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Normal Blastocyst Development F Nuclear transfer of putative rabbit embryonic stem cells leads to normal blastocyst development F. Du, J. R. Giles, R. H. Foote, K. H. Graves, X. Yang and R. W. Moreadith Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and 2The Molecular Cardiology Laboratories, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235-8573, USA Rabbit embryonic stem-like cells, characterized by embryoid body formation and differen- tiation into cell types representative of all three germ layers, were studied for their ability to promote early embryonic development after nuclear transfer. After culture of the reconstructed embryos, 23% (n = 35) developed successfully into morulae or blastocysts, compared with 34% (n = 62) for cloned embryos derived from nuclear transfer with embryonic blastomeres. The cloned embryos from the embryonic stem-like cells appeared normal, with an average of 26% inner cell mass cells, similar to that of control non-manipulated embryos (25%) or cloned embryos from blastomeres (25%). Thus, nuclear transfer of rabbit embryonic stem-like cells leads to early embryonic development that is indistinguishable from blastomere fusion. These results have implications for the develop- ment of gene targeting in a species (rabbit) that may be a more suitable model for studying certain human diseases. In addition, this technique may be applicable to other species from which putative embryonic stem cells have been derived, particularly agriculturally important animals. Introduction The current methods for production of germline chimaeras use either injection of the putative ES cells directly into a stem (ES) cells or ES-like cells have been Pluripotent embryonic blastocyst, co-culture with zona-free morulae to produce aggre¬ derived from of several mammals, preimplantation embryos gation chimaeras (Wood et al, 1993), or injection of the cells mice (Evans and 1981; including Kaufman, Martin, 1981), into tetraploid embryos generated by cell fusion (Nagy et al, hamsters et (Doetschman al, 1988), pigs (Notarianni et al, 1993). These procedures have been successful only in mice. cattle et 1992; Strelchenko and 1990), (Saito al, Stice, 1994), Nuclear transfer an additional for the mink represents technique (Sukoyan et al, 1992), rats (Iannaccone et al, 1994) and production of viable offspring from ES-like cells (Sims and First, rabbits (Graves and Moreadith, 1993). In several instances, 1994). With this method, early cleavage stage embryonic cells these have been in culture without loss passaged continuously blastomeres, but also inner cell mass cells) are of the and of (typically undifferentiated phenotype, display many the individually isolated and fused with enucleated mature oocytes characteristics of cells. In culture, the expected pluripotential (for recent review see RobI et al, 1992). Nuclear transfer with cells can be induced to differentiate cell terminally into types blastomeres has resulted in in several includ¬ each of the after progeny species, representing germ layers embryoid body ing (Willadsen, 1986, 1989), cattle (Prather et al, 1987; formation in has sheep (pluripotentiality). However, only mice germ- Bondioli et al, 1990), pigs (Prather et al, 1989) and rabbits line the of the ES cells alone to rise to pluripotency, ability give (Stice and Robl, 1988; Yang et al, 1992). In cattle, numerous viable germline animals, been demonstrated (Nagy et al, 1993). offspring have been produced through serial nuclear transfer This and the to property ability introduce precise mutations in using embryonic cells at 8—32-cell stages (Stice and Keefer, these cells in tissue culture via homologous recombination are 1993). However, in mice, nuclear transfer with blastomeres important advances in mouse developmental genetics. It is now beyond the two-cell stage has been unsuccessful (McGrath and to mice of almost theoretically possible produce any genotype, Solter, 1983, 1984). In addition, attempts to use mouse ES cells and to the of defined mutations in the investigate consequences for nuclear transfer result in implantations but no viable context of an intact animal. The technology promises to progeny (Tsunoda and Kato, 1993). This finding suggests that address diverse issues in mammalian important developmental mouse ES cell lines true inner cell mass (ICM) cells, and represent biology medicine. and that they cannot contribute to normal extraembryonic *Correspondence. development (or that the techniques used are insufficient for Received 6 January 1995. complete embryonic development). Unfortunately, except for Downloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 10/07/2021 08:27:51PM via free access mouse ES cells, there have been no continuously passaged ovulated, naturally mated does 48—50 h after injection of LH mammalian ES cell lines that have been shown to contribute to and artificial insemination. The mucin coat and the zona normal development by production of germline chimaeras after pellucida were removed essentially as described by Yang et al blastocyst injection or nuclear transfer. However, the encour¬ (1990). Embryos were treated with acidic PBS (pH 2.4) for aging results with nuclear transfer of blastomeres and briefly 1—2 min at room temperature and transferred to 0.5% (w/v) cultured ICM cells in species other than the mouse (Keefer pronase E (Sigma) in PBS for 1—2 min at 39°C until the mucin et al, 1994; Sims and First, 1994; Stice et al, 1994) opens up the coat and zona were removed. The mucin/zona-free embryos possibility of producing viable animals through nuclear transfer were then washed in PBS plus 15% (v/v) FBS, incubated in of ES cells that retain totipotential properties. 0.25% (w/v) trypsin in Hank's buffered salt solution for Graves and Moreadith (1993) reported the derivation of 1—2 min and gently pipetted with a polished pipette to several putative ES cell lines in rabbits. The current report disaggregate the blastomeres. Blastomeres were washed in PBS describes the results of attempts to demonstrate that these plus 15% (v/v) FBS and transferred to a microdrop of PBS plus ES-like cells can contribute to normal development. In this 10% (v/v) FBS containing 7.5 µg cytochalasin ml-1. A study, nuclear transfer, using two separate, serially passaged blastomere or a small round retractile ES-like cell was trans¬ rabbit cell lines into enucleated rabbit oocytes led to normal ferred to the perivitelline space of an enucleated oocyte. Care blastocyst development. This finding has important impli¬ was taken to place the small ES-like cell in close contact with cations for the subsequent development of rabbit models of the vitelline membrane of the oocyte. disease, and may be broadly applicable to undifferentiated cells Enucleated oocytes with or without transferred donor cells in other species. were transferred to the activation chamber containing acti¬ vation medium mol D-mannitol 1 0.05 mmol calcium (0.3 ~ 1, chloride 1_I and 0.1 mmol magnesium sulfate I-1), aligned Materials and Methods with an AC pulse of 0.1 kVcm~ for 5—10 s and pulsed with 2.4 kVcm-1 DC for 60 µß (Yang et al, 1992). About 30 min Cell culture reagents later, the oocyte-cell complexes were transferred to activation medium and as described above. After Murine leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Dulbecco's pulsed again washing, they were incubated for a further 30 min in cytochalasin B, minimal essential medium (DMEM) were obtained from Gibco washed in culture medium and cultured in as Life fetal bovine serum microdrops Technologies (Grand Island, NY); (FBS) described below. was obtained from Hyclone (Logan, UT). The manipulated oocytes or embryos were cultured in 50 µ droplets of modified RD medium (Carney and Foote, 1991) Animals overlaid with medical fluid (Dow Corning) at 39°C under a humid atmosphere of 10% C02:5% 02:85% N2. The RD mature albino Dutch rabbits maintained at Cornell Sexually medium consisted of a 1:1 mixture of DMEM (low glucose) University under a 12 h light:12 h dark cycle were super- and RPMI-1640 (Gibco), modified from the earlier 1:1 mixture ovulated using a modified procedure of Kennelly and Foote of high glucose DMEM and RPMI-1640 described by Li et al (1965) with FSH (FSH-P; Schering Corp., Kenilworth, NJ) and (1993). In modified RD medium, DMEM (low glucose) plus LH donor females (Vetrepharm Inc., London, Canada). Embryo 0.1% (w/v) PVA was used. Nuclear transfer embryos, as well as were inseminated at the time of LH with artificially injection enucleated oocytes, were cultured for 5 days. In addition, a semen collected from fertile males. and were Oocytes embryos subset of donor embryos were cultured for collected midventral and the oviducts non-manipulated by laparotomy flushing 2—3 days as controls. with Dulbecco's PBS Grand Island, 0.3% (GIBCO, NY) plus After culture, the mucin coat and the zona pellucida were BSA St (w/v) (Fraction V; Sigma Louis, MO). removed from embryos as described above. Embryos were either fixed in sodium citrate:ethanol and stored at 5°C until examination to Cell culture and nuclear transfer or they were subjected complement-mediated cell lysis (immunosurgery) as described by Solter and Knowles The derivation and culture conditions of rabbit ES-like cells (1975) and Giles et al (1993) and then fixed. After fixation, was described by Graves and Moreadith (1993). Two of the embryos were transferred to a 100 µ droplet of sodium ~ most carefully characterized cell lines, GM3 and GMll (at citrate:ethanol containing 10 µg Hoechst 33342 ml and were washed once in and re- 10 iodide ml and at room passage 7), thawed, DMEM, µg propidium ~ (Sigma) incubated suspended in PBS plus 15% (v/v) FBS containing 7.5 µg temperature for 3—4 min. For blastocysts subjected to the cytochalasin ml- (Sigma). Oocytes were collected 14—15 h immunosurgery procedure, the nuclei of the ICM and trophec- after LH injection from donor females; the oocytes were freed toderm cells were differentially stained and fluoresced blue and of cumulus cells by vortexing in 0.2% (w/v) hyaluronidase in pink, respectively, under a fluorescent microscope (Handyside PBS plus 0.1% (v/v) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA; Sigma), washed and Hunter, 1984).
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