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(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,406,876 B1 Gordon Et Al

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(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,406,876 B1 Gordon Et Al USOO6406876B1 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,406,876 B1 Gordon et al. (45) Date of Patent: Jun. 18, 2002 (54) MMOBILIZED ENZYMES BIOSENSORS OTHER PUBLICATIONS FOR CHEMICAL TOXINS Russell, 1995 “Biocatalytic Nerve Agent Decontamination (75) Inventors: Richard K. Gordon; Bhupendra P. with Protein-Polymers' Univ. Pittsburgh Proposal to Doctor, both of Potomac, MD (US); USAMRMC. Ashima Saxena, Fairfax, VA (US); “Reactivation of Various OP Inhibited Immobilized Shawn R. Feaster, Damascus, MD (Sponge) FBS-AchE with HI-6” Table of data. Fax from (US); Donald Maxwell, Baltimore, MD Doctor, Dec. 21, 1995. (US); Michelle Ross, Edgewood, MD “Abstract: Covalent Linkage of Mammalian Cholinsterases (US); David Lenz, Bel Air, MD (US); and OP Hydrolyzing Enzymes Within Polyurethane Foams' Keith LeJeune, Pittsburgh; Alan Fax from Doctor to Russell Feb. 27, 1996 and fax from Madeya to Russell, Feb. 28, 1996. Russell, Wexford, both of PA (US) Russell, Jun. 4, 1996 “White Paper: Biotechnology Versus (73) ASSignee: The United States of America as Chemical Weapons: A Battle for the 21st Century. The Use represented by the Secretary of the of Stabilized Enzymes to Decontaminate and Demilitarize”. Army, Washington, DC (US) LeJeune, et al., “Dramatically Stabilized Phosphostri esterase-Polymers for Nerve Agent Degradation” Publica Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this tion. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 “Abstract: Covalent Linkage of Mammalian Cholinesterasee U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. Within Plyurethane Foams' Fax from Doctor to Russell, Jun. 10, 1996. Submitted to the Proceedings of the 1996 (21) Appl. No.: 09/558,511 Medical Defense BioScience Review. “Proceedings of the CB Medical Treatment Symposium: An (22) Filed: Apr. 26, 2000 Exploration of Present Capabilities and Future Require (51) Int. Cl." ............................ C12O 1/46; C12O 1/44; ments”, Jul. 7-12, 1996, Spiez, Switzerland. C12O 1/28; C12O 1/26 (List continued on next page.) (52) U.S. Cl. ............................. 435/20; 435/19, 435/28; 435/18; 435/25; 435/289.1; 435/283.1; Primary Examiner Louise N. Leary 435/287.1; 435/286.5; 435/963; 435/970 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Elizabeth Arwine (58) Field of Search .............................. 435/20, 19, 28, (57) ABSTRACT 435/18, 25, 289.1, 283.1, 287.1, 286.5, 963,970 Methods, compositions and materials useful in the detection of organophosphorous and organoSulfur compounds are (56) References Cited disclosed. In particular, biosensors wherein a porous or a U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS non-porous Support having an enzyme immobilized upon or within are disclosed. The biosensors exhibit enzymatic Sta 4,083,692 A * 4/1978 Epstein et al. ................ 435/20 bility at extreme temperatures and/or denaturing conditions, 4,324,858 A 4/1982 Goodson et al. .............. 435/20 and similar kinetic characteristics of the Soluble form of the 4,411,989 A 10/1983 Grow .......................... 435/20 4,677,019 A 6/1987 Von Bluecher .............. 435/20 enzymes utilized. The enzyme does not leach from the 5,001,048 A 3/1991 Taylor et al. .................. 435/4 porous or non-porous Support and the material retains enzy 5,192,507 A 3/1993 Taylor et al. ............... 435/174 matic activity after prolonged Storage. Differential biosen Sors are also disclosed. FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS WO WO 87 OO914. A 2/1987 31 Claims, 31 Drawing Sheets seed surfaces of prwshows a view of the foot of the 31zymes with the lip of the utineci with a dottei is in the ceilier, exotigiri rew shows the eEzytnes 180° statina). he Lysine and Artine residities or the surface, whica as: potentia colling sites to the polytner. are shaded dark in both the tip tid botion row. US 6,406,876 B1 Page 2 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Gordon et al., “Exploiting Immobilized Enzymes: Detoxi "Data Tables regarding polyurethane foam Sponges' Fax fication in of Nerve Agents' in the Summary Digest of the from Doctor to LeJeune Apr. 17, 1997. 21st Army Science Conference, Jun. 15-17, 1998. Solicitation DAA 005-97-I-1981, Contractor Russell for Gordon et al., (1997) “Potential Applications of Immobi Synthesis work. Includes Univ. Pittsburgh data tables lized Cholinesterases: Tools for Protection, Decontamina regarding Synthesis. tion, and Detection' in The ASA Newsletter 97-5, Issue No. Slide, notes indicate that prepared that Sep. 22, 1997 and 62. presented Oct. 15, 1997, Univ. Pittsburgh Seminar. Gordon et al., “Immobilized Enzymes-Selective and Spe Slide, notes indicate that prepared Sep. 15, 1997 and pre cific Sensors for Organophosphate Chemical Toxins” a sented Sep. 19, 1997, W.V.U. Grad Student Symposium. Proposal “White Paper” of Walter Reed Army Institute of Slide, notes indicate that prepared Nov. 21, 1996 and pre Research. sented Apr. 1997, ACS Meeting. Gordon et al., (1990) “Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptides LeJeune, 1997 “Biotechnology versus Chemical Weapons: Induce Guinea-Pig Ileum Contraction by Causing Release Implementing Enzyme Technology in Bioremediation” Pro of Endogenous Acetylcholine Arch. Int. Pharmacodvn. posal to Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie 305, pp. 14-24. Mellon Univ. Russell, Nov. 13, 1997, “Biotechnology versus Chemical Havens et al., (1993) “Reusable Immobilized Enzyme/Poly Weapons: Implementing Enzyme Technology in Decontami urethane Sponge for Removal and Detoxification of Local nation/Demilitarization” Proposal to Edgewood Research, ized Organophosphate Pesticide Spills' Ind. Eng. Chem. Development and Engineering Center. Research 1993, 32. Lejeune, et al., 1999 “Biocatalytic Nerve Agent Detoxifica LeJeune et al., “Fighting Nerve Agent Chemical Weapons tion in Fire Fighting Foams' Chemical Abstracts, vol. 130, with Enzyme Technology”, Ann NY Acad. Sci. (1998) No. 19. 864:153-17O. Braatz, (1994) “Biocompatible Pllyurethane-Based Hydro LeJeune et al., (1996) “Covalent Binding of a Nerve Agent gel” in Journal of Biomaterials Applications, vol. 9. Hydrolyzing Enzyme Within Polyurethane Foams' in Bio Doctor, et al., (1991) “Enzymes as Pretreatment Drugs for technology and Bioengineering, Vol. 51, pp. 450–457. Organophosphate Toxicity' Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 15, pp. 123-128. LeJeune et al., (1996) “Covalent Linkage of Mammalian Ember, (1997) “Detoxifying Nerve Agents” Chemical & Cholinesterases Within Polyurethane Foams' Proceedings Engineering News Sep. 15, 1997. from the 1996 Medical Defense BioScience Review, Gordon, et al., (1998) “Exploiting Immobilizing Enzymes: Medlin, (1998) “Super Sponges” Environmental Health Detoxification of Nerve Agents' Proceedings from the 6th Perspectives, vol. 106, No. 4, pp. A182-A184. CBW Protection Symposium, Stockholm, Sweden, May 1998. * cited by examiner U.S. Patent Jun. 18, 2002 Sheet 1 of 31 US 6,406,876 B1 Figure 1 a Modeied strfaces of Chiss and triesterase. The top row shows a view of the front of the enzymes with the lip of the active site gorge outlined with a dotted line in the center. The bottom row shows the backside of the enzymes (180° rotatios), he lysine and Arginine residues on the surface, which are potentia coupling sites to the polymer, are shaded dark in both the top and botton Tow. U.S. Patent Jun. 18, 2002 Sheet 2 of 31 US 6,406,876 B1 Figure 18 Similarly, a model of the surface of laccase is shown with availabie residues to coupie covalently to the prepolymer (top, front of enzyme; bottom, backside of enzyme). U.S. Patent Jun. 18, 2002 Sheet 3 of 31 US 6,406,876 B1 Figure 2. Final product FBS-AChe sponge U.S. Patent Jun. 18, 2002 Sheet 4 of 31 US 6,406,876 B1 CH OCN NCO TD prepolymer functional group 1. Aqueous Initiation of Polymerization O R'NCO + HO Ho- R-N--OH 2. Amine Formation and CO Evolution (foaming) R-N--OH m-e- R'NH + CO, (gas) 3. Prepolymer Crosslinking O R'NH, + R"NCO Ho- R-N--N-R" 4. Covalent ChE Incorporation at Aliphatic Amino Group(s) O ChE-NH + R"NCO -a- ChE-N--N-R" polyurethane crosslinked ChE Figure 3 U.S. Patent Jun. 18, 2002 Sheet 5 of 31 US 6,406,876 B1 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 - OOO t t T t O 4 8 12 Relative BChE added to TDI-sponge Figure 4. A linear correlation was observed between the amount of BChE added to the prepolymer during synthesis and the amount of BChE activity observed in the final sponge. U.S. Patent Jun. 18, 2002 Sheet 6 of 31 US 6,406,876 B1 1 2 5 1 O O 2 5 O O 250 500 750 1 OOO BSA:AChE (wt:wt) Figure 5. Increasing amounts of BSA were added during synthesis to a constant amount of AChE and TDI polymer U.S. Patent Jun. 18, 2002 Sheet 7 of 31 US 6,406,876 B1 100 -(ff -- 80- f e 5 40C 5o : 60 C.& L.5 - 45°C 25°Co a 40 20 0- T T- T -T H--- it t t t t t t t i O 2 4. 6 8 10 12 20 30 40 100 80 9. is 9 a p 60. C. L. & 5 45°C 40 20 0-H -t-t-t- (-t-t-t-t-t- H re-t-t-t-t- --------- 0. 2 4 6 8 10 12 20 30 40 Months Figure 6. Stability of AChE (top) and BChE (bottom) sponges at various temperatures. U.S. Patent Jun. 18, 2002 Sheet 8 of 31 US 6,406,876 B1 1 OO AChE-sponge 60 40 20 supernatant Consecutive wash cycles Figure 7. An AChE-sponge was alternately washed with phosphate buffer and assayed for activity. This procedure was carried out for three days. Similar results were observed for BChE-sponge. U.S. Patent Jun. 18, 2002 Sheet 9 of 31 US 6,406,876 B1 s 1 ATC mm OOO1 OO1 O. 1 1.O 1 O.O ATC), mM Figure 8.
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