mr. Overhue, purposes; to the Committee on Public Lands and Surveys. · its enrolling clerk, announced that the House had. passed the bill ( S. 2263) to amend1the Federal reserve act approved De- FIRST UEUT. WILLIAM EDWARD TIDWELL. cember 23, 1913, with _amendments, in1. which itr requested the Mr. FLETCHER. I ask unanin}ous consent: that I may with• concurren~ of the Senate. draw report No. 694 of the Committee on Military Affairs, The-mes age also announced· that the• Honse. had passed ·a which accompanies the bill (S~ 1672) for the appointment of bill (H. R. 9527) to ·amend section 5136,t Revised' Statutes of the William Edward Tidwell· as first lieutenant in the United States United, States, relating to corporate powers1of associations. so Army, and substitute•another report' which-is· somewhat fuller as to provide succession thereofJ until dissolved, and• to1apply than the original said section as so amended to all national· banking associations, Tha: V.IGE.1PRESIDENT. W.ithout ol:rjection" lea.ye will ha in which it requested the concurrence-•of the ·Sen1;1.te. . granted. 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 7523
Shortridge Sterling W11.dsworth Williams TARIFF BILL AMENDMENTS. Simmons Sutherland Walsh, Mass. 1\Ir. JONES of Washington submitted. two amendme~ts ~ Smith Swanson Walsh, Mont. tended to be proposed by him to Honse bill 7456, the tariff bill, Smoot Underwood Watson, Ga. which were ordered to lie on the table and to be printed. The VICE PRESIDENT. Sixty-one Senators have answered ST. LAWRENCE RIVER U.IPR-OVEMENT. to their names. A quorum is present. Mr. HARRISON obtained the floor. 1\Ir MOSES submitted the following concurrent resolution Mr. CARAWAY. Mr. President, will the Senator from Mis (S. Con. Res. 24), which was referred to the Committee on sissippi yield to me? Printing: Mr. HARRISON. I yield to the Senator from Arkansas. Resolved 011 the Senate (the Hou,se of Rep1·esentatices conct1rrittg), Mr. NICHOLSON. !\fr. President, will the Senator from That there shall be printed u,000 additional copies of Senate D~cu ment No. 179, l::lixty-seventh Congress, entitled: " R~port of the Uruted Arkansas yield 'l I thought I had the floor. I had recognition States and Canadian Government engineers on the .m~provem0!1t of the from the Presiding Officer before the roll was called. St. Lawrence River from Montreal to Lake Ontario, of which 3,000 The VICE PRESIDENT. The Chair understood that the copies shall be for the use of the Senate Document Room, and 2,000 copies for the House Document Room. Senator from Colorado had yielded the floor. Mr. CARAWAY. I shall not hold the floor very long. AMENDMENT OF FEDERAL RESERVE ACT. l\Ir. NICHOLSON. How long does the Senator wish to hold Mr. KELLOGG. I ask tl1e Chair to lay before the Senate the the floor? amendments of the Houi::e to Senate bill 2263. Mr. CARAWAY. I do not know, but not a great while. The VICE PRESIDENT laid before the Senate the amend Mr. NICHOLSON. If the Senator will kindly let me proceed, ments of the House of Representatives to the bill (S. 2263) to after I finish I shall be glad to yield the floor to him. amend the Federal reserve act approved December 23, 1913, Mr. CARAWAY. There is a matter I desire to discuss right which were, on page 2, lines 2 and 3, to strike out " industri~, now. I would like to accommodate the Senator, bat -1 do not commercial interests " and to insert " industrial and commercial want to yield the floor at this time. interests"; on page' 4, line 18, to strike out "30 days after," The VICE PRESIDENT. The Senator from Arkansas is en and to insert " with " ; on page 4, line 19, strike out " convenes " ; titled to the floor, and will proceed. on page 5, line 11, after "follows," to i;nake a ne~ paragraph ATTORNEY GENERAL DAUGHERTY. and to insert " Sec. 324 " ; on page 5, hne 20, to insert quota tion marks before the word " no " ; and on page 6, line 2, to Ur. CARAWAY. Mr. President, yesterday the titular Attor insert quotation marks after the word "construction." ney General issued a statement. l desire to read it to the Mr. ROBINSON. I understand that the amendments which Senate: The correspondence of former President Taft and Attorney General the House made to the bill relate more to form than to sub Wickersham, which was again published this month, clearly sh.ows my stance, and that none of them materially change the bill as connection with the Morse cases of many years ago, both civil and passed by the Senate. criminal. The incentive and motives inspiring this and other agitation will not accomplish the results hoped for by those behind the scenes. Ur. KELLOGG. That is quite true, except that a House The various prosecutions of war fraud cases will be carried out as amendment provides that the commission of the Federal Reserve expeditiously as P,Ossible, irrespective of these and other activities aDd Board shall expire "-ith the next session of Congress instead of attacks which will be expected. I have faith that the people of the country appreciate the situation and have confidence in the Department. 30 days after. of. Justice being fair, judicious, and effective. l\Ir. ROBINSON. The Senator does not regar Felder-a " cue " was obtained from the appearance of Morse The charge, l\:1r. President, against the ..:\ ttorne-r General for that maybe he was not in good health, and that with that idea not enforcing the law, as I have said, caine from ROYAL C. in view they called in Doctor Fowler, who had been the p)ly JOHNSON and ROY 0. WOODRUFF, two Republican Members of sician of the penitentiary in Atlanta where Morse was first. con Congress in the other House, both being former service men, fined, and had him make an examination which , .. disclosed," both men whose character I know that no man will take the according to Fowler, that Morse had" Bright's disease." responsibility of questioning. Therefore, I know that when the The letters to which Daugherty refers do not disclose that Attorney General undertakes to blacken the re~utation of those thereupon Daugherty and Felder crune to Washington and got two Members of Congress of his own party in order to shield a promise in advance from Taft and Wickersham, the latter of himself, he stoops lower than his friends thought it possible whom was then the Attorney General, that if they could estab even for him to go. li~h the fact that Morse's health was poor and that he was Mr. President, it is a very unfortunate thing to write letters likely to die in confinement he would: be released. That is not if the writer is going to make hurtful statement& I am going di closed in those two letters which Daugherty says disclose his to read here some lettel'S. Incidentally, and incidentally only, whole relation to the case. they reflect upon the former Secretary of War, Mr. Baker, The two letters do not disclose that they went back to. At and the present Secretary of War, Mr. Weeks. I am not going lanta and had Morse examined by a board of physicians, which to ·follow the exampl.e of the Senator from New Hampshire and found that there was nothing seriously wrong with him. These say that there is politics in it. I am not. going to say one word: letters do not disclose that they then had an.other board of phy in defense of fo-.rmer Se.c-retary of Wal" Baker. If he is guilty sicians appointed and got a report that Morse was in a bad fix. of wrongdoing he will. never find me apologizing for him here These letters from Taft and Wickersham do not disclose that or elsewhere. I am going to dO'~ though, what the Senator from thereupon they had Morse put in some place outside of the peni New Hampshire would not do ; I am going to say in defense ot tentiary where he could be examined, and, incidentally, where the present Secretar,Y of War, who is a Republican, that I . do Fowler could see him, of course. They do not disclo.se the fact, not believ-e he is dishonest; I do not believe that at all; I do which Felder himself states, that the department had after not believe he was actuated. by bad faith in anything he did, wards acquired evidence to show that each time before this and it will take a great deal more eviden~e than the apparent board of physicians should exnmine Morse that Morse was given circumstances to make me believe that h~ is anything but an some kind o.f a chemical t0; make his kidneys bleed and thereby honest man and a gentleman. I go that far for the present ·deceive the doctors. The Atto~ General knows that these Secretary of War, who is a Republican, and to show that I have letters do not disclose that. not· any-bias in the matter I shall say nothing in defense of the The Attorney General knows that they do not disclose the fur former Secretary- of War, who is a Democrat. You can make ther fact that Morse had contracted with Daugherty and Felder what you will out of it. in advance that be should submit to whatever course they might Mr. President, let me go back for just a moment. These suggest; a contract the character of which I leave for every charges of Congressmen W OO.DRUFF and. JOHNSON came about lawyer on the floor of the Senate and every one in this country through a disclosure. that former Maj. W. 0. Watts made to to judge. No reputable lawyer would ever think of. demanding Ro.YA.L 0. JOHNSON and ROY WOODRUFF of conditions which ex of his client a contract which said, "You must do everything isted in the Attorney General's office. Watts was a special. ex that we suggest." It is significant. It suggests, at least-I will aminer. He made up his mind that the Attorney General was not say it does, but it suggests-that they were going to frame not going to enforce the law, and that grafters were going to up some kind ot pretense on which they were to get him out, be whitewashed and tu.med loose. After repeatedly trying to and in advance they made Morse sign away his right to tell get the Attorney General to act, he went to the two, Republican the truth. They made him contract that he. would submit to Members of Congress. and in the presence of a Republican ·Sen conditions they suggested, and it seems they suggested that he ator, who is now a l\Iember of this body, disclosed what facts had "Bright's disease." he had. Daugtierty knew that; and Felder has put in writing the fact At their request and with their concurrence he made public that it wa!i he, and not Morse, who found out that Morse had this information by giving it to them and consenting that they the " disease" that led to his commutation of sentence; that it should use it upon the floor. Foll' that he was discharged, Mr. was Daugherty and Felder who discovered that and it was President, by a.. letter written by Assistant Attorney GeBeral Doctor Fowler who confirmed · it. Incidentally, among the very Holland. I will read it again into the R.Ecoim. It. is as follows: first acts that the Attorney General did was ta put back in his DEPARTllllNT OF JUSTICE, old' position at the .penitentiary at Atlanta this same Doctor Washington, D. O., A.prU !4, 192-B. Fowler, rewarding him for the deception he had helped them Mr. W. 0. WATTS, to perpetrate upon the President, l\Ir. Taft. Speaial A.gent, Deparlment of Justice- The Attorney General knows. that none of those fact were SIR : By direction. of the Attorney General. you are dismissed from the service of-this department, effective immediately upon receipt of this disclosed in the two letters to which he eall attention. These 'letter. letters do not disclose the fact· thlrt the Attorney General told You are remo.ved for disl-Oyalty t°' the Department of Justice, inas the senior Senator from Indiana [Mr. WATSON] that he had much as rou knowingly and willfully violated the rules of the depart ment, which, as you must be aware, constitutes a breach of trust. had absolutely nothing to do with the Morse case. He lmows Upon application to the disbursing omce of this department your they do not· disclose those things. salary will be pa_i,d. up to this time. Why, then, should the Attorney General ha-ve said yesterday Respecttully, RUSH L. HOLLA.NO., A.s-ristant A.ttorn..ey General, that the two letters written in 1915 disclosed his entire connec (For the Attorney General.) tion with the Morse case- when he knows they· disclosed nothing 1 o1 the ·significant' parts of the MOTse case at all? Oh, Mr. Presi· For the enlightenment of the Senate and the country, I want dent, just merely as an illustration and not an accusation, I to read to the Senate the manly letter which Mr. 'V-atts wrote in think it was Mark Twain who once said that a " lie is such a reply to the letter from the Assistant Attorney General. The letter is as follows : precious thing that you ought never to ten it if the truth would 718 NrNETEJ!tNTH STREET NW.., answer." I am not applying• that language to the Attorney Wa8hingtcm, D. a., April !6, 1.S!!. Generru ; it is merely a suggestion. W1ry was be not candid The- ATTORNEY GENEIU.L, about it? Wa8hington, D. 0. I know he told th& Senator from Indiana that he had·nothing SIR : Receipt is acknowledged o:j' letter dated April 2ti, 1922, signed by. Mt. Rush L. Holland, Assistant to the Attorne1 General, dismissing to do with the Morse case, and thereby indllced the Senator me " for dislo-yalty t() the Department of Justice.' • from Indiana to make the statement which lie did on the floor You are informed that I accept yom characterization of my discharge did as a distinct compliment, knowing the facts and circumstances in of the Senate when he, the Attorney General, knew he have volved, although It is wholly · false and un;Juatilla.ble. It is particularly something to do willi it. I ba:ve asked over· and over again, gratifying t0> me to note that you either did not feel warranted or have Why did be deny his connection with this unsavo:ry case'! the moral courage to charge me with " disloyalty " to the Government. Well, Mr. President, the Attorney General then, by way of This, Mr. Attorney Ge.n ~ral, you can not do. My loyalty to the Govern ment is well founded and of lifelong standing. I have followed a.nd what the affable Senator from New Hampshire [Mr. MosEs] defended the flag in the Spanish-American War, the Philippine insur· calls "throwing up a: smoke screen," intimates ·that he is being; rection, and the late World Wal" with honor a.nd distinction, and I attn.eked war have performed every duty that has ever been assigned to me in a loyal becau e he is prosecuting grafters. That charge and faithful manner; my record for loyalty is. well known and unun· is so foolish that I hesitate to believe the Attorney General peachable. made it; but I presume he did or the Washington Post would My conception of loyalty in the highest sense ls the defens~ and 1 protection of the Government's interests under all circumstances and at not have asse1·ted it, hecause the Post knows absolutely; it has all hazards. I do not recognize or subscribe to your theory of loyalty got first-hand information as to what· the administration thi.n.B::s to corrupt an autocratic authority now so common in Government or what it is goin.,. to think. If the- statement had appeared bureaus a.t Washington, which sub-verts the national welfare and public in some other journal. there could have- b en some doubt about interests. If yon were at all informed on the departmental affairs of your it, b11 t~ publi. hed i n tlie Post, fl know the Attorney General high o1fice, you must be aware of the outstandi'.ng facts that I have said it. Wi>v ... ted more than two years of loyal and fait hful efforts to protect 1922.. CONGRESSIONAL REOORD-SENATE. 7525 the interests of the Government when a combination of certain Govern APRIL 22, 1921. ment officials o.nd other common crooks }\ave been assaulting and Taid Hon. JOHN W. WEut:a, ing the public Treasury on a scale so· gigantic as to be almost unbe Secretary of War, Wa.shingt to those in your department of your -desire to do complete justice, and you would be able to appoint him as a special agent as soon as the to have every man and woman understand that their first duty is to contract with the harness company was canceled. The department defend the interest of the Government. could have used his full services to great advantage before this but, Yours respectfully, W. J. GRAHAM. in view of the strong opposition at the War Department to him it Here is another, Mr. President: seemed wise to defer bis appointment until certain parties at 'the War Department could not ~se such appointment to prejudice our case. HOUSl!l Oli' REPRESENTATIVES, UNITE-D STATES, While I have not all the evidence to establish the fact definitely there Wa-shington, D. 0., June f2, 1921. is no particle of doubt in my mind but that Major Watts was dis Hon. H. M. DAUGHERTY, charged from the Army because he reported dishonest methods and Attorney Generai of the United States, his presence was unwelcome to some of the parties involved in the Department of Justice, Washitlgton, D. 0. harness case, through whose influence bis discharge was brought MY DEAR MR. DAUGHERTY : In connection with the investigation rela about. Major Watts can not be too highly commended for bis un tive to war contract-s which you are initiating in your department, per tiring efforts to see that the right prevailed, and this when he was mit me to call your attention to Maj. W. 0. Watts, a former officer in without income and bas been compelled to go into debt for his actual the Quartermaster Corps, and who served with distinction in both the living expenses for months past. Spanish-American and World Wars. This-memorandum seems unnecessarily long yet I feel that you wish Major Watts bas rendered invaluable assistance to the Select ·Com to know the various circumstances, particulariy as to the past services mittee on -War Expenditures, and has demonstrated to me on every oc.ca rendered and to Major Warts's present needs, when you fix the amount sion his entire honesty and fealty to the Government. His informatl!>n of his compen ation. is so extensive that he would be of invaluable assistance in your rn CHAS. B. BREWER, vestigation, and would save large expenditures of time and money in Special Assistant to the Attorney General. acquiring the information that your bureau must have. I know a ~eat deal of adverse criticism has been made against him by officers The .Attorney General now is rather hard put to it, when, in ID the War Department, but these criticisms have been made because order to shield himself from the righteous indignation of the he has opposed them in practices which were pernicious and contrary .American people, he in an interview says that Majo:: Watts to the interests of the Government. I sincerely trust that you may find it possible to use him in some capacity. Since his discharge, on account is trying to shield criminals. The man who would make that of his refusing to stand for the practices in the War Department, he charge, in the face of what the Attorney General knows the has been in Washington with his family, constantly endeavoring. to en facts to be, can not and will not retain the confidence of any list the attention of the authorities to the practices that were gorng on, and I have no doubt, by his unsupported efforts, he bas thus far saved honest, intelligent .American citizen anywhere, whatever his the National Treasury millions of dollars, but always without compensa political affiliations may be. tion and employment of any kind. Daugherty is content to blacken Watts's reputation because I sincerely trust that he may be employed by your investigating bm·eau. Watts would not acquiesce in the Attorney General white Yours very truly, W. J. GRAHAM. washing criminals who had robbed the Government. Watts The same 1\Iember of Congress. was discharged by the Attorney General, as he was discharged Here is another letter, Mr. President. I am glad they wrote by what these Republicans themselves say were corrupt inter them. ests in the 'Var Department, for exactly the same reason HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, because be would not condone crime. They drove him out of Washington, June 22, l!JU. the Army for being honest. They drove him out of the Attorney Hon. H. M. DAUGHERTY, Attorney General of tlze United States, Washingtoti, D. O. Genera.l's office because he would not sell his soul; and now the MY DEAR MR. DAUGHERTY: I desire to invite your attention to Maj. Attorney General, to defend himself, attacks Watts's reputa W. O. Warts, formerly an officer in the quartermaster's section,_ War tion. We love some men for the enemies they make. Department, during the recent war and who possesses first-hand mf.or The Attorney General has attacked Captain Scaife, who was mation on the contracts entered into by the War Department, and which also a soldier, and is an honest officer. It is true that the Sen are now being investigated by you. . Major Warts's testimony before the Committee on War Expenditures, ator from Ohio [Mr. WILLIS] and myself were led into an of which I am a member, greatly assisted the committee ;n !Daking the error. I thought that Captain Scaife had been discharged, but findings which are now in your hands. His fidelity to prrnCJple was at that is not the fact. Captain Scaife says in a letter to me- alJ times manifest, and his dismissal from the War Dep3:rtm.ent fol lowed his activities in bringing the facts to light. .Alter his d1schar:ge and the records show it-that he tried and tried and tried to he continued to interest himself in the various contracts, and, despite get the Attorney General to prosecute certain criminals and to rebuffs, endeavored without ceasing to interest high officials in safe recover millions of dollars out of which the Government had guarding the Nation's rights under the agreements. That bis contentions have a basis in fact can not be disputed in been defrauded. When the Attorney General would not act, view of the recent action of your department in canceling the so-called although the Attorney General knew the facts, because Scaife "harness contracts." This is one of the agreements to which Major talked to him about it, Scaife resigned from the department, Watts entered !orcetu1 objections, and his knowledge of the f:icts would be of immense value to you in the investigations of the entire matter. refusing to be a party to the conditions there existing. If that His discharge from the War Department is a credit to him, and demon is to his discredit, I wish we had more who were willing to be strates that be possessed and was anxious to divulge information which discredited that way. would bring certain individuals to justice. I respectfully urge that you place Major Watts on the rolls in your These men are attacked by the Attorney General in this in department, and avail yourself o! his valued aid. terview, which he gave out yesterday; they are accused of try Yours very truly, ing to throw up what the Senator from New Hampshire calls ALBERT W. JEFFERIS, Menibe1· of Congress. a " smoke screen " to cover criminals. Mr. JEFFERIS is a Member of Congress from Nebraska, and a These facts were put in the RECORD, except these letters, by Republican. That is not all, M..r. President. Here is a very these two Republican Members of Congress. A Republican interesting letter, indeed. Here is one from the Department of Senator who knew about the facts considered that they should Justice, dated Washington, D. C., June 27, 1921. It is a memo be so used. So this disposes of that part of the Attorney Gen randum for Colonel Goff, the great prosecutor, and reads: eral's plea that he is being persecuted to shield grafters. I In response to your inquiry as to the status of former Maj. W. 0. know that nobody believes-I know that the .Attorney General Watts I have to report the following: Major Watts's assistance to the Department of Justice began in does not believe-these two Members of Congress of his own January of this year. The department had at that time been investi party and these two soldiers were trying to shield grafters. gating the contract with the United States Harness Co., and it was They had exposed themselves, however, to attack in order to 1earned that former Major Watts (and former Capt. George C. Bos son)- uncover grafters. There is a letter in the RECORD which never has been an By the way, he has been discharged also-- swered by the Attorney General. It has been in the RECORD bad recently testified bP.fore the Graham committee relative to the contract in question. On request from me Major Watts (and also two months now. It charges that as soon as JOHNSON and Captain Bosson) promptly responded. Major Watts had an intimate WooDRUFF, the two Members of Congress, made these charges knowledge of the conditions at the War Department as to personnel..i against the .Attorney General, he at once put Secret Service methods, etc., and with a view to using him as a witness in the case i made free use of information which he brought. agents on their• trail to try to frame them up. .Among the e agents is a negro, who is his chauffeur, but whom be has on Listen to this : his pay roll as an investigator. He put this negro to trailing Major Watts has been most useful to the department and you will recall that I endeavored, with your approval, to get Mr. Secretary these two Congressmen, and had their mail searched, accord Wees in April, to reinstate both Major Watts and Captain Bosson in ing to that statement. In this open letter the Attorney General · the war Department in order to secure the help there of which the was asked if he would deny it, and he never has. Department of Justice was then sorely 1n need. You will probably re call that they were both appointed by Mr. Weeks, but the strong oppo If the Attorney General wants to be vindicated, to get the sition to Major Watts caused Mr. Weeks-I feel because he did not kind of vindication to which he is entitled, I will furnish him fully understand all the circumstances-to revoke Major Watts's ap a witness who will testify that he has had Secret Service men pointment 15 minutes after be had made it. Major Watts's great interest in the case has caused him to continue trailing Members of the Senate; spying upon Members of the to bring to the department much information which came to him from House and Members of the Senate. If you gentlemen who de former associates. As a matter of fact, I believe that no day has passed sire to defend the Attorney General want to submit to that since January that Major Watts has not called at the department, and the information which he bas brought has been invaluable. condition, it is up to you to do so. I do not intend to reveal You will recall that I suggested to you, in view of the great help the name of this witness, because she has a place of employ which Major Watts would be ab!e to render in assisting in the prepa ration of the papers and securing further evidence for the criminal ment in the Goverriment, until the Attorney General wants an trial in the harness case--and several other cases which I believe investigation, and you Republicans are willing to have it. will end in criminal prosecutions and recovery of money-that I hoped Whenever he does, and you are willing, I will furnish a witneSJt 1922. <1JONGRE8SI01\tAB RECORD-.:.SENATE ·~ 7527 who wiU e·tabUsb tl\e faets, if things may be'·establishecI' by Goff! for an hou't· and' a baJr-durtng th'e afterl1oon· and that· everythitrg had' been arranged fbr ·mJ to· proceed'.. buman testimony. Bef--ore leaving his room in ~ Shoreham Hotel C'olone-1. Felder stated I . can. submit! to this condition:· But I ohjeet.. rather- seri'ously that· he was going to spen·d the night with tlie Attorney General · at to his putting a negro on our trail. I would. rather be. trailed thei Wal'dn1an Pal'k Hotel and that· they w-0uld' talk abone the matter until: 3 o'clock that night. Each time Colonel Felder broach'ed. the· suli by a white man. I think, however; a negro is a very worthy ject ol my employment I shifted the subject an I have that is connected with this case, and I now defy him to moves to strike out " 10 per cent ad valorem " and to insert ask the House to pass this resolution of investigation. If he does " 1 cent per pound," so as to read : not, and does not clear up the incident mentioned in the Scaife Graphite or plumbago, crude or refined : Amorphous, 1 cent per pound. letter, be stands convicted before the American people a.s a man who has entered into a corrupt. agreement touching a matter in The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the which the Government has a vital interest, and he is the amendment offered by the Senator from Colorado to the amend Attorney General of the United States. If his party will not ment reported by the committee. , let him be investigated, with his party must rest the re :Mr. NICHOLSON. Mr. President, the amendment proposed sponsibility. by me to the graphite sched_ule in paragraph 213a of the bill In this interview given out last night the Attorney General as reported by the Finance Committee providing for the specific asserts that those behind this criticism of him are actuated by rates of 1 cent per pound duty on amorphous graphite, 3 cents a desire to shield war grafters. If he included me in that per pound on lump, chip, and dust graphite, and 5 cents per charge he uttered a malicious falsehood. I defy him to bring pound on flake graphite is offered because: his proof. He will not do it. First. There are practically unlimited reserves of graphite Everyone knows how I came into this case. It is not worth ore in the United States to meet the requirements of the country while possibly to relate it again. But in the interest of hon under any circumstances. est history, although the record is clear, I am going to state it Second. The American graphite is equal in quality to any again. foreign grnphite for any purpose, and superior to all foreign I was criticizing the President of the United States for re graphites for some purposes. fusing to see a lot of little children who had come a thousand Third. The American graphite mines have greatly reduced miles to beg for mercy for their .fathers. The President ha meut ·, and our American labor. Theil" position is absolutely and 13 American clays for steelwork that were better than the untenable. German clays. The crucible makers have accepted Doctor \\itll regard to American crystalline graphite, the opposition Stull's verdict on the clay, but they refused to accept it on the to adequate protection on that grade of material comes from the graphite. Why? Because the ~ife of the American graphite crucible makers, or, at least, froin all the crucible makers but crucible is so much longer than the life of the foreign grnphite one. These importing crucible makers also run true to form crucible that if they use the American graphite the American and argue thnt American crystalline graphite is no good and consumer will not need to buy half as many crucibles ; also will not do the work, at least so far as crucible making is con they wish to protect their foreign investments. They seem to cerned. They do admit, howe·rnr, that for certain other -pur have no consideration for either the American producer or the poses, notably for lubrication, the American crystalline flake American consumer. . graphite is tl1e best in the world, but most of them do not make The American graphite mines have pl,"aetically ceased produc lubricants. Some of the crucible makers have investments in tion and can not resume without adequate protection. Ma~Y · foreign graphite fields, although this was denied in testimony of the mining companies, of which there are 53 in this country, giyen before the Finance Committee. In McRae's Blue Book are in bankruptcy and thousands of miners and their wives ancl for 1921, on page 697, however, the advertisement of the very· families are in utter distress and have been in this condition crucible maker who made the denial clearly indicates that he, uow so long that their story is pitiful in the extreme. We at least, bas such an investment. should extend a helping l;land to these people, even if the tariff There is, however, one American crucible-making company in asked should add a few cents to the cost of manufactured Buffalo, N. Y.-tlle Electro-Refractories Corporation-which is graphite products, which, however, it will not do. On the making and selling a graphite crucible and using no graphite in grade of graphite which the c'l'ucible makers say must be used the mixture except American flake. This company has abso iu crucibles we are asking a duty of 3 cents per pound. The lutely demonstrated the superiority of American flake graphite Bureau of Mines reports that, even if this full 3 cents is passed for crucible use and their crucibles are standing an average of on to the consumer, it will add only thirty-nine one-thousandths 85 heats to the crucible as against an average of 26 to 30 heats, of 1 cent a pound to the cost of the metal melted. This is in which is the most the crucible made from the best foreign finitesimal and can not be traced in any manufactured article. graphite will do. Because of the much longer life of the Amer But outside of the interests opposing the tariff on graphite, ican graphite crucible the price to the consumer is less than where is the man in this country who would not be willing to half the price of the foreign graphite crucible, even adding pay thirty-nine one-thousandths of a cent a pound more for the . to the cost the full duty asked in my proposed amendment. It steel in -a hammer or a saw--or in an automobile, for that is significant that this Buffalo company-to which the old-line matter-in order that this industry may ·survive? crucible makers do not care to refer-which is the only crucible The rates asked in the amendment to the graphite schedule making concern in the United States using all-American graphite are fair, and, if agreed to, there is no question that instead of in its crucibles, is also the only one not opposing protection to increasing the prices of graphite products to the consumer the the graphite producers. . · prices will be reduced. In the case of an all-American crucible · During the war, when foreign graphite was not easily obtain taking 85 heats as against the present form of graphite crucible able, the Jonathan Bartley Crucible Co., of Trenton, N. J., made taking 26 to 30 heats, the advantage to the consumer in the a crucible of American graphite and American clay and ad longer' life of the American cTUcible can be readily seen. E\en vertised it and sold it to the American consumer as the best with the full proposed tariff rate added, the American crucible crucible ever made. will cost less than half its present price, as has been shown in the hearings. In the case of practically all other graphite 1\Ir. FRELINGHUYSEN. l\Ir. President, would the Senator products the price can be reduced, will be reduced, and ought object to stating again the name of the New Jersey company to . to be reduced. Domestic production will be extended to the which he has referred? limit of the demand, and this will be followed by such keen l\Ir. NICHOLSON. The name to which the Senator from competition amongst domestic producers that it will compel New Jersey has reference is the Jonathan Bartley Crucible Co., proper and reasonable prices. If the present manufacturers of Trentont N. J. refuse to conform to the new conditions under this proposed Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I thank the Senator. tariff and continue to charge their exorbitant prices, the oppor Mr. NICHOLSON. They represented this crucible as " a tunity will certainly invite manufacturing eompetition from triumph of American skill, perseverance, methods, and mate- the producers themselves, and that will assuredly have the de rials over foreign materials." . sired effect. Give the producers a chance to get on their Mr. Guthrie, recently the practical head of the crucible feet and once again demonstrate the efficacy of protective making department of tlle Crucible Steel 80. of America, made tariff. the open statement a number of times to a number of reputable For 50 years the importers and manufacturers of graphite. men, at a time when there was no discussion of a tariff on products have bad their own way in this matter. During all graphite, that American flake graphite would make a perfectly these years graphite has been on the free list and never has the satisfactory crucible, and that he himself had demonstrated producer been in a position to name a price for his product. that fact. Mr. Guthrie repeated this statement in his testimony He has had to accept what the manufacturer offered or close before the Committee on Mines and Mining, United States Sen his mine. Even during the war a great many of the producers ate, Sixty-fifth Congress, H. R. 11259, page 284. lost money; but, according to Moody's Manual, the Joseph In 1917 a test was made by Mr. F. P. Aschman, professor of Dixon Crucible Co. increased its surplus of $1,854,169 in 1914 chemistry in the University of Pittsburgh, of a crucible devel to $4,976,570 in 1917 and paid 100 per cent on its capital, or oped by the Lava Crucible Co., which test was witnessed by a $2.000,000, in 1917. The history of the manufacture of graphite number of brass and steel manufacturers of the Pittsburgh products under protection has been success; the history of the district. The graphite used in this crucible was entirely Ame1i production of graphite under free trade has been failure. can, and the crucible stood 70 consecutive beats of brass. To-day the producer could not get an offer for any grade of The fact that the Japanese, the English, the French, and the bis product; if he could, it would not exceed 3 cents a pound for German crucible makers have been making and are making No. 1 flake and half a cent for dust. But what is the consumer satisfactory crucibles out of flake· graphite is further testimony paying to-day? For crucibles he is paying exactly double the to the suitability of flake for the purpose. pre-war price. For lubricants these packages will illustrate: But this Government itself has gone to the trouble and ex Here is a 1-pound can of Dixon's No. 1 American flake pense of finding out the truth of the whole matter, and through graphite and here is a half-pound can of Dixon's automobile the Bureau of Mines has absolutely demonstrated the supe graphite. This invoice shows the purchase of these articles to riority of the American flake graphite for crucible use. Doctor be of recent date, and the prices to be 75 cents a pound for the Stull, of the bureau, has made exhaustive tests with both flake and $1.50 per pound for the dust or po,vdered graphite. graphite and clay, and these tests have been entirely com The flake is exactly as it leaves the producer's re:Enery, with pleted so far as brass melting is concerned. He reports that nothing done to it at all, while the automobile graphite is dust, the crucible made of American flake graphite and American and mostly the attrition or by-product from the manufacture clay is superior to a crucible made of the much-vaunted foreign of the flake, which the producer tries to a1oid as much as graphite. The old-line crucible makers until quite recently possible. stoutly maintained that American clay was also no good for I have here a slip showing the price paid for this product, crucibles, and that the clay had to be imported from Germany, the purchase haYing been made here in the city of Wnshington. as it always bad beE>n before the war. Doctor Stull found It was bought from Barber & Ross, who are the dealers in this that, besides having the best graphite, we also have the best product. · clay for crucibles. He found two America.n clays for brasswork Mr. WALSH of l\Iassachusetts. Mr. President-- LXII--475 . 7530 CONGRESSION .A._L RECORD-SEN ATE. }fA.Y 24';- The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mi-. KELLOGG in the chair). l\Ir. NICHOLSON. No; in no event will it increase the prica Doe the Sena tor from Colorado yield to the Senator from over 100 per cent, because if crystalline graphite is selling at Ma achusetts? '6 cents, and you add a 5-cent duty, you do not quite double :Mr. NICHOLSON. I yield. the price. Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. Will the Senator state the Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. The Senator has said to me Mr. NICHOLSON. .Mr. President, will the Senator yield .for If we are going to place ;the tax on a revenue .basis, perhaps an interruption? this is the proper place to put it. If we axe gojng to impose a Mr. TOWNSEND. I yield. tax .upon one concern which will pay from 65 to 80 per cent of Mr. NICHOLSON. I have here a letter dated September 7, the ,entire tax, then place it here. But in doing that we will 1918, from the United States Graphite Co., of Saginaw, Mich., have departed from the policy which I have always advocated in which they make this statement: and in which the ,party .has believed, Jiamely, that we favor We might, however, if you intend to ,operate the mines, place quite a duties for tProtection with incidental revenue. I think it would considerable order for graphite ore, provided, o! course, a satisfactory be unjust to this concern to impose a tax which will be of no contract can be arranged between us. benefit-I insist that it ·WoUld be of no benefit-to any man, That makes no complaint as to the material. woman, or child in the United States. There is no benefit that We would not be interested in the purchase .of your graphite property can come from it, as it seems to me, .and so I have felt, in per at the price which has been named. fect consistency with my advocacy of a protective tarlf!, that As to the quality, there is no objection raised in the letter this article, amorphous graphite, ought to be on the free list, and no indication .that the graphite is of ran inferior ,grade or where it has been for 50 years. character. The imposition of a duty on amorphous graphite would be of l\II". TOWNSEND. I am repeating the facts as they exist. no benefit to anybody in the world unless to a number of They did get an option on the mine. They -did ship more than brokers in the country who have been exploiting tbe amorphous a hundred tons from the mine to Saginaw. The product was · deposits all over the United States. not fitted for their uses. This concern manufactures ,high-grade They have been exploiting these mines. They are naturally products. It has established a market all over the world 'be- anxious to have them made important for speculative purposes. 0cause of the character and quality of its products. It shipped I am not intefested in that. All I am interested in is in con from Saginaw even over to Japan large quantities of amorphous serving and serving the best interests of the American people graphite. Japan could probably .obtain their amoz:phous graphite and all of them. I am for the protection of American indus more cheaply from Austria and other 'COUDtr.ies, but they find it tries because I think that means the go.od of all the people. I is better for them to purchase the Saginaw amorphous .graphite am opposed to ..a tariff for revenue only. In that respect I as manufactured there because of the character and quality of differ from Senators on the other side of the aisle. So, believ the material in the pencils and the other articles which they ing and knowing that this is purely a revenue item which manufacture out of graphite. always enhances the price to the consumer, where there is So, if I believed what the -Senator -from Oolorado says, that no legitimate competition, of course, if we add a duty we in this is a proposition to compete with the cheap labor of India crease the -price. In a protective tari1f we create competition or of Mexico, I could agree with him in feeling that we at least and thereby tend to lower the price, as has been the history ought to have the amendment offered by the committee. But I of tariff legislation from the beginning. · can not agi:ee with him, because from all the investigations that So, Mr. President, without desiring to injure any legitimate I have made of the matter I know it is more -expensive to .the industry in the country and protesting that the proposition Sagi.Ila w concern to own, mine, and ship its own products from which I submit is one which would not injure any legitimate Mexico than it would ·be to purchase the product ·in the United industry, I am strongly opposed to the amendment offered by States if it could be obtained here, and the proposed amend the Senator from Colorado, and I shall vote for the amendment meirts by the committee will not aid a single manufacturer, a which I have presented, namely, to strike out "amorphous, 10 single laborer, or a single consumer in the United States. per cent ad valorem.." I do not care to discuss the other branch Mr. NICHOLSON. Will the Senator permit me to intenupt of graphite because, as I said, I know very little ·about it. him again? Mr. NICHOLSON. May I ask the Senator from Michigan :Mr. TOWNSEl~D. Yes. another question? Mr. NICHOLSON. In order to ·acquaint the Senator with Mr. TOWNSEND. Certainly some further facts in connection with the shipment from Colo Mr. NICHOLSON. Does .the Senator contend that there is rado, I will ;say that there were 27 car shipped, as stated in not sufficient amorphous graphite in the United States to meet the wire of March 22. Twenty-seven 'C8.rS at 40 tons to the car the needs and the demands of the graphite manufacturers? would exceed 1,000 tons. When the 27 carloads had been used Mr. TOWNSEND. I do. they were still willing, if they ·could make a ·satisfactory con l\fr. NICHOLSON. Is that the Senaror's position? tract, to continue the use of the Colorado product ; but of course Mr. TOWNSEND. It is. I •Contend that there is not the it naturally followed that the product which was mined in quality of amoTphous graphite in the United .States which Mexico could be obtained more cheaply :than the Colorado prod meets the demand for production of certain material or certain uct. There is nothing here to show that the ·Colorado ore is of goods which are made in the United States. There is no ques an inferior grade in any way. There were ever 1,000 tons tion about there being a vast amount of graphite in the United shipped to their factory, and at the completion of the use of the Btates, and if these people are as hard up as they say they are, thousand tons of course they were looking, as it appears to me, and it can be produced more ·cheaply than graphite can be for a cheaper contract, and they obtained it in Mexico. .shipped into this counh·y from abroad, then why is it not be Mr. TOWNSEND. Does the Senator have anything of record ing used now? W..hy do we need protection to get this cheaper that indicates they were satisfied with the Colorado -product? product, this equally good product as they say it is, into our Mr. NICHOLSON. 'Yes. I read it again: American manufactures? We might, however, 1! you intend to operate the mines, place quite Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN obtained the floor. a cons1derable order for graphite ore, provided, o1 course, a sa tis!actory Mr. NICHOLSON. Mr. 'President, will the Senator yield fo contract can be arranged between us. me for another brief statement? They were still willing to continue to use the Colorado l\Ir. FRELINGHUYSEN. I yield to the Senator from Colo product. rado. Mr. TOWNSEND. There are certain products which can be Mr. NICHOLSON. I wish to call the attention of the Sena made from American graphite, -and which a.re being made from tor from Michigan to the r:eport by the United States Tariff it. The higher qualities of graphite, however, needed for the CommiBsion for the use of the Senate Committee on Finance products I have mentioned can not be obtained from American concerning the question of graphite : amorphous graphite. 1f they can be obtained in the United The United States has heretofore not been considered inaependent in the matter of crucible graphite. Crucible makers, who use about 15,000 States, then the facts have been mi.srepresented to me. I have tons a year, have insisted on •having Ceylon graphite. Montana pro confidence in what has been told me and therefore I am argu duces a graphite that has been accepted by crucible manufacturers as ing the oase. equal to Ceylon material. The quantity ultimately available has not been ]>roved, but may be sufficient to satisfy domestic demands for As I stated, the United States Graphite Co., at Saginaw, uses many years. It would appear that crucibles properly made from Ala about 65 per cent of the amorphous graphite that is shipped bama flake will give as good service Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I yield. dustry, whereas Amerlcan costs, when mines were last operated, l\Ir. NICHOLSON. The imports in the year 1916 into the were fully 10 cents per pound. United States were 42,930 tons. In 19-17 imports were 42,577 Mr. NICHOLSON. That was the war cost, was it not? tons, and the foreign product was produced by th~ very cheapest Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Undoubtedly that was the war labar in the world. cost. Mr. TOWNSEND. I am speaking about amorphous graphite, The committee felt that the .American cost would eventually l\fr. President. be reduced to less than 6 cents per pound. It also believed, and l\Ir. HEFLIN. Will the Senator from Colorado yield before still believes, that the normal price for Madagascar graphite, he takes his seat? which now is sold for 3 cents or less per pound in New York. l\1r. FRELINGHUYSEN. I believe I have the :floor. I which is an abnormally low price, will come back to 4 cents or yielded to the Senator from Colorado, and I now yield to the thereabouts. Senator from Alabama. There are three qualities of graphite. There is the amor l\Ir. HEFLIN. I beg the Senator's pa·rdon. I did not know phous, which is imported principally from Mexico~ although I he had obtained the floor. However, I wish to ask the Senator understand there are deposits of amorphous graphite also in from Colorado a question. In 1917 and 1918 the imports of this Colorado and Alabama and to some extent in Montana. There commodity fell ofl'. considerably, did they not? is the lump graphite, all of it imported by one company, which l\Ir. NICHOLSON. Yes, sir. comes from Ceylon, and is produced by the cheap labor men Mr. HEFLIN. What was the reason for that? tioned in the highly characte1istic outburst from Mr. Ladd, 1\Ir. NICHOLSON. I take it that the situation in Mexico of the Talladega Foundry & Machine Co., of Alabama. Then was the-principal reason. there is the Madagascar flake, which comes very directly in Mr. HEFLIN. In 1919 and 1920 did as much of the foreign competition with the American pro.duct from the mines that product come in as in the two or three years prior to that time? are located in the State of Alabama. l\1r. NICHOLSON. Does the Senator refer to imports in The committee was confronted with this situation: Under 1916? the Payne-Aldrich law and the Underwood-Simmons law all classes of graphite were free. The Fordney bill places Mr. HEFLIN. I refer to imports~ a Mr. NICROLSON. The imports were larger in 1916 and duty of 10 per cent ad valorem on amorphous graphite, 10 per 1917. cent on the crystalline lump, and 10 per cent on the fiake. People from Alabama came before the committee and asked Mr. HEFLIN~ T.hen they fell off in 1918 and in 1919? also !'that a duty of 5 cents per pound be placed upon flake graph Mr. NICHOLSON. In 1918 and 1919 they fell off, and ite, which is produced in Alabama. The committee con- in 1920. sidered the cost of the imported article, now 4 cents a pound, Mr. HEFLIN. What was the reason for that? and figured that 2 cents a pound was ample duty. The Mad.Br Mr. NICHOLSON. I suppose there was a decline in the gascar flake is selling to...day in New York at 4 cents a poun~ trade of the country to some extent, which may have accounted The committee put a duty 4)f 2 cents a pound on the crystalline for it. flake to protect the intlustry in Alabama. Mr. BURSUM. I suggest that, perhaps, the disturbed condi Mr. STANLEY. Mr. President-- tion in Mexico might have bad a great deal to do with the The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from New Jersey amount of exports from that country. While the rebellion and yield to the Senator- from Kentucky? revolution were on down. there probably there would not be a l\lr-. FRELINGHUYSEN. I yield. great quantity of exports. Mr. STANLEY. Is it not a fact that the graphite J>i"Oduced l\1.r. HEFLIN. At that sa:me ti.me our Government was~ en in Ceylon is produced by naked Polynesians? couraging the industry here at home, was it not? Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Yes; that is true, Mr. President. Mr. NICHOLSON. Yes, sir; the Gov~rnment was encourag Mr. STANLEY. By slaves? ing the industry at home. Mr. FRELINGIIUYSEN. I refuse to yield further for an Mr. HEFLIN.· Now, have the imports become so large th-at interruption of that kind~ the hQme industry has shut d.Dwn? Mr. STANLEY. One moment. I should like to have the .Mr. NICHOLSON. I do· not know that the imports have be Senator state just what wages they receive. Graphite, as I come so large, but the foreigners are able to ship their mate understand, is produced in the United States by cultur.ed Amer ri:ils so cheaply to our shores that the American miner can· not ican citizens, and I am grieved beyond measure to hear the great compete with the foreign labor~ defender of American labor from New Jersey pleading in behalt l\lr. HEFLIN. Then the imports that have come in are so of a powerful corporation, one of the richest in the world, the cheap that they have caused the American industry to close Steel Trust and other trusts, in an endeavor to take the bread down? and meat and milk from the mouths of Ameri"can labor and Mr. NICHOLSON. Yes, sir; absolutely. There are but few give the work to Polynesian slaves who toil for about 3 cents graphite mines in America to-day in operation. a day. Oh, I can not stand it, Mr~ President; I must leave; Mr. SMOOT. I will say to the Senator from Alabama- I am overcome with horror and grief. [Laughter.] Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. President-- 1 Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. President, the crystalline flake The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from New graphite which comes from Madagascar, as I have said, is- sold Jersey yield to the Senator from Utah? at 4 cents a pound. The committee placed a duty upon it (}f Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I yield. 2 cents a pound, which is equivalent to 50 per cent ad valorem. Mr. SMOOT. During the years 1920 and 1921 most of the Now, the Senator from Colorado asks that a duty of 5 cents a mines in the United States were closedA At the same time not pound be imposed upon that type of graphite, which is selling many crucibles were manufactured, because there was not the for 4 cents. ordinary demand for them. The graphite is used very largely The representative of one of the ma1mfacturing industries for the manufacture of crucibles, from 45 to 50 per cent of and it was the one in Michigan-which uses amorphous graphite the graphite produced, not only in the United States but in the said to me that they could buy the Colorado graphite at $10 world, being used for that purpose. For instance, in the per ton, with a freight to Michigan of $9 per ton added, and State of Utah we had few mines operating; nearly e\ery one yet they had to use 1\1exican grahphite and pay $17 freight was closed. The great copper mines were closed down and rate from Mexico because the physical qualities of the Colorado most of the lead mines were closed down ; only a very few of graphite were not satisfactory for use in connection with their them were operating. During that time there was not the product. demand for crucibles, and there being no demand for crucibles Mr. President, the Senator from Kentucky in his outburst- there was not such a demand for the graphite. Mr. BURSUM. 1'.fr. President, will the Senator yield for a Mr. HEFLIN. The Senator believes now that there should moment? be some tariff tax rate placed on imports of graphite? Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I yield to the Senator from New Mr. SMOOT~ I do not want to take the time to discuss that Mexico. question while the Senator from New Jersey [Mr. FRELIN.G- Mr. BURSUM. What was the character of the Colorado HUYSEN] has the floor. • graphite? Was it in the ore or was it concentrated? Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. President, I, of course, oppose Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I presume it was concentrated. the rates of duty proposed by the Senator from Colorado [Mr.. Mr. BURSU1U. Why was the Mexican graphite worth more? NICHOLSON] in his amendment to the committee amendment. l\Ir. FRELINGHUYSEN. The Mexican product was worth The rates proposed by the Senator from Colorado may be fully more because its physical qualities rendered it suitable for justified by present conditions, but the committee, in m11.king manufacturing the products of the Michigan concern ·while the these rates, recognized that the world's markets were abnormal. Colorado graphite was not. It was of such low physical quali Foreign graphite is cheaper than ever in the history of the in- ties that the Michigan_manufacturer could not use it. 7534 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. )fAY 24, :;\lr. BURSlr:\1. Was it not because there was a higher per or 40 concerns in this country using this product; and I have centage of graphite in the ore? here numerous letters from manufacturers protesting against Mr. FREI.JNGHUYSEN. No. this rate, or an extension of it, as too high. I am going to put Mr. BURSUM. That does not correspond with the statement them in the RECORD, but I want to read to the Senator from made by the Senator from Colorado and the analogy which has Colorado just one letter, which I think clearly and without been made between the American and the foreign product. prejudice expresses the opinion of the manufacturers in regard :Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. l\1r. President, there is a great deal to a high, excessive duty on this product. This is from J. H. that does not correspond with the statements of the Senator Gautier & Co., manufacturers of black-lead crucibles, Jersey from Colorado. - City, N. J., dated April 4. They say: Mr. NICHOLSON. Mr. President, will the Senator from We recognize the difficult position in which the committee has been New Jersey yield for a moment? placed in endeavoring to meet the confilcting views of opposing indus l\!r. FRELINGHUYSEN. Yes. tries, and especially the desire to advance certain protective efforts Mr. NICHOLSON. I take it from the statement made by the without penali.z1ng established industries. 'J'.h.e claim that the g_raphite-crucib~e industry is selfish in its 0P senior Senator from New Jersey that he claims that the Amer pos1t10n to a duty apphed on graphite is not based on facts. The ican gmphite is inferior and can not be used by the crucible necessity at one time during the stress of the World War required us to use domestic graphite to an eirtent which was impractical and the makers. Is that his contention? work performed by the Bureau of Mines in an effort to determine the Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. No. Some of the domestic product v~ue of the domestic graphite for cru~ible purposes has not been car· is used after being mixed with the amorphous and the crystal ried far enough to demonstrate conclusively the value of domestic flake line lump. for crucible purposes. We had been using domestic graphite to the limit of its Yalue for 20 years and never had been able to pro.duce a Mr. NICHOLSON. NO\-V, I should like to read for the informa crucible of competitive value with a larger proportion of domestic tion of the senior Senator from New 3"ersey an advertisement product. It is ridiculous to assume that we would prefer to go around the 'vorld for a product if it could be found at our own door. which I find in the Mining and Scientific Press, which reads as Another argument introduced by the domestic producers which would follows: carry a lot of weight if not understood-that is, the fact that one Bartley crudbles should be made your standard. First, because they manufacturing company is using 100 per cent of domestic graphite in are maue of American materials. their .crucibles. It would be inteJ."esting to know what percentage or graphite they do use. Our crucibles contain practically 50 per cent l\Ir. FRELINGHUYSEN. l\Ir. President, I will read a com of graphite, but the crucible referred to above we understand is manu munication from Jonathan Bartley, president of the Bartley factured principally of silicon carbide, an article that is either pro duced in this country or imported from Canada free. Would we not Crucible Co., dated March 25, 1922. He was sent certain ques be warranted in assuming that it would be of advantage to them to tions IJy the American l\1ining Congress reganling graphite. To· ~~it~ ~~r ~:t~~~\i!;id if it widened the difference between production the gentlemen who sent the letter he replied as follows: 0 We hesitate to bring more fallacies to your attention, but it you When I first read your letter it was in my mind to positively refuse ~ish we can truthfully refute many of the statements which have been your request, on the ground that "it was no quarrel of mine," because, rntroduced to influence the Senate Finance Committee in reachin"' a so far as 1 am concerned, it does not make any difference whatsoever decision favorable to a high tariff' on graphite. "' bow high a tariff might be put on. But after giving the matter more For revenue purposes a tax may be required, but to provide protec careful consideration, and having before me the memory of more than tion to the domestic producers would not necessitate the assessment of 33 year ' association with graphite interests, I have changed my mind, high rates which would increase the cost of the material that is re and here is what I have to say about these "graphite facts," as this quired for crucibles, a nd so jeopardize the existence of the already paper caJJs tbem : established crucible industry, employing more labor and capital than By actual count there are 19 reasons given in this propaganda to be to be employed in the production of in presented to the Senate Finance Committee to show them why this i~~ u~ireaesf:fis~ted gr~phite tar1ff' should be placed on graphite, but there are only 5 that really It ·is not our intention to prolong the discussion, and if the Senate state an.y specific reasons, and the statements contained in these 5 Finance Committee concludes to apply the rates of 10 per cent on amor are so palpably false and misleading that I shall confine myself to phous, 20 per cent on lump, chip, and dust, and 2 cents a pound on them only, the other 14 being mere •·bunk" and unworthy of notice. crystalline flake, these duties will be carried into the cost of the cruci Paragraph 4 reads, ''That the American deposits of graphite are ade ble and absorbed by the public generally i but it can never force a quate, both in quantity and quality, to supply any domestic commmp manufacturer to employ an ingredient in his manufacture that will be tion," and inaRmuch as paragraph 6 reflects the same statement, I will a detriment to quality production. quote it and answer both at the same time. Paragraph 6 reads, ··That Please keep in mind that we ourselves could only use a limited quan recent experiments establi,h the superiority of American graphite over tity of domestic product at any cost, and whatever duty is fix ed on all foreign graphite for crucibles." lla)rn will equall.y affect all other grades in costs to us. We candidly To the uninitiated, who have never experienced the trials and tribu think a duty will rather help toward an elimination of the use of lations of the graphite crucible maker, statements of this kind might crucibles a nd a cons quent reduction in demand for flake graphite. carry a certain force on account of tbeir boldness, but with one who Why penalize the other industries using graphite tor all kinds of pur carries the scars of many bard-fought battles in the crucible field they poses to enable a few producers of flake to get a higher price on a stand out as utterly absurd and ridiculous. Furthermore, the person small part of their product from a small number of possible users? who wrote these paragraphs must have known when he wrote them that he was misrepresenting open facts that only require observation I want the Senator to listen to this: and a small amount of ordinary reasoning to understand. The domestic producers prior to 1914 made profits on 5-cent and l\Ir. NICHOLSON. Mr. President, will the Senator permit a 6-cent graphite, notwithstanding the statements now made that it costs 10 cents a pound to produce, and some of the present producers seem question? t9 be able to off'~r graphite at 4 cents and 5 cents, and we inclose a l\Ir. FRELINGHUYSEN. No; I am quoting from the letter. cir~ular letter ~1th one paragraph marked, to illustrate what we are .Mr. NICHOLSON. I want to quote from the same gentle trymg to explarn . We want to be pel'fectly fair in every way and take a broad view of man the Senator is quoting from. the s i~1~ation, but it is difficult t~ let things like this be put over with Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. All right; the Senator can do so out g1vm_g you th~ data that will help you in solving problems 'like after I have finished reading this letter and one other. the graphite one. There a.re 13 operating crucible plants in the United States to-day, I ask that these letters-not from any trust, certainly uot and some or them have been in operation nearly 100 years. Every one from the Steel Trust, but from reputable concerns, small manu of these 13 plants has experimented largely to produce a serviceable crucible from domestic graphite. Thousands of dollars have been spent facturing concerns using graphite-be printed in the Il.EcoRD. in this direction without satisfactory results, and they are all using The VICE PRESIDENT. Is there objection? Ceylon graphite to-day, notwithstanding the fact that they can buy Mr. the domestic product at a lower price. I want to ask you this simple ::\Ir. PHIPPS. President, will the Senator yield for just question: Would you consider a man sane to go 10,000 miles away and one moment? pay 50 per cent more for a raw product if he could buy an equally good ~fr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I yield. product at his door? Mr. PHIPPS. Before the letters go into the RECORD I will I shall not read all of the letter, but it is signed by Jonathan ask the Senator if he will kindly turn to the circular letter re Bartley. ferred to in the one he just read ancl read us the paragraph 1\'Ir. President, I do not want any controversy with the Sena that ls marked. tor from Colorado. He is trying to protect the product of his Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I do not find that. I will look for mines in Colorado. it in my files. Mr. NICHOLSON. No; the mines of the citizens of Colorado. Mr. PHIPPS. l want to know what they were advertising ·Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I understand; in representing the that they would sell the material for. State the Senator represents it in a po essive way. Everyone Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN.. I will supply that. does, and it is perfectly justified. The question is as to the The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, tbe letters re percentage of duty. We have given practically 10 per cent, ferred to will be printed in the RECORD. which is more or less a revenue duty, because these foundry The letters ·are as follows: men will not use the domestic product. They will use the flake CARTER ET, N. J., .April 1, 1922 . graphite and mix it with the imported product for crucible Hon. JOSEPH L . FRELINGHUYSEN, making and for other purposes. United Sta.tes Senator frotn _ ew Jersey, Washington, D. O. MY DE.AR SEN.ATOR: I am writing you in the hopes that you will have The Senator from Kentucky spoke of this great trust, the the manufacturing consumers in mind when the tari.ff' question on United States Steel Corporation, the Crucible Steel Corpora Ceylon graphite comes up in the Senate. While fa•oring home products in all its branch.es, we feel the Amer tion. I do not think they manufacture or use graphite. They ican graphite interests are going too far in insisting on a 20 per use the crucibles, but there is no trust. There are probably 30 cent duty on Ceylon graphites, this in view of the fact that the Ceylon 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD--SENATE. 7535 product is indispensable for use in the manufacture of foundry facings Kindly advise us of yonr requirements covering the above points, and crucibles, of which we, among otl:lers-, are vezy large consumers. also ch-emical comJ)ositlon, indicating the ~uantities in which you would We thoroughly believe that this product should enter free, but if be likely to buy, and we will be glad to quote you prices. When you there must be a tariff it should not exceed 10 per cent ad valorem. receive our quotations· possibly you will find it to your advantage to An excessive tariff. on Ceylon will increase the costs of- brass and iron make a liberal use of our pt•oduct in your formulas where formerly making, which costs will nnturally be passed to the consumer at a time you m-ay have used graphite more splitringly on account of either high when we are trying to reduc-e costs and get to a pre-war basis as early price or inferior quality. We would be pleased to receive for com as possible. parison samples of the graphite you are now using. We respeetfully solicit your cooperation. Let us hear from you, and advise us if you wish a larger trial Yours very truly, sample or if we can be of further service in any way. WHJDELBR CONDENSER & ENGINllERING Co., Yours for cooperation and prosperity, F. J. SCHAFFER, Purcha.Biltfl A.gent. NATIONAL GRAPHIT» Co., By DAVID ELDER, Treastirer. JERSEY CITY, N. J., April. 4, mz. Hon. JOSEPH s. FRELINGHUYSml, NEWA.RK, N. J., AprU 5, 19tt. United States Senate, Senate Offf,ce Bwi-lding, Hon. JOSEPH FRELI 'GHUYSEN, Washmoton, D. O. S~ate Chamber, Washington, D. O. DEAR SENATOR : Permit us to thank you very much for your cour DillAB SIR: We desire to register our protest against the clause now teous attention of the 2d in regard to the proposition to tax graphite. in the bill before the Senate Finance Committee making a duty of 20 We recognize the difficult position in whlch the committee has been per cent ad valorem on Ceylon graphite. It has been our experience placed in endeavoring to meet the conflicting views of opposing indus during the past 48 years tbat there is no American product equal to trie , and especially the desit'e to advance certain productive efforts Ceylon graphite and are consequently opposed to passing this high duty without penalizing established industries. of 20 per cent upon the imported product. The claim that the graphite crucible industry is selfish in its opposi In our work the Ceylon product is indispensable, and the raising of tion to a duty applied on graphite is not based on facts. The neces the tarur rate would not res-ult in our business being transferred to sity at one time during the stress of the World War required us to American graphite. use domestic graphite to an ext nt which was impractical, and the We trust that this matter will receive your serious attention. work performed by the Bureau of Mines in an effort to determine the Yours very truly, value of domestic graphite for crucible purposes has not been carried FLOCKHART FOUNDRY Co., far enough to demonstrate conclusively the value of domestic flake for By ROBERT E. MOORE, Vi-Oe President and Treasure,.. crucible purposes. We had been using. domestic graphite to the limit of its value for 20 years, and never bad l;>een able to produce a cru cible of competitive value with a larger proportion of domestic prod STERLING, ILL., Ap1·iz 6, 192!. uct. It is ridiculous to assume that we would prefer to go around the Senator JOSlllPH S. FR!lLINGHUYSlilN, world for a product if it could be found at our own door. Senate G1·aphite, you will kindly note,· has been on the free list upward o! These, we understand, are not produced in the United States or can 50 y ~a rs, and if you nc.w feel a duty should be placed on same !or reve they be. Why, therefore, add to the consumer's burden by thi un nu<>, p: t> aRe the mines of my State, and there is quite a supply of it in Mr. HEFLIN. It varies. I am unable to say exactly what tho. e mines. They were operated for a little while during the the cost of production is; but I am able to say to the Senator war, when the Government .needed some of this material; and that the mines are closed. There is no production now. There since the war is over, and the graphite mined by the slave are no sales now. The laborers are gone. The mines are shut labor of Ceylon is coming in, and some from Mexico, these up. These people are seeking employment, and the investments mines have closed. They are shut tight now. They are not there are idle. Where is the Republican Party going to find moving a peg, and the people who worked in these mines are escape from a proposition like that, when it voted to tax salt, out of employment, and the people who bought these mines which everybody consumes, and this is an effort to protect a and invested their money in them have them on their hands, great corporation which uses flake graphite produced in my and they are unable to operate them under present conditions. State? Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. President-- The other night we asked the genial and distinguished Sena :The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Alabama tor from New Jersey [Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN] how he justified a yield to the Senator from New Jersey? tax on sand, and he expressed the fear that the sand sifters Mr. HEFLIN. I am glad to yield to the Senator from New and sand sellers of the United States would have serious com Jersey. petition some time from those who haul sand into the United Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I want the Senator to understand States. clearly that I did not say that the domestic flake graphite was The tariff he succeeded in getting put on it is founded upon of inferior quality to the imported product. I understand that the fear or upon his very splendid and vivid. imagination. Two the domestic product of flake graphite is equal in quality to or three ships came from abroad, having sold American prod the imported product. ucts in foreign markets, and needing something as ballast, to Mr. HEFLIN. Mr. President, it seems to me the Senator hold the ships steady in the sea, they took on a cargo of sand, 1'rom Colorado [Mr. NICHOLSON] has justified the contention came home and unloaded, and gave somebody up in New Jersey that some import tax should be laid upon the graphite brought an opportunity to say, " Here is a chance to increase the price into the United States. We ha\e heard a good deal, and espe of sand to the American consumer, by saying that we see a cially from the distinguished Senator from New Jersey, to the bugaboo of competition in sand coming from abroad," when .effect that he is trying to protect the laboring man, that he the sea is heaving sand up by the millions of tons, and tllere is wants to do something for the ~boring man in the United no such thing as exhausting the supply of sand. As I ~aid States. Here is an opportunity to put to work laboring men in my speech the other night, the Bible reminds us of the in. who are now out of employment; who are seeking something exhaustible supply of the sands of the sea, and yet the Senator to do ; and if there is anything in the position of the Republican from New Jersey succeeded in getting a tariff on sand, and Party that it is the friend of the laboring man and will do he is now fighting a proposition to lay a tariff upon graphite, something for an industry in order to give working people when the American mines are closed, and the foreigners have employment there, how can the Senator justify the position he got the American market all to themselves. is taking in farnr of making graphite free? Mr. WATSON of Georgia. Mr. President, does the Senator l\lr. FRELINGHUYSEN. l\lr. President-- from Alabama understand that the handsome and brilliant Mr. HEFLIN. J am not a free trader. I believe in d~riving revenue for the Government from imports, and if an incidental Senator from New Jersey is afraid that somebody will bring benefit goes to those who own the mines, well and good. I sand in from the Sahara Desert? yield to the Senator from :New Jersey. 1\Ir. HEFLIN. It may be that some such fear disturbs him. l\lr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I have no objection to the Sena Mr. EDGE. Mr. President-- tor's efforts to discredit my statements, but I want him to be The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from .Alabama accurate when he attempts to repeat a statement I have made. yield to the Senator from New Jersey? He asks why I want graphite put on the free list. I have not Mr. HEFLIN. I yield. asked that graphite be placed on the free list. I have simply l\fr. EDGE. I understand that flake graphite is on the free supported the committee amendment-that the duty on flake list under the Underwood law. I would like to ask our new graphite shall be placed at 2 cents a pound. and welcome conn~·rt to protection why there was not an effort made when the Underwood bill was under discussion to place Mr. HEFLIN. Does the Senator think that is an adequate a tariff on flake graphite. At that time they apparently rate? Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I feel that it is, with the imported thought that it was not necessary. article selling at 4 cents a pound. Does the Senator want a 1\lr. HEFLIN. At the time that law was enacted the in higher rate of duty? dustry did not exist in the United States to amount to any Mr. HEFLIN. I want whatewr is just and necessary, and thing, and I do not lmow whether any effort was .IDN..de to have the Senator from Colorado ha shown, it eems to me, that the any tax laid on the imports of graphite at that time or not. The rate provided for by the Senator from New Jersey and those industry sprang . up out of necessity. The Government called with him on the committee is not quite suflicient. for investigations to see what we had, and it resulted in find Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. The Senator from Alabama has ing one of the greatest graphite mines in the world down in my an industry in bis State which produces flake graphite. He State, producing the very finest flake graphite on earth. ought to know the cost of production and what rate is neces Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. President, before the Senator sary to protect it. Of course, now that he has left the fold of starts this sand storm of his again, will he kindly answer my free trade and has come into the fold of protection, I would question and tell me what duty he is pleading for to protect like to have him state to the committee and to the Senate his industry in Alabama? He has failed to answer my question. what rate he thinks would protect his industry, and the work I should like to have him state whether he is for the duty ingmen of Alabama, about whom he is talking. proposed by the Senator from Colorado [Mr. NICHOLSON], or Mr. HEFLIN. Mr. President, I am not a free trader, as I whether he is for the committee duty, 2 cents. I should like to stated at the outset. I belie'e in a tariff for revenue. I have an answer to that question. stated before that if incidental aid goes to those who own Mr. HEFLIN. Mr. President, I am very grateful to the or work in the mine, all well and good; but a Republican distinguished Senator from New Jersey for suggesting sand can not justify his position when be stands here and advocates storms. That is better than the sand I talked about. They a tariff, and a high tariff at that, for one thing, as the Senator saw a sand storm up there on the seashore, and they had an from New Jersey did last night when he secured a tariff tax idea that sand was being blown from abroad, and they under on sand, and then oppose a proposition so meritorious as that took to put a wall up to protect the Rand sifters and sellers of deriving revenue and incidentally aiding an American in of New Jersey. That is what the Senator succeeded in doing oustry now closed and out of business. the other night. He succeeded in having a tariff tax put on Mr. BUHSUM. l\lr. President-- sand. I told how the people would be affected by it, that every The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Alabama body who used glass, plain glass, cut glass, and every other kind yield to the Senator from New Mexico? of glass would be affected. Under tl1is bill the mirror in which Mr. HEFLIN. I gladly yield. they look upon their manly and handsome forms, as the dis Mr. BURSUM. I desire to obtain some light as to the facts tinguished Senator from New Jersey can do, is taxed. They relating to the cost of production. The Senator from New Jer make glass out of this beautiful white sand, and I never sey submitted that fiake graphite, which is produced in Ala dreamed that the day would come when they would tax the bama, can be utilized to advantage, that it is of sufficient sands of the se~ and undertake to build a wall to keep people quality, and that the selling price will be around 4 cents per from bringing sand into the United States. But it is clone, and pound. Can the Senator from Alabama tell us the cost of pro I am pleading, and the Senator from Colorado is pleading, duction and marketing of this flake graphite, which is pro for the imposition of an import tax \Yhich will br;ng revenue duced in Alabama? to the Guvernment and a little aid to an American industry '.;7538 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. J\{AY 24~ which is being choked t<> death by the position of a big cor Mr. STAL~EY. Does not the Senator know that a duty ot poration in New Jersey that uses gl'aphite. 2 cents on graphite produced in Alabama would not protect it Mr. STANLEY. Mr. President-- one minute against the practically pure ores found in Mada The VICE PRESIDENT. Does the Senator from Alabama gascar and Ceylon? It would not produce an ounce of .Alabama yi ld to the Senator from Kentucky? graphite, and the Senator knows it. That is handing us a 1\fr. HEFLIN. I yield to the brilliant Senator from Ken· gold brick. tacky. Mr. HEFLIN. l\Ir. President, the Senator from Kentucky :Mr. STANLEY. My colleague overlooks one fact in pleading has pointed out that the graphite which comes from over the for thi duty upon graphite. The argument that you ought to seas into our country and now controls the American market equalize the labor costs at home and abroad is made for every is produced by slaves. I am told that the graphite diggen; over protective duty. This graphite in Alabama is produced by there get 3 cents a day. The American miner of graphite can highly skilled and intelligent labor. The principal supply of not compete with those conditions. It will be difficult for Sena graphite coming into this c-0nntry, as I understand it, comes tors on the other side of the Chamber, who are not willing now from the island of Ceylon, where naked Asiatics, in a tropical to aid an infant industry ju t getting on its feet, to explain clime, live on coconuts, are covered with a single cotton shift, their position on this item. if they wear anything, and get a few cents a day for mining The war ended and the graphite from abroad came in and this graphite, which comes o-ver here as ballast. knocked this American graphite infant down, and it is lying 1\1r. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. President, I want to correct there now prone upon the ground. The Republican leader the Senator. The kind of graphite which comes from Ala who have boa ted of their friendship for American industry bama is comparable only with that which comes from l\lada have here an opportunity to show their friendship for this in gascar, not Ceylon, possibly both employing the same color of dustry in my State, which has been driven out of the American labor. market by the graphite of foreign countries. 1\fr. STANLEY. The Senator goes from bad to worse. Labor The Senator from New J'ersey reminds the Senate and re conditions are worse in Madagascar, if anything, than they minds me that I am defending an industry in my State are in Ceylon, but it is the same kind of labor. owned by eastern capital. I do not care where the capital comes Neither of the distingui hed Senators from New Jersey will from. It is American money. It is the money of American deny that there is no comparison between the condition of the citizens, and when they come to my State to invest their .foreign laborer and the American laborer with his family, his money I want them treated fairly. In coming to my State~ home, and his high level of wages, with his children to educate, the greatest State in the Union, they show good judgment and all that sort of thing. He is put out of business, as and good taste. I give them whole-hearted welcome. I want I understand it, by naked, blanket-wearing, polygamous, Poly e'\"ery legitimate industry in my State to pro per. I want n ian savages, and now come the two Senator from New the laboring man, who is dependent upon his skill, hi genius, Jersey with the blanket of the savage, waving it like a banner and bis strength, to have something to do and a decent wage in this assemblage. which will enable him to provide the wherewith to. take care In addition to that, beside the question of equalizing the of himself and family. labor cost is the question of fostering an infant industry. This I would like to see the mines in my State opened again. I industry still has the bottle in its mouth. It is a war baby. would like to go out and gather in the men who are now They discovered this graphite in certain secti-0ns during the running around seeking employment and eking out a disagree war. when we could not import it. It has its hippens on, and able existence. Here is an opportunity to take men from tile yet these 'great protectionist Senators come here and kill an in army of the unemployed, give them something to do, and tart dustrial baby because it happens to live down South. the wheels of the graphite industry humming down in my Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. l\Ir. President, I have a ked the State. Is it to be said tlrnt a foreign concern or a great cor Senator from Alabama what rate of protection he wants. I poration which uses the products of that foreign concern has should like to ask the Senato1· from Kentuch.J7, the Senator from more influence in the United States Senate than the common Alabama having failed to answer the question, what rate of iights of American labor and the welfare of American indu. - duty he believes should be placed upon thi Alabama corpora try? It remains to be seen, Mr. President, by the vote upon tion which the Senator from Alabama is defending, which, I this question. Here is an industry closed, out of bu iness, understand, is owned by eastern capltalists? and the men who worked there out of employment. Mr. STANLEY. I would not give them a red copper. I am I am not an expert upon the matter of rates. I do not know exposing, in the discussion of this graphite item, the whole what is a fair and just rate. The Senator from Colorado has callous, conscienceless hypocrisy of these pleaders for Ameri shown that the rate agreeable to the Senator from New Jer ey can labor. Is not a man digging graphite in Alabama in as [l\fr. FRELINGHUYSEN] is not sufficient. I think there ought to honest an employ as a man working a loom in Connecticut or be a duty omewhat larger than the one offered by the c-0m in New Jersey? Is not the man who is engaged in this busine s mittee. as much an American citizen as a silk spinner in Paterson, I want to ay to the distinguished Senator from New Jersey N. J.? Why this difference? What argument can you make in [Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN], who voted to put a tax upon salt, that favor of the 200 per cent on silk that you can not make for 10 he did the thing which helped to produce the French Revo per cent on graphite? This graphite proposition is a fine illus lution. That was one of the causes of the French Revolution, trat·lon of the utter indiffere.nce, e-ven to consistency, of the because e\ery man, woman, and child used salt, and wheu trust-mad, protection-mad ad-vocates of this incoherent make the King insi ted upon taxing the salt of the French people shift, this crazy quilt of a bil1. they rebelled against it. So I say that was one of the thing" If the Senator from Alabama will permit, I will call his ·atten which brought about the French Revolution. I have seen the tion to the reason why you can not get a duty on graphite Senator vote to put salt upon the tax list, bearing a bm·den but can get it on silk and can get it on the cotton fabrics of 40 cents a sack. Every man, woman, and child in the e-0un of New Jersey and can get it on any other thing, thouah try uses alt. The Senator is not now willing to place a fair you can not get it on the fertilizer for the farmer. It is be tax upon graphite, which is used by one great corporate con cause the plain, voiceless millions do not buy graphite to any cern in his State. He is willing to depTive the Government extent. of the revenue that it would derive on foreign graphite and It is sold to the greatest trust in the world, the owners of willing to turn the American grapWte market over to foreign crucibles, the men who make this fine crucible steel, who have graphite free, while the producers of American graphite are cost sheets, who know the bun-combe and the absurdity, who forced to close their mines. know the naked, silly falsity of the charge that a man will pay The cause of American labor does not seem to hang very heavily more for labor because he makes more from his business, who now upon the conscience of the Senator from New Jersey. The know what you pay for labor, what you pay for materials, what desire to aid an infant indu try seems to have been lo ·t some you must pay in the open market of the country, and they tell where in the protection head of the Senator from Kew Jersey now. you they do not want any duty on graphite. The same powers, Here is a concrete proposition of doing justice to an Ameri the same tru ts, the same masters tbat demand the duty upon can industry, aiding the industI·y to get upon its feet, and the the finished product will take it off CYf the raw material, and Senator and hi colleagues have attacked the propo ition of you obey both, taking the public for driveling fools. extending that helping hand to that American indu-·tr:r. Oh, Mr. FRELIKGHUYSEN. Mr. President-- " Consistency, thou art a jewel ! " Ur. HEFLIN. I am glad to yield to the S nator from New I submit that by imposing an import duty on foreign Jersey. graphite we can put money in the United State Trea ury anu Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. They do not say they do not want prevent the ruin of an infant indusb·y in our own1 cO'tlntry. a duty on graphite. They want a duty of 50 pet· cent ad va Mr. WALSH of .Ma achu ett.·. l\11. Pre ident. ·'K'· nli1rnritv lorem. The. are willing to stancl it, although they say they members of the Finance Committee are not onl!-' op1wsd.1 to tl1 c.'an not use the American product. amendment offered by the Senator froru Colorado [!ilr. ~IUHOL- 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 7539 soN], but belie·rn that this product should be upon the.free list, The minority members. of the Finance Committee, as I have ''"here it has been for 50 years. During those 50 years there Ila.id, not only are opposed to the amendment offered by the have grown up in this country many substantial industries en Senator from Colorado but will support the amendment to be gaged in the business of manufacturing graphite products. They offered by the Senator from Michigan which, I understand, is are very numercus. Graphite is used extensively in the manu designed to place amorphous graphite upon the free list. If fachlre of stove polish, in the making of pencils, crucibles, that amendment shall be adopted, I shall then move an amend fouudry facings, motor brushes, and other like commodities, ment putting the graphite in the other brackets, lump and flake, with factories located in all parts of the country. upon the free list likewise. A good deal has been said upon this subject, but it seems to Mr. TOWNSEND. Will the Senator from Massachusetts me the real question is this: Does the imported graphite com yield to me? !)ete with the domestic graphite? The evidence which I have Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. I yield to the Senator from obtained from manufacturers of graphite products in my State Michigan. shows that it does not. I want to say in this connection that all Mr. TOWNSEND. It was suggested by the Senator from the small foundries in the country, and there are an exceedingly Colorado that the placing of a duty by the Committee on Fi large number of them, use graphite in making foundry products. nance on amorphous graphite had been compensated for by an The information which I get from the foundries in my State increase of duty on some of the products manufactured from is to the effect that the imported graphite does not compete with amorphous graphite. If that be true, I desire to state now the domestic graphite, that the domestic graphite is not suit that if the proposal to put amorphous graphite on the free list able or fit for making certain graphite products which this shall prevail I shall be very willing, indeed, to have reduced and other industries are manufacturing. As has been said by the duties on the products manufactured from amorphous graph the Senator from New Jersey, the domestic graphite is used in ite which have been increased because of the duty imposed mall quantities by mixing it with the imported graphite. by the bill on the raw product. As I have said heretofore, The best proof, however, that the imported graphite does not while I am a protectionist, I agree with the Senator from compete with the domestic graphite is in the matter of price. Massachusetts that no industry in the United States can be The undisputed information shows that we have been importing protected, encouraged, or benefited, in my judgment, by placing a much larger amount of graphite than has been mined in a duty on this product which, under the present state of art, at America and that the prices of the imported graphite have been least, must be imported from abroad in order to meet the de in excess of the prices of the domestic product. It is absurd mands of the trade. to claim, if the domestic graphite was equal in quality to the l\Ir. WALSH of Massachusetts. Mr. President, I am very imported graphite, that our manufacturers would refuse to use glad to have the additional statement of the Senator from the domestic graphite and to their own loss pay a higher price Michigan. I want to call attention to the seriousness of the to the importers for the foreign graphite. situation brought about by the committee amendment as it The figures furnished to us by the Tariff Commission show affects the manufactmer of graphite products. The Senator that in the last nine years the average price of the domestic from Michigan has spoken about its effect upon the users of graphite has been $11.45 per ton; the a1erage price of the amorphous graphite. I want to say a word to show how it Mexican graphite has been $36.39 per ton, and the average price will add materially to the cost of the finished products manu of the Korean graphite $20 per ton. What more proof do we factured from flake graphite. need that the imported graphite does not compete with the do The Senator from New Jersey [l\Ir. FRELINGHUYSEN] said me tic? Our manufacturers are not fools. Our business men that flake graphite is now selling for 4 cents a pound; yet the are not going into foreign markets to pay $36 per ton for graph committee proposes to put a duty of 2 cents per pound-50 pe:t ite if they can buy a graphite of equal quality and serviceability cent ad valorem-on flake graphite. It is proposed overnight to in America for $11 per ton. take that commodity from the free list and impose upon it an Why have they been obliged to buy the foreign graphite and ad valorem duty of 50 per cent. How can that be justified! · )Uy a higher price? It is because there are certain qualities The trouble with this bill is that on the raw materials, which · iii the foreign graphite that are indispensible in the making of are among the first items we have considered, the rate have •ertain graphite products. For instunce, the graphite deposit in been placed so high that when we come to the fini hed product, the Unite the most :nart by industries- developed dm:ing the war, and The 45 per cent rate applies, apparently, to all manufactures which made-, ex-cessiive profits. The gTaphit.&mining industq into w.hich graphite enters, including crucibles. ' iS one of them. l\fore- graphite, mines werei opened during the Mr; W ALSR. or- Massachusetts. Mr. President, I will rrow war and more graphite stock. wa.s floated in America than ever read somer letters· whichl I have' received and which I think before. This is reall~ an attempt to· protect a war baby, so are important in view of the discussion which has taken place called. an industry that came into being during the war; when here· and the claim which has been urged that the im-ported it wa impossible to import sufficient graphite from foreign graphite does compete with the domestic graphite. I first read countries. from a letter from Hunt-Spiller Manufacturing Corporation, o! l\fr. BORAH. Mr. President- Boston, Mass. :· Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. I gladly yield to the Senator Rm"'T~SPILLER MANUFACTURING ConPORATION, from Idaho. "' BoSTON, June 10, 19-zg, .a.011. DAVID L. w .ALs:a, l\fr. BORAH. I understood the Senator to say that his infol" United Btate8 Senate, W'aBhin.gton, D. O. mationi was that the fareig)l graphite did not come in, competi DEAR Sm: Replyfug to your$ of June 4 relative to the- proposed tion wjtb the domestic graphite. tari1f on graphite·: Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. That is· m~ , information. I have heen advised by the _ manufacturers of foundry taclngs of further proof that .American mine graphite can not be used in the Mr. BORAH. Then, if there- is no competition, what dif.. manufacture· of crndbles and foundry facingS. ference will it make to the manufacturer or to the· users of The Dixon Crucible Co., of New York, probably the largest grnphite grnphite ini Massachusetts,· for instance, whether a tariff duty is manufacturers in the world, own extensive graphite mine interests ill New York and .Alabama. They consider the .American crystalline levied? graphite superior- to the imported for use in the manufacture of' lubri M:n. WALSH of Massachusetts. It will make nOJ difference, cating: grease and some other purposes, but- it is consid red by th-em will that this graphite can not be used in the manufacture of either crucibles exrept that it inrrease the cost of the raw material, which or foundry facings. · will be passed on to th consume!!. Graphite.. iS: now on the free Other manufacturers of these two comm-otllttes agree with the Dixon list. as the Senator tmderstands. Under. one of the amendnrents Co., that in the mixture ot graphite for crucibles or facings only 10 now p1·oposed the imporood graphite. will have to pay a,.. duty per cent of domestic graphite can· be efficientlY' used. These facts are borne out from records obtained after experimenting tor seven con equivalent to 50 per rent ad valoi:em. Therefore, the. manu secuttrn years. I am advised that laboratory tests have shown that a facturers who use this graphite· as. pm of their raw material larger percentage than 10 could be used, but practical use has demon:. will have to pass that burden to the- consumer oil the :finished strafed this to be only a theory. ~e .American fiake graphite is much. thinner than the Ceylon product, and thereby increase the cost that much more. grade, and takes up a larger percentage of clay in the mixturer This Mr. BROUSSARD. l\_br. President=- increased percentage· of clay prevents heating- the· clay in the mixture l\fr. WALSH ofl J:l.fassaahusetts- I yield. rapidly, and requires· about twice the time to bake, and uses double the amount of tuel. Mr. BROUSSARD. :May I inquire of the Senator whether or I feel that yon will agree with me that th1s matter ls a serious one, not the commodities.. produced by the company which. is com and I am furnishing the abo-ve information in order to assist you plaining against the r.ate on.graphite are- on the dutiable list or toward arriving at a decision. on the free list.? Yours very truly, PORCHASING DEPA.RTM:BlNT, Mr. WALSH o~ Massachusetts. I beg the Senator's pardon. A. G. CLU'B'.AS, that we should be further burdened with a tariff; 1n !act. lt 1s the mesfic graphite C?an not be used wccessfully 1n the manufacture of worst time to burden us with the tariff, as the raw material heretofoi:e crucibles or- foundry facings. has always been on the free list. We sincerely trust that you will give this matter your serious con We are endeavoring to put our business on a pre-war basis as far sideration, as this bill 1s ene that will not only seriously handicap as costs are concerned, and anything tk.at will increase our coats re manufactu.ri.ng business in general· but will also be disastrous to many tards the returning of our industry to a firm basts. old established plants. Those who furni h us with the crude graphite are making an honest Youm very truly, endeavor to lower the cost of our raw material. 1tnd any addition.al cost GILBl!lRT A: B.A.RKJ:R MFG. co., In the way of duty on raw material will be disastrous. W. T. RAYNER, Treasurer. We therefore ask that yon may kindly take the above into consid eration. SPRTNGFIJl.LD,- MASS., U. S. A., April .f, 1922. Very tl'tlly yours. T. P. KELLY & Co. (INC'.), Hon. DA VIII l. w ALSH, C. F. BxBG, Br (graphite)- contents of cruciblc mixtures means that the selling price of crucibles must be considerably bigher to take care of such an increase domestic graphite will not serve this pm·po. , the foreign in t he cost, which, with the high labor costs, etc., the poor foundryman graphite will have to be imported, will it not? has auout all he can possibly stand and stay·in business. Mr. WALSH of Mas achu etts. Exactly. 'l'his uill is introduced in the interest of the domestic graphite. mining indu try. The graphite produced from American mines is of a fiake Mr. STANLEY. And if" it is imported at a duty of 10 per form, and has a limited use in the manufacture of crucibles. The cent, that will necessarily be a revenue dut., uecau:e it doe heavier crystalline form as it occurs in Ceylon ls much more desirable not come in competition with any domestic product. Now, doe for crucible purposes. The passage of this bill will force a more extensive use of the less it not strike the Senator as fair that the e industrie , which I de irable material, and increase the cost at the same time. • understand are very highly protected-50, 100, 200 per cent We sincerely trust that you will do all in your power not to have on these finished steel and brass products, ought in common this tariff bill enacted, as instead of helping to make the crucibles better, will have a tendency to put cheaper material into them, and, conscience and common decency either to cease asking for fuesc furthermore, at an added cost to us. You can readily see we would exorbitant duties upon their finished products or be willing to lose on both ends. pay a little revenue to the Government? Sincerely trusting that you will give this your per onal attention, we beg to remain, Mr. WALSH of Massachusetts. The inumitries will not pay Yours sincerely, the "little revenue"; it will come out of tlte public:, the ultimate MURPHY ALUMINUM & BRONZll FOUNDRY (INC.), consumers. I tllink we ought to bear in mind the consumer WlL J. MURPHY, Treasurer. when we talk even of tariff for revenue. I will say further to CHBLSiilA, MA. ., May 20, ml. the Senator that I think the Democratic P1:1.rty-tlle Senator 'l'h<' Hon. DAVID WALSH, ha referred to the fact that I am a Democrat-is in a situatiou Washington, D. 0. to-day that it never was in before in this country. DE~ Sm: We understand that graphite is to be taken from the free I lli;t, and we wish to state that we are strongly opposed to any tariff think this tariff legi ·lation mean" that if the Democratic on it, and we will gladly state reasons why it is unjust. Party will pursue a sound ane policy it can bring to its stanu We trust that you may bring your influence to bear against any such ard and support a great many of the manufa<.:turing interests ot change, for, under tbe new ruling proposed, tbe price of graphite would thi country. be so exorbitant that it would be a seriou: drawback to the foundries throughout the United States. The greatest ·ervice that has been Teudered-uuintentionally, Thanking you, we are, ho\vever- to the manufacturing intere 'ts of this country has Respectfully yours, CONNOLLY STEEL CASTING Co., been rendered by the agricultural tariff bloc. 'l'hey have taught JA:&HJS CONNOLLY, Treasurer. them the ridiculousness and the absurdity of the high pro tective system. 'Vhile these manufacturers were getting pro CHELSEA, MA ., May !1, 1921. llon. DAVID wALSH, tection them ·elves, they we1·e happy and contented; but when Washington, D. 0. otller industries, like agriculture, appeared and a ked for pro DEAR Srn: We have been advised that graphite is to be taken off the t€ction, they realized llow false thei,_. position wa ·, and bow free Ii t and made subject to a tariff of 6 cents a pound. ab urd anu ridiculou it was to be contending for high pro· We are inclined to believe that some of the pressure brought to bear on t he proposed legislation is being advanced by partie who are inter tective duties for their industries alone. The argument of the ested in certain stock manipulation. agricultural bloc is, "Because you, in the manufacturing cen· Any influence that you may bring to bear again t this proposed ter of this country, ha·rn become pro ·perous by protection, change would be much appreciated, as, should this ruling go Uirougb, the pricf! of graphite would be exorbitant antl a detriment to the foun we believe we ought to have a share of it; we ought to have a dry business throughout this country~ part of it, and ought to participate in it." I repeat that, in my Yours \rery respectfully, opinion, the Democratic Party, a a result of this tariff legis Lon-:wELr.- IIE~nrcr Co., F. C. Lon:WELL, President. lation, i · going to have many, many Republican protectionists accept its theory ou the tariff question of a tariff for revenue CAMBRCDOE. MA •. Ma.y 28, 192Z. only and upport the Democratic Party in the next campaign. llon. DAVID I. WALSH, Senate Oli.am.be1·, Wasltingto11, D. o.: Mr. BORAH. Mr. Pre ident-- Your wire. We use approximately 14,000 pounds of graphite monthly. Tbe PRESIDI TG OFFICER. Doe. the Senator from :Ma..;sa "Approximate value, $700. chu~etts yield to the Senator from Idaho? IlUNT 8PILLER MANUFACTURING ORPORATION. Mr. WALSH of 1\las achusetts. l yield to the Senator. l\fr. BORAH. Wbat i the position of the Democratic Party WORCESTER., MAS~. , May !4, 1922. on the tariff? flon. DAVlD I. WALSH, United States Senate, Washi11gt l\lr. LEl\ROOT. I want the enutor' opinion about it. bama. I am for p.rotection to every indu ·try in America. But ::,\fr. WALSH of l\lu achu ·etts. That is my opinion. I can not follow the argument of the Sena tor from Alabama i\lr. LENROOT. That it would affect them? [Mr. HEFLIN] or of the Sen.a tor from .Montana [Mr. WALSH], ~fr. WALSH of Massachusetts. It is my opinion that the who, I assun;ie, is going to vote for the amendment of the Sen rate · in tllis bill will actually shut out necessary and important ator from Colorado . placing a higher duty than is proposed by products which our manufacturer,_ and people nood. the committee, upon the theory, as they put it,- that if we are to .:.Ir. LENROOT. I am speaking of this item. have the doctrine of protection, as i now settled so far a l\11'. WALSH of Ma sachusetts. Oh, I thought the Senator t!iis Congress is concerned, they are going to stand for pro was speaking of general_conditions. No; I do not think it will. tective duties upon the products of their own States. That l\:Ir. LENROOT. Then how does the Senator reconcile his would be logical if they would likewise stand for protective view, being in favor of a tariff for revenue, that. this com duties for articles produced in other States, but thus far in the modity should be placed upon the free list? It will produce consideration of the tariff bill we find those Senators voting a very large revenue, the Senator says, under the committee against every duty proposed by the committee and in nearly rates. every case voting to reduce the duties to the same rates fouhd l\lr. WALSH of Ma achu etts. I do not agree with the Sen in the Underwood law. ator that it will produce a very large reYenue. It will produce I submit to those Senators that they are perfectly consi ·tent a very insignificant revenue. in voting either for the committee amendment or the amend Mr. LENROOT. Fifty per cent ad valorem will produce con ment of the Senator from Colorado, if they believe that is the iderable revenue. proper duty, if they will follow the same policy with reference l\fr. WALSH of Mas achu ett.., . But there is very little of to other articles ·in the bill: That doe not mean following the it imported into this country. It is only a by-product. It is committee in all cases. I have not followed the committee in only used in a very limited degree in ma.king the~e graphite all cases. I hav.e protested against some rates. I expect to pro products, o that the only purpo e of a duty is to compel the test against others unless they are reduced. But I do submit manufacturer of these products to increase the price to the that if Senators are going to apply one principle if the product con umers. comes n·om their own State, it ought to be applied as well to Mt. LENROOT. Then i it the Senator's view that any com products which are produced in other State . modity that is not µnported in large quantities should be placed Mr. President, I only rose to say a word concerning the speech on the free list on general principles! of the Senator from Alabama. I wish we could welcome him Mr. WALSH of Massachusett . It is my opinion that any to the Republican fold as a protectionist, but I am afraid that thing essential and neces ary for the prosperity of our people we will find our genial friend a protectionist in spots if t110 e and the happiness of our people which can not be produced in spots are in the State of Alabama. America in sufficient quantity and at a reasonable price should Mr. McCUMBE.R. Mr. President, I think Senator now. will go on the free list. That is my view. fully appreciate some of the difficulties which have be et the We have departed very far from the subject under considera Committee on Finance in dealing with these question during tion. I do not think I want to continue to read these letters. the last two or three months. We had the same matter before I have many more of them from reputable concerns, from us for about three weeks of discussion before it was :finally writers known to myself, who state to me that the graphite settled, as most of these matters must be settled, more or les.: imported does not compete with the domestic graphite, and by a compromise of views. that these rates will be ruinous. Under the circumstances I We find here among the ardent protectionists the. Sena tor think it is an outrage to impose so quickly and suddenly such from Colorado [Mr. NICHOLSON] asking for a protection of a heavy rate upon this product, a rate, as I pointed out a few about 100 per cent ad valorem. We find the ardent protection minutes ago, which means to one dealer alone in my State an ist from· the State of Michigan [l\Ir. TowN END] demanding extra cost of $25,000 per annum and to another $45,000. that the article be placed upon the free list. Here we have a It ·eems to me this article ought to be kept upon the free list, divergence of views upon the Republican side. and therefore the minority members of the Finance Committee We go then to the other side of the Chamber and we find the not only oppose the amendment offered by the Senat01· from Senator from Kentucky [Mr. STANLEY] declaring that he would Colorado, but will favor the amendment offered by the Senator not give a cent of protection to anything in the world, and im from Michigan to have graphite put on the free list. mediately we hear from the Senator from Alabama [Mr. Mr. LENROOT. Mr. President, I wish to ~ay a word con HEFLIN], who in the twinkling of an eye is metamorphosed from cerning the conversion to the doctrine of protection of the an ardent free trader to a protectionist of the deepest dye. junior Senator from Alabama [ Mr. HEFLIN]. Ko one has more When we have these sudden conversions on the other side of frequently denounced the Republican members of the Finance the Chamber and the divergence of views on this side of the Committee as being the creatures of robber tariff barons of Chamber, I think Senators can realize some of the difficulties America than the junior Senator from Alabama. He has made which have beset our path for the last two or three month · hi speech upon salt and upon gla - sand e-rnry day since those while we were discussing this element. item were acted upon by the Senate, and I upposed, of course, Mr. P1·esident, I think it pos ibly might help us a little out when the distinguished Senator rose to address hinrelf to this of this babble of argument and the divergent views if I should que ·tion that he would not only oppo e the amendment offer d put into the RECORD, before we vote upon the subject, a few by the Senator from Colorado, but that he would vigorously truths at which we can just take a glance without any impas oppose the committee amendment impo ing a duty upon sioned oratory on either side, and then vote our convictions. graphite. We have in this paragraph three subdivisions or three differ I supposed~ of course, that he would call attention to the fact ent grades of graphite. We ham first amorphou , which is free that under the Underwood law graphite is free; that he would under the pre ent law and free under the Payne-Aldrich law. call attention to the fact that under the Payne-Aldrich law It is produced in Mexico and in Korea. I do not think there graphite was free; and that be would allege, in accordance with will be any domestic competition with that kind of graphite. I his custom in regard to other articles, that the Republican agree entirely with the Senator from 1\Iichigan [Mr. TOWN members of the Finance Committee, for the benefit Of a few SEND]. This is a tariff for rer-enue upon that particular com mine owners in America, now propose to take the pennies from modity and not a tariff for protection, as I view it. the ·chool children of America by placing a tax upon the lead' We have leYied a duty of 10 per cent ad valorem. I think we that is found in lead pencils. That would be exactly in accord will get ·ome revenue out of it, and we need the rer-enue. I do with the arguments the Senator ha made in the past. not think it will add to the cost of lead pencils in the United So you can imagine my amazement when the Sena tor from States to any appreciable degree. In other words, I think the Alabama developed his argument, and we find that he not only school children will get their lead pencils ju. t about as cheaply doe · not oppose the committee amendment, he not only does not aftec this becomes a law as they are getting them to-day. oppose the amendment of the Senator from Colorado, because JI.fr. TOWNSEND. Mr. President, may I ask the Senator a the rates they propose are too high, but he opposes the committee question? amendment because the Republican members of the committee, l\Ir. l\IcOUMBER. Certainly. serving the high-protected intere.sts, as he allege , have not Mr. TOWNSE~Tj). Did the Senator take thi duty into ac made the tariff on this article high enough, and he favors the count when fixing a duty on the products of amorphous amendment proposed by the Senator from Colorado. But, of graphite? course, this is all explained when the Senator very frankly l\lr. 111cCUl\fBER. Ye ; we llave giYen a duty on all of them. admits that there are graphite mines in the State of Alabama. Some of them will be slightfy competitive, certainly, because, Mr. President, seriously speaking, I am a Republican and I while they are of a different character the one to a certain ex am a protectionist. I am for protection to the mines of Ala- tent will displace necessarily the other. 1922. CONGRESSION AJ_J RECORD-SEN ATE. 7545 Mr. TOWNSEND. I do not think the Senator understood Montana might consider nece .. sary for a protectile duty, will be me. Perhaps I did not make myself clear. We have been talk a revenue duty and to ome extent I think it will be protective, ing about a compensatory duty. at least sufficient so the industry may continue. . l\Ir. l\IcCUMBER. No; I nm not talking about n compensa Now, Mr. President, there will be a continued demand for the tory duty. foreign article. It will come in becam;e the crucible maker l\lr. TOWNSEND. Well, I am. The committee has placed a believe, at least, that they have to have a proper proportion of duty of 10 per cent on amorphous graphite. There are certain the Ceylon admixture where they use the American product, and manufactures made out of amorphous graphite. The question I possibly that is true. asked the Senator is whether he increased the duty on those The War Industries Board required them to n e at least 20 manufactures because of the duty placed on amorphous per cent of the American proauct during the war in the manu graphite? fachu·e of those crucibles. It was found that they could u e l\Ir. McOUMBER. I will not put it in exactly that form. I them, and use them successfully, but they still believed that the will say that we have given a duty upon lead pencils which, foreign product is the better, arid I have no doubt that the we think, is sufficient, and that is all that is necessary so far foreign product will still come in and that we will receive from a the manufacturer of lead pencils is concerned. it a reasonable amount of duty. Mr. STANLEY. Mr. President-- We then come to the crystalline flake graphite, upon which Mr. Mc0Ul\1BER. I yield to the Senator from Kentucky. we place a duty of 2 cents a pound. That i ... found in Alabama, l\lr. STANLEY. It appears that this duty on graphite is a in New York, in Pennsylvania, and po sibly to some extent in dut~ on lead pencils, because it put an additional co t on other States. That can be used and ha been used w_ithout any every little school child that uses a lead pencil, and I naturally indication of any of the detriments in the product produced by reYolt against levying a duty upon the children at school, their a use of 20 per cent, at least, of the Alabama product with the scientific instruments, their school. books, or their dear little other American products. There wa a protest by the American learl pencils. I am sure the Senator from Michigan will agree manufacturers of crucibles in the first instance, but, after they that if we take the duty off of graphite it should a1~0 go off of had used it for a while, they concluded that they could use it, lead pencils. and that for some purpo~es it was even superior to the im ~fr. TOWNSEND. Mr. President-- ported article. The only question i , are we giving enough pro 1\Ir. McOUl\lBER. Just a moment, please. Let us see the tection in order that the Afnbama concern may be operated? added cost of the lead pencil by rea on of the duty on this I believe that while we are not giving a high protection, while kind of graphite. I beJieve the duty would amount to about the rate is probably rather low, we are, ne>ertheless, giving a one-tenth of 1 cent per pound. One-tenth of 1 cent per pound, protective duty that will enable them to reS'Ume operatiom:, at the Senator can conclude, would be about how much to the least as .,oon a conditions become normal. lend pencil-one ten-tbou"·andth of 1 cent, would it be, or one The Tariff Oommi ~ion reports that at the highest peak of one-millionth of 1 cent? I have not the time to make the com price ~ of labor and wages in the United States it co t about 10 putation of the figures just now, but I assume that it will not cents a pound to produce the product in Alabama. The present make one bit of difference in the sale of a lead pencil, whether price of the foreign article landed l1ere is 7 cent a pound, includ it is a 10-cent pencil or a 5-cent pencil or a 3-cent pencil. ing the freight. The foreign price is about 6 cents a pound, and Mr. l\TJCHOLSON. Mr. Pre ident, may I ask the chairman of adding 2 cents to the foreign price, including the 1. cent freight, tlrn Finance Committee a question? would bring it up to 8 cent . I believe that with lower ""°ages• l\lr. McCUMBER. I yield. and they certainly have diminished in Alabama ince the high l\lr. NICHOLSON. This graphite enters into the making of peak-and with the cost of other things going down, including pencils. It is practically free when it is given a 10 per cent the cost of freight, the extra 2 cents, bringing the price up to acl Ynlorem duty, referring now to amorphous graphite, so that 8 cent , will give the American producer a full opportunity to at 1 or 1! cents n pound it would have about two-tenths or compete with the foreign producer. three-tenths of a cent duty. Have we placed school children's I will say frankly that I would be .inclined to allow a little pencils upon the free list? higher duty, but thi is one of those cases in which we have the Mr. MoCUMBER. No; we have given them a duty to pro conflicting intere!':t of the producer on the one side, the conflict tect the American manufacturer, and I have not heard of any ing interest of the manufacturer who uses the article as his raw body crying about the cost of a lead pencil. product on the other, and we also have Senators representing l\lr. NICHOLSON. If it is fair to place the graphite practi all of these diYergent views. Out of all of the complexity we cally on the free list, why is it not fair to place the pencil have brought before the Senate what might be con idered a manufacturer upon the free li t? Why make a fish of one aud fair and reasonable a settlement as we could possibly make. fie!'lh of the other? Mr. HEFLIK. l\Ir. President, the Senator from Wiscon in 1\Ir. McOUMBER. We are not putting either upon the free [i\Ir. LEKROOT] seems very much amu ed by the attitude which li, t. I have a sumed upon the pending question. I have not advo l\Ir. NICHOLSON. They are practically there. cated a high protectiYe tariff for anything, but I believe in a l\lr. STANLEY. Mr. President, I was not crying about the tariff for revenue. Under the provi ions of the tariff law ·now school children. It was the Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. LE~ in operation, which I helped to pass through the House of ROOT] who bitterly arraigned the cruel Senator from Alabama Representatives-the Underwood-Simmons revenue tariff law [Mr. HEFLIN] for levying this indefensible duty upon the school there is now being collected between '250,000,000 and $300,- children. 000,000 revenue annually. The concerns in this country whose 1\Ir. l\IcOUMBER. Oh, no ; I ~vish to defend the Senator from products compete with those which come in from abroau and Wisconsin. The Senator from Wisconsin simply stated that are on the dutiable list in the pre ent law, of cour~e, derive that was the kind of argument he had expected from the Senator , ome benefit and the Government obtains revenue. - from Alabama, but he did not get it. The Senator from l\Iassachusetts [Mr. W A.L H], if I m11.ler l\lr. STANLEY. It is the kind we did get from the Senator stoo<.l him correctly, has pointed out that in this instance the from Wisconsin. In any e.-ent, I would help these dear little revenue derived from the duty on graphite provided by the ones. I hope the Senator from Michigan [Mr. Tow~ END] will Senate committee would be so small that it would amount to agree that if they give us free graphite, we will take the duty nothing, and that it would require about the amount collected off of lead pencils-a 45 per cent duty-which is about one-third to keep the books ancl keep track of that which was imported. the Yalue of the pencil, and which will help us very much. Of If that is true, l\Ir. President, that i an admission on its face cour e, the graphite does not amount to so much, but e\ery that the duty is not a sufficient revenue duty becau e the GoY little helps these hard times, and I hope the Senator from Michi ernrnent will not derive any benefit from it. Then how will the gan will agree to this proposition. infant graphite industry deri-ve any? Mr. McOUMBER. l\Ir. President, I was stating that the Me:rl Senator on the other side of the Chaml>er for a long time can graphite, which is the graphite, and practically the only have boa ted that they were the friends of American industry; graphj.te, as I understand, that is used in the manufacture of but here i an infant industry propo ed to be stricken down by pencils, outside of a little that may come from Korea, will ill no the hand of fOreign concerns which have a sumed control of wi e affect the selling price of the graphite produced here and the Ame1ican ma1·ket, and Senator on the other side of the u ed entirely for different purposes. Chamber, including the Senator from Wiscon in, are engaged We then come to crystalline lump, on which we give a 20 per in a movement over there to put graphite on the free list. · cent ad valorem duty. There is only one deposit that I know l\lr. President, if there ever was a time when the Gove1·nment ot or that I have heard of in the United States of that particu needed money to help pay the war debt, to relieve our citizens lar kind of graphite. That Is found in the State of Montana. a much as possible from many of their heavy tax burdens, it· Tllis duty, '\\hile it may not be as high as the producers of seems to nre that thi i the time and that the impo,ition of a LXII--476 .7546 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN.ATE . MAY 24, revenue duty on graphite is more justifiable than the imposi United States. r:rhe great salt association in 'his State, not con tion of a duty on any other commodity in the whole catalogue tent in controlling the rprice there, ·went down into West Vir of articles included in the pending bill. This is an industry ginia, buying up competing concerns fflld holding them in ·which sprung up out of necessity during the World War. The reserve, and reducing the output so that they could absolutely Government encouraged it, it used its products; and ·yet, as soon control the price of salt in the United States. In the Under as the war clouds were gone the foreign producers came in and wood law we put salt on the free list. James A. Garfield, the 1 took charge of the American market, closed the American mines, honored rmartyred President, ·made a 1speech in favor of putting and turned American labor out of employment. How on earth salt on the free list. Former Senator Hale, the distinguished can any Senator on the other side of the Chamber justify his 'father -Of the present Senator from the State of Maine, made a position in voting to put graphite on the free list? speech in favor of putting salt on the free list. Senator Vest ·Senators can not hide behind a screen by suggesting that I was speaking in favor of free salt. Now, the Senator from have gone ·over to the theory of protection. They can not get Michigan has voted to tax salt, which everybody uses, 40 t>ents away from the fact, which must stand out before the American a sac&; and now the Senator comes to-day and generously people, that it is not ·the little concern ·that 1gets aid at their offers to put -graphite on the free list, and but few people buy hands. I have stated before, and I repeat now, that it is the graphite. A few great big corporate concerns use it, and they • big concern, which is financially strong and politically power do not want it on the revenue list. They do not want any ful, to whom Senators on the other side extend p.roteetion. It is revenue derived for the Government upon it. They do not •not the little individual who is ·struggling, it is not the little ·want those Who produce it to ,be incidentally helped. There man, it is not the ·average man, but 1the 1gigantic industries you are, 1Mr. President. hich iare able to write big checks for ·Republican campaign I will tell you some of rthe things I voted .against. Talk ·tunds. They come down here ·and demand ·at the hands of the about •voting for 'Protection. I voted against 'YOUr tax on mill Republicans behind closed ! doors that they ta:x: the American stones. I saw you vote a tax 'on that yesterday-millstones •consumers and pay back the campaign ·money contributed, multi that grind the people's bread. The Republican Party actually plied over and over many times. laid a tax on millstones yesterday, Mr. President. I assert again that here is such an instance. The graphite That is not all. I saw you tax medicines. Why, under the industry in my State we are told is owned largely .by individuals reign of the Republican Party 'Your deflation policy robbed in the East who went down there and spent their money in war the South and the West; ryou closed industries; you turned :times to produce this necessary material needed by the Govern labor out of employment; you bankl:upted the country mer ment in the hour of its peril, and as •soon .as the ·war was over chants and bankers ; and now the people are down, struggling ' and we had .won, why, their industry was forced to shut ·down. to get ·up again, feeble, indeed, and ·you P:Ut a tax on medicines. The Republican Party has been in pawer ·in ;Congress since You -made it hard for them to -get suffi.cient food to keep th~ir March 4, 1919, and yet they have not turned a wheel toward bodies •strong, you weakened ·and impaired their physical be helping that industry; but the ·great crucible makers of New . ings, and 1you made Jthem •sick ':8.nd put them to bed; the only Jersey, the pet corporate concerns of the home State of my thing left for them to do was ·to take medicine, and last night · distinguished friend ·the 'Senator from New J"ersey [Mr. FltE the medicine combine forced you to put a ta:x: on medicine. LINGHUYSEN], do not want any tax at all on graphite. They There is no escape from the taxgatherers of the Republican .want it just as cheap as they can get it ; they are the big con Party. You tax everything, from the swaddling clothes of the sumers of it. Here is an industry treated ~ with scorn because infant to the winding sheet ·of1the dead. [Laughter.] we want a ·proper tax laid that will bring some revenue to the I saw you put a tax on potash. I remind you of that again. Government and will incid'entally aid an American concern that You have that in this bill, and every farmer in America is inter is struggling to live. ested in that. You increased the price of potash to him, and The Senator from Wisconsin says that we want to tax the 'then you talk about favoring a bill that is a benefit to the com- school children, because graphite is used in waking pencils. mon man, the common masses! The Senator from North Dakota answered him by saying that I saw you •vote to put a tax on cement. I mentioned that the this tax would never reach the school child. So a Republican other day, but I will mention it again, to show you how I voted. has ·answered a Republican. I ask the Senator from Wisconsin I voted against every one of these things. Why? Because what is he going to do about putting a tax on lead pencils which there was no justification on this .earth for putting a tax on are included in this 'bill-not the graphite, the material out cement. More cement is 'Procured in the Senator's [Mr. TowN yonder, but little of which will be ·used in making lead penclls 'SEND's] own State of Michigan than is ·produced anywhere in the but what is the Senator going to do ·about taxing the pencil world-4,000,000 barrels in one year, according to my recollec itself-the finished product-that the school child must use in tion-and we imported only some five or ten thousand barrels his work? I have not heard the Senator from Wisconsin speak of it in a year. I run not absolutely accurate e..bont the figures, about that. but that is my recollection of it. What excuse ,.-os there for Mr. LENROOT. Will the Senator from Alabama. yield? putting a tax on cement? None on earth. Who profited by that Mr. HEFLIN. I am glad to yield. tax? You shut out imports; you -put money in the pockets of Mr. LENROOT. I should like to ask the Senator what he the Cement Trust ; you took it out of the pocket of everybody who is going to do about the tax on pencils? Is he in favor of buries his dead; you tax them even in the grave. Cement is putting pencils on the free list? used in preparing graves fOr the dead. Cement is used for many Mr. HEFLIN. What is the Senator's question? purpo es about the yard, building walk ways from .the gate to Mr. LENROOT. I should like to ask the Senator whether he the doorstep to enable the people to keep out of the mud. You ls in favor of putting lead pencils upon the free list? have made it impossible for them to do that now. Under the Mr. HEFLIN. The present tax-- rcign of the Republican Party you have made them unable to Mr. LENROOT. The question I asked the Senator was ' buy shoes, and now you are making them walk barefooted whether he was in favor of putting lead pencils on·the free list. through the mud from the gate to the doorstep by your tax on That is a plain question. cement. [Laughter.] Mr. HEFLIN. I am in favor of the imposition of revenue Mr. President, the farmer uses cement to make pig troughs, duties, but the Senator's side favors a high protection for chicken troughs, hog troughs, cattle troughs, horse troughs, mule everything which the big man ·makes and nothing that will aid troughs; little bridges over the branches and over the creeks, the common man. and in constructing the roads that lead from farm to market, Now, Mr. President, comes the distinguished and genial as I said the other night. · Senator from Michigan [Mr. 'TOWNSEND] and wants to put You did that in the ca.se of cement. What excuse did you graphite on the free llst. He voted the other night to put salt have for it? Not any under the-sun. That is the reason I fought on the tax list. I wish again to read something about the you in that. There was not any justification in it; and it is a salt industry in the Senator's State, which was said by former crime for you to tax salt. Think of it I Taking salt off the free Senator Vest, from Missouri, in a speech which was made in list, where the Democratic party put it, and you laid the heavy this body some 30 years ago. Mr. Vest said: band of taxation upon it, and every man who buys a 200-pound sack pays 4.0 cents of cold coin into the coffers of the Salt Trust It is notorious that two years ago this same Michigan salt associa- . tlon went int o the State of West Virginia., bought up the salt springs of America, the controlling interest of it being in the State o! in the valley of the Kanawha , and closed all except two, and by that Michigan. meahs controlled '81Eo the production of salt in another State of this Union, and they were enabled to do it by reason of tbis tari« duty Oh, how generous is the Senator from the State of Michigan 1 which shut out foreign competition and handicapped the foreign im He wants ..to put •on the free list graphite, that his constituents porter to such an extent that it left them in absolute control of the use, some of them in making crucibles about Detroit, .and now home market. the Senator wants to put a tax on salt and cement and mill That is what that association in the State of the Senator stones, .an(j medicines, and potash, and brick, and building stone, from Michigan 30 years ago did with the salt industry of the and all that; but when we come here to ask Congress to 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 7547 rive some revenue from the products of a mine in America stated before. I voted for a bill that has quite a number of a mine that is now closed, a mine that must be helped or stay items in it that we placed on the revenue list, so it is not any clo ·ed, when the Government can derive revenue to help pay thing new for me to advocate a fair tax upon some imports, and the war debt, and these people can be incidentally aided to open especially an import that roots out the home producer, shuts up their mines and move-we find the proposition opposed by the his business, drives away bis labor, and turns over the home Senator from Michigan, the Senator from Wisconsin', the Sena market to a foreign concern that digs its product out of the tor from New Jersey-- earth with naked slave labor that costs 3 cents a day. It is a Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. President-- scandal against the Republican Party if the trusts of New Jer Mr. HEFLIN. The Senator from New Jersey, who got a tax sey can drive you to put graphite on the free list or to put such on and. I see him come in again. He reminds me of that sand a small revenue tax upon it that the revenue will not aid the storm every time I see him. Government, and the graphite owners of America will not even The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. CAPPER in the chair). Does be incidentally helped. the Senator from Alabama yield to the Senator from New Mr. McCUMBER. I think it quite proper to put another Jer ey? item into the RECORD. I just got a report from the Actuary of nlr. HEFLIK. I am glad to yield to the Senator. the Treasury Department stating that the amount of tnx which Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. I should like to ask the Senator would be collectible under this particular paragraph was about whether he has made up his mind yet what duty he wants $384,000. I think that at least is worth saving. placed upon this industry of his in Alabama? The Senator from Alabama bas been giving us salt for our l\fr. HEFLIN. I will let the Senator know. I am in favor discussion every day since we voted to fix the duty on salt, and of a little higher duty than you have in the committee bill. I possibly it would be interesting to him to know what it is cost think we will get a little more revenue, and incidentally aid ing and going to cost the American people. I must say, in the those people that you are now permitting to starve down there. first place, that the salt produced along the Atlantic coast JUr. President, I did not intend to occupy very much of the usually does not go beyond the Allegheny Mountains, and the time of the Senate, but I want to make this position clear: The only protection, therefore, which the producers of that salt re great necessities of life are being plucked out and taken off of ceive is the protection of the few salt wells in northern New the Democratic free list an Committee remind me very much of the fellow who started out, those two. I do not :want to ask for more than is necessary, to find n position as school-teacher. He went into one com and I do not want to have the graphite producers deceived by munity and told them his business, and they said, " What . whatever you are- going to offl:!r, I state, as I stated before, system do you teach, that the earth is round or·flat?" He said, . that· I am not an expert upon rates, but I am .talking about the "I teach the round system." They said,·" We don't believe in : everlasting principle. How can.you stand here and vote to put that," and he had to move on. ~stones ., upon the tax: list -and vote to tax: the people's medi He thought he would accommodate· himself to the situation · cmes, and vote to put cement- on the tax list, and to put salt as be found it, so when he got into-another community· and.made ' UPon the tax: list, and to put potash upon the tax list, and then known bis business, and they said "What system do yon teach, turn around and knock graphite in the head simply and solely round or flat?., he said "Flat." He had quickly· changed to · because the big corporate- concerns in the East have told you meet what he thought was the prevailing situation; but · they what to do in the matter? .And here you are refusing to raise said, "We don't believe in the flat· system. We believe in the revenue on thousands of tons .of grap)lite coming into· the United round system." States and destroying a home .industry. · So, having lost his job and having occupied two different posi Mr. WALSH" · of Montana. Mr. President, I do not rise to tions within a very- few hours, he. decided he would adopt dif~ advocate either an increase, or a decrease in the duty on ferent tactics, and the next day, when he went to another graphite, but to call attention .. to some considerations which it county, and they said "What system do you teach-that. the seems to me are pertinent to the inquiry that is before us, and earth is round or flat?" he said, "That depends -altogether on to clear up what I conceive to be some misconceptions concerning where I am teaching. If they want the round system, I give some features. of the question. them that. If they prefer the flat system; why, I give them I might say in this connection;- however, that if the Senator that." [Laughter~] from Wisconsin [Mr. LENROOT] conceives, as I understand him That is the way with these experts ·who come down here. to say, that he expects to find me an advocate of high protec They give whatever the tariff barons desire. Why, Mr. Presi tive duties with· respect to the products of the State of Montana, dent, the Senator from North Dakota has only mentioned or and the supporter of some other principle with respect to the guessed at the amount of salt eaten or consumed as food by products of some other State, my: votes on this measure will dis each individual. He does not take into account the vast amount illusion him. of salt used for other impQrtant purposes. Just think of the I might add also that If the Senator from. Wisconsin sees no amount consumed every year by the cattlemen of the West. difference between the attitude of a Senator .who votes in favor Salt is used in so many_way~. The experts of the tariff barons of a duty upon certai.n. products of his State when a bill is to are trained so as to say nothing .that will hurt their cause. So be passed containing high protective duties-although that prin we need a grain. of salt with some of their statements. They ciple will not govern my actionc--if he sees no difference be say the tax on salt would be but ·12 cents in a lifetime. I:f tween the attitude of the man who votes in favor of a duty that was all, what right have you to tax. me 12 ·cents for· your upon the products of his State, but who proposes to vote salt trust in the.United States that already controls the market? finally against the bill, and a man who votes in favor of a high You admit that it is a tax, but you say it is not a larg~ tax. protective duty upon the products of his State upon an under The principle in this case is wrong. . standing, expressed or implied, that he will also vote for high Mr. WADSWORTH. Do I understand from the Senator it is protective duties which are asked by Senators representing other not wrong.to tax graphite? States, .. under an agreement also to vote eventually for the bill, Mr. HEFLIN. It is not wrong ~to have a revenue, tax: upon. I do not think he senses the situation very clearly. graphite, and that is what we are asking for. It 'was charged by the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. Rrrcn 1\:lr. WAD SW ORTH. Oh, I understand. cocx:] a few days ago, or suggeste.d at least, that all the indicia Mr. HEFLIN. The Senator lives up in a . State where. they pointed to the conclusion that. the tariff bloc had entered into have some of the big consumers of graphite, and therefore he an agreement under which. they were to have the suppoi:t of the wan.ts it on the free list. other Senators favoring the bill on the agricultural items in the If _this thing keeps. up over there, if the Republicans decline bill,. .and they would close their eyes and their minds to the to put a , product upon. the revenue list that will put money in. iniquities of the other provisions of· the bill in order to get the Treasury and aid American mines that have a right to what they desired. exist; if they tax only those things that hurt the American: con Mr. GOODING. Mr. President, will the Senator yield? sumers and benefit the tariff bar.ons,.and then. turn right around Mr. WALSH of. Montana... I will yield in just a moment. I and Jay a _tax upon the common necessities of life~ imposing do not undertake to say that it is true or that it is false, but the burdens upon the American consumer in the rank and file out position of the man who puts himself in.. ·the attitude of support yonder, you can not save the old G. 0. P. carcass 1n November ing the bill, whatever objections there inay be to it~ because he with all the salt in the universe. [Laughter.] gets protective duties upon products of his own State, it seems On the one hand, they desert their ancient doctrine,· that they to me occupies a reprehensible position as a legislator. will go to the rescue of an infant industry, and in .this .case I now yield to the Senator from Idaho. they are killing_ one outright, and they know it. We pointed Mr. GOODING. I wish to make a statement in :reply to the out to them that this American. graphite. industry was. prac suggestion of the Senator from Montana that there has been tically dead, and the American.market fed and coptrolled by a any contract or agreement entered into by the tariff bloc, as foreign producer. Here stands. one.of the.leaders on the other he is pleased to call it. That statement is without foundation side, the distinguisbed Senator from Michigan [Mr. TOWNSEND], a11d . without any truth at. all. In no particular whatsoever, ·on advocating putting Jt. upon the free list; and the .Senatoe from any schedule, at any time, have the members of the tariff bloc, New Jersey_[Mr. FREUNGIIUYSEN], the fir.st part of whose name as Sen.ators .are pleased to call "it, entered into any agreement suggests he would favor a free list; is,agreeable to,a rate on it with any member of the Finance Committee, nor have they that is so low that it would amount to practically nothing and been asked to my knowledge to support the Finance· Committee, bring in no revenue. · so far as that is concerned. I wish to say here and now that Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. President. is-the Senator yet the tariff bloc in the Senate, as Senators call them, had to ready to answer my question as to_ what tarifI he de::;ires on fight for everything they got, . not all the members of the this industrial plant in his State? Finance Committee, but some of them, and we only-got what Mr. HEFLIN. I believe the Senator. from North Dakota .said we did after a hard fight for it and after. a complete showing it cost about 10 cents a pound to get it out of the mines down of the need for it, so far as every industry is concerned that we there, and that you get it abroad for 6 cents; that ireight and represented. Every member of the tariff bloc, so called, is at other charges would run it up to about 8. Then .they under liberty to vote. as he pleases, so far as that. is concerned. sell the producer at the mine, with the actual cost of produc Mr. W .ALSff. of Montana. I have not said a thing against tion, 2 cents a pound, and the Senator from.Michigan. wants to the tariff bloc and have made no charge against anybody. Tl1e put it on the free list, and the Senator from North Dakota fact is, .however, that the members from the agricultural States wants to fix a rate which would make the price of the foreign have been repeatedly voting for- duties here, levying the highest product just exactly what it costs the miner to get it out at kinds of taxes upon articles of large , consumption in their the mouth of the mine in. Alabama. States, duties which some of the Representatives from those Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. May I ask the Senator what his States upon the other side of the Ohamber consider in the na conclusion ls after his computation? ture of extortion, and yet the members of the so-called tariff l\fr. HEFLIN. I stated to the Senator at the. outset that I bloc come in regularly in large numbers and vote for those am opposed to the rate the committee has adopted. I think it duties, leading to the conclusion that they did so upon the ought to be higher. I do not say that I favor going as. higp. as understanding that they were to have the dutie11 they. asked the Senator from Colorado has gone. I will })robably offer an upon their products. amendment myself, perhaps to come in somewhere between Mr. GOODJNG. Mr. President--·· 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 7549 "Mr. WALSH of Montana. Does the Senator care to say to do. Of course, I understand the Senlltor from Idaho differs anything about that remark? with me, but at this time, considering the necessity we have Mr. GOODING. Yes; I do. for shipping our surplus products abroad, where they may be l\Ir. WALSH of Montana. Then I yield gladly. absorbed, I ·do not believe that it is a wise policy to set up a Mr. GOODI 'G. I, myself, aml a number of other Senators tariff wall so that those people can not sell to us, because if who belong to the tarHf bloc, as it is called, saw a great deal of they do not sell to us they can not buy from us. That is, of the work of the Finn.nee Committee. I was there in attendance course, my attitude about the matter, but the Senator's attitud~ almost as much as a great many members of the Finance Com is quite different. He thinks the mills of this country will mittee, even after the public hearings were over. I want to open up when this tariff bill is passed. I think they will not ay tbat I ne•er aw men work harder and with more earnest do so. I think it will (!lose down the industries of the country. ness than they CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SE~ ATE. ticnlar comrnoility, a well as by others to which I have called The result was announced-yeas 22, nays. 47, as follows : attention, all of which are the products of the Western States. YEAS-22. The PHESIDING OFFICER (Mr. LADD in the chair). The Broussard Gooding McKinley Shortridge Bursum Heil.in McNary Sterling question is on the amendment offered by the Senator from Capper Johnson Nicholson Wadsworth Colorado to the amendment of the committee~ Caraway Jones, N. Mex. Oddie Warren Mr. MYERS. I ask that the amendment be stated. Elkins Jones, Wash. Phipps Ernst Ladd Poindexter The PRESIDING OFFICER. The amendment to the amend- NAYS-47. ment will be stated. Ashurst Gerry Myers Smoot Tlle As ISTANT SECRETARY. On page 37, line 10, it is pro Ball Glass Nelson Spencer Brandegee Hale Newberry Stanley posed to amend the committee amendment after the w.ord Sutherland " amorphous " and the comma by striking, out " 10 per cent ad Calder Harris Norris Colt Harrison Page Swanson :valorem " and inserting in lieu thereof- " 1 cent- per pound." Curtis Kellogg Pittman Townsend l\Ir. NICHOLSON. On that I ask for the yeas and nays; Dial La Follette Ransdell Underwood Dillingham Lenroot Rawson Walsh, Mass. and meanwhile I suggest the absence of a quorum. Edge Lodge Robinson Walsh, Mont. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The absence of a quorum is Fletcher Mccumber Sheppard Watson, Ga. suggested. The Secretary will call the roll France McLean Simmons Williams The As istant Secretary called the roll, and the following Frelinghuysen Moses Smith NOT VOTING-27. Senators answered to their names: .Borah Harreld New Shields Ashurst Gooding McNary Simmons Cameron Hitchcock Norbeck Stanfield Ball Harris Moses Smith Cr<>w Kendrick Overman Trammell Branuegce Harrison Myers Smoot .. Culberson Keyes Owen Watson, Ind. Bursum Hefiin Newberry Spencer Weller Calder Johnson Nicholson Sutherland J.::~~s ~cnJormick ~~rJ>::ene Willis Capper • Jones, N. Mex. Townsend Fernald Mc Kellar Reed Ndor~·is Underwood Cru:away Jones, Wash. 0 die. So Mr. N1 HOLSON's amendment to the committee amendment Curti~ Kellogg Page Wadsworth Dial Kendrick Phipps Walsh, Mass. was rejected~ Dillingham Ladd Pittmnn Walsh, Mont. l\fi·. HEFLIN. If I may, I would• like to offer an amend- Edge La Follette PoindPxter Warren Elkin Lenroot Ransdell Watson, Ga. ment to make the rate one-half cent a pound. Ernst Lodge Rawson Williams The PRESIDING OFFICER. The S~retary will state the France McCumber Robinson amendment to the amendment. Geru i.\frKinlcy Sheppard The ASSISTANT SECRETARY. The Senator from Alabama pro Glass McLean Shortridge poses to strike out " 10 per cent ad valorem" and to insert The PRESIDING OFFICER. Sixty-one Senators having an "onP-half of 1 cent per pound." swered to their names, a· quorum is present. The question is .Mr. ROBINSON. I would like to ask the Senator a ques on the amendment proposed by the Senator from Colorado tion in regard to his amendment to the amendment. What [Mr. NICHOL oN] to the amendment of the committee. would be the ad \alorem {lquivalent? Mr. MYERS. I a...;;k that the amendment be stated again. l\fr. HEFLIN. About 33! per cent, probably. I ask for the The As.. Page Smith Sutherland Walsh, Mont. The result was· announced-yeas 23, nays 46, as follows:. Poindexter Smoot Swanson Warren Ransdell Spencer Townsend Watson, Ga. YEAS-23. Rawson Stanley Underwood Williams Ashurst Gooding McI ary Rawson Simmons Sterling Walsh, Mass. Borah He.ti in Nicholson Sheppard Broussard Johnson Oddie Shortridge NOT VOTING-29. Bursum Jones, N. Me.x. Phipps Sterling Borah Gerry New Stanfield Capper Jones, Wash. Pittman Wadsworth Cameron Harreld Norbeck Trammell Elkins Ladd Poindexter Caraway Hitchcock Overman Watson, Ind. N.AYS--46. Crow Kendrick Owen Weller Culberson Keyes Pepper Willis Ball Hale Nelson Stanley Cummins King Pomerene Brandegee Harris Newberry Sutherland du Pont McCormick Reed Calder Harrison Norris Swanson Fernald McKellar Shields Colt Kellogg Overman Townsend Curtis La Follette Page Underwood So Mr. HEFLIN's amendment to the committee amendment Dial Lenroot Ransdell Walsh, Mass. Dillingham Lodge Robinson Walsh, Mont. was rejected. Ernst McCumber Shields Warren Mr. BURSUM. Mr. President, -1 desire to offer an amend Fletcher McKinley Simmons Watson, Ga. ment in regard to the first item in the paragraph. I submit that France McLean Smith Williams Frelinghuysen Moses Smoot we ought to give some measure of protection to this industry. Glass Myers Spencer There is no reason why a sufficient quantity of graphite to NOT VOTING-27. entirely satisfy and fulfill all the demands of the country should Cameron Fernald McCormick Reed not be produced by Americans. Caraway Gerry McKellar Stanfield We should give the producers of graphite a little encourage Crow Harreld New Tramme11 Culberson Hitchcock Norbeck Watson, Ind. ment. If protection· means anything, if the fixing of these rates Cummins Kendrick Owen Weller of duty means anything, it means equalizing the difference be du Pont Keyes Pepper Willis tween the cost of production here and the price for which the Edge King Pomerene foreign article can be bought. It is immaterial as to what the So 1\fr. Bmsu:ru's amendment to the committee amendment percentage is. It may be 5 per cent, or it may be 300 per Cef\t, was rejected. but if that principle is right we ought to extend it all over this Mr. TOWNSEND. 1\fr. President, I desire now to offer the country, whether it be the East, the North, the West, or the amendment which I gave notice I would offer, namely, on page South. If it is right to protect industFies in one part of the 27, line 10, to strike out the words "amorphous, 10 per cent country, it is right and proper to protect them in another por ad vaJorem," my argument being that this is not a protective tion of the country. The American wage earner, the laborer, duty. The product could not be protected by any duty a the in the State of Montana or the State of California or the State article which is brought in and used here is not produced in of Texas is just as much in need of that protection and entitled the United States. to it as the laborer in the State of Maine, or the State of Massa Mr. WALSH of Montana. 1\fr. President, I thought I had chusetts, or the State of Alabama, or any other State. demonstrated the error of that conclusion, but if the Senator Possibly the rates which were proposed were a little high. from Michigan :finds it necessary to insist upon his proposition, The rate proposed by the committee in the first portion of the I shall perhaps be obliged to go over the argument again. paragraph is nothing more nor less than a revenue rate. It l\lr. TOWNSEND. Tbe Senator from Michigan heard the follows the Democratic policy, pure and simple. I would like Senator from Montana and listened very attentively to his argu to see the e schedules adopted on the basis of protection to ment. Unless the Senator from Montana ba something new American producers and American labor. to present in reference to th~ matter, it is not necessary that he I move to amend the first item in the paragraph by inserting should repeat his statement. l\fy own investigation ha led one-fourth of 1 cent a pound. That will mean $5 a ton. It will me to belie>e to the contrary of his view of the facts as they mean $4 a ton on the basis of 80 per cent ores coming from exist with reference to the use of this product in the concern Colorado. Those ores have been bringing $9 net. That will where it is manufactured. mean approximately a little better than 40 per cent protection. I have no doubt that is the opinion· of the Senator. I have I belie\e it would greatly encourage production if we adopted my own opinion with reference to the matter and I am a pro this amendment to the amendment. tectionist. There is no reason in the world why I should not The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will state the faYor a duty upon this product. amendment. However, if it is true, as the Senator from Utah [Mr. SuooT] The ASSISTANT SECRETARY. On line 10, page 37. strike out just suggests to me, that if my amendment is agreed to this "10" and insert in lieu thereof "one-fourth of 1 cent a pound," item will go into the so-called ba ket clause of the tariff bill so that it will read : and thus will carry a heavier rate, I do not want to do that. Amorphous, one-fourth of 1 cent per pound. I am advocating a removal of the duty entirely because thi is purely a revenue duty and not a protective duty. Mr. JONES of New Mexico. I a sk for the yeas and nays. 1\lr. SMOOT. The only way to do that is to wait until the The yeas and nays were ordered, and the reading clerk pro- committee amendments are disposed of, and then, when the hill ceeded to call the roll. gets into the Senate, the Senator can move to strike out the 1\lr. COLT {when his name was called). Jllaking the same an item and put it on the free list. nouncement as before, I vote "nay." Mr. TOWNSEND. I am perfectly willing to follow that Mr. JONES of New Mexico {when his name was called). course. Making the same announcement as before, I vote "' yea." Mr. SMOOT. That is the course we have followed with refei· Mr. KENDRICK (when his name was called). I again an ence to other items. nounce the absence of my pair, the Senator from Illinois [Mr. Mr. TOWNSEND. Very well. Then I withdraw tlle umend McCoRllICK]. Being unable to obtain a transfer, I withhold my ment a.t this time. vote. The VICE PRESIDENT. The arnendnient offered by the Mr. MOSES (when l\fr. KEYES's name was called). I again Senator from Michigan is withdrawn. announce that my colleague [Mr. KEYES] is absent on account Mr. WALSH of Montana. 1\Ir. President, I rose simply to of illness. If present he would vote "nay." say that the vote on this item should not be taken upon the Mr. McKINLEY {when his name was called). I transfer my assumption on the part of anyone that it was on the theory pair with the junior Senator from Arkansas [Mr. CAB,,\WAY] that there was no American product which came into competi to the junior Senator from Pennsylvania [Mr. PEPPER], and vote tion with amorphous crystalline flakes. I understood 'the Sen "nay." ator from Michigan to say it is conceded that this article is not Mr. WATSON of Geo1·gia (when his name was called). Mak produced in this country, and therefore we need no prcitection. ing the same announcement as before, I vote " nay." I do not want to combat the rate at all, but I do not want u11~7 - Mr. WIL.LiilfS (when his name was called). Repeating the one to vote on the matter on the particular assumption that it announcement previously made as to my pair and its transfer, is conceded or that it is the fact. I want it understood that the I vote "nay." commodity as produced in this country is equal to any foreign The roll call was concluded. product and it is as much entitled to protection, if we are to Mr. CURTIS. I wish to announce that the junior Senator legislate upon that principle, as any other item in tlie biD. from Indiana [Mr. NEW] is paired with the junior Senator from The rate which is proposed here is purely a revenue rate, be Tennessee [Mr. McKELLAR], and that the junior Senator from cause it affords no protection whatever of any kind. Ohio [Mr. WILLIS] is paired with the senior Senator from Ohio Mr. GOODING. Mr. President, graphite is not the only item (Mr. POMERENE]. in this bill which, it is said, we can not procluce in this country ; 1922. CONGRESSION_:\_L RECORD-SENA'fE. 7553 that proposition runs to many items, and there are those who duty on foreign imports it should be levied first for protection, belie•e we can not produce suaar successfully in this country. second for .reYenne, and eYery loyal citizen of every country If there be a class of citizens in this country who I think are should be willing to pay his share of taxes to maintain his gov less American than any other class, it is those who go abroad ernment. and develop a foreign industry of any kind, and employ the And here in .America, Mr. President, we tax our citizens, and cheapest labor they can find in all the world, and then want to more especially our laboring men, less than any other country bring that product back into America, free of duty, and sell it on earth. No one need shed any tears about the taxes the to the American people. Of course, the cheaper the labor the American laboring man has to pay on foreign bnvorts, for they greater the profits. It is far better for them, of course, to de are far less than that paid by the laboring men of any other velop foreign industries with cheap labor, so far as dollars and country. cents are concerned. I wish to read the taxes that are levied by various countries I want' to say, in my judgment, we have just as good graphite per capita on imports. In the United States in 1912 the re in this country as there is any place in the world. I heard a ceipts from cust-0ms were $311,321,672. · The population at' that witness say before the Finance Committee that we could not time was 95,097,000. The per capita tax on imports was $3.20; grow Belgian hare for fur because the fur grown in this coun in 1913 it was $3.30; in 1921 it is $2.76. It is estimated by the try would not felt. The trouble was because he could buy it so Finance Committee that the pending bill will raise a rewnue much cheaper abroad, where labor costs practically nothing at for 1922 of $350,000,000, which 'Till represent a per capita tax all. It would be a mistaken policy, of course, so far as his levied on imports of $3.31. selfish intere.~ ts are concerned, to encourage the industry in The United Kingdom le\ied a tax on imports in 1914 of this counh·y. That policy runs all the way through in a great $4.23 per capita ; in 1922 of $14.78 per capita. many different lines, if you please; the sugar we grow in this Canada in 1914 levied a per capita tax on imports of $14.57, country is not quite so sweet, in the estimation of some people, and in 1922 of $11.90. • as the sugar that is grown in Cuba, for in tance, with the cheap France l~ned a per capita ·tax on imports in 1913 of $3.61, native labor, and in many cases coolie labor sent to the island and in 1921 of $8.69. under contract from China. Germany in 1913 le>ied a per capita tax on imports of I am very glad to see some of the Senators across the aisle $13.02, and in 1922 a per capita tax of $16. 9 voting for protection. I hope the time will come when there Italy in 1913 levied a per en pita tax on imports of $1.90, will be no division in this body on the great principle of pro and in 1922 a per capita tax of $1.46. tection, so that every American industry, so far as that is con Argentine in 1914 levied a per capita tax on imports of • cerned, will be treated fairly, whether it is located in the East, $10.76, and in 1920 of $7.83. in the West, in the North, or in the South. That is not true Brazil in 1913 levied a per capita tax on imports of $2.32, to-day. I know it never will be true until the people of the and in 1920 of $1.74. South come back where they stood 100 years ago and again Chile in 1913 leYied a per capita tax on imports of $J 2.62, and in 1920 of $13.53. stand for. protection. In my judgment they are coming back. Mr. President, I ask that the table from which I have qno7ed It may not be in my lifetime, but the time is coming when this great Ame1ican people, the most intelligent people in all the may be printed in the RECORD. world, are not going to permit any political party to make a The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. football of the bnsiness interests of the country and kick them The table referred to is as follows : around as is being done at this time, and for practically 100 Per capita custotns receipts from imports. years past. I do not believe it is going to take another 100 years Per to settle that question. There is too much intelligence in the Country. Year. Receipts. Popnlation. capita American people to permit that. Ireceipts. Speaking for myself, Mr. President, I want to say that I have no fault to find with the attitude of the Democratic Party in United States ...... 1912 $311, 321, 672 95,097,000 13. 2'.) their opposition to the protective tariff measure that is now Do ...... 1913 318, 891, 393 96, :')l:l, 000 3. 30 before the Senate. I believe it is the duty of eve.ry Senator and Do ...... 1921 :!92,397,349 105, 7lll, 620 2. 76 of every political party when they believe that a measure is Mccumber bill ..... _...... 1922 350, 000, 000 105, 710, 620 3. 31 United Kingdom ...... 1914 172, 839; 003 40,830,000 4. 23 unconstitutional and morally wrong to fight that l!leasure to the Do ...... 1922 632, 052, 720 42, 7ti7,530 14. 7'13 last ditch. The Senator from Alabama [l\Ir. UNDERWOOD], the Canada ...... 1914 105, 000, 000 7,206, 6!3 14. 57 minority leader of the Democratic Party, whom I believe to be Do ...... 1922 104, 420, 451 R, 769,48J 11.!JO France ...... 1913 143, 01 ' 211 39,6!'H, 50J 3. 61 the greatest leader the Democratic Party has had in the Senate Do ...... 1921 360, RO, 770 41, 50!l,OOO 8.69 for more than half a century, has made it very clear that the 1913 882, 795, 932 67, 812,000 13.02 Senators on that side, with three exceptions, are opposed to Geno~:::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::: 1922 1, 047, 200, OJ() 62, 000, 000 16.S'.> 1913 67, 121, 347 3.5, 230, 997 1.90 protection. The Senator from Alabama says he belongs to that rta1li0_.:::: :::::: ::: :: : : : :: : :: ::::::: 1921 54,198,638 37,270, 493 1.46 school which believes that protection is unconstitutional, and Argentine ...... 1914 84,447, 105 7,849,385 10. 76 he goes further and says that he believes protection is morally Do ...... 1920 7Q, 526,398 9, 000,000 7. 83 Brazil ...... 1913 5i,481, 940 24, 300, 000 2.32 wrong. 1920 53, 915,400 31,000,000 1. 74 As far as I am concerned, I am going to discuss this tariff bill, Cbil~.~'.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1913 45, 353,573 3,593,005 12.62 Mr. President, from the standpoint that protection is constitu Do ...... 1920 52, 377,367 3,870,023 l:l. 53 tional and morally right, and that it is un-American to force Fiscal year of United Kingdom, Canada, and Germany ends Mar'!h 31. American industries and American labor to compete with the All receipts converted 1nto American money at par. pauper labor of foreign countries. Receipts for Germany 1922 e timated. The Senator from Alabama says protection is a tax on the Receipts for Italy 1921 estimated. American people. If it is, Mr. President, it is a tax that the Data obtained for Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. American people will not do without and, in my judgment, can Mr. GOODING. I now desire to make a comparison of the not do without. duties which are levied in Canada on farm products and the The Democratic Party might as well understand first as last duties which are proposed to be levied on such products under that the laboring men of this country will not be forced to com the bill as reported by the Finance Committee. pete with the cheap labor of Europe, which only means a reduc Under the tariff law of Canada the tax levied on live hogs is tion to their standards of living and their standards of wages. a cent and a half a pound, while under the bill as reported by We have already heard much about the breftkfast table and the Finance Committee the tax is one-half cent a pound. On the poor laboring man, but I want to say, Mr. President, that fresh meats in Canada the tax is 23 cents a pound, while.it is the party that votes to put the products of labor, whether it is from three-fourths of a cent to 5 cents a pound in the bill as on the farm, in the mills, or in the mine, in competition with the reported by the Finance Committee. cheap labor of foreign countries is not the friend of labor, and On meats, canned, in Canaua the tax is 7' cents a pound ; on the laboring men of this country are beginning to find that out. lard and compounds it is 2 cents a pound in Canada and only To close our ports to foreign immigration and at the same time 1 cent a pound under the bill as reported by the Finance Com open them to the products of foreign labor is nothing less than a mittee. On tallow there is a duty of 20 per cent ad valorem crime, and one that would only work hardships and privations on imposed in Canada, while the duty is only one-half cent a pound the American people, the same as the free trade policy has al in the bill as reported by the Finance Committee. ways done when free trade laws have been in force in this On eggs in Canada the1·e is a duty of 3 cents per dozen im country. posed, while the bill as reported by the Finance Committee im Every government, Mr. President, must levy. a tax to defray poses a duty of 8 cents per dozen. On cheese in Canada there is expenses. The Republican Party believes that in levying a imposed a duty of 3 cents a pound, while a duty of 5 cents a .7554 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. MAY 24,, pound is imposed by the bill as reported by the Finance Com- The table referred to is as follows : mittee. On butter a duty of 4 cents a pound is· imposed in Tariff of the Dominion of Canada. Canada, while 8 cents a pound is imposed by the bill as reported . ------,------~:------:------ by the Finance Committee. On coffee the duty is 5 cents a Finance Commit pound in Canada, while it is on the free list in thia country. Commodity. Unit. Canadian taritf. tee. Coffee is an article that goes on the breakfast table, Mr. President, about which we have heard so much. I repeat, in Llvehogs •••••••,..- •••• Pound ••.••••••. l!cents •••••••••.. ~cent. Canada there is a duty of 5 cents a pound on coffee, while co:ftee Meats,!resh ...... do...... 3 cents...•.•••••.. f to5 cents. is on the free list in this country under the pending bilL Meats, canned .•••••••••••.•.. do...... 7i per cent ••••.••. On coffee, when not imported directly from country of growth, Lard and compounds .•..••.•do...... 2 cents .•...•.•.••. 1 cent per pound. Tallow •..•.•••••••••.•••.•...do...... 20 per cent •••••••. ! cent. there is a duty per pound of 5 cents plus 10 per cent ad valorem 8 cents. under the Canadian law, while it is free in the bill reported by ~~~:::::::::::::::::: ~g~·:::::::::: -~-~dt;;':.::::::::::: 5 cents (over 5 cents value 25 the committee. per cent). On coffee, green, there is a duty of 3 cents a pound in Canada, Butter .••••••••••••.•••.•••••do...... 4 cents .•.•••••••.. 8 cents per pound. while it is on the free list under the pending bill. Tea has a Coffee .••••••••••••••••••••••• do ...•••• ·-.. 5 cents ...•...... Free. Coffee, when not im· ••.•-do.-...... 5 cents plUS-10 per Do. duty of 10 cents a pound in Canada, while it is free under the importeddirectlyfrom cent. pending bill. country of growth. Rice, tapioca, and sago flour have a duty of 1 cent a pound in ~~:~~~:::::::::::: :::::~::::::::::: fo~~t;::::::::::: ~~: Canada, and only half a cent in the bill as reported by the Fi Rice, tapioca, and sago Pound.••••••... 1 cent ..•.•.•.••••. l cent per pound. nance Committee. flour. :Milk, condensed .•••..•.•.•... do...... 3i cents .•••••••... 1 cent per pound. Condensed milk has a duty of 31 cents per pound in Canada, $1.20. while it only has a duty of 1 cent in the bill a& reported by the ~=~::::::::::::::::::: -~~~~}:::::::::: rs=~::::::::::: 56 cents. Finance Committee. · Buckwheat ...... •••.••....•.do ..•.•.••.....•• do ••.•••••.••• 5 cents. Buclrw.heat fl.our...... Hundredweight. 5() cents ..••••••.•• 50cents. Beans have a duty of 35 cents a bushel in Canada, while here Corn meal...... • • . . . Barrel.... • . • • . . . 25 cents ••••• - •••• 30 cents per hun· there is a duty of $1.20 imposed in the bill a,s reported by the dredweight. Oats....•••••••••••••••. Bushel ...... 10 cents...... 15 cents. Finance Committee. Oatmeal.. •...•. ·-...... Hundredweight. 60 cents... . . • •• • • . 90 cents, On peas there is a duty of 15 cents a bushel in Canada, and Rye...... ···~······· Bushel...... 10 cents.•••••••••• . 15 cents. a duty of 56 cents under the pending bill. On buckwheat there Rice, cleaned...... Hundredweight_ 75 cents. . . . • . • . • . . I cent per pound. Sago and tapioca ..••.••..•.•••.•.••••••... 271 per cent...... Tapioca,~ cent per is a duty in Canada of 15 cenb:i, while there is a duty of 5 cents pmn;id. a bushel under the pending bill. Hayandstraw •.••••.•.. Ton. •••••••••... $2••••••••••••••••• Hay, $4; s.traw, On buckwheat :flour there is a duty of 50 cents per 100 pounds $3.50. Flaxseed...... Bushel...... 10 cents .•••••••••. 40cents. in Canada, and 50 cents per 100 pounds under the pending bill. Grass seed ... ········~·· Pound ..•.. 4 .... 10 per cent ...... 1 cent to 4 cenS... ' Corn meal has a duty of 25 cents a -barrel in Canada. and 30 Ve~etables, n. o.p•.•...... do •.•..•...• 30percent .••..•.• 30 per cent. Omons ....•...... ••...... do .•.•..••...... do ....••••••... 1 cent. cents a hundred pounds under the bill as reported by the Fi Apples ...... •.••.•••.. Barrel...... 90cents .•••••••... 75 cents. nance Committee. Dates and figs-······-··· Hundredweight. 55 cents .••••••.•.. Dates, 1 cent; figs, Oats ha-s a duty of 10 cents a bushel imposed in Canada, and 2 cents. Honey ...... Pound .••••.•... 3 cents .•••••••.••. 3 cents. of 15 cents a bushel under the bill as reported by the Finance Nuts, all kinds, includ- .....do •.••••..... 2cents •••••••••••. 1 cent to 4 cents. Committee. ing peanuts. Oatmeal has duty of 60 cents per hundred imposed on it in t cent .••.•••••••.• Free. a ~~~~h:eiieci:::::::::::: :::::~::::::::::: 4cents .•••.••••••. 1centto15 cents. Canada, while the rate is 90 cents a hundred in the bill as re Salm.on, fresh ....•• - ••. ·~ ... do .•••••••.. 1 cent •... ·-······· 2 cents. ported by the committee. Salmon, prepared ..•••...... do .••••••.•.• 30per cent •••••••• 25percent. Sugar ...... •...•••••.••.••do .•.•.•••••• 2 cents ...... $1.60. Rye ha8 a duty of 10 cents a bushel imposed in Canada, while Oigars and cigarettes •...... do ..••••••••• l!.10 plus 25 per SUO plus 25 per the duty is 15 cents a bushel in the bill as reported by the Fi cent. cent. Sewing machines •••••••.•••••••••••••••••. 30percent ••.••... 25 per cent to 4-0 nance Committee. per cent. Rice, cleaned, has a duty of 75 cents a hundred impased on it Free. in Canada, while a duty of three-eighths of a cent a pound is ~~;;~~::~:::: :::::::::::::::::: ~i6!-c!1!t"i0"20" Do. percent. imposed on it under the bill as reported by the committee. Woolen yarn, n. o. p •....•••••••..••.•.... 30 per cent .•••••.. 26 cents plus 30 per Sago and tapioca have a duty of 27! per cent in Canada, cent to 39 cents im plus 40 per cent. while on tapioca there is a duty of one-half cent a pound Woolen blankets. . . . • . . . • •••. do • • • • • • • • • . 35 per cent ••••.••. 20 cents plus 30 per posed under the bill as reported by the committee. cent to 40 cents On hay and straw there is a duty of $2 per ton imposed in plus 40 per cent. Boots and shoes, harness . . • • . • . . . • • . . • . • . . 30 per cent •.•..... Boots and shoes, Canada, while on hay a duty of $4 a ton and on straw a duty of and saddles. 12 cents pair plus $3.50 a ton are imposed under the bill as reported by the Finance 5 per cent; har Committee. ness and saddles, 35percent. Flaxseed has a duty of 10 cents a bushel imposed on it Canada, and a duty of 40 cents a bushel imposed under the bill In addition to the general tariff the cana.dian la.w provides for a British prefer· as reported by the committee. ential and an intermediate tariff. The intermediate tariff applies to any country So, taking the greater necessities of life, there is no ques to which its benefits may be extended by orders in council. tion, so far as the breakfast table and the dinner table and the Mr. GOODING. I have here a table showing the duties im- · supper table are concerned, that the Canadian citizen pays posed by the tariff law of the United Kingdom. twice the tax that the American citizen pays. On coffee there is a duty of $9.78 a hundred, while it is free The duty on farm machinery is from 15 to 20 per cent in under the pending bill as reported. On tea under the British Canada, while it is free under the bill as reported by the tariff law a duty of 24 cents a pound is levied, while under the Finance Committee. The duty on typewriters is 25 per cent ad pending bill it is on the free list. Tea and coffee are luxuries valorem in Canada, while they are free in America. The duty in England; they are necessities in the United States. on sewing machines is 30 per cent in Canada, while it is from On sugar there is a duty levied of $6.16 a hundred pounds in 25 to 40 per cent ad valorem in this country. Woolen yarns have Great Britain, as against $1.60 a hundred under the bill as a duty of 30 per cent ad valorem in Canada and from 30 to 40 reported. - per cent ad valorem in this country under the bill as reported In England l!lore revenue is collected from duties on coffee by the Finance Committee. Woolen blankets have a duty of and tea and sugar and coconut and cocoa than we collect in 35 per cent ad valorem in Canada and from 30 to 40 per cent .America on all the farm products that go upon the breakfast ad valorem under the bill as reported by the Finance Com table. mittee. On condensed milk, sweetened, the duty in England is $2.80 Boots and shoes have a duty of 30 per cent ad valorem in per 100 pounds, while under the bill as reported by the Finance Canada and an ad valorem duty of not over 10 cents under the Committee the rate is $1.50. On cocoa the rate in England per pending bill. Harness and saddles have a duty of 30 per cent in 100 pounds is $9.781 while under the bill as reported by the Canada., while they have a duty of 35 per cent under the bill as committee it is free. On currants, per 100 pounds, the English reported by the committee. duty is 48 cents; under the bill as reported by tbe committee Mr. President, I ask that this table which I am quoting may it is $2.50. On figs and raisins the English duty per 100 pounds be published in the RECORD entire. is $2.52, and under the bill reported by the Finance Commit The VICE PRESIDENT. In the absence of objection, it is so tee $2. On prunes the rate of the British tariff per 100 pounds ordered.. is $2.52, and under the bill reported by the Finance Committee I 1922. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 7555 50 cents. When it comes to cider there is not very much dif 100 pounds, $35.02, and that, of course, includes breakfast ference in the respective duties, the English duty being 8 cents tea. a gallon and the proposed duty under the pending bill 10 cents Tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes, $656.56 a hundred pounds. a gallon. Under the English tariff the duty on gasoline is Linseed oil, 53 cents a hundred pounds. 12 cents a gallon, while under the pending bill it is free. On Oil, soya bean, and corn for soap, 79 cents a hundred pounds. motor cars and motor cycles the British duty is 33! per cent, Edible fats, $3.06 a hundred. while under the pending bill as reported by the Finance Com Cotton, washed, 66 cents a hundred. mittee it is 25 per cent. On chicory the British duty per 100 Hemp, combed, $1.31 a hundred. pounds is $9.37, while under the pending bill reported by the Vegetables, fresh, $1.75 a hundred. Finance Committee it is $1.50. Vegetables, dried, $1.63 a hundred. So the figures run, l\1r. President, all along the line. England Iron or steel billets, bars, 66 cents a hundred. placed a duty during 1921 on opera glasses of 35 per cent ad Fine steel for tools, $1.97 a hundred. valorem; on laboratory porcelain, of 35 per cent ad valorem; Iron or steel rods, 66 cents a hundred. on scientific instruments, of 40 per cent ad valorem. A great Cotton yarn, $4.03 a hundred. many articles have been put on the dutiable list in England. I • Cotton yarn for carpets or rugs, $13.83 a hundred. ask that the entire table may be printed as a part of my re Silk thread, unbleached, $35.02 a hundred. marks. Table linen, $21.71 a hundred. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. Knit gloves, $78.79 a hundred. . The table referred to is as follows : Hides and skins, tanned, $1.31 a hundred. I shall not take the time to read all this list, Mr. President, Tariff of the United K i ngdom. but I ask that it be printed in connection with my remarks. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. Finance Committee Article. Unit. Full duty. rate. The matter referred to is as follows: French tariff, based on the act 1910, re,vised to D ecember, 192 1. (Duty computed at par, American money. Franc equals 19.3 cents.] $9. 78 Free. ~~~:: :::::::: :: :: ::::: l~t=~~:: :::::::: • 24 Free. Coconut, sugared...... 100 pounds ...... , 2.80 $4.50 Gen Sugar ...... do ...... 6.16 1.60 Article . . Unit. eral Condensed milk, sweet- .....do ...... 2.80 1.50 rate. en ed. Cocoa ...... •...... do ...... •.... 9. 78 Free. Currants ...... do ...... 48 2.50 Steers, bullocks, heifers...... 100 pounds live $2.63 Figs and raisins .....•...... do ...... 2.52 2.00 · weight. Prunes...... do ..•...... 2.52 .50 3.50 Cider...... Gallon ...... J •••••• .08 .10 4.38 3.90 1. 50 w!~~?~~~~t~~~~~~~:::: :: ::: : : ::: ::: : : : : : : :: :::: :~~~ :s~~~~::::::: 3.50 m~~~:; t~~cc::::::: :::::~~::::::::::::::: 2.80 1.50 Eggs ...... •...... do ...... 88 Motor spirit (gasoline) . . Gallon ...... 12 Free . Cheese, hard (Dutch or Swiss)...... • ...... do ...... 3.06 Motor cars and motor ...... 33i per cent. Cars, 25 per cent; Butter...... do ...... 2.63 cycles. cycles, 30 per Wheat ...... Bushel ...... 74 cent. Oats ...... do ...... 17 Chicory ...... 100 pounds ...... '9.37 Sl.50 .26 Chloral hydrate ...... •.. 1 pound...... •...... 42 25per cent. .30 Chloroform...... do ...... 1. O! $0.08 ~l~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: :::::::: :: :: :!~:::::: ::::::: .30 Watches ...... 33! per cent. 75 cents to $10. 75. Semolina...... 100 pounds ...... 3.33 Clocks ...... 33! per cent. 35 per cent plus $1 Rice, whole and grits ...... do ...... 2.10 to $3. Potatoes, March and June...... Bushel ...... 32 Collodion...... 1 gallon ....•...... $8.23 $2. 80 .16 Soap. transparent ...... 1 pound...... •. .06 30per cent. 1. 31 ~usical instruments...... •.... · 1 33! per cent. 35 per cent. Ai!r.~~ii~1~;:~~:e:·:·:: :::: :::::::: :: ::: ::: : : : : ::: :~~ :~~~~:::::::: 6.57 . 22 2. 72 The average paid carpentet·s, plasterers, painters, bricklayers, ma 26.26 chinists, and shoemakers in Eugland is $3.08 per day. ~~r~~~~~~-:::: :::::::: ::: ::::::::::::::::: :: ::::::: ::: : :~~:::::::::: ::: Chocolate ...... do ...... 26. 26 TARIFF OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. Tea...... do ...... 35.0J (Page 2.) 655. 56 6~~~i. ~~~·- ~~~ -~i~~-r~.t~~::::::::::::::::::::::::: : : : : :gg_-: _-::::::::: . 88 [NOTE.-Durina 1921 the number of articles to which the tariff of Linseed oil ...... •...... do ...... 5.3 the United Kingdom applies has been greatly extended by the passing Oil soy bean, and corn for soap ...... do ...... 79 of the safeguarding of industries act, 1921. By this act articles com Edible1 fats, vegetable ...... do ...... 3.05 ing under the following headings are chargeable with duty to the extent Cotton, washed, cleaned, bleached ...... do ...... 66 of 33~ per cent ad valorem.] 1. 31 1. 75 '!'he British rate is 33~ per cent. Finance Committee rates are as 1. 6.3 follows: .021 Per cent. .052 Optical glass------35 ;;;:;1:;:;;;;;;:;; Optical instruments ------35 [fl~.~j;;;;;;:::;::~;:;;;:;;;;::;;;:: .66 Scientific glassware------35 1.97 Iron or steel rods ...... do ...... • (jfj ~~i~~ti~~!Jfn~~~~~~s======~g Cotton yarn, single, unbleached ...... : ..... do ...... 4.03 Gauges and measuring instruments------"'------40 13.1'3 Compounds of thorium, cerium, and other rare earth metals______25 ~iC:~hi:d~~tt~~-~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::~~ · .-.:::::::::: 35.02 Synthetic organic chemicals------ Table linen, damasked, unbleached ...... do ...... 21. 71 Lamp, blown ware------Fabrics of pure cotton ...... do ...... 81 Wireless valves and similar rectifiers ______20.14 Ignition magnetos and permanent magnets------25 78. 79 Arc-lamp carbons------35 1. 31 Hosiery latch needles, $2 per thousand, plus______35 1. 5! Metallic tungsten______45 8.68 17. 51 l\lr. GOODING. Mr. President, I have before me also a table 1. 31 showing the tariff rates under the French law. I wish to say 26. 26 that the duties under the tariff laws of all the countries to 78. 79 ~1;!![!iii~\liiilllilll!lillill:l :~~mrG'.[[:lll 78. 79 which I have referred or shall refer are collected on the gold lfPianos ...... do ...... 28.95 basis. Under the French tariff law the duty on steers, bullocks, 7 88 ~~~~~bN!1:.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :: : : :~~::::::::::::: 9. 88 and heifers, per 100 pounds live weight, is $2.63; on rams, ewes, .17 and wethers, per 100 pounds, live weight, $3.50; on mutton, r:=~~~~~~;;p·arilii"i g~O& ~: :: : : :: :: : :: :::: :::::: ::: : :: : : :~~:::: :: : : :: : :: 7.88 fi"esh or preserved, per 100 pounds, $4.38; on pork, per 100 Photographic apparatus, cameras, etc...... do ...... 65.66 pounds, $3.50; on eggs, per 100 pounds, 88 cents; on cheese, hard, Dutch or Swiss, per 100 pounds, $3.06; on butter, per N OTE.-A lower tariff than the above, called the minimum tariff, is applicable to articles imported from certain countries with which special arrangements have been 100 pounds, $2.63; on wheat, 74 cents a bushel; on oats, 17 made. Articles from all other countries are subject to the general rate. cents a bushel; on barley, 26 cents a bushel; on rye, 30 cents a The average wage paid carpenters, plasterers, painters, bricklayers, machinists, bushel ; on rice, whole and grits, per 100 pounds, $2.10 ; on ap and shoemakers in France is Sl.46. ples and pears, per 100 pounds, $1.31; on raisins and dates, per l\lr. GOODING. I may say that with this per capita tux in 100 pounds, $6.57; on soya beans, per 100 pounds, 22 cents; on France of $8.69, the carpenters, plasterers, painters, b1icklayers, refined sugar, per 100 pounds, $2.72. Under the French tariff machinists, and shoemakers in that country are working on the law coffee per 100 pounds is taxed $26.26. That is how much average for $1.46 a day, while in America these same trades of a free breakfast table there is in France. On chocolate the are being paid on an average $7 .17 a day. So it seems to me French duty is also $26.26 per 100 pounds; and on tea, per that our friends across the aisle should not shed any tears .7556 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. J\fAY 24, about the American workingman being highly taxed when we Vegetable oils, 4i cents a pound. Coconut oil, 2 cents a pound. compare his wages with those that are paid in France or Eng Butter, 4a cents a pound. land or any other country, where they pay four times the tax Milk, condensed, 3 cents a pound. on the breakfast table that we do in .America.. Ham, 11 cents IL pound. Eggs, 1 cent a pound. Here a.re the .figures for Italy : Figs, 2 cents a pound. Cattle, per head, $3.84 to $15.36. Macaroni, 3 cents a pound. Sheep, 87 cents a bead. Canned meats, 14 cents a pound. Swine, $1.15 to $3.84 a head. Dates, 4 ~ cents a pound. Poultry, $1.35 per hundred pounds. Meats, preserved, 9 cents a pound. Poultry, dressed, $1.35 per hundred pounds. Prunes, 3i cents a pound. Meats, fresh, $1.55 per hundred pounds. Coffee, 1.4 cents a pound. Meats, frozen. $1.35 per hundred pounds. Barley, 1 cent a pound, or 56 cents a bushel. Ham, $4.42 per hundred pounds. Lard 4 cents a pound. Milk, condensed, unsweetened, $1.74 per hundred pounds. Applies, dried, 2~ cents a. pound. Milk, powdered $3.48 per hundred pounds. Honey, 1~ cents a pound. :Milk, condensed, sweetened, $3.26 per hundred pounds. Walnuts, 11 cents a pound. Milk, sugar, $3.26 per hundred pounds. Raisins, 7 cents a pound. • Cheese, $2.12 per hundred pounds. Currants, 7 cents a pound. Sugar, $3.07 per hundred pounds. · Cheese, 9 cents a pound. Coffee, $13.44 per hundred pounds. Tea, 4i cents a pound. Coffee, ronsted, $17.86 per hundred pounds. Bacon, 9 cents a pound. Honey, $2.69 per hundred pounds. Chocolate, $10.56 per hundred pounds I ask to have this table printed in the REOORD. Tea, $34.97 per hundred pounds. Tea is free under the Finance The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, it is so ordered. Committee bill. The matter referred to is as follows: - Wheat, 4-0 cents a lru:shel. Corn, 37 cents a bushel. Tariff of Argentina. Rye 23 cents a lmshel. Barley, 18 cents a bushel [Monetary unit gold peso. One peso equals 100 centaves=$0.D52.] Rice, 44 cents a hundred ·pounds. Wheat flour, $1 a hundred pounds. Article. Unit. Duty. Cottonseed oil, $4.37 a hundred pounds. Linseed oil, $2.10 a hundred pounds. Lard, $1.30 a hundred pounds. 50percent. Bacon, $2.20 a hundred pounds. 50 per cent. Hides, tanned, $10.50 a hundred pounds. 50pcr cent. Harness, $113 a hundred pounds. 50per cent. Saddles, $1.50 each. ts per cent. 40per cent. The average wage paid for carpenters, plasterers, painters, 40per cent. bricklayers, machinists, and shoemakers in Italy is 79 cents a $0. 045 day, yet practically everything that goes on the breakfast table .045 .02 in Italy is taxed. .045 I ask to have this table printed in the Rmcmm in connection .032 .ll with my remarks. .01 The VICE PRESIDENT. Without objection, _it is so ordered. .02333 The matter referred to is as follows: .005 .03 Tariff of Italy. .H [Monetary unit 1 lira. 1 lira equals 100 centesimi or $0.192.] .045 .09 .035 Article. Unit. Duty. .027 I .014 .005 Horses...... Head...... ••. $28. 80-$40. 32 .01 Jr[ules .....•••.••..••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••...•. do ...•••••. 6. 72 .007 Cattle ...... •••••••.••...... •..•...... do .....•... 3.84- 15. 36 .04 Sheep .•.....•....•.....•.•••••.•...•••...•.•...... do ...... ffl .0233 Swine ...... •....•...•..•.••...... •...... •...... do ...... 1.15- 3• ..84 .0133 1. 35 .0133 ~~~~;a.ressed.:: :::::: :: :::::: :::::: :: ::::::: .~~-~~~~~:::: 1. 35 .07 . Meats, fresh ...•••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••..••.. do ...... 1. 55 .07 Meats, frozen .....••.•••.••••.••.••...•••.•••.....•. do .....••.. 1.35 .09 Ham ...... •...•.•...... do ...... 4.42 .045 Milk, condensed, unsweetened.••••.••..••..•...... do...... - . 1. 74 Bacon ••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••. do .••••••••.••.. .09 AWk, powdered ...... ••.••...•...•.... _.... do ...... 3.48 Milk, condensed, sweetened .••••••.•.••••...... do ....•... 3.26 3.26 Mr. GOODING. The tariff in Chile is as follows: 1. 7~ 1.39 Cattle, $3.60 to $5.76 a bead. r~:: ~:::: ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~:: ~~~~ ~~: ~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~: ::d~~ ~ ~ ~: ~: ~ 2.12 Sheep, 72 cents a head. Ef Horses, $3.60 a bead. Casein ...•....••••.•••.••.•.••.•••••••..•.•...... do ....••.. .80 3.07 Swine, $1.80 a head. ~:·::: :: :: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~: :: ::~~::::: ::: 13.44 Meats, fresh, 3.2 cents a pound. Coffee, roasted. .••.••.••••.• : .•.••....•..•••.•...... do ...••..• 17.86 Bacon and ham, 9 cents a pound. Honey...... ••••....•....•...... ••.••...... do ...••... 2.1>9 Milk, condensed, 7 cents a pound. Cocoa beans ..•.....••..•...•••.••....•••••...... do ....•... 2.69 Butter, 10 cents a pound. Chocolate ...... •..••••..••.•.•••.•.•••..•..•... do .•.•...• 10.51> Lard, 4 cents a pound. Tea ...... •..•••••.•••..••••••••.•••••••••••••••..... do ..•••••• 34. 97 Cheese, 10 cents a pound. Wheat ...•.•••..•...•.•••••••••••••••.••••••..• Bushel ..•...... 40 Boots and sh<>es, 1 cent a pair. Corn.....•...... ••••••••.••••••.•••••••.••..... do ...•.••. .37 Everything is by the pound in Chile. Rye ...... •.....•.•.•.•.•.•.••..•••.....••..•...... do ...... • .23 Corn, one-half cent a pound. .18 Rye, 1 cent" a poun Tariff of Cliile-ContinQed,., countries--if we do nQt "Open up-our. ports. Our ports are wide ______,.....,.. ______.,....,,.,.,...... ,,~....- ...... ,...,.1"---- · open to-day to every country, as compared to their ports, with Artic~e. Duty. the revenue that, they colled on. imports from America, es~ pecially on farm- products. $0.lQ We. bought last year $790,257,'384 worth of imp.orted products f~~·:.::: :: :: :: ::: :: ::: :::::::::::::::::::::: :: .~~~g:.:: :::::::: .04 that we do. not produce. in America, so, that there is not any .015 danger that , we will not· be .able ' to buy abroad.- Let me read ~~ .. .-:.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::~g:::::::::::: .lQ • 01 you a few of these articles . ~~~ ~~-~ ~~~~:' ::: :: :: : : :::: ::: ::::::::::::: :::: i~d:: :::::::::: .005 ' Chemicals_ .and drugs that we do not produce in this country- .01 and I 'will. read only the first figure---$36,000,000 : .015 • 001 Cocoa, $23,000,000 . ~f:t·:·::: :: :::: ::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::: :::: :~~::: ::::::::: Coffee, $H2,000,000. Coffee ...... do, •••••••••.. • 015 • 10 Fibers, $18,000,000. Tea···-···-·-·····----·-············--·--·-·---· .....do .••••.••••.. Unbleached burlap, $41,000,000. Fruits that we do not produe.e, $29,000,000. Nuts that we do. not produce, $12,000,00Q, NOTE.-Chilean exchange. was quoted at 12 cents, .Decem);>cr, 1921. 1 Skins from animals, $25,000,000. 1\1r. GOODING. The ta.riff rates in Geri;naoy ·ai-e as follows: India rubber, $75,000,000. Metals an(! minerals, $3il,000,000. Corn, 28 cents a buBhel. Vegetable oils, $20,000,000. Wheat. 36 cents a bushel. Precious stones, $36,000,000. Oats, 16 cents a· bushPl. Silks, and manufactures of silks, $259,000,000. Rice, 50.cents per 100 ponnds.• Tea, $14.000,000. Rye, . 50 cents per 100 pounds. Barley, 40 cents pet· 100 pounds. I ask to have this table printed as part of my remarks. Brans, 20 cents per 100 pounds, The VIOE PRESIDElNT. Without objection, it is so ordered. Cocoa, $7 per 100 pounds. is Chocolate, !);5.40 per 100 pounds. The matter referred to as follows: Sheep, $1.HO eaob. Imports of commodities not pr-0 .7558 CONGR.ESSION AL RECORD-SENATE. l\{AY 24, Then another statement appenrs; and this is not questioned, "R~olved by the following Republican ttewspape1· publishers of the State of Washingt 4 SEC. 2. That the Secretary is autho.cized to investigate .the'.'feasibllity Vance ·a -better idea than iS in I this bill? 'Unless 'he can ao 80, of l'eclaiming -the land.s within any district in any S tate under contract 1t is his duty to support the Smith-MeNary reclamation ·bill. 'With the l\Ir. McCUl\IBER. Mr. President-- The Senator from New Jersey [1\Ir. EDGE] with the Senator 1\lr. ASHURST. I yield to the distinguished Senator from from Oklahoma [Mr. OWEN]; North Dakota. The Senator from Indiana [Mr. NEW] with the Senator from Mr. McCUMBER. I thought the Senator from At·izona had Tennessee [Mr. MCKELLAR] ; concluded. The Senator from Indiana [Mr. W A.TSON] with the Senator Mr. ASHURST. I will yield the floor, if that will please the from Mississippi [Mr. WILLIAMS]; and Senator. The junior Senator from Ohio [Mr. WILLIS] with the senior 1\!r. McCUMBER. Mr. President, may I ask that the Secre Senator from Ohio [Mr. PoMEBENE]. · tary restate the amendment to which this argument has t-een The result was announced-yeas 17, nays 36, a · follows: directed? YE.A.S-17 • • THE TARIFF. Burs um Johnson Oddie Sterling Capper Jones, N. Mex. Phipps Wadsworth The Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, resumcti the ron Ernst Jones, Wash. roi.ndexter Gooding McNary Rawson sideration of the bill ( H. R. 7 456) to provide revenue, to regu Harreld Nicholson ·Shortridge ·late commerce with foreign countries, to encourage the indus N.A.YS-36. tries of the United States, and for other purposes. Ball Hale Lodge Smith The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will state the pend Borah Harris l\IcCumbet· Smoot ing amendment. Brandegee Harrison McKinley Spencer Calder Heflin McLean Stanley The ASSISTANT SECRETABY. The question is. on the amend Curtis Hitchcock Moses Sutherlaud ment proposed by the junior Senator from Colorado [:M:r. Dial Kellogg Newberry Town end NICHOLSON], on page 37, line 11, to strike out "20 per cent Fletcher Kendrick Robinson Walsh, Mass. France La Follette ShE'ppard Wali;ih, Mont. ad vulorem " and to insert in lieu thereof " 3 cents per pound," Frelinghuysen Lenroot Simmons Warren so as to read: NOT VOTING-43. Crystalline lump, chip, or dust, 3 cents per pound. Ashurst Elkins New Shields Broussard Fernald Norbeck "tanfield l\fr. HARRISON. Mr. President, I suggest the absence of 'a Cameron Gerry Norris Swanson quorum. Caraway Glass Overman '.l'rammell call Colt Keyes Owen Underwood , The VICE PRESIDENT. The Secretary will the :roll. Crow King rage Watson, Gn. . The reading clerk called the roll, and the following Senators Culberson Ladd Pepper Watson, Ind. answered to their names : Cummins McCormick Pittman Weller Dillingham McKellar Pomerene Williams ·Ashurst Harrison l\IcNuy Smith du Pont Myers Ransdell Willi Borah Heflin Moses Smoot Edge Nelson Reed Broussard Johnson Newberry Spencer Bursum. Jones, N. Mex. Nicholson Sterling So Mr. NICHOLSON'S amendment to the amendment of tlte Calder Jones, Wash. Oddie Sutherland Committee on Finance was rejected. Capper Kellog~ Phipps Townsend Curtis Kendrick Poindexter Wadsworth Mr. HEFLIN. I move to amend the committee amendment on Dial La Follette Ransdell Walsh, Mass. page 37, line 11, after the word U dust," by striking out H 20 per Fletchel' Lenroot Rawson Walsh, Mont. cent ad valorem " and inserting " 1! cents per pound " ; so a to France Lodge Robinson Warren Gooding Mccumber Sheppard provide a duty of 1! cents per pound on crystalline lump, chiv, Hale McKinley Shortridge or dust graphite. I ask for the yeas and nays on the nmend Harris McLean Simmons ment to the amendment. 'rhe VICE PRESIDENT. Forty-nine Senators having an The yeas and nays were ordered, and the reading clerk pro S\Yered to their names, a quorum is present. The question is on ceeded to call the roll. the amendment of the Senator from Cotorado [Mr. NICHOLSON] Mr. JONES of Washington (when bis nnm was called). to the committee amendment. Making the same announcement as before with reference to my l\Ir. WALSH of Massachusetts. Mr. President, the amend pair and its transfer, I \ote "yea." ment proposed by the Senator from Colorado to the committee Mr. MOSES (when the name of l\1r. KEYES was called). Were . _amendment refers to lump graphite. The committee amendment he present, my colleague, the junior Senator from New Hamp fixes a rate of 20 per cent ad valorem. If the amendment pro shire [Mr. KEYES] would vote" nay" on this amendment to the posed by the Senator from Colorado is adopted it will be equiva amendment. lent to an ad valorem rate of 50 per cent. Mr. LODGE (when his name was called). I have a general 1\fr. HARRISON. On this question I call for the yeas and pair with the Senator from Alabama [Mr. U ~ DERwoon], but I nays. am informed that if present be would vote as I am about to \Ote, The yeas and nays were ordered, and the reading clerk pro and I will therefore vote. I vote " nay." ceeded to call the roll. l\Ir. McKINLEY (when hi" name was called). Making the Mr. MOSES (when Mr. KEYEs's name was called). I am same announcement as before in reference to my pair and it authorized by my absent colleague [Mr. KEYES] to state that if transfer, I vote "'nay." present he would vote " nay " on this amendment to the amend The roll call was concluded. ment. l\Ir. HARRISON. Ha the junior Senator from W t Virginia Mr. LODGE (when his name was called). I have a general [l\Ir. ELKINS] voted? pair with the Senator from Alabama [l\Ir. UNDERWOOD]. I un The VICE PRESIDENT. He has not. derstand, ll.pwever, that on this question he would vote as I am Mr. HARRISON. I transfer my pRir with him to the jnnior about to ~te, and therefore I am at liberty to vote. I vote Senator from Rhode Island [l\Ir. GERRY] and \Ote "nay." "nay." The result was announced-yeas 17, nays 35, as follows: Mr. McKINLEY (when his name was called). Transferring YEAS-17. my pair with the junior Senator from Arkansas [Mr. CARA.WAY] Bruussard Johnson Oddie Shortt"idge Bursum Jones, N. Mex. Phipps terling to the junior Senator from Pennsylvania [l\1r. PEPPER] I vote Capper Jones, Wash. Poindexter "nay." Gooaing McNary Robinson The roll call was concluded. Heflin Nich<>lson Sheppard l\lr. JONES of Washington (after having voted in the affirma NAYs-35. tive). Has the senior Senator from Virginia [Mr. SWANSON] Ball Hale l\IcCumber RpC'ucer Borah llarreld McKinley Stanley voted? Brandegee Harris McLean Sutherland The VICE PRESIDENT. He has not. Calder ..... Harrison 1\Iose '.l'<>wnsend Mr. JONES of Washington. I have a pair with that Senator Curtis Kellogg Newberry Wadsworth Dial Kendrick Rawson Wal.h,Mai::.·. for the time that he is necessarily absent during the day. I Ernst La Follette Simmons Wal!lh, font. find, however, that I can transfer that i)air to the Senator from France Lenroot Smith Warren Oregon [Mr. STANFIELD] . I do so, and will allow my vote to Frelinghuysen Lodge Smoot stand. · NOT YOTING--44. Ashurst Fernald Nel&on n eed Mr. CURTIS. I am requested to announce the following Cameron F letcher New Shields pairs: Cai-away Gerry Norbeck Stanfield The Senator from Arizona [Mr. CAMERON] with the Senator Colt Glass Norris Swan,on Crow Hitchcock Overman Trammell from Georgia [Mr. W ATSoN] ; Culberson K eye Owen "L'nderwood The Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. CoLT] with the Senator Cummins King Page Waf,,-<>D, Ga. from Florida [Mr. TRAMAiELL] ; Dillingham Ladd Pepper 'Vatson, I11d . du Pont McCormick Pittman Weller The Senator from Vermont [Mr. DILLINGHAM] with the Sena· ECge McKellai: Pomerene Willia me tor from Virginia [Mr. GLASS] ; , Elkins Myer& Hans dell Willie; 1922. CONGRESSIONAI.1 RECORD-SENATE. 7561 So l\Ir. HEFLIN's amendment to •the committee amendment sistent opposition to it, but the information which I have will was rejected. not justify the rate. The VICE PRESIDENT. The next amendment propose~ by Fortunately we have quite an accurate and comprehensive the Senator from Colorado [Mr. NICHOLSON] to the amendment survey regarding this commodity. It is very graphically pic of the committee will be stated. tured in the report of the Geological Survey of tbe Interior The HEADING CLERI{. On page 37, paragraph 213a, line 11, Department, which give an outline showing the production of before the word " cents," it is proposed to strike out the numeral the commodity and the prices over a series of years from 1883 " 2 " and. to insert the numeral " 5," so as to read: down to and including 1920. On the question of production I CrystaJline flake, 5 cents per pound. find by looking at this document that from 1883 to about 1898 the oroduction ranged from 5,000 to 10,000 tons per annum. 1\lr. WALSH of 1\lassachusetts. Mr. President, as crystalline After that time the production increased until about 1901. graphite is selling now from 3 to 4 cents a pound, if this amend Then it began again to increase quite rapidly, and reached a ment to the amendment be adopted it will impose an equivalent production of around forty to fifty thousand tons, and remained ad valorem rate of between 133 and 167 per cent, the highest at that production until about 1908. In 1910 we were producing rate that I have yet heard mentioned in connection with the about 55,000 tons· per annum, and at that point the imports pending tariff bill. began rapidly to decrease. The imports in 1910 were about The VICE PRESIDENT. Th.e question is on the amendment the same as the domestic production, 50,000 tons per annum, proposed by the Senator f ·om Colorado to the amendment of and the imports from that time on decreased until they amounted the committee. The amendment to the amendment was rejected. to less than 10,000 tons, about six or seven thousand tons per The VICE PRESIDEXT. The question recurs on the com annum. The domestic p_roduction increased rapidly, and in ,.. mittee amendment. 1912 amounted to about 115,000 tons, and in 1917 and 1918 The amendment. \Yas agreed to. ran up to nearly 270,000 tons, the imports in the meantime Mr. NICHOLSON. I reserve the right to offer in the Senate, being negligible. when we again reach the schedule, the amendments I have to We also have a chart showing the prices, and that chart day offered to the committee amendment. shows almost a uniform price from 1883 to 1916, and that uni Mr. McCUMBER. Mr. President, I now ask to return to form price was right around $6 per ton. It varied somewhat; paragraph 211, on page 35, lines 24 and 25. sometimes it would go up to $7 a ton, sometimes down to $5 The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment proposed by the a ton; but I think, taking it right along, as an average it Committee on Finance at that point will be stated. amounted to $6 per ton from 1883 to 1916. From that point The READING CLERIC On page 35, after line 23, it is pro the price rose rapidly, almost acutely, from $6 per ton in 1916 to po:ed by •the Committee on Finance to strike out paragraph over $25 per ton in 1919 ; and, as the Senator from Utah has 211, as follows: just stated, the present price is over $20 per ton. I should like. to know "upon what principle of legislation you Graphite or plumbago, crude or refined, not specially provided for, 10 pee cent all valorem. are proposing this enormous increase of duty on this commodity. The American product is of a higher quality than that which The VICE PRESIDENT. The question is on agreeing to the is being imported, and, so far as I can learn, there is no con committee amendment. siderable quantity in any foreign country which is at all likely The amendment was agreed to. to find a market in the United States. In addition to that, :Mr. 1\IcCU:MBER. I now ask to return to paragraph 207, we have been exporting a considerable quantity of this material. page 34, where the Committee on Finance propose an amend I think we are exportinO' now, or we1·e last year, at the rate ment relative to tluorspar. of about 2,500 or 3,000 tons per annum, and the imports are The VICE PRESIDENT. The amendment propbsed by the absolutely negligible. Committee on lf'inance in the paragraph referred to will be Here is the way the imports ha.ve run : stated. In 1919, when the price of the imported ore was $15.50 a ton, The READING CLERK. On page 34, paragraph 207, line 10, we imported something over 6,000 tons. after the word "fiuorspar" it is proposed by the Committee on In 1920 the imports were higher than they had been during Finance to strike out "5 per ton of 2,000 pounds: Provided, the war period, but not very much. They were 21,000 tons. That after the e::\.-piration of one year beginning on the day In 1921 the importations decreased to 5,560 tons, and for the following the passage of this act, the duty on fiuorspar shall firs~ three months of 1922 they amounted only to 1,693 tons. be $4 per ton of 2,000 pounds," and to in ert "$5.60 per ton," That does not show that this country is going to be flooded so as to read : with this commodity. Fluorspar, $5.60 per ton. The price now is four or five times what it wa during a Mr. JONES Of New l\1exico. Mr. President, to me this is series of years from 1883 to 1916. For nearly a quarter of a an unu. ual proposal. The present duty on this commodity is century the price remained almost stationary at $6 per ton, $1.50 per ton, which was equivalent in 1914 to 39 per cent. and now a duty of $5.60 per ton is proposed. The Payne-Aldrich law imposed a duty of only $3 per ton~ In Canada they produce no more than the amount they which at the time that law was enacted was equivalent to a consume, on the whole. It is true that on the western coast duty of 95 per cent. Now the Committee on Finance propose to some of this commodity is imported from Canada, because it is impose a duty on this commodity of $5.60 per ton, which, based not used in the western part of Canada. It is used in the on the 1914 prices, will amount to 147 per cent; on the 1910 eastern part, and in the eastern part of Canada they have to prices to 176 per cent; and on present prices, those for 1922, import the commodity from the United States. will amount to 70 per cent. We have heard a great deal here about some imports from Mr. SMOOT. I think to-day the price for the commodity is Canada and about duty upon the Canadian commodities which about $20 a ton. are being brought into this country. I want to suggest to Sen Mr. JONES . of New Mexico. The import price is not $20 ators that this is no time for the United States to build a tariff per ton. The import price for 1921 was $12.50 a ton and the last wall merely for the purpose of retaliation. That has cropped foreign price which I have, for 1922, is $8 per ton. out in the consideration of this bill a number of times. Even Mr. SMOOT. Is the Senator speaking of the price in Mexico? on limestone a high tariff is asked simply because on the west l\Ir. JONES of New Mexico. Yes; I am peaking of the for- ern coast there is one concern which may export some lime eign price. · stone to the United States, and the reason given for the request l\Ir. SMOOT. I notice the price per ton in Mexico is $12 and for the duty was simply as a matter of retaliation, because the price per ton in Kentucky and Illinois is $20 and $22 a ton. Canada has a tariff upon the importation of limestone there; According to those figures the percentage would be less than and so with other commodities. stated by the Senator from New l\fexico. Canada reaches from one ocean to the other. Her conditions Mr. J01\"'ES of New Mexico. Under those prices the per are varied, very much the same as they are in the United centage would, of course, be less. .States; but this is no time to build up a tariff wall for the sake Mr. SMOOT. That is all I wanted to correct. of retaliation against what Canada has done. On the other Mr. JONES of New :Mexico. At any rate, we are proposing hand, it seems to me that we should try to bring about a better to increase the present duty of $1.50 a ton to $5.60 a ton. feeling, a more reciprocal condition, between this country and Mr. SMOOT. That is right. Canada. · Mr. JONES of New :Mexico. It seems to me that that is hardly The evidence on which the committee acted in making this justified. If the committee has any information which will recommendation, or, at any rate, the evidence which wns before justify that rate, of course I statement wa · not aware of the facts. I will just call atten- Ilected, :and with the inc1~a. e I believe we will receive a con- tion to what he has to ay. siderable increase in revenue. Tile principal witness asking this duty was Mr. Northen, of I ,want to call attention to on-e more statement. I will not Hopkinr~n· me, Ky., representing the fiuorspar producers of Ken- .read all rthat 1is :contained Jn the tariff-information service but tucky rand Illinoi . I may say that the cgreat production of this only a ingle paragraph here in which it is tated: commodity is in the State of Illinois, reachin!?~ over into the ' Over 90 per eent .of the dome' stic production of fiuorspar is minell State of Kentucky. There is some of it produced in my State, near Rosiclare. Ill. .The :field xtends aero s the Ohio River into the Kew ~1exieo , and · ome in various other States, but 85 or 90 per adjoining counties of Kentucky. Fluorspar is al o produced in New cent Of it i:'l produced in the State of Jllinois. That witne s, Hampshire, .Arizona, and Colorado. who e testimony wa taken, doubtless, as the basis for this rate But I will consider only the 90 per cent which is produce to operate, at least for some time to come, notwithstanding the Mr. McCUl\IBER. I hope before be dra,vs that kincl of mathe fact that we bave only given about from 50 to 60 per cent of matical conclusion the Senator will draw it from the eYidence what the mine owners thought was necessary for protection. and not from his statement. I read the letter to show that the Mr. JO:NES of New Mexico. ~Jr. President, I do not care to f. o. b. price at the mines is the figure. He gaT"e the price in prolong this discussion, but it seems to me, from what the England and what it cost at the mine. Senator from North Dakota has said, that he demonstrated l\Ir. JOl\TES of New Mexico. About $2.50, as I understand that this is no time in which to propose a revision of the tariff the Senator. upon these commodities. Mr. l\1cCUMBER. That is, at the mine. But remember that The situation in respect to this item is in great measure the the mines are 100 miles inland, and the product has to come same as tbat of hundreds and thousands of other items in the by rail from the mines to the boat. There are the freight bill. The Senator from North Dakota has himself developed a charges, though I do not know just what they are, as well as state of facts which sho•i that we have no information on the cost of unloading from the railroad and loading onto the which we can le\y a dut'Y at this time under any theory of boat, and there is also the cost of transportation to this side. tariff legislation, either for revenue or for protection. l\fr. JONES of New Mexico. The witness suggests that it Mr. 1\IcCU:MBER. l\lr. President, does not the Senator really comes over in ballast. agree with me that, taking the importation price of about $12.41 Mr. l\lcCUMBER. Of coui·se, he said it comes over as ballast per ton, which is the last figure we have, and which is quite but he did not say it came for nothing. ' low ; and taking into consideration what the price was before l\lr. JO~ES of New ~fexico . But he means to infer that the the war; taking into consideration the increase in labor wages transportation charge is comparatively nominal. That is what in Great Britain, that we may safely assume that about $12 a he means.' ton, which is not very different from what it was a short time l\Ir. :McCU:MBER. J_,et me call attention to another thfoO' if ago, will continue to be the price for some time, and if we have the Senator will allow me. The Senator gave about 22,000 t~ns only given a duty of ·$5, when the real difference in the cost of as the amount that came over in 1910. production here and abroad, according to the most up-to-date l\Ir. JONES of New Mexico. In 1910 there were 42 000 tons figures, is about $20,. we have given sufficient leeway for a imported. ' reduction in the price in the United States? If the Senator will l\Ir. ~IcCU:MBER. There were nearly 22,000 tons imported allow me, I agree with him that it is a difficult time to fix tariff in 1921. rates. l\lr.. JO:NES of New Mexico. I gave the amount, 21,975 tons. l\lr. JONES of Kew Mexico. I am 0 'lad the Senator concedes l\Ir. ~IcCUMBER. That is a very good importation for one - that. I think the facts surrounding this item emphasize that year. point, a point which I have tried to present here time and again l\lr. JONES of New Mexico. But I called attention to the fact during the discussion of the bill. ~hat the very next year the importations fell off to 5,560 tons. The Senator from North Dakota says that the mines are l\lr. l\lcCUMBER. On account of the depression which the closed down because of importations. I do not believe the Sena Senator will admit, to a great extent. ' tor intends to insist upon that as a statement of the facts. It Mr. JONES of New Mexico. The foreign price of it had in f';eems to me that if the mines are closed down it is simply be creased from $10.75 to $12.50 per ton. So the trouble is not cause there is no demand for the product. The open-hearth with any competition in the production of fluorspar, but it is furnaces of the country are closed down. The consumption depression of business in this country. I would like to kn·ow if demand does not exist in the country. We are not being flooded we put upon stilts the price of this product, which the steel by any great quantity of importations. As I stated to the Sena furnaces must have, will we encotll'age the resumption of busi tor, the importations have been less than they were even before ness? I submit that the situation here can only tell us that this the war. Just let me gfre the Senator some figures. is no time to try to fix prices upon fluorspar through a tariff bill. Mr. President, I suggest the absente of a quorum. In 1910 we imported 42,000 tons, leaving off the odd figures; The PRESIDI~G OFFICER. The Secretary will call the in 1911, 32,000 tons; 1912, 26,000 tons; and in 1913, 22,000 tons. roll. Those are the years prior to the war, and the lowest was 22,000 The reading clerk called the roll, and the following Senators tons in 1913. In no year since that time has that amount beeu answered to their names : equaled. From 1910 to 1913, inclusive, the importations de Ball Hale :\IcKinley Shortridge creased from 42,000 tons to 22,000, and in no year since that Brandegee Harris :.Uc Lean Simmons time have they amounted to as much as 22,000 tons. Calder Johnson McNary Smith Capper Jones, N. Mex. Newberry Smoot On the contrary, the most that was imported in any one year l'urtis Jones, Wash. :\'icholson Spencer since that time was in 1920, when the importations were 21,975 Dial Kellogg Oddie Sterling tons, ana· in the very next year, 1921, when the imported price Elkins Kendrick Page Sutherland Ernst La Follette Pepper Townsend was h.igher, the foreign price in 1921 being $12.50, we imported France Lenroot Phipps "'adsworth only 5,560 tons. Frelinghuysen Lodge Rawson Warren In the first three months of 1922, the present year, we im Gooding Mccumber Sheppard ported only 1,693 tons. That shows the least quantity in im The PRESIDING OFFICER. Fo1·ty-three Senators have portation that we have had almost, only 5,000 tons in the whole answered to their names. There is not a quorum present. :year of 1921, while prior to the war we were importing at the The Secretary will call the names of absentees. rate of about 22,000 tons, although that decreased. There is The Assistant Secretary called the names of the absent Sen nothing shown but a decrease of importations when the present ators, and l\fr. BURSUM and 1\fr. STANLEY answered to their duty is only $1.50. Ever since the $3 rate was put on in 1910 names when called. there has been an increase. When the $1.50 rate was put on The PRESIDING OFFICER. Forty-five Senators have an. the importations continued to decrease. So it is evident that swered to their names. There is not a quorum present. there is something wrong with the industry rather than the Mr. McOUMBER. I move that the Sergeant at Arms be enormous importations. The industry is not threatened with directed to procure the attendance of absent Senators. any effect, in my judgment, by importations from abroad. The motion was agreed to. I do not know where the statement of the witness came from The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Sergeant at Arms will which the Senator from North Dakota has read. It does not carry out the order of the Senate and secure the attendance of appear in the hea1ings before the Senate Finance Committee. absent Senators. I suppose it is something very recent. It is the statement of Mr. BROUSSARD and Mr. SHIELDS entered the Chamber nwl an interested party as to the cost of the English fiuorspar, and answered to their names. if it only costs $2.50 to put it upon the boat in Great Britain After a little delay Mr. ROBINSON and l\fr. PITTMAN entered · and it comes over in ballast, I would like to know why it does the Chamber and answered to their names. not get here and enter this market for less than $20 a ton. If The PRESIDING OFFICER. Forty-nine Senators haYing those are the facts, why is not the domestic production stopped answered to their names, there is a quorum present. The q ues entirely? The Senator certainly can not seriously believe that tion is on the amendment of the Senator from New Mexico [Mr. that reflects the actual condition. JONES] to the amendment of the committee, which will be I do not believe any sane person would think of enacting a stated. tariff bill based upon any such information as that. Here the The ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Strike out "$5.60" and insert Senator tells us in one breath that it costs comparatively nothing in lieu thereof" $1.50," so as to read: to put it upon the boat, that it comes over here in ballast, and Fluorspar, $1.50 per ton. yet the price of it in the United States is over $20 per ton. Mr. Sil\DJONS. Let me understand exactly what this amend It seems to me Senators should reflect upon the effect of such ment is. I was not here when it was discussed. I will ask the testimony as that. Senator from Utah to explain it. .• 7564 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. l\IAY 24, - Mr. SMOOT. The rate on fluorspar is $5.60 a ton, as pro strike out " materials, crude or advanC'ed in condition," and vided in the committee amendment. The Senator from New insert ••materials (crude or advanced in condition)," so as to Mexico offered an amendment to strike out $5.60 per ton and read: .insert $1.50 per ton. F?arthy or mineral sub~tances wholly or partly manufacturc>d and Mr. SIMMONS. I ask for the yeas and nays on agreeing articles, wares, and materials (crude or advanced in condition), com to the amendment to the amendment of the committee. p,osed wholly or in chief value of earthy or mineral substances, etc. The yeas and nays were ordered, and the Assistant Secretary The amendment was agreed to. proceeded to call the roll. The next amendment was, on page 38, line 1, before the Mr. JONES of Washington (when his name was called). words "per cent," to strike out "21 " and insert " 35," so as to Making the same announcement as before with reference to my read, "if not decorated in any manner, 35 per cent ad pair and its transfer, I vote "nay!' valorem." l\Ir. McKINLEY (when his name was called). I transfer my Mr. SIMMONS. Mr. President,• the House rate upon this pair with the Senator from Arkansas [Mr. CARAWAY] to the product is 21 per cent ad valorem Under the act of 1913 it Senator from Minnesota [Mr. NELSON] and vote "nay." was 20 per cent ad valorem. Under the Payne-Aldrich law Mr. SIMMONS (when his name was called). I transfer my it was 35 per cent ad valorem. So that the proposition of the general pair with the junior Senator from Minnesota (Mr. KEir Finance Committee of the Senate is simply a proposition to LOGG] to the junior Senator from Rhode Island [Mr. GERRY] restore the Payne-Aldrich rate. and vote " yea." Under the much lower rate · o! the present law a situation Mr. WARREN (when his name was called). I have a gen has arisen with refe1·ence to this product which, I think, shows eral pair with the Senator from North Carolina [Mr. OVERMAN], conclusively that there is no justification for practically dou which I transfer to the junior Senator from Oregon [Mr. STAN· bling the rate. The imports have been exceedingly small. The FIELD] and vote "nay." imports in 1914 of plain articles and ware were valued at The roll call was concluded $90,326, and of the decorated articles and ware only $22,000. Mr. BALL (after having voted in the negative). Has the The later statistics which are given by ihe Tariff Commission senior Senator from Florida [Mr. FLETCHER] voted? show, with respect to a part of the plain article, that the im The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. McNARY in the chair). ports are less to-day than they were in 1914. In 1919 they That Senator has not voted. were $90,000, while in the nine months of 1921 other articles Mr. BALL. I transfer my general pair with that Senator to and ware, composed of earthy or mineral substances, whether the junior Senator from Delaware [Mr. DU PONT], and let my susceptible of decoration or not, not decorated, were only vote stand. $26,000. Of other articles and ware composed of earthy or Mr. CURT.JS. I desire to announce the following pairs: mineral substances, whether susceptible of decoration or not, The Senator from Vermont [Mr. Dn.LINGHAM] with the Sena- decorated, for the nine months of 1921 there were imported tor from Virginia [l\1r. GLASS] ; · only $7,022 worth. The Senator from Maine [Mr. FERNALD] with the Senator I believe I might just as well discuss the other rate at this from New Mexico [Mr. JONES] ; time. The other rate is increased. from 28 per cent to 45 per The Senator from Indiana [Mr. NEw] with the Senator from cent. That is really the material rate. The first is not of very Tennessee [Mr. 1\IcKELLAR] ; great importance; but the second is of much greater importance, The Senator from New Jersey [1\Ir. EDGE] with the Senator because it applies to articles that are in common use. That from Oklah-0ma [Mr. OWEN] ; rate is raised from 28 to 45 per cent ad valorem. As it seems The junior Senator from Ohio [Mr. WILLIS] with the senior to be impossible to separate the items, I will read with reference Senator from Ohio [Mr. POMERENE] ; to both from the Summary of Tariff Information: The Senator from Arizona [Mr. CAMERON] with the Senator Sewer pipe is salt-glazed clay pipe used for conveying water or from Georgia [Mr. WATSON] ; sewage and as conduit pipe for subsurface electric cables. Draintile ar_e unglazed clay pipes used for draining the surplus water from The Senator from Indiana [Mr. WATSON] with the Senator marshy or flooded farm lands. Firepro-0fing tile or block are solid or from Mississippi [Mr. WILLIAMS] ; and hollow blocks of burned clay used in place of brick or concrete for walls The Senator from New Jersey [Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN] with and floors. Combustible material, such as straw, sawdust, or coal, ls often added to the clay mix, so that the buxned product is light in weight the Senator from Montana [Mr. WALSH]. and very porous. Mr. COLT. Making the same announcement as on the former That is a general description of articles which are covered vote, I vote " nay.,, by one or the other of the rates fiXed in this paragraph. The result was announced-yeas 15, nays 38, not voting 43, Now let me call attention to the situation with reference to as follows: YEAS-15. the domestic production, The domestic indusb:y manufactures practically the entire domestic Ashurst La Follette Sheppard Stanley supply of these prodncts. All machinery and equipment are produced Dial Myers Shields Underwood or manufactured in the United States, a.nd the domestic procei;;se are at Harris Pittman Simmons Walsh, Mass. least as efficient as those used in any foreign country. Sewer pipe is Harrison Robinson Smith produced in heavy presses, which shape the article from a clay slug; NAYS-38. draintile and fireproofing block are made by forcing the clay through Ban Gooding McKinley Shortridge a die at the discharge end of the mixing or pug mill. In this manner Brandegee Hale McLean Smoot finished green tile are produeed in on operation. Broussard Johnson ~ McNary Spencer The industry is widely distributed throughout the United States. Bursum Jones, Wash. Newberry Sterling There was 70,900,000 invested therein in 1914, divided among 769 Calder Kellogg Nicholson Sutherland establishments manufacturing sewer pipe and dralntile, and 115 estab Colt Kendrick Oddie Townsend lishments manufacturing fireproofing tile or block. Ohio, New Jersey, Curtis Ladd Page Wadsworth Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, and Iowa are the most im Elkins Lenroot Pepper Warren portant producing States. Ernst . Lodge Phipps '.rhe manufacture of sewer pipe and draintile originated in England France McCumber Rawso11 and continental Europe, but fireproofin_g tile is an American d~vrlop· ment growing out of. the local steel-eonstruction practice. The manu NOT VOTING-43. factures of sewer pipe and draintile are local industries in all foreign Borah Fletcher 1>icKellar Reed countries, the domestic industries producing enough to satisfy the home Cameron Frelinghuysen Moses Stanfield market. Capper Gerry Nelson Swanson The cost of these articles per unit of weight is small, a.Dd the care Caraway Glass New Trammell ful packing necessary when long-distance shipments are to be made re Crow Harreld Norbeck Walsh, Mont. stricts the market of the domestic plants and practically prohibits in Culberson Heflin Norris Watson, Ga. ternational shipments. Cummins Hitchcock Overman Watson, Ind. Dillingham Jones, N. Mex. Owen Weller This meaM that we are producing in this country all these du Pont Keyes Poindexter WDliams products that the domestic market requires; that those prod Edge King · Pomerene Willis ucts are produced in foreign countries, but are produced in Fernald McCormick Ransdell localities to supply the immediate demand of the locality, and So the amendment of Mr. JONES of New Mexico to the com that on account of the packing that is necessary, the weight mittee amendment was rejected. and bulk of the article, long-distance shipments are imprac The PRESIDING OFFICER. The question is on agreeing ticable, and that as a result this situation practically prohibits to the committee amendment. the international shipments. The amendment was agreed to. So w;e have a situation where we are protected against for Mr. SMOOT. I ask that we now take up paragraph 214, eign competition by the very conditions and circumstance:il page 37. which environ the production of the articles here and abroad. The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Secretary will state the The production of specified clay prod"Qcts in the United States amendment. in specified years has been as follows: The ASS'.ISTANT SECRETARY. In paragraph 214, on page 37, Draintile, in 1914, $8,000,000-I shall not rend an the figureR, line 21. after the word " and " where it occurs the second time, but merely give the round numbers-in 1918, $8,000.000; in •. 1922. OONGRESSION AL RECORD-SENATE. .7565 1919. $J 0,000,000 ; in 1920, the last year for which figures are In the Reynolds report is given the result of the investigation given, $13,000,000 . which was made us to gas radiants, which fall under this para . Hollow buililil1g tile or block, in 1914, $8,000,000; in 1918, graph. The following is the result : The foreign 1alue of each $13,000,000; in 1919, $16,000,000; and in 1920, $25.000,000. gas radiant was 2.6 cents; the landing charge was one-tenth Sewer pipe, in J914, $1-1.000,000; in 1918, $15,000,000; in 1919, of a cent; the selling price in the United States of the foreign $16,000,000; and 1920, $22,000,000. article was 4..2. cents. Granting a profit of 33! per cent only This makes a total of $GO,OOO.O-OO of products, roughly esti not what was probably charged upon the article itself, but just mated. Tlrnt is tlle domestic production in 1920. allowing the 33! per cent-it would require a duty of 2,.53 per Now, what were the imports? The Tariff Commission says cent to equalize the foreign product and the· product in the no statistics are aYailable, but the amount is negligible. Why United States. negligible, l\Ir. President? The pa.rt of this Tariff Commissi~n I recognize that under conditions of that kind we can not report which I read a little while ago explains why. It is keep these commodities out, anu I am frank to say that there because of the fact that they are produced in foreign countries are ve1-y few of them that are eYer used. Therefore it would be only for the purpose of supplying the local demand, and be unfair for me to stand here and say that there ought to be a cause of tile nature of the article the requirements in connec duty of 253 per cent, as is recommended by the Reynolds tion with its packing and shipping are such us to make inter report. Conditions do not justify any such position, nor has national shipments out of the queation. tlrn committee taken any such p"osition. The position they do The importations, therefore, are negligible. At times small ~ake is that on the undecorated wares-that is, the great major amounts of Canadian pipe and tile are imported from plants ity of the articles falling within this paragraph-there shall clo e to the international boundary. but those shipments from be a duty of 35 per cent and a duty of 45 per cent on the anada are so insignificant and so local in their character that decorated, giving 10 per cent differential between the plain this great go1ernmental agency investigating the matter for and the decorated. the purpose of ascertaining whether it was necessary and The Senator from North CaTolina refers to the fact that iri proper to put a duty on for the protection of American products tile House bill the rate on the undecorated was 21 per cent, does not attempt e1en to given the quantity that we received and that it has been increased to 35 per cent, and on the from Canada. decorated the House bill was 28 per cent, and that has been I thiuk it may be safely said, 1\1r. President, from the d~ta increased to 45 per cent. furnished us by the Tariff Commission when it was makrng Of course, the Senator from North Carolina knows that the inYestigation for the purpose of ascertaining whether this prod House rate was based upon the American valuation, and the uct. together with other products contained in the bill, was rates ·which we recommended in the pending bill a reported to entitled to protection, that there are no importntions of the the Senate by the Committee on Finance are based upon the product of any consequence, at least not sufficient to be men foreign valuation. Take this item alone to which I have re t ioned. Therefore it would seem to me from that statement ferred and see what a difference it would make. that there is no nece ity for imposing a duty upon the product l\lr. SIMl\fONS. May I ask the Senator from Utah a ques for the purpose of protecting American industry. tion? Now, let us see about the exports: Ur. Sl\fOOT. Yes. Small shipments of sewer pipe and building tile are exported to l\Ir. SI~'10NS. Where do the articles of which the Senator Canada, but the amount usually is negligible. speaks come from? So that bec:rn. e of the nature of tile product our importa 1\fr. SMOOT. Most of them come from Germany, and a few tions from our neighbor across the border are so negligible of them come from England, but, so far as the feldspar prod that the Ta-riff Commission does not fhink it necessary to men ucts are concerned, most of them come from Canada. Canada tion them or estimate them, and our exports across the border and the United States produce at least one-half of the feldspar to Canada are o negligible that they do not estimate them or products which are made in the world, and the United States think it nece:-:sary to estimate them. takes practically all of the feldspar products which are made I do not wish to annoy Senators representing the committee, in Canada. but under tilese circumstances I would like to have the Senator Mr. President, I do not know-whether there is any necessity in charge of this particular item explain to the Senate, in view of reading any further in relation to this subject. I could read of the e conditions, upon what princ.1ple they justify imposing from the report of the Tariff Commission as to the necessity of this rate of duty upon the article. I haYe understood that the rates which are here mentioned and call attention to the tlrnse duties were imposed' for the purpose of protecting an fact that feldspar is an important constituent of scouting soap, American-produced product against a foreign-produced product and where feldspar is used and for what purpose ; but I do which was invading our markets and being sold at a price less not belieYe it would be of any interest at all to the Sen.ate for than the American product could be produced for. But here me to do so. we have a case where the American production in 1920 amounted As to this basket cJau e, 1\Ir. President, no Senator can get to nearly $60,000,000 and the imports were absolutely negligible up upon th~ floor of the Senate and say that everything which and the exports were absolutely negligible. If the committee falls within the clause should bear the ex.act duty for which has any reason for the imposition of this duty, I would like to the basket clause provides. hear it. Mr. SIMl\fONS. Can the Senator from Utah give u any idea I can not myself conC'ei'Ve of any reason upon the statement what falls within the basket clause? The Senator has spoken made by the Tariff Commission. We set up the Tariff Commis of feldspar, which is made in Canada. I did not know until rlon, it wrn be remembered, for the purpose of having these now that it costs 45 per cent more to make feldspar in Canada investigations made, in order that they might furnish us the than it does in this counti-y. I have been under the impression data upon which we might determine the question of whether that there was not very much difference between the labor costs '"' ought to give a duty for revenue purposes or protection pur and the material costs in thi country and in Canada. po es or not. Mr. SMOOT. It all comes into this country. l\lr. S:'\IOOT. Mr. Pre ident, paragraph 214 is the basket l\lr. SIMMONS. The Senator from Utah says that we take clause. It takes all manufactured articles of earthy or mineral all the feldspar that Canada produces ; that it requires the There are two paragraphs here, paragraph 212 and para · :!\'Ir. J0~8 of :\'ew .:Vle:x:ico. Tl1e Sernuor has in mind Gt-1'· graph 213. Paragraph 212 relates to nonvitreous, nonabsorbent many. earthenware product. Ur. ST.Al-LEY. 1\lr. President-- Paragraph 213 relates more especially to chinaware and 1\fr. JONES of New hlexico. I sield to the • enntor .from porcelain. On the proposition of paragraph 212, I desire to Kentucky. read a little of the testimony bearing upon the question to show l\lr. ST.A.i'l'LEY. It strikes me, if that be the case, that i · a on what flimsy grounds the majority member of the Finance better reason why it i · not nece8sary to impose fill exorbitant Committee would recommend this increase of taxation. Under duty. Senator must be intellectually ·iucere. I will not 'RY paragraph 212 the rates will be increased ab-Out 50 per cel?-t a?d honest, but they must not blow hot and cold.. One Senator get::, under paragraph 213 not quite so much, but a very material m up and says we have got to put thi" duty on to prewnt dumping. crease. Under paragraph 213 the present rate on the undeco the crime of selling for less abroad than at home. Another rated ware is 50 per cent and on the decorated ware 55 per cent. Senator get.· up and says we have got to put the duty on Under the Payne-Aldrich law the rate on the undecorated ware because they are not dumping, thut they are charging more for was 55 per cent and on the decorated ware it was 60 per cent. goods wJdch are sold abroad than tho8e which are ~old at lwme. The Finance Committee recommends 70 per cent, and this is the One or the other of the reasons i bound to be a bad reason ; kind of testimony: both of them may be bad, but both of them can not possibly George C. Dyer, representing the Sanitary Potters' As •ocia be good. tion, of Trenton, N. J., in speaking of sanitary ware, hows us l\lr. JO_;_ -Es of ... Tew ~fexico. l\1r. President, I ha-ve heard that the production of that ware in the United State.· was from the other side of the Chamber time and again reference $27,000,000 per year, and that during fi:ye years there had only to the situation in Germany. and it looks to me as if thi bill been imported $40,282 worth. There we haYe an annual pro were framed solely against Germany. duction of $27,000,000 and a total importation for five years of I hear " Germany " every day and in connection with almost $40,000, and the only excuse given by him as to why there should every item in the bill, and if there i anything imported from be an increase in duty was that some time prior to tlle war some Germany nt all in connection with a schedule or coming under firm in San Francisco made an offer to a firm in Jnpan for sollle a schedule we are at once frightened by the ghost of Germany. of this sanitary ware. None of it i · being imported now, and Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. l\Ir. Pre ident-- • for five yeaTs there has been imported only $40,000 worth, "bile Mr. J01'.'ES of New Mexico. I want to say to the Senator the annual production is ~27,000,000. that now, three and one-half years after the war, Germany is Mr. STANLEY. Mr. President-- not sending to this country anything like the quantity of these Mr. JONES of New Mexico. I yield to the Senator from ware he was sending prior to the war. There is no excu ·e for Kentucky. becoming frightened at Germany. l\lr. STANLEY. Doe not the Senator from New ).lexico see Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. President, I should like to a ·k the unspeakable outrage of permitting consumers in San Fran the distinguished Senator whether he has made an investiga cisco to buy from Japan or somewhere else, when they can get tion as to prices in Japan, Czecho lovakia, and France? the same thing at an exorbitant price from a tru t as near to l\lr. JOXES of New l\Iexico. Mr. President, I have thoNe San Franrisco as some town in New Jersey? Think of it. The prices; I have made an investigation of them; and I will say market of San Francisco right at the door taken away from to the Senator thnt tl1e evidence which the Senator himself hall them. It is almost unbelievable. shows that the compnrable chinaware from Japan is . elling in Mr. JONES of New Mexico. I must confess that a great many thi · market to-day 25 per cent abo\e the selling price of the people here are very much opposed to letting anything escape. domestic product, and that as to other ware from Germany, That seems to be the purpose of the bill. Whenever there is a Czecho 'lovakia, and other countrie · there can not be found a possibility of anything coming into thi country from abroad, single article of decorated chinaware which has come to this the Senator from New .Jersey and the Senator from Idaho [Mr. country from England, France, Germany, Czechoslovakia, or Gooorno], to whom we listened this afternoon, would at once Japan but is selling in thi · market to-day practically above raise the tariff barriers still higher. Their one object is to pre the selling price of the domestic article. Senators on the other vent absolutely anything from entering the borders of the United side were told that by the Tariff Commission, on which they States of America. should rely, even if they do not. The next witness in regard to this earthenware was Mr. Theo l\Ir. President, the Senator from New Jer ey is frightened dore Jones, representing the wholesalers of earthenware and at Germany. I want to call attention to the fact that under the china, of Boston, l\Iass. He submitted a brief and showed what heading of earthen, stone, china wa1·e, parian, poreelain, and the imports 'Yere of the entire schedule. I may say at this point bisque, not uecorated or ornamented, imports are given in a that the chief imports under both these paragraplls are uecorated very recent compilation of our foreign trade by the Depart tableware. But instead of increasing they have been decreas ment of Commerce. It includes the year 1913 and the calenclar ing, even the decorated ware. The proportion to the domestic year from 1918 to 1921, inclusive. I find in looking at that production is comparatively large, but .decorated ware i a new compilation that as to Germany in 1913 the kind of ware which industry in the United States, comparativelv, and that i a mat I have described was imported to the extent of $508,001, and ter of taste more than anything else, to which I shall refer in that in 1921 the importations only amounted to $306,000-only more detail later. about one-half. As I said a while ago, the price i 250 per cent l\Ir. FRELINGHUYSEN. Mr. President-- of the pre-war price. The same thing is true of the decorated Mr. JONES of New Mexico. I yield to the Senator from New ware from Germany. Prior to the war, in 1913, Germany ex Jersey. ported to the United State $3,235,517 wortll, but in 1921 she Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Did I understand the Senator to exported only '1,902,329 worth; and yet Senators on the other say that the imports of decorated and ornamented ware have side of the Chamber talk about this country being flooded with decreased? importations from Germany. . l\Ir. JONES of New Mexico. I do. If Germany ha all this cheap labor and cheap power an • • 7570 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE~ ~fAY 2~, that under these facts they are now engaged in passing into Mr. JONI1iS of New Mexico. I yield to the Senator. law the highest tariff bill ever known to this country and that Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Froin what authority is the Sena they are doing it because over in Germany there is a depreciated tor reading? mark and cheap labor? Whatever the fads may be as to that, Mr. JONES of New Mexioo. I am reading from a certified they are not interfering with the United States market, and statement from the Treasury Department of the United States. every bit of German decorated ware which is coming into the Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. What is the nature bf it? United States is selling to-day in the .American market for a l\fr. JONES of New Mexico. It is just what I said in the higher price than is the comparable domestic article. beginning. 1\ilr. President, I desire to read just a little from the testi Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Does the Treasury Department mony of l\1r. W. El Wells, of Newell, W. Va., representing the issue statements on incomes of companies? United States Potters' .Association. He was asked by Mr. Mr. JO:NES of New Mexico. This sheet complies with the G~N: - law on the subject, and the Senator from New Jersey has seen Has the price of china advanced in the last year? a great many of just such sheets. Tbe names of the com· Mr. WELLS. About 15 per cent in a year, I should say. panies are not given here, but they are numbered. Mr. TREADWAY. How much in three years? Mr. WELLS. One hundred and eleve.n per cent is what our records l\fr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Then the Senator is reading from show in our factories. the income-tax returns of certain companies engaged in the Mr. TREADWAY. I think my records would confirm that-what I have pottery industry. Is that true? had to pay. Mr. GREE:N". The reason I asked you that question wa.s that one of l\fr. JONES of New Mexico. That is true. the importers who testified here said. that the reason that the imports Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. May I ask the Senator how he can from China and Japan in the 10 months ending October 20 had more distinguish the companies that are engaged in manufacturing than doubled was largely owing to the increase of price. Mr. WELLS. Both the foreign and American prices have increased the product which is protected under these two paragraphs, consideral>ly jn the last year. 212 and 213? Is this return confined to those two items? Does Mr. GREE.N. The imports were about two and one-half. the Senator claim that the return on the industries that are l\!r. WELLS. That is right, within one year. I think that is from 1914 until now. protected under these two items is 32 per cent, or does it not Mr. GREE . You misunder tood me. I am speaking of the increase include all of the pottery indu..."1:ry? in value U. Japan for the 10 months ending in October. There would I know tlre Senator wants to be fair-- be about a million and a half imported in 1919, the 10 months ending October, 1919, and $1,300,000 worth imported in the 10 months ending Mr. JONES of New Mexico. I do want to be fair. October, 1920. Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. .And I want, also, to have the fig. Mr. WELLS. I have not, of course, undertaken to cover the entire ures accurate and identified properly. I should like to ask the ground, but there is just this I want to say, that we are having no demand uow for our goods. We have had more cancellations in the Senator if he is sure that those returns cover the industries last three months than we have taken new business. But the AmPrican that are protected under these two items, or do they cover all potters were so far behind that we are still busily employing all our of the pottery industry, the other industries, too? people on orders that have remained with us 6, s. 10, and 12 months. Mr. OLDFIELD. Are you reducing wages? l\Ir. JONES of New Mexico. l\fr. President; if the Senator Mr. WELLS. We have not. thinks such information as this is important, may I ask him, • • • • • • • when he decided to increase the duty on the e wares, whether The CHAIRMAN. What rates do you recommend? he ascertained the financial condition of the companies that Mr. WELLS. I make a recommendation that the Payne rate be re were producing these wares? stored, and until Germany and Austria get back into that market it will be sufficic_>nt to protect us, at least against England and France. l\Ir. FRELINGHUYSEN. I have general information, and I They have always been honorable competitors. We have divided up have some specific information, too; but I am asking the Sen this market without quarreling. ator a question, and I am asking it in all fairness. The Senator There, Mr. President, was the representative of the pot has quoted certain figures coming from the T1·easury Depart ters' association, who said that the Payne-Aldrich rate would ment-the income-tax returns, which I had suppo ed were privi be sufficient; but the highest rate under the Payne-Aldrich law leged-but nevertheless he is offering for the record these re was 60 per cent, while the committee comes here with a recom turns, and he is claiming that for the year 1920, I think he mendation of 70 per cent-10 per cent higher than the rate for state ~Ir. President, I have here another statement regarding the Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. -What is it? pottery industry which comes from the Census Bureau. The Mr. SMOOT. It is 10 per cent. Bureau of the Census make~ an examination of th~e manufac Mr. JONES of New Mexico. No; it is not. h1ring industries once each five years. We have the data re Mr. FRELINGHUYSEN. Was not the corporation tax 10 garding the pottery industry for the year 1914 and the year per cent? 1919, and from that we get a good deal of information. It is Mr. JONES of New 1\Ie:fi.co. The Senator speaks of the in true that the year 1919 wn just after the war; it was a pros come tax now. I beg the pardon of the Senator from Utah. perou yeaT; but we have the figures for the year 1914 also. We were thinking of different thing~. It is true that the income It will be recalled that during the war the pottery in convinced that the world is making any real progress. They ernment and property, which are a species of power. Wberever point to the rise and fall of nations, to the slender margin ma.!lkind exists these exist. Our only remedy is to regulate which exists between order and 8.Illlrchy, and to the imperfec their used and strengthen the disposition to employ them all, tion"' of goYernment and society which everywhere abound. not for oppression but for service. They point to the intelligence and enlightenment of the past. This is but stating the condition into which mll.Ilkind is born. We know that Democritus bad a conception of the modern This is but recognizing those restraints which are created by 'atomic theory, that Empedocles crudely stated the doctrine of his very existence. We do not live in a.n imaginary life. We e\olution, that the art, the literature, the high ideals, the native live in a real life. The individual may occasionally and tempo ability, the actual accomplishments of the ancients have not rarily secure an advantage for which he has made no return, b en, and so far as we can judge will not be exceeded in kind in but this is always impossible for society. Whatever it has it any human experience. But it is not very disturbin'g to think must create itself. It iS an entire delusion to look for a state tlrnt an eternal purpose had made some progres before yester of freedom, a system of government, an economic organizatiou, day. The promi e of it i that what man has done, mankind under which society can be relieved from the necessity of effort. cnn do. The progress of the race doe not lie merely in the To be the beneficiaries of civilization is not easy but hard. intelligence, philosophy, or the art of a few, but in their pos Those who promise an existence of ease are not raising man se-~~ion by the many, in their general uccepta.nce. America lays kind up; they are pulling them down. The greater freedom no claim to the discoYery of the theory of freedom, or self that men acquire the better government they maintain, the gowrnrnent. Its glory lies in the ability of its people to put higher economic condition they reach the more difficult, the more tho e theories into practice, not merely the power to state them, laborious, must be their lot. It is not a life of ease that will bnt the capacity to li"rn up to them. ever attract men, but the possession of power which comes from There can be no cli cu .. sion: of the basic theory of American achievement and the po session of character which is the result · institution which doe not leacl to a statement of religious be of sustained effort in well-being. lief.. GoYernment is the attempt on the part of mankind to There are oftentimes very grea.t misapprehensions over the adjust tbemsel~es to their true relation~hip. The whole of his apparent conflict between a desire for freedom and the au tory is strewn with efforts to build on the theory of class and thority of the Government. Perhaps the confusion arises in caste, of superior and inferior, of master and slave. part from the perfectly correct a sertion that we live under a The teachings of religion and the philosophy of thinking free government. Our Government derives its power from tbe men both resi, ted this theory of human relationship. Men consent of the people. Its authority is their authority. They couhl not acknowledge the common bond· of brotherhood, the have established it. Its laws are made in accordance with the common source of tbeir being, and long resist the inevitable expression of their will. But it is none the less a. government, conclusion of a common equality of rights. But while such a and its authority is none the less abiding. In obeying it men do conclusion might be acknowledged in theory, the custom and not surrender their liberty to it, but in establishing it they pro trnclition of the Olcl World. the habits and long-e tablished in "9"ide the only source and guaranty that there are for their stitution of its people, made an ulmo t impossible barrier to liberty. its realization. There were wide economic differences so mani When the power of the Government ceases, or even when it ·fe. t to the ern~es that it was almost impossible to di cern the. be put in jeopardy, liberty ceases with it. Those who want spiritual equallties. It was in the New World that these eco their liberty to remain should support the Government as its nomic differences had a great tendency to disappear. Under only source and guaranty, It is only those who are wllling to the power which existed to have land merely for the taking, be pillaged, to see their property destroyed and their life en-· tltt:> old differences in possessionR began to disappear and tllere dangered, who hould withdraw their support fTom organized wn.' a sufficient reenforcement for the theory of equality and government. Liberty is purchased with liberty. There is no frt>edom to make their practical applicution possible. Under choice for those who de ire liberty except to go on making the stimulation of early eighteenth-century speculution nbout such contributions, performing such services, and rendering the theory of go>ernment and under the inspiration of the teach such obedience to the Government as will be sufficient for its ings of religion, men laid down and adopted tho e ba ic princi snpport. pleR which are set out in our Declaration of Independence and There is a misapprehension which is very analogous in regard e~tnblished in our constitutions and laws. The inalienable to our economic relationship. When our institutions were right of ruan to life and liberty, and to be protected in the enjoy adopted the people were much nearer a plane of social and mem of the reward of his own indu try, which are represented economic equality than they are at the present day. The popu by his property, have been much thought on and much discu sed lation was for the most part rural und agricultural. They we-re since that day. employed in those occupations which could be conducted en ')'hey all have their source in religion. The right of man, as tirely by one indtridual. This gave the utmost freedom of mnu, the rtignity of the Ldividnal, find their justification in action in relation to the privilege of the individual to pursue that onrce alone. WheneYer its teachings were fully arlmitJ or change his occupation at will with little or no effect upon ted the regt followed as a matter of course. It was religion others. Gradually this condition hus changed. The factory tho t came fir t, then the establishment of free go,·ernment. system has bren adopted, with its attendant diviSion of labor. w·ith tbe.e there came the opportunity for general education, Hours have been shortened, wage greatly increased, so that for a broader service by the institutions of higher learning., the returns from the effort expended have grown to be very which ushered in the age of science, resulting in the great ma much larger. But freedom of action bas been very much terial prosperity which went on increasing up to tbe outbreak diminished to secure thi result, and the duty toward others of the Great War. llas been very much emphasized. It has been stated that there These were the institutions which Americans built up and must be something wrong when those who make cloth want supported out of their faith in an eternal purpose and out of for clothing and those who make shoes are not well shod. their faith in mankinrl. No one would claim that they ha'e yet The answer to that specific complaint is that al.mo t no indi been brou~ht into perfection. No one would claim that the laws vidual makes shoe or cloth at the present time. They only applicable to a wi e and just administration of the more and perform one of the greu t number of proces es in the making of more intricate relationships under which we live have yet all shoes and cloth. been di. covered. No one would claim that there is, or yet can There is no individual in our modern indu trial life who be.. uch an administration of laws, such an obRervance of con produces all the different articles which he u es. But by means stitutions, as to protect the individual absolutely in all hi ac of the division of labor. by means of organization, the aggregate knowledged rights. l\Ien are finite. They are subject to the of production has increased manyfold. There is much more limitations of space and time. Invention ll.Ild cience are hring property, much more wealth, much more comfort, and much ing them new power.·, but everyone realizes that perfection lies more leisure, but a certain kind of independence is gone. far uwuy in the distance. The new duties which this condition imposes have not yet But the fact that there is evil abroad, that there nre tl10se who been fully realized. Large bodies of men are trained to per _nr bent on wickedness and U1at their efforts oftentimes pre form special tasks. Each body profits through the performance "fail. that there are limitations, is no reason for losing faith in of the others. There is a tacit and implied understanding, a the right. The fact that obligations may be disregarded, that mor:il obligation, that each shall perform their part, because pledge may be broken, is no reason for losing faith in honor each receives the benefits which accrue from others doing their and integtity. There are tho e who argue that if government part. So long as the others perform their part of the common has sometimes been a means of oppression, therefore govern serrices which are required, there is a growing feeling that it is ment shoUlrl be abolished: that if property has sometimes made an economic wrong for one body to tail to perform its services. it~ po. ~e, sor selfish and cruel, therefor property should be This is e peeially trae in the so-called key industries, which nbolisherl. They argue, perhaps unconsciously, that if power furnish transportation. food, heat, light, water, 8.lld other Jrn. been mis11 ed by .,ome, power therefore should be abolished. prime necessities. Society bas not yet discovered any The plain fact is that power can not be abolished, nor can gov- adequate remedy for such a situation. Perhaps the most 7574 CONGRES.SIONAL RECORD-SENATE. ~IAY 24, suitable relief will result from an aroused public opunon, of the last five years have projected us out into the world where, which will insist that when a condition of this kind arises our whether we will or no, we find that we have international duties whole economic system shall not be thrown into disorder, but to perform, both for the promotion of our own welfare, the pro that some tribunal may be established with authority to ascer tection of our own ).·ights, and to discharge our obligations to tain the facts, fix the blame, and determine what is necessary humanity. to provide justice. However that may be, it is now perfectly We have not sought to meet these requirements by diminishing apparent that to attain modern industrial power there has our national spirit, but rather by increasing it. We have not been an exchange of much of tbe freedom of the individual. been willing to compromise our independence, but have rather This modern industrial organization is analogous to the sought to strengthen it. At the same time we have recog11ized feudalism of the l\liddle Ages. Then the individual, in order that as there comes an increased power for the proruotiou of that he might have security' and the assurance of an adequate our domestic welfare through the cooperation and organization force to protect him from aggression or destruction, swore of the individual, so there is created a more stable condition fealty to his lord. He became his man. He gave up his liberty among nations and.there comes a release from the necessity of for safety. The modern individual takes a pledge of fealty defensive operations through mutual agreement and more cor to his occupation, his brotherhood, his trade-union. He, too, dial .understandings. We have recently adopted the policy c;f urrenders a ·portion of his freedom of action in return for a seekmg to prevent wars, not as in the past by a reliance upon certain protection and security. It was the influence of religion, great compE>titive armaments but by removing the causes of acting through the avenue of public opinion, which broke the war through mutual adjustments and concessions based on the artificial condition of feudalism. It is to the same source, to requirements of justice. For the first time in all history the the same power of human conscience, that we must look to great powers have agreed on a limitation of naval armaments. purge away what is artificial and unreal in our modern indus Not on their abolition, for the world mu t not be left defense trial life, that there may be recognized the existence of a real ]ess against the power of evil, but on their immediate decnmse equality and that a just honor may come to all through the and their future restriction. This was not accomplished by performance of real service. force or coercion, but under the leadership of America by au It does not seem probable that there lies within the power appeal to the a wakened conscience of the world. of legislation, the power of government action, any real remedy Through all these efforts of mankind to comply with the re for these conditions. Public authority may investigate, it may quirements of civilization there runs the Christian spirit of advise, but the economic relationship is to such a great degree sacrifice. l\Ien are discontented, they are engaged in industrjal voluntary, and must be voluntary, that it can not be conducted strife, they defy the ·Government at home and abroad bPcause under any coercive authority. Almost the whole effect of legis they refuse to make sacrifices which are sufficient to meet pres lation up to the pre ent time ha been not to provide restraints ent world disorders. but to enlarge the freedom of action. It has sought to prevent Our Government is supported by sacrifice, by obedience to society from assuming any rigid form. It bas discouraged the authorized expression of the public will. Through that all conditions which tend to create favored classes and special sacrifice men gain a greater power and a larger liberty. When privileges. But the law alone can not establish standards; an indi>idual becomes a citizen, he takes on a new dignity, a that must be done by the people themselves. If all honor is higher nobility. 1\!en reach their highest degree of economic to be given to wealth and place, there is bound to be an unend prosperity through the same process. It is only throu2:h the ing clash of interests. But if service be made the standard ; devotion of their resources, their strength, and their intelli ·if men are judged not by what they have but by what they gence to the organized effort of production for the benefit of are; if they will cease putting all the emphasis on what they others that they increase their own rewards. When the indi are going to get and more of it on what they ought to do ; if vidual becomes a workman, he comes into the possession of a they will refrain from giving their entire attention to the mate greater estate. rial side of life and live more in accord with their intellectual, 'Vhat is true of individuals has its counterpart in nations. social, and moral nature; if they will apply the teachings of No country ever remained great through war and pillage. religion, the di cord and discontent will giv~ place to harmony. Despotism always destroys itself. Imperialism always defeats No one has ever propo ed any other practical remedy. itself. It is only when the nations respect the rights of each Another element, without which modern civilization could other by obedience to a common law, it is only when they toil neither exist nor increase, is those accumulations resulting and spin for each other and extend toward each other the hand from the industry of the people, which we call capital. It very of 'friend hip and of charity, that they acquire a true ov closely represents the dominion which man holds o>er nature. ereignty. 'Vithout t:!apital he falls back to the material and economic This is the American faith. It represents a higher and condition of the savage. With 1t he furnishes himself with nobler conception of mankind than that which has been de transportation by land and sea, build industrial plants wit]} veloped under any other institutions. Believing that the people which to furnish the neces aries and com·eniences of life, con have the power to respond to all the great obligation nece ary structs buildings and public works, provides a tore of mer to support our more and more intricate civilization, it has chandise, extends credit for the financing of agricultural and dared to call on them to respond. It has intrusted to them commercial operations, and builds up the surplus out of which the keeping of their own welfare, conYinced that, if . elf to supply the needs of an enlarging population and to improve government can not be maintained, then no government can the condition of all the people by increasing their power of be maintained. It has given them jurisdiction over their own production. The want and di tress of the people of the Old property and o er the property of each other in the knowledge World at the present time result from the great destruction of that, if they can not protect property, then it can have no pro capital which they have recently uffered. Their condition bas tection. The people have never wavered in their response to an effect even here, but our own supply of capital, our own this high calling. exemption from being required to make a like sacrifice, is the Those who came bearing this faith knew that the way to free source of our comparatively great prosperity. dom lay through a knowledge of the truth. They put their No one would claim that there have not been many abuses reliance in religion and education. They established their church of the power "\Yhich the pos ession of capital brings, but here and then established their college. Always their purpose was again a suggestion of abolishing it is only a suggestion to de to provide inspired and learned men to lead Jn the religious and stroy the power which supports the advance of civilization. political life of the community. They put their tn; ; in piety. The law can not always regulate it. It can do little toward To them intelligence and disbelie:. would have been a contraclic· supplying it. It is another of those requirements which must tion in terms. be met by the people themselve . Government supervi ion can These were the men and the methods which laid the founda help, but it can help only in conjunction with a righteous public tions of American institutions. If those institutions are to sentiment and that determination which has its ource in the stand, they must rest on these foundations. There are, and religious convictions ·to u e capital to promote the welfare of can 'Qe, no others. When ways are clear, when skies are fair, mankind. no nation can travel far with no motive save an appeal to ma But civilization bas come to comprehend more than those terial gain. ·But when that fails, as it often doe , there must domestic relationships which are represented in the political be a reliance on higher ideals. The source of such ideals lies and economic life of a people. There is a relationship among in religion and education . . They do not fail. They are eternal. nations toward which the world bas recently been turning much There mu t be an increasing upport for our higher institu thought and much attention. tions of learning. They are not tl1e apex of our system of edu This is a new avenue for the American mind to travel. Our cation; they are its base. All the people look up to their influ natural seclusion, our predominance over all surrounding na ence and their inspiration. They must be under the guidance tions, our ancient traditional policy of refraining from all inter of men of piety and men of an open mind. They must continue feren<'e ·in the political affairs of others have all contributed to their indispensable service to the cause of fr~dom by bringing our disregard of any but our own local interests.' The results all the people unto a knowledge of the truth. 1922. OONGRESSION AL RECORD-HOUSE. 7575 There mu t be an increasing reliance- upon rellgian. It is PosTMIASTEBs. the source of all faith. It is the evidence of the et~ pur CALIFORNIA., pose and of the true power, the true- nobilltyi ot mankind. It Stella L. Vincent, Carmel. gives a divine sanction toi the" autho.rity of righteous govern Rexford E. Morton, Dyerville. ment, to faithful service through economic relationship, and to the peaceful covenants of international understandin·g. It COLoR'.:U>O. Anna Bogue, Basalt. represents the only hope of the world, the only motive by which mankind can bear the burdens of civilization. GEORGI!... EXECUTIVE SESSION. Marion W. Hudson, Dallas. 1\1r. 1\lcCUMBER. I move that the Senate proceed to the Julius Peacock, Vidalia. eon ideration of executive busineSS'. IOWA.. The motion was agreed to; and the Senate proceeded to the Oswell Z. Wellman, Arlington. consideration of executive business. After- five- minutes spent Homer G. Games, Calamus. iii executive session the doors were reopened; and (at 10 o'clock Raymond W. Ellis, Norwalk. and 10 minutes p. m.) the Senate, under _the order pre_yiousiy XANSA.S: eQtered, took a recess until to-morrow, Thursday, May 2o, 1922, Benson L. Mickel, Soldier-. at 11 o'clock a. m. Victor E. Green, De Ridder. Charles DeBlieux, Natchitoclles. CONFIRMATIONS. MARYLAND. Exec-uti'l:e nominations confirmed by. the Senate JJ.1ay 24 (legi.sla Hattie B. H. Moore, Marydel. ti.ve day of April 22), 1922. Ernest G. Willard, Poolesville. ENvo.Y ExTRAORDINARY Al\--r> 1\1ImsTER PLwsIPOTEN"TIA.RY. · MICHIGAN. Arthur H. Gei sler to be envoy extrRordinary and minister Selma O'Neill, Rockford. plenipotentiary to Guatemala. Walter H. Nesbitt, Schoolcraft. DIRECTOR OF 'VA:& FINA~CE COI~PORATION. George K. Hoyt, Suttons Bay. Dwight Davis to be Director of the War Finan~e Corporation MINNESOTA.. for a term of four years. Ernest W. Nobb , Bellingham. APPUISER. OF MERCHA ~ ~msE. George P. Dicltj.nJiOn, Excelsior. George M. Jameson to be appraiser· o! merchandise, customs llISSO.l.'RI. collection district No. 12, PittsbUl'gh, Pa:. Nelle Tomlinson, Morley. UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS. Philip G. Wild, Spickard. Thomas Williamson to b.e United States attorney~ southern NEBR.ASK..\.. di "tric of Tilinois. • A. V. McLane to be United States attorney, middle district of James E. Schoonover, Auroi:a. Tennessee. Carroll C. Colbert, Wauneta. PROMOTIONS IN THE NAVY. NEW JERSEY. John D. Beuret to be chief construetor and Chief of the Bu SeJ.ina L. Caruth, East Paterson. reau of Construction and Repair. William J. Caswell, Washington. TO BE COMMANDERS. NEW YORK. Claude B. J\;fayo. 1\1. Elizabeth Corey, Cutchogue. Henry K. Hewitt. Frank D~ Gardner, De Ruyter. Felix X. Gygax. John C. Jubin, Lake Placid Club.. TO BE LIEUTENANT COMMAJ.l\DERS. John F. Joslin, Voorheesville. Ernest J. Blankenship. OHIO. Alfred Y. Lanphier. Edgar L. Taylor, Crooks-ville. Oliver M. Read, jr. Clara J. MitchelI, Mount Pleasant. TO BE LIEUTENL~TS. Leonidas A. Smith, Ridgeway. John A. Terhune. Willis· 1\1. Percifield. Leonard Doughty, jr. Carl K. Martin. RHODE ISLA "D. TO BE LIEUTENANTS (J1Jl\"IOD GRADE ) . Jonathan Bateman, Manville. Willis M. Percifield. Charles- E. Coney. SOUTH DA.KO.TA. John B. Cooke. Alonzo B. Alexander. Robert C. Gibson, Geddes. Julian B. Noble. ~heresa R. Zimmerman, l\lontrose. TO BE MEDICAL IN SPECTOR. TENNESSEE. Charles E. Ryder. Clarence L. Shoffner, Shelbyville. TO BE PASSED -ASSISTANT SURGEONS. VffiGINI.A. Frederic L. Conklin. Milton S. Roberts, Faber. James Humbert. TO BE PAYMASTERS. J"essie R. Haven, Greenwood. Harry T. Sandlin. Arthur H. Eddins. WYOYISG. Stanley :M. l\Iathes. Charles C. Copp. Ellen L. George, Superior. John D. P. Hodapp. • TO BE PASSED ASSISTANT PAYMASTERS. Charles G. Holland. John 0. Wood. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. William A. Best. WEDNESDAY, May 134, 19£B. TO BE NAVAL CONSTRUCTORS. Walter W. Webster. The House met at 12 o'clock noon and was called to order by Beirne S. Bullard. the Speaker. Ernest L. Patch. The Chaplain, Rev. James Shera Montgomery,. D. D., offered T<» BE CHIEY MACHINISTS. the following prayer: George J. Blessing. John 0. Richards. O eternal God, in mute nece ity our hearts go out after Thee. Bennett M. Proctor. William W. Wilkins. We make< grateful mention of Thy goodness, we recall Tl1y Chauncey R. Doll. Benjamin F. Maddox. bourulless mercies, and we would meditate upon Thy provi Carl S. Chapman. Frank. W. Ynrasko. dences. Thy love still passes all under tanding and Thy riches Andrew- 0. Skinner. John J. Enders. are still unsearchable. Deepen in us, the currents of reflection MARINE CORPS. and gh:ei us,. wise insight into all problems of legi~lation. Ele Rlchsrd M. Cutts to be colonel. vaite our wh.Gle natrnes and brin~ them to the highest point of Harry G. Bartlett to be major. · efficiency. wo1·k in' us a spl.endi-d' discontenf and gi e us the Frank P. Show to be first lieutenant. reach of larger growth Ind broader attainment. Let the sun