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The Elusive Prefaces of William Godwin, Mary Hays, William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley

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The Elusive Prefaces of William Godwin, Mary Hays, William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 2-3-2012 12:00 AM Hazardous Experiments: The Elusive Prefaces of William Godwin, Mary Hays, William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley Jeffrey W. Miles The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Tilottama Rajan The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in English A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Jeffrey W. Miles 2012 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Literature in English, British Isles Commons Recommended Citation Miles, Jeffrey W., "Hazardous Experiments: The Elusive Prefaces of William Godwin, Mary Hays, William Wordsworth and Percy Bysshe Shelley" (2012). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 378. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/378 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hazardous Experiments: The Elusive Prefaces of William Godwin, Mary Hays, William Wordsworth, and Percy Bysshe Shelley by Jeffrey W. Miles Graduate Program in English A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Jeffrey W. Miles, 2012 THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINATION Supervisor Examiners __________________________ ____________________________ Dr. Tilottama Rajan Dr. Steven Bruhm ____________________________ Supervisory Committee Dr. Monika Lee ____________________________ __________________________ Dr. Matthew Rowlinson Dr. Joel Faflak ____________________________ Dr. Jonathan Sachs The thesis by Jeffrey Wright Miles entitled: Hazardous Experiments: The Elusive Prefaces of William Godwin, Mary Hays, William Wordsworth, and Percy Bysshe Shelley is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date ____________________ _________________________ Chair of the Thesis Examination Board ii —ABSTRACT— This study analyzes the prefaces of four Romantic-period writers: William Godwin, Mary Hays, William Wordsworth, and Percy Bysshe Shelley. Historically, the preface can be traced back to the insinuatio of classical rhetoric, the purpose of which is to evade audience hostility for writers presenting a bad case. Given the repressive political and cultural atmosphere of the Romantic period, writers like Godwin, Hays, Wordsworth, and Shelley, idealists who seek to disseminate radical ideas in an era of state censorship, must devise a strategy to convey their messages without attracting attention to their subversiveness. Thus, all four writers continually preface their works with ‘elusive’ prefaces, a strategy through which they seek to downplay or elide their radical subject-matter. Chapter One analyzes William Godwin’s prefaces to Enquiry Concerning Political Justice as a prototype of the elusive preface, through which the urgency and force of his prefatory rhetoric contrasts with the message of gradualism he seeks to convey in the treatise. His novel Caleb Williams , whose first edition preface was suppressed by the publisher for its seditious content, incorporates its preface as an extradiegetic layer of the novel, a technique that Mary Hays will also incorporate in her Memoirs of Emma Courtney , a novel that deploys its elusive preface to placate a middle-class reading audience and to address simultaneously a Dissenting public sphere. Tracing the evolution of Hays’ prefatory author-figure from her early pamphlet Cursory Remarks on an Enquiry into the Expediency and Propriety of Public or Social Worship: Inscribed to Gilbert Wakefield to her last novel, The Victim of Prejudice , Chapter Two demonstrates how Hays’ rhetorical subterfuge allows her to assert her right to philosophy while ostensibly adhering to conventional poses of femininity. Prose writers like Godwin and Hays seek to convey their idealistic messages to a generally prosaic reading public, making their prefatory insinuatio especially significant. But poets like Wordsworth and Shelley face an especially difficult task in establishing themselves as socially relevant in an age during which poetry is becoming an outmoded form of discourse. Thus, Chapter Three demonstrates how Wordsworth in his preface to Lyrical Ballads becomes increasingly absorbed with the task of establishing the poet’s professional autonomy as he argues for his poetry’s power to rouse a degraded nation from its moral and cultural lethargy. Throughout the four editions of the Lyrical Ballads , Wordsworth continues to expand his preface and his poetic persona. By the time of his 1815 Poems , he has abandoned the mass audience he once sought to enlighten, instead appealing to a future generation of readers whom he calls upon to vindicate him. Shelley also faces audience hostility, and his attempts to convey his radical beliefs are thwarted by a public sphere whose ad hominem attacks against him hinder his ability to achieve his goals. Chapter Four chronicles Shelley’s immersion in romantic irony, through which his prefaces are characterized by a disjunction between his idealism and his dissociation from his given actuality. Keywords: (1) Godwin, William 1756-1836. Criticism and Interpretation. (2) Hays, Mary 1759 or 60-1843. Criticism and Interpretation. (3) Wordsworth, William 1770-1850. Criticism and Interpretation. (4) Shelley, Percy Bysshe 1792-1822. Criticism and Interpretation. (5) Literary Form. iii —ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS— First, I wish to thank my advisors Tilottama Rajan and Joel Faflak for their unflagging support. At every stage throughout the process, from proposal to field study to chapter revisions to the final draft, they generously contributed to the development of the thesis in very significant ways. Even in the midst of difficult and challenging times, they continually kept me focused with their positivity and meticulous attention to the nuances of my argument. Their integrity and high intellectual standards have profoundly affected me in personal ways that go well beyond the boundaries of professional duty. I also wish to thank Fanshawe College for supporting me financially during the final three years of my Ph.D. Thanks to the college’s financial support, I was able to finish the thesis without the additional pressures of incurring excess debt. I thank my colleagues in the School of Language and Liberal Studies at Fanshawe for their collegiality, good humour, and intellectual engagement. For always believing in me and persevering with me throughout this lengthy process, I thank my parents and first teachers, Tony and Nancy, who have ardently encouraged me throughout my educational career, and to them I owe a debt of gratitude that I can never repay. My children, Gabriel and Heidi, were babies in the infancy of this thesis, and now they are beautifully flowering children. I also wish to acknowledge Amy and Jason Winders, Andrew Vivona, Jayne and Steve Simon, Drew White, Harry Gorman, Roger Leavens, and Fraser Nixon. Finally, and mostly, I thank Ann, whose brightness and lightness inspire me every day. This is for you. iv —ABBREVIATIONS— EY : Wordsworth, William. The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth: The Early Years, 1787-1805 . 2 nd Edition. Vol. 1. Ed. Ernest De Selincourt. Rev. Chester L. Shaver. Oxford: Clarendon, 1967. Print. LB : Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads, and other Poems, 1797-1800 . Ed. James Butler and Karen Green. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1992. Print. MHI: Hays, Mary. The Idea of Bing Free: A Mary Hays Reader . Ed. Gina Luria Walker. Peterborough: Broadview, 2006. Print. MY: Wordsworth, William. The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth: The Middle Years: Part II, 1812-1820 . 2 nd Edition. Ed. Ernest de Selincourt. Rev. Mary Moorman and Alan G. Hill. Oxford: Clarendon, 1970. Print. PJ : Godwin, William. An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice . Ed. Mark Philp. Political and Philosophical Writings of William Godwin. Vol. 3 (1st edition). London: William Pickering, 1993. Print. PJV : Godwin, William. An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice . Ed. Mark Philp. Political And Philosophical Writings of William Godwin. Vol. 4 (Variants). London: William Pickering, 1993. Print. PBSL : Shelley, Percy Bysshe. The Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley . 2 Vols. Ed. Frederick L. Jones. Oxford: Clarendon, 1964. Print. PS : Shelley, Percy Bysshe. The Poems of Shelley . Vol 2. Ed. Kelvin Everest and Geoffrey Matthews. New York: Pearson, 2000. Print. v PW: Wordsworth, William. The Prose Works of William Wordsworth . Vol. 1. Ed. W.J.B. Owen and Jane Worthington Smyser. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1974. Print. SP : Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Selected Poetry and Prose . Ed. Kenneth Neill Cameron. New York: Rinehart, 1953. Print. SPP : Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Shelley’s Poetry and Prose . Ed. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Fraistat. New York: Norton, 2002. Print. UH : White, Newman Ivey, ed. The Unextinguished Hearth: Shelley and his Contemporary Critics . New York: Octagon Books, 1966. Print. WCH : Woof, Robert, ed. Wordsworth: The Critical Heritage . Vol. 1 1793-1820. London and New York: Routledge, 2001. Print. WLC : Wordsworth, William. Wordsworth’s Literary Criticism . Ed. W. J. B. Owen. London: Routledge
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