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Recharge Flux to the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer and Its Impact On

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Recharge Flux to the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer and Its Impact On Journal of African Earth Sciences 85 (2013) 115–124 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of African Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jafrearsci Recharge flux to the Nubian Sandstone aquifer and its impact on the present development in southwest Egypt ⇑ M.H. Masoud a,b, M. Schneider c, M.M. El Osta d, a Hydrology Department, Desert Research Center, El Matarya, Cairo, Egypt b Water Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia c Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany d Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Egypt article info abstract Article history: The southwestern part of Egypt (East El Oweinat) is an arid area with no surface water and only one Received 22 August 2012 resource of useable groundwater in the well-known Nubian Sandstone aquifer. This resource has been Received in revised form 16 March 2013 heavily exploited since 1990, which has led to a continuous decline in the potentiometric surface of this Accepted 28 March 2013 aquifer. The groundwater recharge in the concerned area depends exclusively on the subsurface inflow Available online 12 April 2013 across the Egyptian/Sudanese borders. A FEFLOW, finite element groundwater model, has been used to investigate the length of the recharge window and to predict the hydrodynamic impacts of different Keywords: groundwater extractions on the potentiometry of this aquifer. A complete database of the hydrogeolog- East El Oweinat ical and drilling information of about 600 water wells drilled in the period 1985–2010 was evaluated and Nubian Sandstone aquifer FEFLOW model used for the model parameter input as well as for its simulation. The results of steady-state simulation Recharge flux indicate that the length of the southwest flux boundary is about 170 km with angle flow direction about Simulation 52°NW with a groundwater flow rate about 0.018 m/day. A calibrated regional numerical model with Groundwater refined grid on the pumping centres, hydraulic properties and flux boundary in the southwest is used to simulate the impacts of the present and planned groundwater extraction on the potentiometry of the aquifer. The results show a real danger of increasing the water depth to uneconomic lifting depth. Through implementation of 135 pumping wells in time 2002–2008, the lowering of water table ranges from 1 to 1.5 m in the reclamation areas. On the other hand, the distribution of 1600 proposed wells with distance between every two adjacent wells not less than 2700 m indicates that the lowering of water table ranges from 5 m away of the reclamation areas to 15 m in the reclamation areas in time period of 27 years (2008–2035). This result seems to be the better for the present irrigation project in East El Oweinat area. Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction ing projects, where the good soil quality and groundwater resources are important factors. In the last few decades, intensive drilling for The study area is located in the southwestern part of the Western groundwater has been performed; there are now about 600 wells, Desert of Egypt at the Egyptian/Sudanese border. The area is located while the total proposed wells in this area of about 1884 wells will between latitudes 22°000À23°000N and longitudes 28°000–29°000E be finished in 2017 for reclamation the full capacity of the project (Fig. 1). As Egyptis essentially a desert land (about 94%), great consid- (220,000 feddan) in 22 plots with 10,000 feddan/plot (Fig. 1). The eration is given to desert reclamation and to the exploration of principal goal of this national project is to drill 83 wells within each groundwater, which is the sole resource to be used for different pur- plot with an average discharge of about 200 m3/h/well and for a poses such as domestic and irrigation uses, spatially in the areas out- pumping period of 12.5 h/day/well (Ministry of Agriculture, 1999). side of the Nile valley. The East El Oweinat area has attracted Several rural villages have been established, which depend on the considerable attention with respect to the exploration and exploita- newly explored and exploited groundwater resources. The area con- tionof theNubianSandstoneaquifersystem.Thenaturalresourcesof cerned could be taken as an example of poverty alleviation through thisareacoverthedemandsforthecontinuingreclamationandhous- migration of people from overpopulated areas in the Nile Valley to- wards the newly initiated settlements in this far southern area of Egypt but it is dependent on the available water resources. From ⇑ Corresponding author. the climatic point of view, the area is located in an arid region, being E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M.H. Masoud), m.schneider@ warm in winter and rather hot in summer with wide diurnal varia- fu-berlin.de (M. Schneider), [email protected] (M.M. El Osta). 1464-343X/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2013.03.009 116 M.H. Masoud et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 85 (2013) 115–124 Fig. 1. Map showing the new reclaimed plots and geology of the study area. tions and almost no precipitation, where the maximum air tempera- 2. Geologic and hydrogeologic settings ture is 39.3 °C in July and the minimum is 13.1 °C in January. The pre- vailingwinddirectioninthestudyareaisgenerallyfromnorthwestto Geologically, the rock formations occupying the South Western north–northeast.Naturalevaporationraterangesbetween10.1 mm/ Desert of Egypt belong to the Precambrian, Triassic, Upper day during January to 32.8 mm/day during June with an annual aver- Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous (Nubian Sandstone), and Quaternary age of 22.2 mm/day. (Table 1)(CONOCO, 1987). In East El Oweinat area, the Table 1 Composite litho – stratigraphic succession in the South Western Desert of Egypt (compiled after CONOCO, 1987). Age Formation Lithologic description Available maximum thickness (m) Quaternary Pleistocene to Chalcedony, lake deposits, eolian deposits (sand dunes and sand sheets) and Wadi deposits Variable Recent Oligocene Basaltic rocks Eocene Early Eocene Thebes Earthy-brown reefal limestone with shale interbeds 127 Paleocene Late Paleocene to Esna Green shale and marl enclosing carbonate, more calcareous ingredients towards top of 104 Early Eocene marine environment Garra Well-bedded, white limestone and chalk with minor shale and marl intercalations 111 Late Paleocene Tarawan Chalky limestone: white, containing bands of marl, of outer shelf depositional environment 50 Early Paleocene Kurkur Limestone brown; siliceous and sandy in parts with intercalations of shale 110 Upper Mastrichtian to Dakhla Shale and marl intercalated by siltstone, sandstone and limestone 230 Cretaceous Early Paleocene Campanian– Kiseiba Sandstone: fine grained with shale intercalations. Bone and phosphate beds are also 150–340 Mastrichtian recorded Late Campanian Duwi Phosphate bearing unit; a sequence of alternating beds of claystone, sandstone, siltstone and 65 oyster limestone including phosphatic limestone interbeds Early Campanian– Quseir Varicolored pelites, ferruginous and glauconitic, the lower part of this formation is made up 80 Late Campanian of alternating claystone, siltstone, sandstone and conglomerate Turonian to Taref Sandstone: white, yellow fine to coarse grained, tabular cross bedded with conglomerate and 115 – 150 Santonian marine intercalations Late Cenomanian to Maghrabi Massive grey claystone; with siltstone, sandstone and conglomerate intercalations 60 Early Turonian Lower Albian Sabaya Sandstone: white, grey, yellowish, brown and red, fine to coarse grained with conglomerate 160 Cretaceous intercalations Aptian to Early Abu– Shale: silty shale and siltstone, with thin intercalations of sandstone of shallow marine 30–44 Cenomanian Ballas environment. Pre-Aptian Six Hills Sandstone: fine to mainly medium to coarse grained sandstone having different colour. 450 compaction ranges from friable to highly consolidated, tabular cross bedded Carboniferous Gilf Sandstone: fine to coarse grained, yellowish white to brown, with intercalations of clay and 20–85 clay beds Precambrian Older granitiods, granodiorite and Younger granites Base is not reached M.H. Masoud et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 85 (2013) 115–124 117 stretching into the northern Sudan. In the eastern part it is overlain by an Upper Cretaceous–Lower Tertiary rock complex (Kamel et al. (1984). The Nubian Sandstone is the main exploitable water bearing formation in the studied area. This aquifer is used for the agricul- tural and socio-economical development of the whole southern Western Desert of Egypt (CEDARE, 2002). It was formed by the lo- cal infiltration during the past wet periods (pluvial periods), which ended in the northeastern Sahara about 8000 years ago, while it The well Nos. starting from left to right as (68, 67, ended in the south about 4000 years ago (Hesse et al., 1987; Heinl 66, 64, 45, 44, 25, 23, 24, 3, 22, 19, 20, 16, and 5). and Thorweihe, 1993). Regionally speaking, the Nubian Sandstone aquifer system is the Sahara’s most important easterly groundwa- ter province. It covers southeast Libya, Egypt, northeast Chad, and northern Sudan with a total area of about 2.4 million km2. From the data derived from 300 drilled wells in the East El Oweinat area, it is concluded that the hydrogeological framework consists of one water bearing unit known as Six Hills Formation which is built up of fine to medium grained sand
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