PROGRAMME FOR INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OF ARTISANAL FISHERIES IN.WEST AFRICA
IDAF PROGRAMME
Technical Repon. N° 122 May 1998
The State of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa in 1997
3. o .; 4 5 s I 11 15 lo Mauritania 17 Senegal 18 Cape Verde The Gambia Guinea Bissau Guinea o Sierra Leone Liberia Côte d'ivoire Equatorial Guinea Ghana Gabon Togo Saö Tome and Principe Benin Congo NigerIa Zaire Cauìeroon Angola
DANIDA DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION OF DENMARK
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF ThE UNITED NATIONS
Technical Report N° 122 May 1998
The State of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa in 1997
by
Benoît Horemans
Team Leader, Fisheries Planning ExperL IDAF Programme
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Cotonou, May 1998 The designations employed and the presemìtìon of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinior whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization or the financing agency concerning the legai status of any country or territory, city or ana, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or bounda'ies.
For bibliographic purposes this document should I-e citedas follows:
Horemans, B., The State of Artisanal Fisheries ir West Africa in 1997. Programme for the 1998 Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin. 47 p., IDAF/WP!122.
]IDAF Pro ect FAO P.OE Box 369 Cotonou, Repub1of Benin
Telex: 5291 FOODAGRI Fax: (229) 3.05.l9 Tel: (229) 33.09.25 THE VISION F3 AF PHA3 III
INTRODUCTION
Development strategy during the 1960 and i 970s was based on the philosophy that developing countries lacked improved technology and capital for speeding up their development: Industrialization was promoted in order to capitalize on the abundant fish resources. However, the anticipated expansion of the economy did not happen and the development approach shifted towards an integrated rural strategy where emphasis is put on the community as a whole to up- grade incomes and the quality of life through technical assistance and the active participation of fisherfolk and the community.
In this context, emphasis was initially placed on the Community Fishery Centre (CFC) concept as a means of promoting artisanal fishery development. But it became apparent that the presence of a complex of facilities and sel-vices tailored to meet local needs was no guarantee that the structures/facilities would be used or that development would occur. The active participation of fisherfolk and the mobilisation of local and community resources was imperative in order to assure sustainability of initiatives undertaken by development projects and/or the community.
So far and in general terms, the IDAF Programme has worked under the context of abundant or seemingly adequate fishery resources with moderate population pressure. The scenario is however changing (and very fast for that matter) and wewould soon face the triple constraints of reduced or depleting fish stocks, degrading environment and increasing population pressure. Like in other sectors, it must be anticipated that just to survive, parts of the population surplus in the fishing communities will enter the artisanal fisheries, which will increase the competition for the resources among the small scale fisherfolk in addition to the prevailing competition between the artisanal and industrial fisheries, with their attendant effect on the environment.
This scenario calls for a côntinuation of the integrated participatory strategy which remains relevant to the development of artisanal fisheries in West Africa. However, the emphasis needs to be placed on the elements and mechanisms that favour the sustainability of initiatives: responsible fishing, the empowerment processes that ensure the devolution of major resource management and development decisions to the local community, the strengthening of national human and institutional capacities at all levels for a sustainable and equitable fisheries resources management and development, as well as in the follow-up and consolidation of past achievements.
DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE
Thus the development objective of the Programme in the present phase Ill which started on 1 July 1994 is to ensure twenty coastal West African countries a sustainable development and management of their artisanal fisheries for maximum social and economic benefit of their fishing communities in terms of employment, proteins and earnings. This will be done through an integrated and participatory approach in which emphasis will be laid on equity, gender ìssues, the transfer of technology for development, environment protection, as well as the strengthening of human and institutional capacities. The ininiediate objectives are:
i To identify, assess and disseminate strategies and mechanisms for sustainable management and development of the artisanal fisheries in fishing communities;
2. To improve the competence of national Fisheries Departments staff in development and management planning of artisanal fisheries;
To enhance regional technical competence in the fisheries disciplines, particularly in fishing and fish technology;
To improve information and experience exchange related to artisanal fisheries within the region;
To promote regional and sub-regional collaboration for the development and management of artisanal fisheries
In this context, IDAF wifi among other things tackle the following major aspects in its work
assisting in the elaboration and implementation of a clear and coherent national development policy for the artisanal fishery sector;
providing advice on management and allocation of resources between artisanal and industrial fishing fleets, both national and foreign;
involving users in the design and management of on shore infrastructures;
monitoring the sector's evolution by the setting up of an economic indicator system for the sector adapted to the financial and human availabilities;
improving fishing technologies in accordance with the available resources;
increasing the final product's value by improvement in processing and marketing;
promoting conununity development in accordance with the lessons learned from Phase I and II and oriented towards the sustainability of actions undertaken;
reinforce the Programme's information/communication system.
It is anticipated that by the end of the third phase of the Project, the region will have a nucleus of field oiiented experts capable to respond to the challenges of the artisanal fisheries sector and to spur development in their individual countries in keeping with the aspirations and needs of' fisherfolk. TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTR( DUCTION
I. GEERAL CONTEXT 3 1.1. Population 3 I .2, Economic growth 5 [.3. Monetary situation S 1 .4. The fisheries sector 6
RECENT TRENDS IN THE SECTOR 9 2.1. Trends in fish production 9 .2. Means of production 12 23 Economic profitabilIty 13 2.4. Trade in fish products 15 2.5. Fish consumption 18
DEVELOPMENT POLICIES 21 3.1, Objectives and priorities 21 3.2. Development policies 23 3.3. National institutions supporting the sector 25 3.3.1.Administrative institutions 25 3.3.2.Research institutions 25 3.4. Fisheries legislation 26 3.5. Regional fisheries policies ..27 3.6. Fisheries development and manageemnt planning ..29 3.6.1 Constraints ..29 3.6.2.Opportunities 31 3.6.3.Planning process 32 3.7. Fisheries resources management . 33
EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE 37 4.1. Majororientations 37 4.2. National projects 37 4.3. Regional projects 42 4.4. Projects in the pipeline 43
ANÌ'4ES
I. eferences 45 2. 3eneral framework for monitoring artisanal fisheries in We Africa 47 List of Figures
Urban population (in % of total population) . 4 Structure of Gross Domestic Product (1995) 4 Marine fish potential (kg/caput/year) 8 Marine catches in CECAF area per fishìng flee1975-1995) 9 Catch composition of IDAF associated countrie; (1995) 9 Demersal catches in CECAF area (1975-1995) 10 Small pelagic catches in CECAF area(l975-l95) 10 Tuna catches in CECAF area (1975-1995) 10 Cephalopod catches in CECAF area (1975-l99 10 Catches by former USSR fleet in CECAF area972-1994) 11 Marine and inland catches by IDAF associated countries (1975-1995) 12 Cost of one litre of fuel expressed in kg of sma[ pelagics (1997) 14 Food fish balance in live weight (1970-1995) 16 Channels of food fish supply (1995) 18 Per caput food fish supply (1970-1995) 18
List of Tables
Baseline indicators (1995) 3 Gross National Product per capita (1995) 5 Geophysical features 6 Estimated marine potential 7 Artisanal marine fisheries production (1996) 11 Artisanal fishermen and fishing boats per county (1997) 13 Balance of trade of fish products in value (1995 17 Fish consumption and its share in proteins (199f) 19 Total debt and debt service (1994) 21 Zone reserved to artisanal fisheries 34 Official Development Assistance (1995) 37
List of IDAF Technical Reports INTRODUCTION
the fifth consecutive year since 1993, effort, then, regardingsocio-economie the Programme for Integrated information: costs and earnings, capital and ForDevelopment of Artisanal Fisheries in labour remuneration, added value etc. It is to West Africa (IDAF) publishes a report on be noted, however, that since the first edition "The State of Artisanal Fisheries in West in 1993, serious efforts have been made to Africa". The aim of this document is to give a improve the monitoring of the sector. synthetic but reasonably complete overview of recent trends in the sector, as well as of The IDAF Programme has mainly opportunities and constraints faced by the helped in updating data on artisanal fisheries artisanal fishing communities in the region. through frame and socio-economie surveys in Benin (1997), Guinea (1997), The Gambia The present revisionisessentially (1997), Guinea Bissau (1997), Congo (1996), based on annual reports prepared by IDAF Democratic Republic of Congo (1996), Togo Liaison Officers and results of field works (1996), Sao Tome and Principe (1995) and carried out by the Programme's staff in the Cameroon (1995). region. Ithas alsohelpedimplement a The other sources of information are thorough review of the sector in Benin (1997), "World Development Report 1997" published Cote d'ivoire (1997), Guinea (1997), The by the World Bank, "Human Development Gambia (1996), Gabon (1996), Congo (1995), Report 1997" published by th United Nations Togo (1995), Sao Tome and Principe (1994), Development Programme (UNDP) and the Cameroon (1993) and Guinea Bissau (1993). FAO fisheries databases (FISHSTAT, CECAFPC and FISHCOMM). A listof Great efforts were made to improve references is given in Annex 1. dataonartisanal fisheriesthroughthe installation of a standardized system based on Obviously, it is impossible to present the ARTFISH software, a statistical data all the data available on the artisanal fisheries processing programme developed by FAO. sector of twenty countriesin a working The system was recently installed in Benin, document. That is why preference has been Togo, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Angola, and Sao given to the presentation of information in the Tome and Principe. Other countries, The form of figures or tables. To better grasp the Gambia, Senegal, and Cameroon, plan to have similarities and differences from one country it installed in 1998. to another, and therefore facilitate analysis, the countries are generally listed ín the tables and Finally, a Working Group on the figures according to geographical, and not studies of the costs and earnings of artisanal alphabetical order. fisheries was constituted in 1995. Its members planned and successfully undertook a 12 The quality of statisticaldata on month survey on costs and earnings of major fisheries, and particularly artisanal fisheries, types of artisanalfishinggearsinnine still needs to be improved. First, regarding countries in the region (Mauritania, Senegal, stock assessment, catches estimates and fishing The Gambia, Guinea, Cote d'ivoire, Ghana, IDAF Technical Report N° 1221 Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon). These studies is the same for the estimates of total catches in which were limited to fish production, were the IDAF region, not found elsewhere. En continued in 1997 through surveys on costs actualfact, this arca which extends from and earnings in fish processing and marketing Mauritania to Angola does not constitute an in Cote d'ivoire, Nigeria and Guinea. FAO statistical division for fisheries. The closest statistical division is the Division 34, Inordertopromotearegular CECAF, which extends from the Straits of monitoring of artisanalfisheriesinthe Gibraltar to the Democratic Republic of countries of the region, a global framework Congo. As for Angola,itisincluded in was elaborated by the Programme (Annex 2). Division 47. lt has thus been necessary to reorganize the data to give the most reliable However, thereisa fear that the picture of fisheries in the region covered by budgetary constraints of the states in the region the Programme. which limit the financial and human resources available to fisheries administrations, might All this therefore requires the analyst have a negative effect on the collection, to be careful in interpreting figures. It is rather compilation and analysis of statistical data in a question of showing the order of magnitude artisanal fisheries. and trends.
Some of the data presented here are This document is divided into four not available in any official publication. This chapters. The first presents the general socio- is the case of artisanal fisheries production economic context of the fisheries sector. The estimates. Official statistics provided by the second gives the most recent data available on countries and publìshed by FAO are arranged the different components of fisheries. The according to fishing zones, fiSh species and the third chapter presents institutional aspects. nationality of the vessels by flag. Estimates of Fiiially, the fourth chapter briefly describes industrial and artisanal production are then nationalandregionalprojectsexecuted gathered and officialy published. The process through foreign assìstance.
2 [DAF Technical Report N° 122 1. GENERAL CONTEXT
1.1 Population nine of them. In such conditions, the region's population will double in 25 years. In most The population of the region reached countries, it was observed that those who were 248.4millioninhabitantsin1995.Six less than 15 years old in 1996 represented countries have about one million inhabitants or between 45 and 50 % of the total population. less. They are: Cape Verde, The Gambia, This figure is to be compared to the 19 % Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and average of theworld's most developed Sao Tome and Principe (Tab.1). regions. These demographic aspects will have serious consequences on employment and food Inalltheregion'scountries, the demands. population growth rate remained very high these past years. Between 1990 and 1995, it Thisgrowthisvery unbalanced exceeded 2.5 % per year in almost all the between rural and urban areas. The increased countries and equalled or exceeded 3 % in urbanization observed in all the countries of
Table 1.- Baseline indicators (1995)
Population Life expectancy Adults Population Population in 1995 at birth literacy less than 15 growth rate (%, (millions) (Years, 1995) (1995, in %) years old 1990-1995) (in %) Mauritania 2.3 51 n.a. 44 2.5 Senegal 8.5 50 33 46 25 Cape Verde 04 65 72 42 25 The Gambia 1.1 46 39 43 3.8 Guinea Bissau 1.1 38 55 44 21 Guinea 6.6 44 35 50 4.9 Sierra Leone 42 40 30 47 1.0 Libéria 2.7 54 n.a. 43 -3.9 Côte divoire 14.0 55 40 46 32 Ghana 17.1 59 63 47 2.9 Togo 41 56 52 48 30 Benin 5.5 50 37 50 2.9 Nigeria 1113 53 57 48 30 Cameroon 13.3 57 63 46 2.8 Equatorial Guinea 0.4 49 n a. 46 2.6 Gabon 1.1 55 63 41 2.8 Sao Tome and Principe 0.1 69 n.a. n.a. 2.2 Congo 2.6 51 75 48 3.0
Dem. Rep. of Congo 41.2 52 76 50 3.9
Angola 10.8 47 n.a. 51 3.2 Source: UNDP, 1997 and World Bank, 1997
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 3 Figure 1.- Urban population (in % of total population) the region (fig.1) will certainly have an impact on the structure Meoritania of fish products demand and Senegal distribution costs. The Cape Verde relationship between rural and Garrbia urban areas is also characterized Guinea Bissau I by a high disparity in access to Guinea goodsandsocialservices (health, Sierra Leone education,etc.), and infrastructures(roads,clean Côte divoire I water, electricity, etc.). Ghana 02000 Togo 01994 01960 Life expectancy at birth Benin is very low and does not exceed 1- Neria E 55years on average in15 Carreroon countries,except forinsular Equatorial Guinea countries such as Cape Verde Sao Tone and Aincipe and Sao Tome and Principe, Gabon where it reaches65and69years
Congo respectively. ltis observed in
Gern Rep. of Congo particular that the average life
Angola expectancyislowestin the countries north of Liberia. o lo 20 30 40 50 60 70 The number of literate adults is slowly increasing but
Figure 2.- Structure of Gross Domestic Product (1995)
Gabon Congo Angol a Senegal Guinea Bissau Mauritania Gambia Nigeria Côte d'ivoire Benin Cameroon Sierra Leone Guinea Bissau Ghana Togo
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
DAgriculture lndustry DS&ViCeS
4 IDAF Technical ReportN° 122 the rateis only higher than 50 % in nine Table 2.- GNP per capita (1995)
countries. In most countries, the number of GNP per Average schooling years does not exceed two on the capita annual growth US $ 1995 rate (%) average. 1985-1995 Mauritania 460 0.5 Senegal 600 n.a. 1.2 Economic growth Cape Verde 960 n.a. The Gambia 320 n.a. The cumulated Gross Domestic Poduct 250 2.0 (GDP) of the countries of the region was 80 Guinea Bissau 1.4 billion US $ in 1995. By way of comparison, Guinea 550 that of South Africa which has 41 million Sierra Leone 180 -3.6 inhabitants was estimated at 136 billion US $ Liberia n.a. n.a. for the same year. The structure of GDP (fig.2) Côte d'ivoire 660 n.a. is characterized by the importance of the Ghana 390 1.4 primary(agriculture) andtertiary(trade, Togo 310 -2.7 administration, services) sectors. The Benin 370 -0.3 industrial sector is weak, except in Guinea and Nigeria 260 n.a. Mauritania which have mineral resources and Came roo n 650 -6.6 in oil-producing countries such as Angola, Equatoriale Guinea 380 Gabon, Congo and Nigeria.Agricultural Gabon 3,490 -8.2 production often represents more than 30 % of Sao Tome and 350 -2.1 GDP. Congo 680 -3.2 Dem. Rep. of Congo 120 n.a. Except in Gabon, the Gross National Angola 410 -6.1 Product (GNP) per capita remains low (tab.2). Source: World Bank, 1997 Between 1985 and 1995, it decreased in most of the countries of the region. With the exception of Nigeria, parallel exchange rates in the region have generally 1.3 Monetary situation disappeared, thereby indicating an improvement in macro-economic policies. The The Ghanaian currency continued to monetary situation in Sao Tome and Principe depreciate in 1997 reaching 1,800 cedìs to i is still alarming since the dobras lost 60 % of US $ in April, that is a 22 % fall in two years. itsvalueagainstthedollarin1997. On the parallel market, the Nigerian currency Disturbances in Sierra Leone, Democratic remained stable in 1997 compared to the end Republic of Congo, Angola and Liberia have of 1995 when the exchange rate reached 80 led to a serious depreciation of their local flaira to i US $, a much highter rate than the currencies. official one re-evaluated at 22 naira in January 1994. The Gambian currency has remained The CFA zone countries were for a relatively stable over the years at about 10 long time used to very low inflation but dalasis to I US $. Currency has been stable witnessed between 30 and 40 % rates in 1994 also in Cape Verde. In May 1997, Guinea and 1995 as a result of the devaluation of the Bissau joined the eight other CFA franc zone CFA franc. The rate fell back to about 3 % in countries in the region. In 1997, the CFA franc 1997. The average annual inflation rate over which had been devalued by 50 % in 1994, the 1984 - 1994 period has been high in Sierra slightlyfluctuatedagainst the US dollar Leone (67 %), Guinea Bissau (66 %), Nigeria thereby following the trend in the French franc (21 %), Ghana (29 %), Sao Tome and Principe to which it is linked. (24 %) and The Gambia (10 %). However,
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 5 these rates seem to be decreasing these past also true for administrations and development years. projectswhichhave a workingcapital component based on the sale of imported Such an inflation trend has of course inputs in local currency. This was noted, for severe consequences on artisanal fisheries example, in Sierra Leone and Sao Tome and which uses mostly imported inputs, including Principe. petrol which represents the first operating costs line item. Inflation also explains the 1.4 The fisheries sector difficulty many importers are faced with in renewing their stocks. In fact, in a situation of Insuch a context,the resources high inflation, earnings from the sale of stocks provided by the fisheries sector cannot be does not facilitate renewal ; in the first place, under estimated. With about 10,000 km of because the seller does not often take inflation coast and an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) into account to permanently adjust his prices of 3.6 million km, the region covered by IDAF and if he does, he is immediately treated as a associated countries represents 30 % of the speculator. Also,because of thesmall whole African continent (tab.3). quantities at stake, orders are placed not more than once a year and earnings in local currency Datarelatedtothe exploitable inevitably lose value during this period. This is potential or Maximum Sustainable Yield
Table 3.- Geophysical features
Land area Coast Continental EEZ Continental (km2) length shelf (km2) waters (km2) (km) (km2) Mauritania 1,025,520 754 44,200 154,300 n.a, Senegal 196,720 531 31,600 205,700 1,000
Cape Verde 4,030 965 10,150 789,400 0 The Gambia 11,300 50 3,900 19,500 80 Guinea Bissau 36,120 274 45,000 150,500 n.a Guinea 245,860 346 38,400 71,000 950 Sierra Leone 71,740 402 26,400 155,700 70 Liberia 111,370 579 19,600 229,700 800 Côte d'ivoire 322,460 510 10,300 104,600 2,800 Ghana 238,540 539 20,900 218,100 8,660 Togo 56,790 56 1,200 2,100 300 Benin 112,620 121 3,100 27,100 1600 Nigeria 923,770 853 46,300 210,900 9,200 Carneroon 475,440 402 10,600 15,400 3,700 Equatorial Guinea 28,050 296 14,710 283,200 na Gabon 267,670 885 46,000 213,600 10,000 Sao Tome & Principe 960 210 1,459 160,000 o Congo 342,000 169 8,900 24,700 1,000 Dem, Rep, of Congo 2,345410 37 1,150 1,000 78,000 Angola 1,246,700 1,650 66,900 605,700 2,000
Total 8,063,070 9,659 45Q769 3,642,200 120,160
In % of Africa 29% 25% 29% 30% 30% Source: FAO, 1993
6 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 (MSY) need to be up-dated. However, the Angola (365,000 t.). lt should be noted that, estimates presently available amount to 3.2 with the exception of Senegal and Ghana, million tons a year for the whole region these coastal countries only exploit a small (tab.4).This MSY includespelagic and partof theirfishresourcesthemselves. demersal resources in a proportion of 73 % Expressed in kilogrammes per capita per year, and 24 % respectively. The remaining 3 % is the potential of the marine resources of the for shellfish and cephalopods. However,a countries in the region illustrates this geat great disparity is observed in the geographical disparity (fig. 3). distribution of the MSY. Thus, 60 % of it is concentrated between Mauritania and Sierra In economic terms, the fisheries sector Leone and 11 % in Angola. As a result only represents up to10 % ofthe GDP in 920,000 tons (29 % of the total MSY) are Mauritania, a country with an important shared among the 12 other countries of the industrial activity in the sector. Moreover, the region. Countries whose known potential is the fisheries sector ensures 50 % of the currency most important are Mauritania (635,000 t.), inflow and contributes 20 % of the state's Senegal (383,000 t.), Guinea Bissau (245,000 revenues. In Senegal, its contribution to the t.), Ghana (291,000 t.), Gabon (176,000 t.) and primary sector's GDP is 11 % and 7 % in Cote
Table 4.- Estimated marine potential (tonnes)
Pelagics Demersals Cephalopods Crustaceans Total Mauritania 408,000 168,000 59,000 n.a. 635,000 Senegal 258,000 125,000 n.a. n.a. 383,000 Cape Verde 42,000 4,000 n.a. 125 46,125 The Gambia 140,000 11,000 1,000 400 152,400 Guinea Bissau 180,000 65,000 n a n a 245,000 Guinea 110,000 114,000 24,000 4,000 252,000 Sierra Leone 135,000 45,000 10,000 n.a. 190,000 Liberia 35,000 9,000 n.a. n.a. 44,000
sub-total 1,308,000 541,000 94,000 4,525 1,947,525 Côtedivoire 51.000 11,500 n.a n.a. 62,500 Ghana 250,000 41,500 n.a. na 291,500 Togo 12,000 800 na na . 12,800 Benin 10,000 3,000 n.a. 400 13,400 Nigeria 80,000 40,000 n.a n a 120,000
sub-total 403,000 96,800 n.a. 400 500,200 Cameroon 40,000 12,000 n.a. 11,000 63,000 Equatorial Guinea 38,000 6,000 n.a. n.a. 44,000 Gabon 147,000 29,000 n.a. n.a. 176,000 Sao Tome & Principe 8,000 4,000 n.a. n.a. 12,000 Congo 50,000 12,000 n.a. n.a. 62,Ó00 Dem, Rep, of Congo 15,000 4,000 n.a. n.a. 19,000 Angola 307,000 52,500 n.a. 5,500 365,000
sub-total 605,000 119,500 n.a. 16,500 741,000
Total 2,316,000 757,300 94,000 21,425 3,188,725 ource: DAF Liaison Officers, FAO 1993
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 7 d'ivoire,inmostcountries,thesector Guinea and 5 % in Sao Tome and Principe.ln represents between 2 and 3 % of total GDP, Cape Verde, fish products, mainly tuna and such as in Cote d'ivoire, Togo, Benin, The lobsters, are traditionally the first, and are Gambia and Ghana. it represents 4 % in among the rare products for export.
Figure 3.- Marine fish potential (kg/caput/year)
Guinea Bissau
r Gabon Gambia Sao Tome and Principe Cape Verde Equatorial Guinea
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Guinea
Angola
J Congo Ghana- Liberia- Cameroon Côte divoire
Togo
r Benin
r Nigeria
Dem. Rep. of Congo
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
8 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 2. RECENT TRENDS IN THE SECTOR
2.1 Trends in fish production percentage, indicates the growing predominance of small pelagics and the light Total production in the CECAF area in weight of demersa! species (fig.5). 1995 was 3.2 million tons representing a 10.6% increase compared to 1994, which still To obtain total catches made by all falls below the 4.1 million tons produced in IDAF countries, catches by Angola in the 1990. Countries associated with the IDAF statistica! Division 47 should be taken into Programme produced 1,245,000 t. (+7.5%), Morocco 805,000 t. (+12%), European UnionFigure 4.- Marine catches in CECAF area per fishing fleet countries 437,000 t. (-13%) and tonnes ex-USSR countries 600,000 t. 4 500 000 (+50%) (fig.4). 4 000 000 3500000
Due to its considerable 3 000 000 - fisheries potential, most of the 2 500 000 productionisdoneinthe CECAF northern zone (Western 2 000 000 Sahara,Canary Islands and 1 500 000
Morocco). Thus, in 1995, they 1 000 000 represented 55% of production in all of the CECAF area with 500 000 theexception of thegreat migrators, the tunas. 75 80 85 95 DIDAF Morocco D Others As can be noted, theevolutionof theFigure 5.- Catch composition of IDAF associated countries (1995) catches by the fleet in coastalcountrieshas 100% been relatively steady 90% for more than 20 years 80% since they increased by 70% 50% between 1975 and DOthers 1995. Moreover, it was 60% D Cephalopods D Crustaceans 50% also noted that, for the D Tunas second consecutive 40% D Pe!agics D Demersals year, catches made by 30% IDAF countries were higher than the ones by the non-coastal countries. Their composition in 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 9 Figure 6.- Demersal catches in CECAF area account. They reached 88,000 t. in 1995 with a total of I ,333,000t.
Most of the catches, whether by
Others national or foreign fleet, consist of small U Morocco D Eo-USSR pelagics (68%). This mainly concerns sardines, IDAF DEU sardinellas, bonga and anchovies. Demersals represent 13% of catches, tuna 10%. The rest is made up of cephalopods, shellfish, and unidentified fish.
Catches made by foreign fleet can be dividedinto catches by countries of the Figure 7.- Small pelagic catches in CECAF area European Union (EU), especially France and Spain, and those of former USSR particularly Russia and Ukraine, and to a lesser extent Lithuania,Latvia,Georgia andEstonia. Division by groups of species according to fleet for 1995 shows a relative concentration of foreign fleet on tuna and small pelagics (fig. 6to 9).
As for catches by French fleet in the CECAF area, they reached 93,000 t. in 1995 and consist exclusively of tuna (99%). Catches Figure 8.- Tuna catches in CECAF area by the Spanish fleet reached 328,000t. but are more diversified with a strong presence of sardines (3 7%) and tuna (33%). The remaining catches consist of cephalopods, kakes and diverse fish as well as shellfish. Other EU countries thatfishin the area are Italy, Portugal and Greece.
In recent years, catches by foreign fleet have greatly decreased because many units of the former USSR fleet, subject hitherto to economic profitability criteria have stopped operating. The catches of this fleet, which was Figure 9.- Cephalopod catches in CECAF area still fishing in the CECAF area, especially in the north, 1,688,000 t. in 1990, decreased to 1,468,000 t. in 1991 and 830,000 t. in 1992, 517,000 in 1993, and 394,000 t. in 1994. This
Others represents a fall of almost 1.3 million tons, i.e. D Morocco D Ex-USER 77% in four years. Catches slightly improved IDAF DEU in 1995 to 600,000 t. (fig. 10). More than 85% of thecatchesare smallpelagics. The decreasing activity of these foreign fleet has a negative impact not only on the revenues of coastal countries but also on the supply of low valued fish. In some countries, part of these catches was used to pay for fishing licences in
10 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 kind. This was the case, for example, in and Angola. Guinea Bissau where catches from former USSR countries decreased progressively from Owing tothe unequal quality of 78,000 t. in 1990 to 3,000 t. in 1995. statistical data and to the fluctuations of prices during the year,itis difficult to have an Catchesbyfleetfromcountries accurate idea of the value of catches at the associatedtotheIDAF Programme are distributed between artisanal and Figure 10.- Catches by former USSR fleet in CECAF area (1972-1995) industrial fisheries in a 3/4 - tonnes 1/4 proportion. The major 1 800 000 i countrieswithanational 1 600 000 industrial fishing fleet are 1400000 * Angola, Mauritania, Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria and Cote 1200000
d'Ivoire. 1 000 000
800 000 Itis estimated that artisanal fisheries production 600 000
significantly exceeded one 400 000 million tons for the first time in 1996. Generally, a fairly 200 000
important stability was o noticed. Nevertheless, 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 increases in production were registered in many countries with very different situations according to the Table 5.- Artisanal marine fisheries country. production (1996) Mauritania 22,300 The distribution of artisanal marine Senegal 327,900 catches by country in 1996 shows a high Cape Verde 4,800 predominance of Ghana and Senegal, which The Gambia 30,500 together represent 54% of landings in IDAF Guinea Bissau 52,000 countries (tab. 5). Catches in Nigeria represent Guinea 49,800 not more than 12%, a figure to be compared to Sierra Leone 46,800 the 18% reached in 1992. Liberia 2,000 Côte d'Ivoire 37,500 In Senegal, catches reached a new Ghana 298,200 record of 328,000 t.in an increasing trend Togo 9,900 since many years. In The Gambia, production Benin nearly doubled since 1993. In Ghana, catches 7,300 reached 298,000 t. i.e. almost the level reached Nigeria 138,2Ó0 in 1992 after a serious fall these past years. In Cameroon 45,000 Nigeria, production estimated at 138,000 t. is Equatorial Guinea 4,100 still far from the average 180,000 t. production Gabon 27,000 between 1988 and 1992 and even the 159,000 Sao Tome & Principe 3,400 t. captured in 1995. Catches greatly increased Congo 10,500 in Angola and Gabon. It is possible that in Dem, Rep, of Congo 3,700 some countries, the estimated high production Angola 46,900 partly reflects an improvement in statistics. Total 1,167,800 This could be the case of The Gambia, Gabon Source: IDAF Liaison Officers
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 11 landing site. However, it wouldFigure 11.-Catches by IDAF associated countrìes (l97595) seemreasonableenoughto tonnes consider that it must be close to 1 600 000 2.5billionUS$,of which 1 400 000 about1.1billion US$ (45%) would be contributed by the fleet 1 200 000
from the region's coastal 1 000 000 countries,For these countries, 800 000 demersal species represent 51% of the total value of landings, 600 000 small pelagics 15% - whereas 400 000 they represent 56% in volume-, cephalopods 12%, shellfish 9% 200 000 and tuna 4%. Nine percent of o catches are unidentified. 75 80 85 90 95 Inland waters Marine waters J Coastal countries in West Africa have the possibility of increasing their share of the catches in their Senegalese. The latter are also found in Guinea waters. However, fishing effort should be Bissau where 27% of the fishermen are geared towards small pelagic stocks which foreigners. In Congo, there is a community of were until recently fished by foreign industrial 500 Popo fishermen from Benin who settled fishing vessels, mainly from the former USSR. there in the early I 960s. They represent one Unfortunately,with the currentstate of third of the country's marine fishermen. On the technology, these resources are generally out other hand, migrant fishermen are generally of scope of artisanal fishing fleet. not present in insular countries (Cape Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, Equatorial Guinea) Catches from inland waters, also, in a andincountries where strong migrating steady increase, were estimated at 497,000 t. in tradition exists: Senegal, Ghana and Nigeria. 1995, i.e. 27% of total national catches (fig. Migrantfishermen,whooftendonot I I). Aquaculture production is insignificant. regularize theirstatus,livein precarious situations. Their repatriation from Liberia, Mauritania and Gabon these past years can be 2.2 Means of production recalled. Moreover, in many countries in the region, they have no right to land ownership. Accordingto themostrecent estimates, there are 576,000 full-time artisanal There are about 135,000 artisanal fishermen working at sea and half of them are fishing boats. These are canoes, with the supposed to be Nigerians (tab.6). In addition to exception of planked boats of 4 to 6 m. in these professionals, there is a great number of length built in Cape Verde and the launches part-time fishermen who are also farmers. used by the Imraguen populations of the Arguin Bank in Mauritania. Artisanal fishermen's migration is an essential characteristic of marine fisheries in Traditionally, the canoes were built theregion.Thus,inGabon,Togolese, from huge tree trunks. These dug-out canoes Beninese and particularly Nigerians represent were, however, limited in length and volume more than 75% of marine fishermen. In Togo, by available trunks. But with the necessity of 65% fishermen are foreigners and in Benin extending the canoes' range of action and/or 55% are mainly Ghanaians. In Cameroon, they due to the adoption of new fishing methods, represent 80%, mainly Nigerians. In The they have progressively evolved. Thus, there Gambia, 67%are foreigners, mainly arc Senegalese canoes built with planks and
12 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 Table 6.- Full time artisanal fishermen and artisanal fishing essentially 8,15, 25, and 40. The boats per country (1997) large majority uses petrol. However, anincreaseindiesel enginesis Fishermen Fishing boats Motorization (%) observed especially in The Gambia Mauritania 16,000 2,054 90 and Guinea Bissau. Senegal 57,067 fl,636 80
Cape Verde 5,526 1,417 71 The fishing gears used are The Gambia 2,731 495 87 similar from one country to another: Guinea Bissau 9,800 2,490 25 gil ¡nets, handlines, longlines, purse seines or even cast nets used by small Guinea 10,488 2,563 40 dug-outcanoes. Someareless Sierra Leone 14,670 5,690 16 widespread, for example, small dams Liberia 1,725 513 3 in the Bijagos archipelago (Guinea Côte d'ivoire 14,802 2,285 53 Bissau), or trawl nets towed by foot in Ghana 101,741 8,641 59 Cameroon or fixed nets in Sierra Togo 2,876 403 46 Leone. Benin 3,596 840 48 Nigeria 272,000 77,000 21 One of the areas in which Cameroon 24,136 7,335 27 particular attention should be paid is Equatonal Guinea 3,738 1,290 12 the sea safety of artisanal fishermen. Gabon 5,000 1,500 90 Recent surveys' have shown the often Sao Tome & Pnncipe 2,100 1,870 40 under-estimated impact of accidents Congo 1,777 560 40 at sea. Thus, in the Programme's Dem, Rep,ofCongo 3,000 800 4 northern area (from Mauritania to Angola 23,364 4,677 14 Sierra Leone), 518 accidents were recordedretrospectivelybetween Total 576,135 134,059 32 1991 and 1994 leadingto 340 deaths, Source: DAFLialson Officers 285 wounded and material losses using purse seines which measure between 14 evaluated at 1.3 million USS. A similar survey and 20 metres and have a loading capacity of undertaken in countries in the southern area 20 tons. In many countries of the region, there (fromCameroontoAngola)estimated are also dug-out canoes (Equatorial Guinea, accidents at 152 between 1989 and 1996, Sao Tome and Principe, Congo) or planked causing 202 deaths, 112 wounded and 150,000 canoes (Guinea. Sierra Leone, and Nigeria) of US$ worth of losses. The fact that these more modest dimensions adapted toless accidents mainly happened to- large canoes intensive fishing. (12-22 m) in the northern areas and to smaller ones (3-12 m) in the southern area clearly The Ghanaian-type canoes used on a showsthedifferencesbetweenfishing large part of the coast are always dug-out methods here and there. canoes which can measure up to 14 metres in length. They use heavy and sophisticated fishing gears such as purse seines or large 2.3 Economic profitability mesh nets. Wood scarcity is becoming a problem, so there is a need to review, in the Between 1995 and 1996, the IDAF near future, the very conception of canoes. Programme financed and coordinated studies on costs and earnings in artisanal fisheries in The average rate of motorization is ninecountriesoftheregion (Benin, growing steadily but seems relatively low Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, (32%). Thisismainly due tothe poor motorization level in Nigeria due to its high cost.Outboardengine horsepoweris IDAF/WP/7 I and IDAF/WP/1 16
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 13 Figure 12.- Cost of one litre of fuel expressed in kg of small pelagics (1997)
Senegal
Gambia Guinea Bissau
Mauritania Côte divoire
Cameroon Angola
Benin Sao Tome and Principe
Ghana
Cape Verde
D. R. Congo Congo Nigeria
0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Guinea, Mauritania, Nigeria and Senegal)'. In Variable costs are from $10 to $500 this context, fishing units were monitored over per fishing trip. The lowest costs per trip are a one-year periodusing a questionnaire observed in beach seines and gillnets. These structuredfordata collection on fishing costs exceed $100 and attain $500 in Senegal activities, expenses, catches and revenues. for line fishing units which go out to sea for 7 to 10 days. Fishing trips vary between 100 and Data on purseseine,gilinet and 200 days per year. handline fishing units2 in Benin, Cameroon, The Gambia, Guinea, and Senegal give a good The most importantlineitemin idea of the sub-sector's economic aspects. variablecosts is fuelexpenses.The relationship between the value of a litre of fuel Investmentcostsvary from one and the value of production expressed in kilo country to another and within the same of small pelagics indicates some differences country depending on the technology used. among countries in the region. In the extreme, They are very high for purse seine fishing there is Nigeria, on one hand, where fuel price (from $8,300 in The Gambia to $23,500 in is very low and where 180 gr. of fish can buy Cameroon) but are relatively low for gilinet a litre of fuel; and on the other hand, Senegal fishing (from $2,800 in Senegal to $7,300 in where 9 kg is needed because of the very low Guinea). In Guinea, handline fishing requires price of sardinella and high price of fuel. In the lowest investment cost ($2,700). the other countries, 600 gr to 2 kg of small pelagics need to be sold to buy a litre of fuel (fig. 12). IDAF/WP/1 00 The lowest annual sales are recorded 2 "Handline" is a general term which by gillnet fishing in The Gambia ($3,600). The includes simple line and longlines. Units for highest are in handline fishing ¡n Senegal fresh fish use longlines and their costs and ($80,100). In Cameroon, sales for seine fishing earnings are generally higher than simple line unit reach $74,000 whilst those for gillnet fish ing. fishing vary between $3,600 in The Gambia to
14 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 $23,000 in Guinea. Concerning line fishing, profitability rates are recorded in handline sales vary from $12,500 in The Gambia to fishing in Senegal (137%) and Guinea (128%). $80,100 in Senegal. The variations observed in annual sales are due to the variations in the Results of studies on the uses of volume of landings and prices of fish. incomes by boat owners in Ghana and Senegal show that artisanal fishermen generally make Net incomes, that is,total sales of profits and should be able to cover their fixed fishing unit minus operation costs, are, in most and variable expenses. However, the boat cases, shared between boat owners and the owners' problem is often a lack of knowledge fishing crew. There are various types of of managing their fishing enterprise, especially sharing systems according to the countries and saving for the low season and carrying out the according to types of units. Very often, sharing required replacement of equipment. is done on a 50% by 50% basis. In Senegal, there is the influence of capitalistic intensity However, itis noted that the prices on the structure of the sharing system. New giveninlocalcurrencyareconstantly equipment, echosounders or ice boxes are increasing. This is inevitable because various henceforth allocated part of the income in the inputs are imported (nets, engines, fuel) and same way asnet,engine or canoe.In nationalcurrenciesareconstantlybeing Cameroon, some fishingunitsare also adjusted. The problem faced by both boat beginningtoremuneratenotonlythe owners and fishermen is that the purchasing ownership of production means but also the power of both rural and urban populations management of these units. where unemployment rateis high due to Structural Adjustment Programmes, is low. Variations in earnings and sharing Consequently, the operators in the sector systems are reflected in the average monthly cannot compensate the high production costs revenues of boat owners and fishermen. by a proportional increase of the selling price Generally, boat owners are better remunerated of fish. In having not much control over the than fishermen. Average monthly incomes of costs, they suffer a reduction in income. boat owners are lowest in Benin ($23) and Cameroon ($24) for gilinet fishing units. They It should be noted that the strategy arehighestforpurseseinefishingin adopted by migrant fishermen differs from one Cameroon ($1,370) and Senegal ($993), and country to another depending on the economic for handline fishing in Senegal ($894). The situation.In The Gambia,for example, best remunerated fishing unit for fishermen is Senegalese fishermen generally bring with handline fishing which gives the highest them fuel which is subsidized in Senegal. On monthly income of $515 in Senegal and $160 the other hand, in Cameroon, Nigerians often in Guinea. The lowest remunerated units are: sell their catches and buy the material on the seine fishing in Guinea ($17), gilinet fishing spot. The Beninese fishermen based in Congo ($21) and handline fishing in Benin ($21). buy their canoes from Ghana, like many of Contrary to those of fishermen, the incomes of their colleagues who operate in Benin. boat owners generally exceed the basic salaries paid in the public sectors as well as farmers' earnings. 2.4 Trade in fish products
The profitability rate of a fishing unit, In terms of quantity, the trade balance the relationship between annual net incomes of of fish products had a deficit of not more than the boat owner and investment cost, is positive 560,000 tons in 1995 (fig.13). Whilst imports for all units. The relatively low profitability representedalmost 1 .3 milliontonsin rates are those recorded in gillnet fishing in 1989-90, they were only 780,000 tons in 1995. Benin(6%) and Cameroon (10%) and Comparing the average in 1993-95 to that of handline fishing in Benin (14%). The highest 1981-83, a 37% fall in imports was noted.
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 15 Figure 13.- Food fish balance in live weight(1970-1995)
tonnes 2 000 000
1 500 000
1 000 000
500 000
-500 000
-1 000 000
-1 500 000 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94
Balance 4--Imports O--Exports
In terms of value, however, this Belgium. They reached 26,000 t. in 1995. traditionallynegative balancehas been positive since the mid 1980s. It reached 271.5 Togo imports smoked or dried small million US$ in 1995 (tab.7), a significant pelagics from Ghana. It also imports frozen increase from 50 million US$ in 1993. This is horse mackerels, sardinellas and canned fish partly due to a regular fall in imports since from Mauritania and the Netherlands. After a 1990 owing to national economic crises but sharp fall in 1993, these frozen fish imports also to the growth of exports estimated at 770 increased to 36,000 t. in 1994 and 40,000 t. in million US$ in 1995. 1995.
The main importing countries of the Unofficial imports are mainly region in 1995 were Cote dvlvoire (250,000t.) composed of salted/dried or smoked fish from and Nigeria (311 ,000t.). The major suppliers neighbouring countries. of Cote d'Ivoire were Mauritania, ex-USSR countries and the Netherlands. Official imports Industrial or semi-industrial fleet in the are generally composed of frozen small countries of the regionfishfor export pelagics (horse mackerels, sardinellas) as well essentially. However, it must be noted that as frozen tuna to supply the canneries. Nigeria artisanal fishermen increasingly supply the imports smallpelagics mainly from the export channels such as in The Gambia and Netherlands and Namibia. The Democratic Guinea. In Senegal, they ensure more than Republic of Congo imported 108,000 t. in 60% of the needs of processing factories. 1995 compared to 150,000 t. in the mid-1980s. They are mainly frozen horse mackerels from Fresh or frozen fish are generally Namib ja. exported to Europe and smoked and dried fish to countries of the region. Ghana and Cote Ghana imports mainly during the low d'Ivoire export canned tuna. Some additional season (December - May). These imports products such as shark fins, for example, are consist of horse mackerels and mackerels exported to Asia or "poutargue" (mullet eggs) mainly from Norway, the Netherlands and exported from Mauritania to Italy. The big
16 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 exporting countries are Table 7.- Balance of trade of fish products in value (1995) Senegal, Cote d'ivoire and Fish products Fish products Fish products Mauritania. These three imports exports balance of trade provide 73% of exports in (millions $) (millions $) (millions $) the region. For some Mauritania 2,0 167,3 165,3 countries,exports of fish Senegal 17,2 165,3 148,1 products represent an Cape Verde 0,5 1,7 1,2 essential contribution to the The Gambia 0,3 6,9 6,6 national economy. This is the Guinea Bissau 0,5 1,8 1,3 case of Cape Verde, The Guinea 4,0 18,3 14,3 Gambia, Sierra Leone and Sierra Leone 3,4 20,3 16,9 Angola. sub-total 27,9 381,6 353,7 Liberia 1,8 Exports in Cote 0,8 -1,0 d'Ivoire reached a new record Côte d'Ivoire 164,8 233,3 68,4 of 233 million US$ in 1995 Ghana 15,5 59,7 44,2 almost double its previous Togo 15,5 4,3 -11,2 record of 134 million US$ in Benin 9,3 1,6 -7,7 1993.Whileexports in Nigeria 139,8 55,3 -84,5 Senegal exceeded 200 sub-total 346,7 355,0 8,2 million US$ inthe early Cameroon 27,1 1,9 -25,2 1990s, they fell sharply to Equatorial Guinea 2,8 1,7 -1,1 120 million US$ in 1993 and Gabon 8,0 6,7 -1,4 1994. They rose significantly Sao Tome & 0,6 0,0 -0,6 again to 165 million US$ in Congo 12,4 0,1 1995. Exports from Ghana -12.2 Dem, Rep, of 48,0 1,1 and Nigeria were 60 and 55 -46,9 Angola 24,5 21,5 millionUS$respectively -3,0 compared with 30 million sub-total 123,4 33,0 -90,4 USS previously. Countries Total 498,2 769,7 271,5 whichtraditionallywere Source: FAO hardly exporters witnessed fish product exports increase significantly in the past years. Examples are Exports to neighbouring countries The Gambia, whose exports doubled to 7 werenot often recordedbutrepresent million US$, Guinea which exported 18 significant amounts for some. Hence in million US$ worth, an increase compared to Cameroon, for example, they represent 50,000 1993 and 1994 (7-8 million US$), Togo with tons of which 20,000 are from the artisanal 4 million US$ instead of 500,000 to 800,000 marine fishery, for an estimated value of 40 US$ and Benin with 1.5 million US$, more million USS. than the 100,000 to 200,000 US$ in the past. Due to the different changes that took Exports in Cameroon, on the other place on the international market, the domestic hand, fell. Composed mainly of prawns for the market supply for the region changed in a few European Union, these exports were slightly years. In 1995, as the average since 1991, 63% lower than 2 million USS in 1995, far from the of the local needs are supplied from the 7 to 8 million US$ recorded at the end of the national production and 37% comes from 1980s. Congo also exported only 133,000 US$ imports (fig. 14). In 1990, the relationship was worth in 1995, as against 5 to 7 million US$ respectively 52% and 48% and between 1981 exported traditionally. and 1983 it was 45% and 55%. This clearly shows lesser dependence on foreign markets,
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 17 afactthat might be seenas Figure 14.- Channels of food fish supply (1995) positive. However, as mentioned above, this lesser dependence is due to a sharp fall in imports which External markets h a s generally not been matched with a corresponding increaseinlocal production. Exports alsovaried since 1990 between 15% and 20% National Production Domestic market of regional production, representing loo 130 18% in 1995. 82
Fish trade is largely ensured by women. The number of persons workinginthefieldsof fishFigure 15.- Per caput food fish supply (1970-1995) processingandmarketing is estimatedat1.8million. Two 17
distinctive strategies can be noted: 16 a "domestic" strategy whereby a 15 fisherman'swivesandfemale 14 relatives process and market his Q >. 13 catches; another is the o. a Q "entrepreneurial" strategy used by a women who finance fishing units o and do not necessarily have a 11 kinship relationship with the boat 10 owners or fishermen. They thus
ensure a guaranteed supply of fresh 8 fish. Data on incomes from thìs 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94
tradearealmostnon-existent. 4--All IDAF countries 0IDAF countries less Nigeria Nevertheless, in 1995, 0. N'Diaye estimated the annual income of a retailer in M'bour in Senegal at 1,200 US$ and that of a wholesale fishmonger 2.5 Fish consumption at 3,200 US$. For the same year, I. Odotei estimated the income of fish traders at Elmina The apparent consumption of fish in Ghana at 80 USS, 700 US$ and 1,200 US$ products in the region was estimated at 9.2 kg respectivelyaccordingtothevolume per capita in 1995 (fig. 15). This consumption marketed: low, medium or high. is decreasing sharply compared to that of the early I 980s when it exceeded 15 kg. This is Studiesonfishprocessingand due, on one hand, to a fall in imports and on marketing by women in the region show that the other hand, to population growth. Fish the profitability of these activities is often consumption in the region is therefore less high. It depends on the fish species used, the than the world average of 13 kg. level of processing,supply,nearness to markets and technology used. Women not only Thisrelativelylowconsumption use their incomes for household maintenance occurs in a context of malnutrition. Indeed, in and some social obligations, but also re-invest tenyears,the averageindexof food an important part in fishing-related activities. production per capita has fallenin most countries of the region (tab.8) and the economiccrises prevailinginallthese
18 IDAF Technical ReportN° 122 Table 8.- Fish consumption and its share in proteins (1995)
Fish consumption Share of Share of Average index of (kg/capita/year) fish(%)in fish (%) in food production total animal per capita (1993) proteins proteins (1979-81 = 100)
Mauritania 16.8 6.2 15.1 81 Senegal 27.6 11.4 39.3 111 Cape Verde 18.2 8.3 22.9 n.a. The Gambia 18.1 11.8 55.1 76 Guinea Bissau 5.4 3.2 16.7 110 Guinea 9.7 6.3 48.9 98 Sierra Leone 14.3 12.2 63.4 86 Liberia 4.6 3.8 21.6 66 Côte dIvoire 12.1 7.4 39.2 89 Ghana 20.4 13.3 57.8 115 Togo 12.6 8.5 44.0 106 Benin 10.8 5.5 31.9 119 Nigeria 6.0 3.0 22.5 129 Cameroon 8.8 4.9 23.6 79 Equatorial Guinea 22.9 347 66.9 na. Gabon 34.7 12.4 26.2 78
Sao Tome & Principe. 24,3 15.5 . 61.6 n.a. Congo 22.7 16.4 44.9 79 Dem. Rep. of Congo 5.9 44 26.5 100 Angola 9.2 7.8 32.8 72 Source: FAO countries result in a high reduction of imports. consumption per capita decreased from 26.0 to 20.4 kg/year. The situation is however very different from one country to another. In 6 of them In Congo, which was importing 50,000 namely Senegal, Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, to 55,000 t. in the mid-80s and was producing Gabon, Congo, Sao Tome and Principe, 30,000 t.for a population of 1.9 million consumption per capita and per year is equal to inhabitants, apparent fish consumption was 40 or exceeds 20 kg. In 7 countries, namely, kg/capitalyear. In 1995, the economic crisis Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, led to a fall in imports to 21,000 t., while Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo and production reached 36,000 t. However, the Angola,itisless than 10 kg. In 7 other populationis2.6 million inhabitants and countries, it is between 10 and 20 kg per year. apparent consumption is only 22.7 kg/capitalyear. In Ghana, the population increased from 15 to 17.3 million inhabitants between inAngola,apparent consumption 1990 and 1995, At the same time, fish supply decreased from 25 kg to 9 kg from 1981-1988 on the domestic market slightly decreased and 1991-1995. Meanwhile, imports decreased from 390,000 t.to 352,000 t. due to low from 130,000 t.to 9,000t.per year. In production (from 394,000 t. to 344,000 t.), Cameroon, during the same period, increased exports (from 26,000 t. to 36,000 t.) consumption fell for the same reasons from 12 and a slight increase in imports (from 22 to kg to 8 kg. Even Cote d'ivoire did not escape 25,000t.).Underthesecircumstances, since apparent consumption decreased from 20
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 19 kg peryear in the second half ofthe l98Osto relationship between supply and demand. In 12 kg in 1995 due to low production, high many countries, cold storage methods are exports and imports as well as the growth of inadequate and fish unsold the same day is local production meant for uses other than either dried or smoked. Thus in Senegal, 37% human feeding (from 15% to 55%). of the artisanal fishery catches are processed. It is estimated that 35,000 t. of processed fish In Mauritania, changes in significant were produced in 1994. eating habits were due to the recent years of drought and rapid urbanization. Consequently In Sao Tome and Principe, as well as apparent consumption increased from less than in Cape Verde, more than 80% of the fish is 10kg in 1988/1989 to more than 16kg in 1995. marketed fresh. About 10% is salted/dried and 8% smoked. Senegal maintained a high level of 27.6 kg in 1995 at the expense of a fall in InCotedIvoire,80%ofthe exports which declined from 130,000 t. in the production is smoked, especially sardinellas, mid-80s to 83,000 t. in 1995. anchovies and herrings. In Benin, the major part of the fish sold is processed but it is noted In 9 countries in the region, fish that more and more quantities of bonga are provides 40% of animalproteins.In8 sold fresh. countries, it supplies more than 20% of total proteins. In all the countries of the region, the fish market is free and prices vary according to There is a risk of fish price increases in the law of supply and demand. There are, the future. This will be due to the joint effect however, two distìnct markets: the one for of the supply deficit and the quick and steady small pelagics of low market value and the progression of demand, and on the other hand other of demersalfishmeant for more the rise of production and importation costs. urbanized customers with a relatively higher income. In some countries, the fallin the activities of fleet in the former USSR which The price of small pelagics landed by started in 1991, and will probably continue in artisanalfishingunitsvariesseasonally the coming years, has a direct effect on the according to their abundance. Compared to domestic market supply. Indeed, this fleet was that of meat, it remains cheap. In Ghana and often landing small pelagics for sale on the Senegal, the biggest producers in the region, local market in compliance with the terms of sardinellaisless expensive and issold fishing agreements. Moreover, this fish was a between 0.10 and 0.30 US$/kg. In Togo, cheapsourceof supplyforthelocal anchovies are bought at 0.25 to 0.40 US$/kg. populations. In other countries in the region, prices of small pelagics vary from 0.30 to 1.00 US$. These Post-harvest losses remain a source of prices are still very competitive compared to waste. Indeed, these concern physical losses the ones of meat which vary between 2 and 3 but they alsorepresent economic losses US$/kg. resulting from the lack of infrastructures and adequate storage facilities. Regarding species of high value, their price is close to that of meat which varies Artisanal fisheries catches are sold generally between 1 .5 and 3 US$/kg according fresh or processed according to the taste of to the country, abundance and species. consumers,storageconditionsandthe
20 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 3. DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
As already mentioned in the first The weight of the debt is particularly chapter,the economicsituationinthe heavy, since the total debt exceeds one year of countries of the region is very alarming. With GNP (tab.9). In addition, the servicing of the a Gross National Product (GNP) per capita debt, i.e. payment of interests, often represents inferior to 500 US $ per year in most of the an important part of exports. This is why the countries, and inferior to 1,000 US $ in all, success of goverment policies often depends exceptinGabon(tab.2),thefinancial on the assistance which their development resources necessary to autonomously partners provide. implement a sustainable development policy are limited. Moreover, from 1985 to 1995, the average annual growth rate of the GNP per 3.1 Objectives and priorities capita was negative in most of the countries in the region. The objectives assigned to the artisanal fisheries sector by national authorities are identicalin most of the region's Table 9.- Total debt and debt service (1994) countries. The major ones are:
Total Debt Debt service in % o in % of GNP of exports increase production to ensure food self-sufficiency; Mauritania 240 23 o create jobs to fight Senegal 99 15 unemployment and rural Cape Verde n.a n.a. exodus; The Gambia 117 14 o increase fishermen's income Guinea Bissau 341 15 and welfare; o Guinea 95 14 preserve resources Sierra Leone 187 n.a improve technology. Liberia na. n.a. Coted'ivoire 33g 40 It should be noted that since a Ghana 102 25 few years ago, the expression "food security"isreplacing "food self- Togo 157 8 sufficiency". Thereis Benin therefore a 109 10 move from a relatively economic Nigeria 102 18 national self-sufficiency concept, for Cameroon 107 17 agricultural production in particular, Equatorial Guinea n.a. n.a. to the recognition ofthese Gabon 122 10 countries'integration in to the world Sao Tome & Principe na. n.a. economy, taking into account the Congo 454 52 importance of comparative advantages Dem. Rep. of Congo n.a. n.a. and trade exchanges. Contrary to the Angola na. n.a. food self-sufficiency concept, which Source: UNDP, 1997 madeexplicitreferencetofood
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 21 production, food security implicitly refers to capital for employment. income. Thus, the food security objective wifl be more easily achieved if income is higher. lt This is why political decisions must be shouldthereforebeacknowledgedthat taken to arbitrate between different production should lead to the highest possible development options. [t is the responsibility of income. In this light, the fall in fish products administrative and research institutions, and imports recorded these past years, which was also of the populations concerned to help make not compensated for by an increasein these choices. This is all the more necessary domestic production, represents a danger for because more attention is now being given to food security among the populations in the "sustainable development", particularly in the region. case of a renewable and limited resource like fisheries, the overexploitation of which is a In the framework of macro-economic permanent threat. policies influenced by Structural Adj ustement Programmes (SAP), the fishety sectoris In all the countries of the region, sometimes relied upon to attain the objectives official priority has, for several years, been of improving the balance of payments. Thus, given to artisanal fisherìes and not to industrial one of the objectives sometimes assigned to fisheries. This is due to several reasons. First thesectorisitscontributiontoforeign of allthefailure of industrialfisheries currencyearnings throughexports.This development policies. They were, on the primarilyconcerns industrialfisheries. whole, costly and non profitable. It should be However, it is observed that in some countries notedthat throughoutthe world,most thecontribution of artisanalfisheriesis industrial fishing fleet are highly subsidized, significant. This is the case in Senegal where something the economic situation of the the sector supplies more than 50 % of the countries in the region does not naturally products for export. Itis also the case in permit or no longer permits'. Secondly, in Mauritania and, to a lesser extent, in Guinea mostcountriesintheregion,fishing and The Gambia. In addition, reduction in fish possibilities do not justify the operation and imports and their substitution by domestic maintenance of an industrialfleet,in the production is an objective pursued by many absence of an effective sub-regional policy on countries in the region. exploitation and access to the resource. The general policy then is, on the one hand, to However, in a context of intensive favour national production and the creation of exploitation of the resources, some of these jobs by the development of artisanal fisheries objectivesareincompatible. Thus,for and on the other hand, to give foreign fleet the example,theincrease in employment right to exploit the resources that are out of opportunities and the consequent entry of new reach of artisanal fisheries against payment of operators in the fishery will cause, in the long fishing licences. run, a fall in productivity and therefore in individual income. The increase in exports will result in a decrease in the catches available on the domestic market. Although in this case it is possible for the income generated by these exports, generally comprising high valued products, to be used inimporting large On the basis of the 1989 gross quantities of low market valued fish meant for incomes, FAO estimated the annual operating populations with low purchasing power. A deficit of the world fishing fleets at 22 billion third example is related to the modernization US$, not to mention the cost of capìtal. If the of techniques which can entail, in the long run, latter is considered, the deficit would be 54 a fallin job opportunities by substituting billìon US a year.
22 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 3.2 Development policies sector.
The trend now in most of the region's Insomecountries,theartisanal countries is to favour a policy of liberalization fisheries sector benefits from fiscal policy and decentralization. Liberalization through advantages. This applies usually to fuel for the promotion of private enterprises, the outboard engines and fishing nets. These decontrolling of prices and the handing over of measures generally consist of total or partial projects tothe private sector or tothe tax exemption, and are in force in Senegal, fisherfolkcommunities.Decentrai ization Coted'Ivoire,Mauritania,Gabon,The through communities taking responsibility for Gambia and Ghana. In Cape Verde, fuel and a number of activities and managing their icearesubsidized.InGuinea,fishing infrastructures. The econom je situation, and cooperatives are exempted from tax in the first also, may be mostly, the need to hold the users ten years. responsible for the infrastructures and services leads more and more countries to require them However, the use of thesefiscal to pay user fees. In the countries where the instruments is more and more questioned by communitiesareinvolvedintheir own internationalfinancing bodies within the development through a participatory approach, framework ofSAPs. Their removal thefisheriesadministrations practisethis automatically provokes a rise in investment policy. and operation costs which are difficult to pass on to the consumers integrally. In past years, The handing over of development fuel subsidy, for example, was stopped in projects to private operators at the end of Nigeria, The Gambia, Togo, and Ghana. foreign assistance was practised, some years back, by Gabon and Guinea Bissau. Recently, In many countries, no subsidy or tax infrastructuresprovidedbydevelopment exemption policy is applied. This is the ease of projects were handed over to communities Angola, Ren in, Cameroon, Congo, Guinea, instaed of private operators in The Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome Gabon, Ghana and Sierra Leone. However, and Principe and Democratic Republic of this can only happen after a real training Congo. process. Faced with high production costs, The integrated development strategy is artisanal fisherfolk have adopted a certain stillbeingcarriedoutwiththeactive number of strategies. The most widespread is participation of fisherfolk communities. The the carry over of all new investments and the countries most involved in implementing thìs reduction of maintenance costs. In Senegal, strategy are Benin, The Gambia, Ghana, despite the duty-free fishing equipment and Guinea, Nigeria and Sierra Leone. Cape gears, and fuel subsidy, ice canoes use only Verde, Sao Tome and Principe, and Gabon are one engine and purse seines abandon the also making an effort in this sense. Guinea and second accompanying canoe, prefering, when Sierra Leone continue the development of catches are heavy, to find a canoe around the fisherfolkcooperatives.InSenegal,the area to bring back part of the catch to the government wants to promote Economic shore. Other measures recently taken by boat Interest Groups (OIE). In Cote d'ivoire, the owners concern voluntary limitation of fishing fisherfolk communities of Aby lagoon are effort and catches ¡n order to maintain the closely associated in the elaboration of the price. In Ghana, some boat owners reduce the management plan of the lagoon. In Togo, the distance to fishing sites to save on fuel, fisheries and aquaculture masterplan was thereby leading to reduced catches and high prepared in closecollaboration with prices. They also purchase by-catches from representatives of various operators in the industrial trawlers at sea to re-sell on shore. In
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 23 many countries,longlinefishing units Artisanal Fisheries Support Fund (FADEPA) equipped with insulated boxes make long trips, established in 1992 in Angola is also to be sometimes as long as 7 days in order to save cited. Cote d'Ivoire is looking at the possibility on fuel.In Sao Tome and Principe, Fish of creatingaFisheries and Aquaculture Aggregating Devices (FAD) were introduced Development Fund. to increase catches while reducing fuel costs. A matter of increasing interest to the Moreover, while the investment costs administrators of the sectorisinsurance. are ever increasing, the institutional financing However, the countries wherein it exists are systemsoftenappearinadequate.The very rare. That is why the experience of financing of artisanal fishing units through this Senegal in this field is being given serious channel has become very scarce, except when attention. Life insurance related to credit to those institutions serve as intermediary for artisanal fisheries is very common there. Its foreign financing institutions that supply the premium rate is 5%o. An appeal for tenders funds, However, these institutions have a role was announcedin 1994for equipment to play regarding the mobilization of savings insurance. Four companies have proposed a for the development of the sector, especially rate of 8 %, which seems to be reasonable and when resources in the informal financing is likely not to increase too much the cost of sector are low or when conditions are severe. the credit. However, the boat owners are Since the devaluation of the CFA franc, it has expected tofulfillacertain number of been observed that the informal sector has prerequisites: connecting the engine to the been limited in financing artisanal fisheries. In boat,useoflifejacket,owningan fact, the high investment costs and the fall in extinguisher, carrying out control visits, etc. profit margins have reduced the renewal of To date, the system has not yet been proposed fishing units in CFA franc zone countries. to boat owners.
In some countries, the government Final iy, ensuring fishermen' s physical offers credit facilities to artisanal fishermen safety at sea has become an issue of top andsupplies themwithcheaperinputs priority and is gaining momentum in many compared to the ones available on the market. countries of the region. A long and patient This can be achieved by the intermediary of survey work on this issue was undertaken in fisheries administrations and parastatal organs. 1994 by IDAF in the countries of the northern In the case of The Gambia and Cameroon, zone, i.e. from Mauritania to Sierra Leone, and these measures are part of a more global policy also in Sao Tome and Principe. During the aimedatequippingandtraininglocal period 1991-1994, 518 cases of accidents were fishermen in a sector where foreigners are recorded and these caused 340 deaths and 285 predominant. injuredfisherfoiks.Materiallosses were estimated at 1.2 million US $. This work was A few countries possess a financing undertaken in 1996-1997 in countries of the structure dealing only with the development of southern zone, from Cameroon to Angola. The the fisheries sector. However, it was noticed results showed that there were 152 accidents that in 1994, Congo adopted the working resultingin 202 deaths,112 injured and regulations of the Fisheries Management Fund material losses estimated at 1 50,000 US $. In established in 1988. Up to 1997, this Fund, 1997-1998, the same work is underway in whose receipts should consist of profits from countries of the centralzone.Itshould the tax on fishing licences, canoe tax, fines, however be noted that, in the absence of loans,giftsandlegacies,wasnotyet efficientnationalsea-accidentrecording runctioning. In The Gambia, the Fisheries system, these estimates are much lower than Development Fund finances a certain number reality. IDAF, in collaboration with FAO's of activitiesinthe fisheries sector. The Fìsheries Department, organized, in 1997, a
24 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 training workshop on sea safety for member (ITA), Dakar, Senegal; countriesof theSub-regionalFisheries Instituteof MarineBiologyand Commission. Oceanography (IMBO),Freetown, Sierra Leone; o Centre National des Sciences 3.3. National institutions supporting the Halieutiques de Boussoura (CNSHB), sector Conakry, Guinea; G Centre de Recherches 3.3.1 Administrative institutions Océanographiques (CRO), Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire; In all the countries of the region, the O Nigerian Institute for Oceanography fisheries sector depends on a Department or a andMarineResearch(NIOMR), Ministry. A specialized technical Ministry Lagos, Nigeria; exists in five countries : Mauritania (Ministry o Food Research Institute (FR1), Accra, of Fisheries and Maritime Economy), Cape Ghana; Verde (Ministry of the Sea), Senegal (Ministry G Fisheries Research Station of Limbe, of Fisheries and Maritime Transport), Guinea- Cameroon; Bissau and Angola (Ministry of Fisheries). In o CentrodeInvestigacaoPesqueira Guinea, in 1997 the Ministry of Fisheries and (CIP), Luanda, Angola. Livestock replaced the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture. In Equatorial Guinea, a Unfortunately,inaddition tothe Ministry of Fisheries and Forests is found and limited financial resources - be it investment or in Sao Tome and Principe, a Ministry of operating budget - two main factors limit the Agriculture and Fisheries. scope of work of these Research Centres: first of all, there is too little consultation and However, the financial, material and coordination with fisheries administrations in human means allocatedtothefisheries the definition of research priorities. This often administrations in the region are really low. limits the operational character of the results This situation, which is not new, is worsening obtained. Secondly, it is noticed that there is a under the effects of SAPs. As in other national highconcentration on the study of the administrations, there is a reduction in staff biologicalaspects of theresource,thus and running costs. Similarly, itis almost neglecting socio-econom ic issues. impossible to make theleast investment without the help of foreign partners. Itis encouraging to see, in recent years, acertainnumberofresearch programmes developed in cooperation with 3.3.2Research institutions foreign institutions. The Bergen Institute of Fishery Research, Norway, has undertaken, in Thereis an important number of collaboration with FAO and thecoastal fisheries research centres in the region. Among countries, a number of studies financed by the these we can mention Norwegian cooperation agency, NORAD. In this context, N/O FridtjofNansen undertook, o Centre National de Recherche in 1995 and 1996, acoustic campaigns in OcéanographiqueetdesPches waters from Guinea Bissau to Morocco. A (CNROP), Nouhadibou, Mauritania; workshop on modernstockassessment o Centre de Recherche methods took place in Casablanca in February Océanograph ¡que de Dakar-Thiaroye 1997.Moroccohosted andfundedthe (CRODT), Dakar, Senegal; participation of 12 people in the CECAF I Institut de Technologie Alimentaire region. France, through ORSTOM, cooperates with Mauritania, Senegal, Guinea and Cote
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 25 d'ivoire in the fields of population dynamics Tome and Principe, a law on fisheries and an and coastal areas development. implementation regulation were elaborated. This project has equally given support The Portuguese Research Institute to regional and sub-regional organizations, (INIP)has undertaken some cooperation particularlyforactivitiesinharmonizing programmes with Guinea Bissau, Cape Verde legislations and marine regulations. Numerous and Angola. As for the Federation of Russia, activities have been conducted in this context, ithas some researchprogrammes with notably those that concern the Sub-regional Mauritania, Guinea Bissau and Sierra Leone FisheriesCommission andtheRegional especially with its R/V AtlanNIRO research Committee for the Fisheries of the Gulf of vessel. Spain (lEO) and France (IFREMER) G u i flea. have signed some cooperation agreements with CNROP (Mauritania). In Benin, the updating of legislative texts and regulations is in progress, as well as In Benin, the Canadian Cooperation the preparation of a Fisheries Code. In Ghana, financed a research programme on demersal the first draft of a new Fisheries Code (Law on stock. A restitution workshop was held in Management and Development of Fisheries) CotonouinApril1997toelaboratea has been prepared. Many seminars have been management plan. Angola collaborates with organized in 1996 and 1997 to sound the Namibia and South Africa in stock assessment opinion of different operators on the text. The research programmes. Code will be submitted to Parliament at the beginning of 1998. In1997,three CECAF Working Groups met on sardine (February), Unfortunately, in many countries, the cephalopods (May) and hakes and deep sea implementation regulations are not complete shrimp (May). orare nonexistent. Thisdeprivesthe legislation of every possibility of enforcement.
3.4 Fisheries legislation However, all the countries of the region really need a legislation which is both All the countries of the region have a adequate and whose enforcement costis fisheries legislation. These legislations are acceptable. The absence or non respect of recent or were up-dated recently. these regulations endangers resource, creates a loss of financial revenue for the state as well Since1995,especiallywiththe as the multiplication of conflicts with their assistance of the "Improvement of the legal adverse effects for artisanal fishermen. framework for the cooperation, management and development of fisheries in West African it has been observed that exporting coastal states" project, many activities were co untrìes, particularly Senegal, Mauritania, carried out in this field. In Guinea, a code on The Gambia and Cote d'Ivoire, have made marinefisheries was concluded and an considerable efforts since 1994 to strengthen implementation regulation as well as a frame- the norms of hygiene and sanitation. Such a law on inland fisheries were elaborated; in compliance is henceforth necessary to meet the Senegal fishing rights were revised; in Gabon, requirements of the international market and a law on fisheriesand a general mainlytheEuropean Community's new implementation regulation was elaborated; in guidelines on the issue. Guinea Bissau, a law on fisheries, a general implementation regulation, and a regulation on lt was noted that during the revision of artisanal fisheries were concluded; in Angola, national legislations, special consideration was a fisheries regulation was elaborated; in Sao given to the formulation of measures related to
26 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 fisheries surveillance,inparticular to the structurehasfivecentresforcoastal improvement ofnormsapplicable to surveillance at the most sensitive landing sites. surveillance. Thisisthe case in Angola, This permits the involvement of coastal Guinea, Guinea Bissau and Senegal. Among populations. Since 1991, the PSPS has also the measures proposed is the effort being made been responsiblefor the management of to better channel the authority of surveillance conflicts and accidents at sea. agents by clearly defining their functions. Other measuresaretheclarificationof reporting procedures and offence detection 3.5. Regional fisheries policies procedures; thorough study of the issue of on the spot reporting which is very important in A certainnumberofregional aerial surveillance operations tofacilitate structures specific to the fisheries sector have offence detection with regard to licence and been set up. But apart from CECAF, they are fishing infringement in prohibited zones and all recent and do not often have the financial the clarification of sanction procedures and to and human resources necessary to carry out facilitate the leaders' tasks, the search for a their duty. lightening of limits on fines. o The Fishery Committee for the Eastern A problem faced by most of the Central Atlantic Region (CECAF) was region'scountriesisthehighCostof created in 1967 in accordance with the Monitoring, Control and Surveillance (MCS) FAOConstitutiveActand in which, in some cases, could even absorb all applicationof an FAO Council the benefits a country gains from the transfer resolution.Itincludes the coastal of fishing rights. Several approaches can be countriesfromMoroccotothe used to limit the MCS cost. They arc: regional, Democratic Republic of Congo and 10 sub-regional or participatory. Regional or sub- non African countries operating in the regional cooperation can lead, for example, to region. The Committee is empowered the creation of a register for national and to give its views to governments of foreign fishing boats, the joint operation of member States to help them define the surveillance airplanes, the harmonization of scientific bases of regulation measures access policies and procedures, the use of aiming at ensuring the conservation satellites, etc. It is a strategy that the Sub- and improvement of marine resources regionalFisheriesCommissionandthe in all the areas under its authority. The Ministerial Conferencearetryingto Committee held its thirteenth session implement. Within the framework of a more ìn Dakar in December 1995. The Sixth participatory approach,it seems necessary Session of the Working Group on henceforth to associate fisherfolk communities Statistics and the Eleventh Session of both in the preparation of the legislations and the Working Group on Resource in theirenforcement.Thesedifferent Assessment were held in Accra in approaches are not exclusive, but rather September 1997. The CECAF Sub- complementary. Committee on resource management within the framework of national A particularly interesting example is jurisdiction met in Lome in December Senegal where fishery resources and the 1997. incomes generated are very important. The Fisheries Protection and Surveillance Project e The Sub-Regional Fisheries in Senegal (PSPS), established in 1 983, meets Commission (SRFC) composed of adoubleobjective : theprotectionof Cape Verde, The Gambia, Guinea, Senegalese territorial waters and a rational GuineaBissau, Mauritaniaand exploitation of its fisheries resources. The Senegal, was created in1985 and
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 27 constitutes a basis for cooperation iii the Gulf of Guinea (COREP) was the field of fisheries management and created in 1984 by Congo, Gabon. developmentforthosecountries Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome and characterized by a geographical and Principe and the Democratic Republic biologicalinterdepedenceoffish of Congo. This Committee aims at stocks. It allows, in the long run, the coordinating, harmonizing, and elaborationof jointpoliciesand developing the exploitation of favours cooperation in the fled of common stocks which arein the access to fishing areas among member Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of states. The Commission has recently member states and managing them. Up started some activities such as the to now Equatorial Guinea has not creation of a regional register for ratified the Convention, which reduces fishing boats, the review of the Committee to four countries. The possibilities for sub-regional secretariat is in Libreville, Gabon. For cooperation in the field of surveillance various reasons, the Committee is not and enforcement, the harmonization of yet really functional. research programmes, the training of observers on a sub-regional basis and s The International Commission for the the creation of a sub-regional database ConservationofAtlanticTunas for fishery statistics. The Eleventh (ICCAT was created in 1966. It is Session of the SRFC Coordination composed of 22 members of which 9 Committee met in February 1997 in are from West Africa : Angola, Benin, Banjul. It reviewed various on-going Cape Verde, Cote d'ivoire, Gabon, projects in SRFC countries. A Round- Ghana, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea and Table of donors on assistance to Sao Torne and Principe. The species fisheries in the sub-region was held in the Commission deals with include Praia, Cape Verde, in March 1997. tunas and related species. Considering that these species are highly migratory, s The MinisterialConference on ICCAT isessentially interestedin Fisheries Cooperation among African deep sea fisheries. States bordering on the Atlantic Ocean whose first meeting took place in TheEconomicCommunityfor Rabat in April 1989 is composed of Livestock. Meat and Fishery the states from Morocco to Namibia. Resources (CEBEVIRHA) was On that occasion, the States of the created in 1964 together with the region expressed their common will to Custom and Economic Union of reinforce and develop their Central AfricanStates (UDEAC) cooperation in the fields of resource which comprises Cameroon, Central evaluation and preservation, as well as African Republic.Chad, Congo, in fish production. For that purpose, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. they insisted on the development of CEBEVIRI-IA which recently became marine scientific research and the effective held its second quadripartite reinforcement of professional and consultation meeting on fisheries in technical training. The third Session 1995. was held in Praia, Cape Verde, in July 1 995 where Morocco was given the s The Regional Information and Permanent Secretariat of the Counsellina Service for the Processing Conference. and Marketing of Fish Products in Africa (INFOPECIiE) is a regional The Regional Fisheries Committee for inter-governmental organization since
28 IDAF Technical ReportN° 122 1994. Based in Abidjan, Cote d'ivoire, resources but poor in market outlets, could be it regularly provides information on better exploited. Such is the case in the south the market, gives technical advice on of Gabon, Cape Verde and Sao Tome and products and processing, and ensures Principe where the richest islands infish traininginpost-harvest specialized resources are not the most populated. areas in the region. It is part of the regional information service network in many countries, the environment is on fish marketing and technical advice threatened by not only natural factors, like (INFOFISH for Asia and the Pacific, drought, but also by human actions. In oil- INFOPESCA for Latin America and producing countries, and particularly in Congo INFOSAMAK for Arab countries) and Nigeria, the fishing area is narrowing due to off-shore oil exploration. The latter is Mention should be made also of the equally a source of severe bio-ecological Lagos Treaty of 28 May 1975 creating the damages. Another danger is linked to massive Economic Community of West African States deforestation. Artisanal fisheries contributes, (ECO WAS). This treaty aims at establishing a in part, to this situation through the use of progressive integration among the signatory wood for constructing fishing boats and above countries as well as the free movement of all, through the large quantities of wood used persons and goods. Though the treaty does not in fish-smoking activities. It is feared that the provide any specific measure in the field of gradual disappearance of forests and the fisheries, some activitieshave been absence of a reforestation policy will make undertaken, sometimes through a sub-project wood supply decrease in future. Anyway it is onfisheries,inorder tostrengthen the foreseeable that the cost of wood will increase economic cooperation and the integration of due to the increasing distance to the collection the countries of the region. sites.
Finally, the Economic Community of In numerous coastal areas, the bar West Africa (CEAO) has stopped financing phenomenonisasourceof dangerous the regional training centre which was the capsizing to artisanal fisherfolk. This is one of Higher Institute of Technical and Fisheries the reasons why their activities are based in Sciences (ISSTH) in Nouadhibou, Mauritania, relatively sheltered fishing ports. Another the Institute was closed in 1995. natural phenomenon which threatens the disappearance of fishing villages is coastal erosion, most especially in the Gulf of Guinea. 3.6. Fisheries development and management planning The appearance and proliferation of somefloatingplants which dramatically 3.6.1Constraints decrease the natural productivity of water bodies is observed in certain inland waters. The constraints to the development of This occurs in Benin, Togo, Cote d'Ivoire and artisanal fisheries are many: environmental, Nigeria. Moreover, the destruction of border technical, financial, institutional and socio- vegetationhas caused bank erosion and cultural. consequently the filling up of lagoons.
Due to the scattering and remoteness of The main constraint linked to the the fishing sites as well as the lack of feeder environment is the fisheries potential. Current roads,thereisa great distance between knowledge does not make it possible to hope producersandconsumers.Thiscauses for a great increase in the exploitation level. substantial economic and physicallosses. The consequence will undoubtedly be an Moreover, some areas which are richin intensification of the competition between
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 29 artisanal and industrial fishing units, as well as countries, it is equally difficult to find private an increase in the price of fish. operators willing to invest in the distribution of fishing material and equipment. This has Among the technical constraints are caused irregularity in the supply of inputs in the lack or inadequacy oinfrastructures for Guinea, Cameroon and Sao Torne and fish preservation, inappropriate fishing boats Principe. ¡n Guinea Bissau and Sao Tome and and techniques, the lack of training of and Principe there is a regular shortage of fuel that equipment for the administrative personnel in disturbs fishing activities. the sector. Given the rise of operating costs, a Onshoreinfrastructuresareoften certainnumber of strategiesarebeing inadequate and many fishing communities implemented by the fisherfolk communities. have no access to drinking water, electricity The most frequent one is the aforementioned and communication networks. Social services non-renewal of equipment. ¡ri Guinea Bissau, like health and education are often lacking in it is very common to see as many as three these fishing communities. boats being propelled by the same engine. It is the boat that takes the median position which The quality of some artisanal fishing carries the engine and the other two, often boatsispoor. Accidents at sea show it. smaller, are connected to the towing boat with Moreover, canoes are not always adapted to their prows fixed together with the latter's. outboard engines. Improving fishing boats The whole apparatus looks like the head of an will generally allow for the use of low- arrow. In Senegal, motherships appeared in the powered engines and the reduction of fuel early 80s with Portuguese, Korean and consumption. Spanish units. This practice, prohibited by the legislation of Senegal in 1987, was transferred Improving the technical competence of from Senegalese EEZ waters to the waters of fisheries personnel is often not a priority for the neighbouring countries of Guinea, Guinea the fisheries administrations in the region. Bissau and Sierra Leone. Each of these Despite limited financial resources, too fev trawlers of 100 to 400 gross tonnage carries train ing and continuous training activities are about forty canoes with a crew of 5 to 6 undertaken. fishennen in each canoe.
As has been observed, the economic There isa shortage of credit on situation in the countries of the region is financial markets, due to the inadequacy of the difficult.Financial resources allocatedto institutional banking system to finance the fisheries will probably not improve in the artisanal fisheries sector. A fall of the credit coming years. lt is well known, presently, that from the informal sector or a rise in its cost is the operating budget and equipment granted to to be feared, because of the prevailing high the fisheries administrations do not always increase in production costs and the fall in the allow the staff to simply operate in the field. profitabilityoffishingunits.Inthese Moreover, the trend of diminishing external circumstances, the government sometimes assistance, whichis now observed,will steps in to compensate for the weaknesses of probably continue in the future. the private sector. There are also problems associated with the personal contribution Al the niicroeconomic level, there is a requested by credit institutions. In fact, the crisis of private investment in many countries. fisherman hardly ever has enough capital to The most affected are those where economic meet this condition. Consequently, he borrows or political crisis is or has recently occured: the necessary amount from the informal sector Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria and to cover the personal contribution which will Democratic Republic of Congo. In sorne guarantee the receipt of the loan. This strategy
30 IDAF Technical Report NC 122 questions the fisherman's capacity to pay back activity or share their time between fishing and the loan, especially since, for social reasons, agriculture. This is often a strategy of risk the informal sector will always be a priority minimization which is often considered as lack with regard to repayment. of professionalism.
On the other hand, fishermen are often In countries where the majority of the wary of banking institutions mainly because of professionals are foreigners, as in Cameroon, the loss of their savings when some banks go Gabon and Congo,itis noticed that the bankrupt as was the case not so long ago in national manpower is getting old, which is a Benin and Cameroon. Since then, they use sign of the youth's lack of interest in the informal systems such as rotating savings and profession. credit schemes, savings and credit cooperatives or neighbourhood funds. In certain social groups, such as the Bijagos society in Guinea Bissau, productive It is also observed that incomes from work is not considered as a priority for the pre- fishing licences are rarely re-invested into the initiation age-group (20-30 years). Their assets sector. They are very often allocated to the must be redistributed to the old people who state's general budget, while part of these have authority and power. This is not likely to profits could be used to preserve the very promote private initiative. source of these incomes. Moreover, the decrease inactivities, and sometimes the withdrawal of some former USSR fleet, causes 3.6.2Opportunities considerable losses to some countries of the region. The liberal policies carried out for some years by governments of the region have Institutionalconstraintsarewell encouraging and positive effects for private known :lack of personnel, particularly for initiative. In many cases, they have induced research and MCS, inadequate monitoring and private operators or fisherfolk communities to extension means, lack of necessary skills in take responsibility of some duties formerly fisheriesplanningandmanagement. As reserved exclusively for the state. These new already mentioned, the general context is not orientations helped privatize the management favourable for the reduction of the weight of of some projects and set up new associative theseconstraints.Nevertheless,greater structures. coordination and collaboration among differentinstitutionscouldgather, even In administration, a reduced but better temporarily, resources which do not exist trained staff, convinced that a decentralized withinfisheriesadministrations.Thisis andparticipatory approachishenceforth particularly desirable in planning and research. indispensable, willundoubtedly be more motivated to accomplish tasks. Recent training In many countries, there is serious efforts in participatory approaches as well as institutional instability due to the inclusion of pilot activitiescarried out in close the fisheries sector in different ministries collaboration with fishing communities are according to changes. Thisis a handicap certainly experiences to be repeated and during planning. reinforced.
Socio-cultural constraints are related to The opportuity to increase the landings the low level of education and social status of of artisanal fisheries seems limited to the theartisanalfishermenwho,inmany localisation of some underexploited stocks. countries, are given little consideration. Some The latter exist in the Guinea Bissau - Guinea - of them consider fishing as a subsistence
IDAF Technical ReportN° 122 31 Sierra Leone zone and in the waters extending 3.6.3Planning process from Cameroon to Angola. lt is unlikely that the pelagic resources which are up to now less Theadoptionofpolitical and exploited by foreign fleet will be within reach economic reforms by the region's countries of artisanal fishing units. A stock of hardly requires the reinforcement of analysis and exploited demersals has been indentified in the planning capacitiesatthe nationallevel. south-west region of Cote d'ivoire. Indeed, it is more and more important to be able to optimize the use of the resources that The lack or the inadequacy of on shore arc becoming increasingly scarce whether they preservation infrastructures certainly creates are natural, financial or human. some economic losses, especially regarding high valuefishspecies. However, many Unfortunately, the national capacities women take advantage of this situation to in planning are often inadequate. Development process and market the unsold fresh products. plans are most of the time nothing but a list of A policy of improving preservation,for project proposals submitted for the example through the introduction of small cold appreciation of donors. It should be noted, rooms and ice machìnes, should take into however, that fisheries departments have rare account the risk of seeing these processors and possibilities to recruit economists and that only traders lack raw materials. a few countries have a real planning unit within the fisheries department. A possible Under theeffect of demographic solution to this problem is the setting up at the growth, the demand for fish will continue to national level of a multidisciplinary team. Its increase, which should favour the economic members, coming from various profitability of artisanal fishing units. The administrations, would meet periodically to supply of high value fish to operators oriented developcoordinationand monitoring of towards export can also enable artisanal actions undertaken. Such a team met for the fishermentosubstantiallyincreasetheir first time in Canieroon and Senegal in 1997 revenues, as is the case in Senegal, Mauritania with the assistance of the IDAF Programme, A and The Gambia. similar exercice is envisaged for 1998 in The Gambia, Ghana, Benin and Sao Tome and The idea of regional collaboration is Principe. not new, but it is rather a long term process. Considering the very nature of the resource The updating of informationon and the common problems faced by the artisanalmarinefisheriesintheregion region's countries in its exploitation, regional continues. A sectoralreview of marine collaboration must be pursued and fisheries was made in 1993 in Guinea Bissau encouraged. Unfortunately thereis yet no and Cameroon, in 1994 in Sao Tome and regional forum which gathers the Directors of Principe, in 1995 in Togo and Congo, in 1996 Fisheries of West Africa. in The Gambia and Gabon, and in 1997 in Benin and Cote d'ivoire. Finally, foreign assistance still remains available for the development of the artisanal The participation of and consultation fisheries sector in the region. These financial with the operators of the sector is more and resources, which have in the past some times more noticed. Thus a regular use of the been squandered, even when reduced, is an Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) opportunity for the region's governments to techniques is made in Benin, Guinea and The make the best use of them. Gambia to identify and solve problems. Other countries have shown interest in this approach and have recently familiarized themselves with
32 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 it:Sao Tome and Principe, Cape Verde, external financial resources are often necessary Senegal, Togo, Gabon and the Democratic for the implementation of some Republic of Congo. recommendations.
Since 1995, the Fisheries Master Plan was elaborated and adopted in Togo, The 3.7 Fisheries resources management Gambia, Mauritania, Guinea Bissau, Equatorial Guinea and Guinea. In Senegal, There are few examples of a national public authorities had talks with all the actors policy onfisheriesmanagementinthe inthesectorin 1997(administration, countries of the region. This can be explained professional organizations in the artisanal and by the lack of indicators, especially biological industrialsectors,research)to study the and socio-economic. Another reason is the sector's problems. This reflection has led to difficulty to take the decision to limit access to three determining results for the sector's the resource, even when the proposalis future: a draft policy reform, a draft revision of documented. Thisalso becomes a very the fisheries code and a draft programme of difficult question when it concerns foreign priority actions. fleetthatgeneratesubstantial monetary incomes and whose governments have close There are few national professional political and economic relationships with the organisations in the sector, with the notable countries of the region. exception of the National Association of Senegalese Artisanal Fishermen (CNPS). In In Guinea, the fisheries management Benin, artisanal fishermen are part of the policyis based on a fisheries plan fixed National Union of Artisanal Marine Fishermen annually through a Ministerial Decree. This of Benin (UÌ'ÏAPEMAB). In Guinea, the Fisheries plan is designed on the basis of data Committees of Landing Sites Users are a and information supplied by the National recent but really operational structure.In MarineScienceCentreofBoussoura Gabon, the government is eager to redynamize (CNSHB)andthe NationalFisheries the Fisheries Centre of Owendo by handing Surveillance Centre (CNSP). The measures over its management to economic operators' stipulated in theplandeterminethe representatives. In The Gambia, exploitation level of resources, the conditions representatives of various communities formed for technical, economic and legal exploitation, a Management Committee of 7Coastal the potential for groups of species, the effort Community Fisheries Centres. In Ghana, the quota according to fishing type, and the Yeji Community Fisheries Centre has entered protection of endangered species. its active stage. Two measures are commonly in force. lt is clear then that planning is no Fist of all the delimitation of an exclusive longer considered as a directing process, but fishing area legally reserved for artisanal rather as the search for a consensus among all fisheries or more generally forbidden to the operatorsinthe sector on the great trawling (tab.1O). These zones seem to vary orientations, a short-term programme of action according to the size of the continental shelf, andtheimplementationoffacilitating protect the coastal zone including breeding measures. This concept was applied in 1995 in zones and nurseries and are destined to limit Togo. Its efficiency will, however, depend on artisanal and industrial fishing activity zones. a better adequacy between human resources The second is the regulation on the minimum and planning tasks on the one hand, and the mesh size of the various types of fishing nets. effectiveparticipation of the populations concerned in the development process on the Moreover,manycountrieshave other. It should however be acknowledged that
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 33 Table lo.- Zone reserved to artisanal fisheries fisherfolk communities and a loss of revenue for the whole country. Also the fact that many Nautical miles stocks are shared among several countries will require a subregional cooperation both in the Mauritania elaboration of management measures as well Senegal 6 as in their implementation. Cape Verde trawling prohibited The Gambia 7 Presently, reduction in the activities of Guinea Bissau 12 the former Soviet Union fleet will alleviate the Guinea 6 pressure on the stocks of small pelagics, Sierra Leone 5 especially since it is difficult to imagine, in the Liberia na. absence of national industrial fleet oriented to
Côte dIvoire -1 this resource in the region's countries, a Ghana <30m depth (1- 5-14) substitute taking over the exploitation of such
Togo :3 resource of low commercial value. As for
Benin 2 demersal species, it seems, apart from some Nigeria 5 very localised stocks, that they are presently Cameroon 2 exploited at a level close to the sustainable Equatorial Guinea n.a. maximum.
Gabon 3 There is increasing anxiety regarding Sao Torne & Principe n a. the degradation of the coastal environment. Congo 8 Even if the situation is not as alarming as in Dem. Rep. of Congo na some other regions of Asia, the use of Angola 3 pesticides, thesilting resulting from deforestation, the destruction of mangrove adopted the minimum commercial size for swamps, the oil exploration, bear harmful somespecies.Thismeasureconcerns, consequences on the reproduction capacity of according to the country, cephalopods, shell- fisheries resources. fish,oysters,sardinella, chinchard, horse mackerel, mackerel and tuna. The use of Economic problems and the rising cost explosives and toxic substances is prohibited of inputs also incite the development of in all the countries. It is rare to prohibit fishing explosive or poisonous fishing substances. It is techniques in artisanal fisheries. However, the case, for example, in Senegal, Nigeria and there is one exception: prohibition of the use the Democratic Republic of Congo. of beach seine in The Gambia. Arationalmanagementofthe In artisanal fisheries, controlling the environment for a sustainable development mesh size is almost non existent due, on one will require a multisectoral integration, as well hand, to the enormous resources required and, astheparticipationof thepopulations on the other hand,to the socio-cultural concerned. However, itis very difficult to character of the environment. In addition, control access to resource in an economic some fishermen make their own nets. crisis context. Such a control is much more difficult to implement in coastal fisheries than However, resource management is an ininlandfisheries.Itcan,however, be essentialelementforthesuccessof foreseen that in a situation where the resource development policies. Over-exploitation will isalreadyhighlyexploited,withfew inevitablyentail afall ininvestment alternative job opportunities, and a rapid profitability, a decrease in job opportunities population growth, the management issue will and consequently the impoverishment of soon be, and for a long time, a major concern
34 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 for fisheries administrators. determine the impact of such measures on resources, but their positive effects can be Thus, the principle of free access to noted in the prices offered by the Senegalese fishing resources is still in force in artisanal fish-mongers just when the profession was fisheries, despite fast growing fishing efforts, liberalised. a direct consequence of policies related to subsidies in fishing equipment and fuel, loans Apart from these measures which aim underveygoodconditionsandother mainlyatadjusting demand and supply stimulatingpoliciespractised in many establishing exclusiveuserrights,which countries in the region. Measures on fishing enable fishing communities to participate in effort regulation have been less successful in the exploitation of resources and grant interest their actual implementation. Everyone knows, in future profitability,is a channel which however, that the major challenge in marine should be explored. fisheries management is the regulation or limitation of fishing effort. The "Improvement of theLegal Framework for the Cooperation,Fishing The most recent initiatives in these Management and DevelopmentinWest areas were taken in 1995 in Mauritania and African Coastal States" project has supported Senegal. In Mauritania, following a fall in sorne countries in elaborating regulations on industrial fisheries catches from 470,000 t. in artisanal fisheries. The texts try to define zones 1993 to 280,000 t. in 1994, the government whereallfishing activities are normally decided to close deep-sea fishing, i.e. that subject to artisanal fishermen's interests. They which catches demersal species, during the define the status of management structures month of October 1995. The measure, though involving the administration and fishermen not sufficient initselfaimed at reducing and having consultative skills but likely to fishing pressure on the cephalopods whose develop into a true association in fishing exploitation represents a substantial source of management,even intoco-management income for the country. This biological rest systems. In this, the Cote d'Ivoire government period extends to the months of September and has elaborated a plan and a regulation for the October and applies to both artisanal and management of the Aby Lagoon fisheries; in industrial fishing. Seasonal fishing Guinea E3issaua regulation onartisanal prohibitions were adopted to protect oysters in fisheries was elaborated after preliminary Guinea, lobsters in Cape Verde and sea turtle technical and socio-economie studies; a survey in Guinea Bissau. prior to regulating the artisanal sub-sector was undertaken in Senegal, in Guinea a frame-law In Senegal, the initiative came from the on inland capture fisheries and fish culture was National Association of Senegalese Artisanal elaborated. Fishermen (CNPS) which established in 1995, in Kayar, a daily quota policy on the sea In Guinea Bissau, community bream, a species mainly caught for export. The participation is at the centre of many projects. measure which limits to 3 boxes of 13 kg each The Buba Rio Grande is one of the favourite per fishing unit of authorized landings, is barracuda (sphyraenidae)migrationand respected. lt was followed, in the "Petite Cote" reproduction zones in West Africa. region, by a measure to reduce fishing effort Precautionary management measures have led for purse seines. They are only authorized to to the promulgation of a decree which defines make one daily trip instead of the two which and specifies the period when fishing is closed most of them were previously making. Severe to barracudas in reproduction. Moreover, the sanctions were levied against those who broke Bijagos Archipelago was the subject of a this rule going as high as a fine of6O US $ and hierarchical identification of sensitive zones the grounding of the canoe. lt is too early to and theofficialcreation of the Bijagos
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 35 Archipelago Biosphere reserve. In Mauritania, unanimously adopted on 3 I October 1995 by motorized fishing units are prohibited in the the FAO Conference. This Code of Conduct, Banc d'Arguin natural reserve. whichisworld-wide but not mandatory, defines principles and norms applicable to the After a long process involving all the conservation, management and value-adding actors in the fisheries sector, the Code of of all fisheries. The adaptation of the Code to ConductforResponsibleFisheries'was West African realities and its implementation is, undoubtedly, one of the most important challenges of the coming years. "Responsible fisheries" is defined, among other things, as an approach implying«....asustainabilityoffisheries resources in harmony with the environment; catching methods and aquaculture which do not destroy ecosystems, theresourcesortheir quality; introduction of added value to products, through methods of processing respectful of required health norms and the vigilance of commercial practices, in order to guarantee to the consumer access to quality products.»
36 IDAF Technical ReportN° 122 4. EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE
4.1. Major orientations the sustainability of the results obtained. But thisis not always easy when in the past The Gross National Product (GNP) is externalassistancereplaced,forvarious very low in all the countries of the region. reasons, the national private sector. This When expressed per capita,ithas even happens, for example, where there is shortage decreased these last years in most of the of hard currency, or highinflation, and countries of the region. In such conditions, it therefore difficulty to guarantee a regular is clear that foreign assistance is vital to ensure supply of inputs at reasonable prices. a certain number of development activities. Expressed in percentage of the GNP, this 4.2. National projects foreign assistance may sometimes seem very high (tab.1O)in countries with a million In Mauritania, the African inhabitantsorless.This canbeeasily Development Bank (ADB) is financing a 5 explained by the fact that assistance projects or million US $ project on the "Development of basic infrastructures are of a minimum size Artisanal Fisheries in the South" which covers and as such when their budget is related to the the coastline from N'diago to Cape Timiris. number of inhabitants, it inevitably appears high. Table 11.- Official Development Assistance (1995)
The trend observed in the last two ODA per ODA in % capita of GNP years has increased. Despite the priority given (in$, 1995) (1995) to artisanal fisheries by governments in the Mauritania 99 21.5 region,externalassistanceisbecoming Senegal 82 13.7 increasingly difficult to come by. It occurs that Cape Verde 292 30.4 some projects end and there are almost no new The Gambia 43 13.4 ones starting. This is true for both bilateral and Guinea Bissau 113 45.2 multilateral assistance, as well as for grants Guinea 62 11.3 and loans. Sierra Leone 45 25.0 Many projects focus on the fishing Liberia n.a. n.a. activities essentially carried out by men. Less Côte divoire 87 13.2 assistance is given to the processing and Ghana 38 9.7 marketing sector which is largely dominated Togo 47 15.2 by women, except for one regional project. Benin 53 14.3 Institutional support projects are also few Nigeria 2 0.8 while the SAPs have important negative Cameroon 35 5.4 effects on fisheries administrations and would Equatorial Guinea 85 22.4 often require these administrations to keep Gabon 138 4.0 pace with the new situation. Sao Tome & Principe 600 171.4 Congo 50 7.3 One of the major concerns of both Dem. Rep. of Congo 4 3.3 donors and beneficiary countries is henceforth Angola 40 9.7 Source: UNDP, 1997
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 37 The target group of this five-year project (CAMP). Apart from providing technical which startedin1992istheImraguen assistance to artisanal fisheries, the project fisherfolk community and the young and emphasizes experimentation and extension of unemployed. Its objective is to create direct or fishing techniques. Efforts are being made inducing jobs for the youngsters and to supply presentlytoadapt out-board enginesto the domestic market with fish. It intends to traditional canoes. From 1989 to 1994 Japan train 300 artisanal fishermen and 160 outboard financed the Missirah Community Fisheries engine mechanics. The ADI3 helps to finance Centre locatedin the Fatick region. The the "Assistance to the Fisheries Sector" project project aimed at improving fishing techniques with the Mauritanian government. It includes and the processing and marketing of fish, the the construction of an artisanal fisheries port at training of fishermen, the expansion and Nouakchott, the laying of a fisheries fue! organisation of distribution networks and the pipeline at Nouadhibou, the restoration of the betterment of the target population's living Nouadhibouautonomousportsanitation standard. A second phase of the project that network and the supply of security equipment. started in 1995 includes a programme foi' This 15 million US $ project which started in material and equipment supply amounting to 1995 will end in 1999. The German external 1.7 million US$. The European Development assistance,throughGTZ,financesand Fund (EDF) and the Caisse Française de executesthe'Counsc1-Assistancetothe Développement (CFD),until1992,co- Ministry of Fisheries and Maritime Economy" financed an artisanal fisheries development project which will end in December 1998. It project in Zinguinchor (PAMEZ). Since then, also helps the Government in the surveillance they have been financing a second phase called sector. "Artisanal Fisheries in the Casamance Project" (PROPAC) which aimsatconsolidating Three projects have recently ended. achievements, creating additional fishing and First, the "Management of the Baie du Repos" processing infrastructures, etc. The "Artisanal at Nouadhibou financed by the Arab Fund for Fisheries Development on the Small Coast" Economic and Social Development (AFESD). Project (PAPEC), financed by ADB, began in This 7 million US $ project started in 1993 and 1988. This projectisspecializedinthe ended in 1996. It helped construct the Baie du financing of equipment, fishing materials, and Repos port with an artisanal fishing harbour, working capital, as well as the construction of fish storage and preservation units as well as a fishing and fish processing infrastructures, etc. quay for boat repairs. The second phase of the It ended in 1995 and a second phase is under 6 million US $ "Coastal Fisheries" project study.The Canoe Improvement Project funded by the Japanese Cooperation helped (ATEPAS) consists ofstudying the supply Imraguen villages with drinking water possibilities of improving the traditional canoe by building a sea water disalinating unit and in terms ofstability, longevity and by buying tank-lorries. The projectalso performance. Improved model canoes were included supplying out-board engines, canoes, produced at the Mbour experiinmental camp stores for spare parts and equipment for radio and the popularization process is in progress. communication, Moreover, Japan financed the Finally, there is the Fisheries Protection and construction and equipment of the fish market surveillance Project of Senegal (PSPS) whose at Nouakchott. Work began in 1995 and ended role is the surveillance of fishing zones. in 1997. In Cape Verde, the ADB and the In Senegal, the "Assistance, International Fund for Agricultural Experimentation and Extension Centre for Development (IFAD) co-financed, since 1987, ArtisanalFisheries" (CAEP) replaced the an "Artisanal Fisheries Development" project. "Assistance Centre for Canoe Motorization" This project which aimedatdeveloping
38 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 technical conditions to help increase 1 996. The second phase of the International production and improve fishermen's living Union for Nature Preservation project (UICN) conditions, ended in 1995. Due to progress for the Sustainable Development of Artisanal made by the project, an extension has been Fisheries in Rio Grande de Buba started in approved. In 1993-1994, FAO executed the 1995. The objective of the projectisto preparatory phase of a "Fisheries guarantee a sustainable utilization of coastal Development"projectfinancedbythe resources for the benefit of communities by Netherlands. This one year phase helped to providing material and scientific support to define the objectives, expected results and thesepopulations and to theinstitutions activities of the main phase of the three-year concerned. The second phase ended in 1997. project which startedin1994.It aims at The lles de Paix NGO Development project increasing fish production, maximizing the use basedinBolama continues andlargely and adding-value of products, mainly for contributes to training in fishing techniques under-privileged local populations and for andboatconstruction in theBijagos external trade, through the development of archipelago. The project facilitated regular artisanal fisheries on a healthy and sustainable supply of prime quality fish to the capital. The basis. The FOPESCA project is financed by Advanced Artisanal Fisheries Development Germany and executed by GTZ. It aims at project financed by ADB for 5 million US $ increasing production and improving and which aims at training and equiping marketing conditions on Fogo and Brava artisanal fishermen is operational. islands as welt as creating technical conditions to help improve fishermen's living conditions. In Guinea, the Canadian Cooperation The project started in1995. The French and the Cultural and Technical Cooperation Cooperation and the Netherlands each have a Agency of Francophone Countries (ACCT) technical counselor at the Ministry of Sea. financed a project on mìcro-enterprise for female fish-smokers for 300,000 Canadian InTheGambia,theJapanese dollars. The project seeks to increase the Cooperation ended in 1994 after the coup production and quality of smoked fish as well d'etat. No foreignassistance,withthe as help women to improve their managerial exceptionof regionalandsub-regional skills through training and literacy classes. It projects, is active in the country. endedinDecember 1997. The National Fisheries Surveillance Centre (CNSP) is co- InGuineaBissau,theJapanese financed by Canada and the Word Bank for 7 Cooperation is financing the second phase of million US $. It aims at collecting and up- the 4.5 million US $ Artisanal Fisheries dating scientific and technical data for the Development Project. The project mainly elaboration of a development strategy for the helped to equip the Uracane Island in the sector and ensuring monitoring, control and Bijagos Archipelago with two ice plants. In surveillance of fisheries in order to enforce the addition, the significant quantity of fishing exiting rules, The Fisheries Observatory was gears and out-board engines have helped equip establishedwiththehelp of ORSTOM almostallthe marineareasinfishing (150,000 US $) to analyse the dynamics and equipment. The third phase which consists of challenges of the fisheries sector for a rational constructing an artisanal fisheries complex at management of resources.The Kamsar Cacineshouldbeginearly1998.The Integrated Artisanal Fisheries Development Construction and Equipment of the Bissau Project was financed by the United Nations' Artisanal Fishing Port project co-financed by Capita] Development Fund (UNCDF) for 2.3 ADB, EC and China is at the implementation millionUS $, UNDP andthe Guinea phase. The boarding ramps for artisanal government for 0.5 million US $ each. The fishing boats were inaugurated in December project.whichisending, established an
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 39 artisanal fisheries centre and supplied fishing InLiberia,FAO approvedthe equipment.TheBoussoura Motorization financing in 1994, from the TCP fund, of an Centre and its regional branches in Boffa and "Emergency Relief to ArtisanalFisheries Kankan were financed up to 1996 by the Sector" project for the benefit of the country JapaneseCooperationandtheGuinea which lost almost allits boats and fishing government for 5.4 million US $. The project gears during the civil war. The 244,000 US $ imported and marketed fishing equipment, project is expected to supply boats, equipment trained and equipped local mechanics and and engines to 1,725 fishermen in 3 counties experimented with fibre-glass boats equipped (Montserrado, Grand Cape Mount and Grand with in-board diesel engines. Finally, at the Bassa). The project which started in 1995 government's request, FAO started, at the end should have ended in May 1997. However, it of 1995, a TCP project to implement a Master had to be suspended because of renewed Planfor Fisheries and Aquaculture. The disturbances in 1996. FAO, in collaboration project ended in December 1997. with another project (OSRO/L1R1702/DHA) financed by the United Nations' Humanitarian In Sierra Leone, few projects were Affairs Depaitiiient, started a new TCP project suspended since the coup d'etat on 25 May in September 1997 which will end in February 1997. This involves the WestNorth-West 1998andbenefit1,500disadvantaged Artisanal Fisheries and Community fishermen, old soldiers and fish processors by Development project (AFCOD), financed by offering them training and material assistance. EC since 1989.Itis executed by GOPA Consultant Company. The project covers the In Cote d'Ivoire, the Aby Lagoon villagesofGoderich,Mahera/Yongoro, project whose first phase was financed by Konakridee, Bailor and Rokai. Its objective is IFAD became operational again in November to create the conditions for the sustainable 1992 with funds from the government. An developmentoftheactivitiesofthe Advisory Committee was created and an Programme through a decentralization policy important "statistics and monitoring" in both private and public sectors. Its main component set up. One of the activities achievements include improved boat building, undertaken in 1997 was the seasonal closure creation of a central supply co-operative of fishing and the changing of parts of the establishment of smoking centres at district nets.TheSan-PedroFishingHarbour level,buildingof socialinfrastructures, Renovation Project financed by Japan for an training, etc. It is the same for the Assistance estimated amount of 10 million US $ started in to Artisanal Fisheries project financed by FAO 1995 and ended in 1997. The project includes under its Technical Cooperation Programme the supply of fishing equipment for the for 244,000 US $. The project which started in development of fisheries in the south-west January 1997 should have ended in November region (landing quay, smoking hall,ice- 1997. It aims at helping the Sierra Leone making plant, storage, etc.). FAO financed and government assist fishermen, traders and fish implemented the TCP project: Elaboration of processors who had been displaced because of a Management Plan for Inland Fisheries. The the war, to renew their activities in the Tombo 93,000 US $ project started in 1995 and ended region and in three other districts. Moreover, in 1997. The Fight Against Floating Plants the activities of the Integrated Development Project which concerns lagoon and inland Project of the Shenge Region financed by waters began in 1997 with funding from the UNDP and implemented by FAO and the World Environment Fund (WEF). Sierra Leone government since 1985 were suspended in 1995 due to insecurity in the In Ghana, the second phase of the region. Yej i Artisanal Fisheries Integrated Development project started in June 1994 to
40 IDAF Technical ReportN° 122 endinDecember 1996. Thisprojectis rein forcemnen t of the Fisheries Department. financed by UNDP for an amount of 1 .4 There is also the second phase of the "Fishing million US $ and executed by FAO. The Material Gift" from the Japanese government second phase of the project will consolidate received in 1996. lt represents 4 million VS $, the achievement of the first phase in the fields including the construction of a training centre of statistical data collection, basic works for at the Fisheries Department in Cotonou. The stock assessment, a stock evaluation Mono Integrated Rural Development Project programme, the improvement of technology in financed by ADB includes capture fisheries the areas of boat building, fishing and fish and fish culture. The project aims at assisting processing techniques and engine maritime artisanal fishing by granting credits maintenance. The major activity of the second for the purchase of inputs and construction of phase was the construction of and institution cold-room infrastructures. of the management of theCommunity FisheriesCentre.The Centreisalmost In Nigeria, IFAD is financing the finished. It cost 1 million US S and was under Artisanal Fisheries Development Project for the responsibility of the Japanese Cooperation. 20 million US S. Thìs project which started in The "Training and Equipment for the Fisheries 1991 is still operational in 1997. It grants loans Subsector" project financed by the to artisanal fishermen and fishermen's wives government and the World Bank for 10.5 tohelp them carry on theirproductive million US $ started in 1996. Its objective is to activities. lt also provides technical assistance ensure the long-term sustainability of fisheries to develop those activities, and ensure the resource as well as maximize its contribution setting up of necessary community facilities. to national economy. The project includes the Theprojectalsoincludesatraining re-organization and training of the Fisheries component, as well as the experimentation and Department'sstaff,stock evaluation and introduction of improved inputs. The project is preparation ofmanagement plans, implemented inRivers, Cross River and development of aquaculture, institution of an Akwa-Ibom States. The project for an increase MCS system andinstitutionalandlegal in artisanal fisheries production is financed by reforms. the ECO WAS Fund. This project mainly aims at supplying artisanal fishermen with credit so In Togo, the European Union finances that they can buy the inputs necessary for their the National Agriculture Survey Project, which activity. The total amount of this project, includes fisheries. Some on the spot financing which started in 1991is 6 million US S, of activities of young fisherfolk groups is including a loan of 4.5 million US $. The sometimes offered by the French Development project which is implemented in Bendel, Ondo Fund and the World Bank. and Sokoto States still continues. The World Bank finances a project for the monitoring. In Benin, the Lagoon Fisheries project, control and surveillance of marine resources. financed by the German Cooperation (GTZ) Thisproject aimsatpreserving marine since 1986, will continue its activities until end resources through a regular assessment of of 1998. It assists the Fisheries Department in coastal stocks. For an amount of 9.3 million seeking solutions to the overexploitation of US $, this project started in 1991 and will end inland water bodies and the decrease of inthe year 2000. ADB isassisting the production and productivity. Its activities aim government inthe implementation of the atrehabilitating the environment through Lagos Fishing Port Project at KiriKiri since mangrovesreforestation,biologicalfight 1993. againstwaterhyacinth,development of alternative sources ofincome, local In Cameroon, FAO is financing, with managementofresourcesaswellas the funds of its TCP, a project to support the
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 implementationof afinancingunitfor the re-enhancement of fisheries. artisanal fisheries. This 1 73,000 US S project started in 1997 and will end in 1998. In Angola, the French Cooperation provides technical assistance to the Artisanal In Equatorial Guinea, the African Fisheries Institute (IPA). The government Development Bank financed the elaboration of undertook the restoration of some centres for a Fisheries Master Plan in 1997. the support of artisanal fisheries and IPA provincialdelegations.Moreover,some In Gabon, there was no foreign projects are operational in industrial fisheries: assistance project in1997. However, the a naval repairs workshop financed by Kuwait, French Cooperation placed an advisor at the delivery of 3 fisheries surveillance patrol boats Fisheries Department and offered an ice plant by CFD, the renovation of many cold storage with a capacity of 2.5t. per day for the facilities by the EU. Etirnboue Community Fisheries Centre.
In Sao Tome and Principe, the 4.3. Regional projects second phase of the Artisanal Fisheries Project is co-financed by IFAD (a loan of 1.5 million Regional projects are an essential US S), the FAC (donation of 900,000 US S) element of regional cooperation in fisheries. and Japan (donation of 1.8 million US S in Unfortunately, because of political reasons, equipment). The major activities of the project but also, and perhaps even mainly, because of which started in 1990 are : the improvement of the administrative procedures imposed by the fishing techniques, the sale of material and multilateraldonors(UNDP,EU)their equipment as well as socio-economie support financing is always difficult. to fishermen and women fish traders. As for Canada,itfinanced a project of fishery The Regional Aerial Surveillance of resources evaluation which ended in 1997. The Fishing Zones Project financed by Luxemburg 600,000 US S project had started in 1993. A started in 1993 with a preparatory phase. The computerized statistical data system project, main phase started in July 1995 with its base which was financed by FAO for 102,000 US in The Gambia. The countries covered are $ started in 1996 and ended in December those ofthe Sub-Regional Fisheries 1997. Commission (SRFC) as well as Sierra Leone. The project's objective is to indirectly help in There is no national project for the the establishment of a national marìtime fisheries sector in Congo since the end in 1991 fisheries management systems.Itsmajor of the Artisanal Maritime Fisheries Assistance activities include aerial surveillance, on-shore Project Financed by CFD. and flight training for monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS)operationsandthe IntheDemocratic Republicof development of a sub-regional database. Congo, the fisheries sector did not benefit from any foreign assistance since the 1993 The Canadian International suspension of the project of assistance to the Development Agency (CIDA) will implement implementation of the Fisheries Master Plan, the"AssistancetoFisheriesResources as a result of socio-political disturbances. This Management"Programme (AGREH) in project which started in 1989 was financed by collaborationwith SRFC toprovide the UNDP and executed by FAO. In 1997, UNDP Commission and member states with necessary however gave 145,000 US $ to the National elements for taking decisions on sustainable Service for the Promotion and Development of resource exploitation. The Programme has four Fisheries (SENADEP) to elaborate a plan for components: resource management;
42 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 monitoring, control and surveillance; resource 4.4 Projects in the pipeline evaluation; and training - sensitization. lt will be managed by a coordination unit based in A number of natioal and regional Mauritania. A preparatory phasetothe projects have been identified and are at various programmewasundertakenunderan stages of progress in relation to their financing. Assistance to Fisheries Resources Management Initiatives project (SIGREH). 4.4.1 National Projects
The 18 month projectisfor 1 million Canadian dollars. In Mauritania, Japan was contacted for theconstructionof afishmarket in The West African Regional Nouadhibou and the development of fishing Programme for the Utilization of Fishery villages. Products (WADAF) is financed by EU. The programme, with its head-office in Abidjan, In The Gambia, a feasibility study covers ECOWAS countries.Itaimsat financed by the Islamic Development Bank for reducing the physical losses in fish, improving the construction of a fishing port was carried the quality of fresh and processed products as out in 1993. The Japanese government was a means of obtaining an increase in private contacted to finance the structure andit operators' incomes, and expanding regional showed interest. A draft proposition to extend trade in artisanal fisheries products. In 1994, the Tanji and Gunjur coastal fishing centres this Programme entered its main phase of five was elaborated. The project intends to provide years and is operated by a consortium of four infrastructure and land facilities to improve NGOs, namely INADES (Cote d'ivoire), fish handling and processing thus reducing Credit Union (Ghana), CREDET1P (Senegal) post-harvest losses. Preliminary contacts have and CEASM (France). also been made with the Japanese government.
The Regional Committee for Fisheries In Guinea, the government is seeking of the Gulf of Guinea (COREP) has some funding for various projects identified during identified projects in various fields : training the elaboration of the Master Plan. Well (Cap Esterias, Gabon), research (Pointe Noire, advanced contacts have been made with the Congo) and boat building (Sao Tome and French and Canadian Cooperation Agencies, Principe). However, it should be noted that and ADB. none of these projects is operational yet. Liberia introduced 4 requests to donors Still with the financing of Denmark, for artisanal fisheriesandaquaculture the Programme for Integrated Development of development projects which are a priority to Artisanal Fisheries (IDAF) with headquarters the country. in Cotonou, Benin, startedits third phase planned for a period of 4.5 years in July 1994. Cote d'ivoire ¡s studying the creation it aims at strengthening the national capacities of a Fisheries and Aquaculture Fund. as regards the management and development of fisheriesresources while focusing on In Togo, the fisheries and aquaculture artisanal fisherfolk communities. lt also seeks master plan has identified a number of projects topromote empowerment anddecision- whose financingwillbe soughtatthe making at the level of these communities forthcoming donors' round-table. Discussions through a participative approach, training and are being held with Japan for a new aid to the access to information. It will end in December fisheries sector. 1998. Benin is holding discussions fora third phase of the Japanese grant aid. A feasibility
IDAF Technical Report N° 122 43 study of a water bodies management project in submitted to the donors by the Sub-regional the south of Benin was financed by ADB's Fisheries Commission. Technical Assistance Fund. A project for the management of humidzones,including The Fisheries Information and fisheries, may also begin in 1998. Analysis System (SlAP) projectis being prepared by the EU and SRFC. The budget is In Nigeria, a project for assistance to estimated at 3 million ECU from EDF regional women in some fishing communities has been resources for a 3 - 4 year period. The main aim submitted for financing to LJNFPA. of theprojectistostrengthennational capacities in statistical data collection and Cameroon hasaprojetforthe processing and establish a centre to centralize construction of small ice plants in some and analyze data at the sub-regional level for landing sites. China has indicated its interest better management of fisheries resources and and the project could start in 1998. Moreover, sustainable fisheries development. a donors'round-table is expected to discuss the variousprojectsidentifiedduringthe A second phase of the Improvement of elaboration of the master plan on fisheries and the legal frameworkofcooperation aquaculture. A request was also submitted to management and development of fisheries in FAOforassistanceinestablishinga West African Coastal States project which was computerized fisheries statistica! system. financed from May 1994 to July 1997 by the EU is under study. The project's general At the end of 1997, Gabon negotiated objective was to provide the states of the a 12.5 million US $ loan from ADB for a region, members ofthe Ministerial programme to support artisanal fisheries by Conference, with assistance on legal issues so establishing communityfisheriescentres, that they could maximize their opportunities developing fish culture and helping in coastal within the framework of the new Law of the surveillance. Sea.
In Angola, IFAD recently prepared a To helpWest Africancountries project for artisanal fisheries in the Zaire associatedwiththe IDAFProgramme province, in the north of the country, which implementtheCodeof Conductfor should begin in 1998. A project on assistance Responsible Fisheries beyond 31 December to artisanalfisheries in Ambriz was also 1998, a project proposal entitled West prepared for co-financing by an oil exploration African Programme for Responsible Artisanal company, AMOCO. The Artisanal Fisheries Fisheries was elaborated and submitted by Institute(IFA)willbethegovernment FAO topotentialdonors.The5year implementationagencyandFAOthe Programme,iscentredaround 4basic supervisory Agency. This projet should start in components: (i) improving the institutional 1998. framework atthe nationallevelfor the implementation and dissemination of the Code of Conductinartisanalfisheries;(ii) 4.4.2 Regional Projects elaboration and implementation of coherent nationalpolicies on responsible artisanal At the sub-regional level, the IDAF fisheries; (iii) identification and promotion of Programme helped SRFC member states and sustainableandresponsiblemanagement Sierra Leone to prepare a project document for strategies at the national, sub-regional and the improvement of safety at sea for artisanal regional levels; and (iv) establishment of an fishing units. The budget is estimated at 2.4 effective system for the social, economic and million US $ for a 3 year period.lt was biological monitoring of artisanal fisheries.
44 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 ANNEX I
Bibliographical References
I. Published documents
FAO, 1998. Fisheries Databases: FISHSTAT, CECAFPC and FISHCOMM. Downloadable from FAO Web Site: http://www.fao.org
Seki E. and A. Bonzon, 1993. - Selected aspects of African fisheries: a continental overview. FAO Fisheries Circular. N°810 Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. 158p.
LfNDP, 1997.- Human Development Report 1997. UNDP New York. 268p.
World Bank, 1997.- World Development Report 1997. World Bank, Washington. 290p.
IL IDAF Liaison Officers Reports
Adebiyi, O. F., 1997. - State of fisheries in Nigeria, 20p.
Anibal O, 1997.- L'état de la pêche à Sao Tomé et Principe en 1997, 9p.
Anyane G. 1997. - Ghana: country report, 19p.
Bikoro E. A., 1997 - Informe sobre el estado de la pesca en Guinea Ecuatorial 1997, 9p.
Bitoumba A., 1996.- Le secteur des pêches au Congo, 12p.
Bondja M., 1997. - Etat de la pêche au Cameroun en 1997, 11p.
Camara F. A., 1997.- Rapport national sur 1'étatde la pêche en Guinée. 12 p.
De Barros D., 1997. - L'état de la pêche en Guinée Bissau en 1997, 13p.
Denke, A. M., et K. Sedzro, 1997.- Les pêches togolaises, 14 p.
Doumbia M., 1997.- Note sur la situation de la pêche en Côte d'Ivoire, 16 p.
Flowers 1., 1997. - The state of fisheries of Liberia in 1997, 13p.
Forde, A. C.. 1997.- The state of fisheries in Sierra Leone fisheries, 8 p.
Katsongo K., 1997. - Les pêches en République démocratique dii Congo, 7p.
Meyinoun. M.. 1997, - Situation actuelle du secteur de la pêche en Mauritanie, 10p,
IDAF Technical Repon N° ¡22 45 Monteiro C., 1997.- L'état de la pêche en République du Cap-Vert, 12 p.
Ndiaye 0., 1995.- Rapport sur l'état de la pêche au Sénégal en 1996 et 1997, 19p.
Njie M.,1997.- The state of fisheries in The Gambia in 1997, 25 p.
Ondoh R., 1997 - Rapport national du Gabon, ISp.
Ouaké J., 1997. - Rapport sur l'état de la pêche au Bénin, 20p.
Salavisa J., 1997.- Létat de la pêche en Angola, 9p.
46 IDAF Technical Report N° 122 ANNEX 2
General framework for monitoring artisanal fisheries iii West Africa
Type of Objectives Main Data to be collected Periodicity Tools Key informant survey activities
Frame Inventory of Census of Number, acbvity et size of At least Records, boatowners, survey production fishing units fishing boats, types of fishing every 3 Interviews, crew, means and fishermen gear, origin of boat-owners, years with Focussed representatives means of propulsion, number spot Group of economic of fishermen checking Discussions operators, local every year (FGD), fisheries Regular Survey on Infrastructures and services Semi administrators updating of the fishing villages related to fisheries (water, Structured dictionary and landing health, education electricity. Interviews of fishing sites markets, supply centres, (SSI), villages engine workshops, Mapping development projects, boat building workshops. fish products utilization profile of fishing activities, etc
Catch Assessment of Data collection Catch per species, fishing Continuousr SSI, FGD, boat managers assessment total production on fishing effort, length frequency egular occular survey and productivity effort and monitoring inspection, per type of catch weighing fishing unit
Survey of Aseasment of Analysis of Number of organizations, One-off records. representatives organizations organizational local and memberships, structure, every 3 to 5 interviews, of organizations and and institutional external orga- rights, rules, regulations years SSI and institutions institutions arrangements nizational and institutional arrangements
Costs and Assessment of Survey of Fish pnce at landing site, Continuous interviews, boat-owners or earnings the profitability costs and operation costs, crew size, visits boat managers survey of fishing units earnings of sharing system and value fishing units added secured by the sector
Socio- Assessment of Baseline Investment costs, fixed One-off, interviews, boat-owners, economic the socio- survey of a costs, social organisation, every 3 to 5 F00, occular boat managers, survey economic sample of employment, socio-economic years inspection, crew, fish structure of the fishing units characteristics, perceptions combined, SSI processors, fish system and strategies, relations for practical traders between the different reasons, elements of the system with frame Survey Assessment of Analysis of Demography, economic characteristcs demographic, activities, occupational of stakeholders economic and structure, cultural features socio-cultural features
Marketing Assessment of Survey of Fish price at each stage of One-off, at SSI, FGD, fish traders, survey the price costs and the distribution chain, least for two market visits, consumers structure, the earnings of operation costs, fixed costs, months weighing, profitability of fish-mongers volume of transactions mapping, the business and distribution temporal and the flow of network diagrams products
Catalogue of To produce a Data collection Characteristics of fishing One-off, interviews, fishermen fishing gear baseline on fishing gear gear and techniques depending diagrams, document for and techniques on the measuring, mesh size used in marine evolution of fishing trips regulations waters the sector
Safety at sea To measure the Survey of Causes and et effects of Oneoff, SSI, fishermen survey moorlance of accidents at accidents at sea (material every year interviews, accicents at sea and physical damages) census, sea records
IDAF TechnieM Report N 122 47
LISTE DES RAPPORTS DIPA- LIST OF IDAF REPORT
I. Documents techniques I Technical documents De Graauw, MA., Etude de préfactibilité technique de l'aménagement d'abris pour la pêche maritime 1985 artisanale au Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 55p., DIPA/WP/I. Black Michaud, M.J., Mission d'identification des communautés littorales de pêcheurs artisans au 1985 Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 2Ap., DIPA/WP/2. Guibrandsen, O.A., Prelimmary account of attempts to introduce alternative types of small craft into 1985 West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project, Sip., IDAF/WP/3. Gulbrandsen, O.A., Un compte-rendu préliminaire sur les tentatives d'introduire des types alternatifs 1985 de petites embarcations en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 53p., DIPA!V'/P/3. Jorion, P.J.M., The influence of socio-economie and cultural structures on small-scale coastal fisheries 1985 development in Bénin. Cotonou, IDAF Project, .59p., IDAF/WP/4.
Jorion, P.J.M., L'influence des structures socio-économiques sur le développement des pêches artisanales sur 1983 les côtes du Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 59p., DIPAIWP/4. Tandberg, A., Preliminary assessment of the nutritional situation of subsistence fishermen's families. 1986 Cotonou, IDAF Project, 3lp., IDAFIWP15. Wijkstrom, O., Recyclage des personnels pêche en gestion et comptabilité. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 1986 23p., DIPAIWP/6. Collart, A., Development planning for small-scale fisheries in West Africa, practical and socio-economie 1986 aspects of fish production and processing. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 34p., IDAF/WP/7. Collart, A., Planification du développement des pêches artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest; production 1986 et traitement du poisson, ses aspects matériels,techniques et socio-économiques. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, (57p., DIPA/WP/7. Van der Meeren, A.J.L., Socio-economie aspects of integrated fisheries development in rural fishing 1986 villages. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 29p., IDAF/WP/8.
Halmg, L.J., et O. Wijkstrom, Les disponibilités en matériel pour la pêche artisanale. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 1986 47p., DIPA!WP/9. Akester, S.J., Design and trial of sailing rigs for artisanal fisheries of Sierra Leone. Cotonou, IDAF 1986 Project, 3lp., IDAF/WP/lO.
Vétillai-t, R., Rapport détude préliminarie sur l'aménagement d'un abri pour la pêche maritime artisanale à 1986 Cotonou. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 3lp., DIPAIWP/1 1. Van Hoof, L., Small-scale fish production and marketing in Shenge, Sierra Leone. Cotonou, IDAF 1986 Project, 36p., IDAFIWP/12.
Everett, G.V., An outline of West African small-scale fisheries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 32p., IDAF/ WP/ 13. 1986
Anon., Report of the second IDAF liaison officers meeting; Freetown, Sierra Leone (11- 14 November 1987 1986). Cotonou, IDAF Project. 66p., IDAF/WP/15. Anon., Compte-rendu de la deuxième réunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet 1987 DIPA,27p.. DIPA/WP/16. Campbell, R.J., Report of the preparatory technical meeting on propulsion in fishing canoes in West 1987 Africa (Freetown, 15-18 November 1986). Cotonou, IDAF Project, 88 p., IDAFIWP/17. Davy. DB., Seamanship, Sailing and Motorisation. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 85p., IDAF/WP/l8. 1987 Anurn-Doyi, B., and J. Wood, Observations on fishing methods in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 53p.. 1988 IDAF/WP/19. Anon., Report of the third IDAF liaison officers meeting (Cotonou, 2- 4 December 1987). Cotonou, 1988 IDAF Project, 88p., IDAF/WP/20. Anon., Compte-rendu de la troisième réunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA (2-4 Décembre 1987). 1988 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 85p., DIPA/WP/20.
Haakonsen, J.M. (Ed.) Recent developments of the artisanal fisheries in Ghana. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 69p., 1988 IDAF/WP/21.
Everett, GV., West African marine artisanal fisheries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 4lp., IDAFIWP/22. 1988 Everett, GV., Les pêches maritimes artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 44p., 1988 DIPAIWP/22.
Coackley, A.D.R., Observations on small fishing craft development in West Africa,Cotonou, IDAF 1989 Project, 22p., IDAFIWP/23. Zinsou, J. et W. Wentholt, Guide pratique pour la construction et l'introduction du fumoir "chorkor". 1989 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 33p., DIPA/WP/24. Zinsou, J. and W. Wentholt, A practical guide to the construction and introduction of the chorkor 1989 smoker. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 29p., IDAFIWP/24. Chauveau, IP., F. Verdeaux, E. Charles-Dominique et J.M. Haakonsen, Bibliographie sur les communautés 1989 de pêcheurs d'Afrique de l'Ouest - Bibliography on the fishing communities in West-Africa. Cotonou, Projet DIPA - IDAF Project, 22Op., DJPA-IDAF/WP/25. Everett, G.V., Small-scale fisheries development issues in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 1989 47p., IDAF/WP/26. Everett, G.V., Problèmes de développement de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, 1989 Projet DIPA, 49p., DIPA/WP/26.
Haakonsen, J.M., et W. Wentholt, La pêche lacustre au Gabon. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 36p., DIPA/WP/27. 1989
Anon., Report of the ad hoc technical meeting on artisanal fisheries craft, propulsion, gear and security in the 1990 IDAF region, Cotonou, 25 - 26 September 1989. Cotonou, IDAF Project, hip., IDAF/WP/2 8.
Anon., Report of the fourth IDAF liaison officers meeting (Dakar, 21- 23 November 1989). Cotonou, 1990 IDAF Project, 135p., IDAFIWP/29, Anon., Compte-rendu de la quatrième réunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet 1990 DIPA, 121p.,DIPAIWP/29. Houndékon, BR., D.E. Tempelman and A.M. IJff, Report of round table meeting on women's activities 1990 and community development in artisanal fisheriesrojects) in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project. l2p.+ annexes, IDAF/WP/30. Houndékon, BR., D.F. Tempelman et AM. IJff, Rapport du séminaire sur les activités féminines 1990 et le développement communautaire dans les projets de pêches artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, i4p. + annexes, DIPAIWP/30. IJff, AM., Socio-econonuc conditions in Nigerian fishing communities. Based on studies along the 1990 Benin and 1mo river estuaries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 113 p., IDAF/WP/3 1.
Okpanefe, MO., A. Abiodun and J.M. Haakonsen, The fishing communities of the Benin River estuaryarea: 1991 Results from a village survey in Bendel State, Nigeria. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 75p.. IDAF/WP/3 2. Anon., Compte-rendu du cours 'Analyse Quantitative des Aspects Sélectionnés de Développement'. 1991 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 6 + xlvi p., DIPA/WP/33. Anon., Report of the course on "Quantitative Analysis of Selected Aspects of Fisheries Development". 1991 Cotonou, IDAF Project, 6 + xlv p., IDAF/WP/3 3 Callerhoim Cassel, R, Cost and Earnings and Credit Studies on Ghanaian Canoe Fisheries. Cotonou, 1991 IDAF Project, 38p., IDAFIWP/34. Sheves, G.T.. The Ghanaian dug-out canoe and the canoe carving industry in Ghana. Cotonou, IDAF 1991 Project, lO9p., IDAF/WP/35. Haakonseri. J.M. and Chimère Diaw, Fishermen's Migrations in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 1991 293p., IDAF/WP/36. Haakonsen, J.M. et Chimère Diaw, Migration des Pêcheurs en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet 1991 DIPA, 332p., DIPA/WP/36. Guibrandsen, O.A.. Canoes in Ghana, Cotonou, IDAF Project, 82p.. IDAF/WP/37. 1991
Anon., Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Report of the Fifth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting. Cotonou, 1991 IDAF Project, l4Op., JDAFIWPI38. Anon., Les pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Compte-rendu de la Cinquième réunion des 1991 Officiers de Liaison du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, l22p., DIPA/WP/38. Beare, R.J. and P. Tanimomo. Purse seine and encircling net fishing operations in Senegal, Guinea, 1991 Sierra Leone, Ghana and Benin. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 92p., IDAF/WP/39. Everett, GV, and G.T. Sheves, Recent trends in artisanal fisheries and report on alternatives to canoes. 1991 Cotonou, IDAF project, 33p., IDAFIWP/40. Callerhoirn Cassel, E. and AM. Jallow, Report of a socio-economie survey of the artisanal fisheries 1991 along the atlantic coast in The Gambia. Cotonou, IDAF project, 97p., IDAF/WP/41. Chimère DiarM. et Jan M. Haakonsen, Rapport du séminaire sur les migrations de pêcheurs artisans 1992 en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, projet DIPA, 36p., DIPAIWP/42. Chimère Diaw, M. and Jan M. Haakonsen, Report on the regional seminar on artisanal fishermen's 1992 migrations in West Africa. Cotonou, JDAF project, 35p., IDAFIWP/42. Houndékon, B. et L. Affoyon, Rapport du séminaire-atelier de sensibilisation sur la méthode accélérée 1993 de recherche participative tenu à Libreville Gabon en Novembre 1992: Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 56p., DIPA/WP/43. Anon., Rapport de la sixième réunion des fonctionnaires de liaison Banjul,Gambie i- 5 février 1993. 1993 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 57p., DIPA/WP/44. Anon., Report of the sixth IDAF liaison officers meeting Ranjul, Gambia I- 5 February 1993. Cotonou, 1993 IDAF Project, 6Op., IDAF/WP/44. Horemans, B.and Satia B.P., (eds), Report of the Workshop on Fisherfolk Organisations in West Africa. 1993 Cotonou, IDAF Project, 93p., IDAF/WP/45. Horemans, B.et Satia B,P., (éds), Rapport de l'atelier sur les organisations de pêcheurs en Afrique de 1993 l'Ouest, Cotonou, Projet DIPA, lO2p., DIPA/WP/45. Kébé, M., Gallène J et Thiarn D.- Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale en Guinée Bissau. Pro 1993 gramme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 32p. ± annexes, DIPA/WP/46. Kébé, M., Gallène J. et Thiam D.- Revista sectorial da pesca artesanal na Guiné-Bissau Programa de 1993 Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental. Cotonou DIPA, 32p. + anexos DIPA/WP/46 Horemans B., - La situation de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1992. Cotonou. Programme de 1993 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, 36p., DlPAIWP/47
Kébé, M., Njock J.C. et Gallène J.- Revue sectorielle de la pêche maritime au Cameroun.Programme 1993 de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de ¡'Ouest (DIPA), 3Op. + annexes, DIPA/WP/48. Kébé, M., Njock, J.C. and Gallène, J. R., Sectoral review of marine artisanal fishery in Cameroon. 1993 Cotonou, IDAF Project 33p., IDAF/WP/48 Anon., Report of the Working Group on Artisanal Fisheries Statistics for the Western Gulf of Guinea, 1993 Nigeria and Cameroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project, l26p., IDAF/WP/49 Satia, B.P., Ten years of Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (Origin, 1993 Evolution and Lessons Learned). Cotonou, IDAF Project, 37p., IDAF/WP/50 Satia, B.P., Dix ans de développement intégré des pêches artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (Origine, 1993 évolution et leçons apprises). Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 4lp., DIPA/WP/5 O. Stokholm, H. and Isebor C., The fishery of Ilisha africana in the coastal waters of Republic of Benin 1993 and Lagos State, Nigeria. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 8lp., IDAF/WP/5 1. Anon., - Report of the Seventh IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting Cotonou, Benin, 22-24 November 1993 1993. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 72p., IDAFIWP/52. Anon., - Rapport de la Septième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, Cotonou, Bénin, 22-24 1993 novembre 1993. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 7'7p., DIPAIWP/52. Satia B.P., and B. Horemans editors, Workshop on Conflicts in Coastal Fisheries in west Africa, 1993 Cotonou, Benin, 24-26 November 1993. Cotonou, IDAF Project 64p., IDAF/WP/53. Satia B.P., etB. Horemans (éds), Atelier sur les Conflits dans les Pêcheries Côtières en Afrique de 1993 l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 24-26 novembre 1993. Cotonou, Projet DIPA 68p., DIPAIWP/5 3. Horemans, B.,The situation of artisanal fisheries in West Africa in 1993. Pro.gramme for the Integrated 1993 Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin 39p., IDAF/WP154. Horemans B.,La situation de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1993. Cotonou Programme 1994 de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 4Op. + annexes, DIPA/WP/54. Horemans, B., J; Gallène et J.C. Njock,- Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale à Sao Tomé et Principe. 1994 Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 3lp. + annexes, DIPAIWP/55. Horemans, B.J. Gallène e J.-C. Njock, - Revista sectorial da pesca artesanala São Tomé e Principe 1994 Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental (DIPA). 32p. + anexos, DIPA/WP/55. Jul-Larsen, EMigrantFishermen in Pointe-Noire (Congo): Continuity and Continuous Change. 1994 Cotonou, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, 5 Ip., IDAF/WP/56.
Jul-Larsen,E.,Pêcheursmigrants à Pointe-Noire (Congo): Continuité et Changement 1994 Perpétuel. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 59p., DIPAIWP/56. Satia, B.P., and Hansen, L.S.,Sustainabilityof Development and Management Actions in Two 1994 Community Fisheries Centres in The Gambia. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 48p., IDAF/WP/57. Satia, B.P., et Hansen LS., La durabilité des actions de développement et de gestion dans deux centres 1994 communautaires en Gambie. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, SOp., DIPA/WP/57 Heinbuch. UAnimal Protein Sources for Rural and Urban Populations in Ghana. Cotonou. [DAF 1994 Project, 25p. + annex, IDAF/WP/58 Johnson J.P.and Joachim Alpha Touré, Accidental Death and Destruction in Artisanal Canoes: A 1994 retrospective study of the years 1989-1991 along the coast of Guinea (Conakry) West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 2lp., IDAF/WP/39 Johnson J.P.et Joachim Alpha Touré, Mort Accidentelle et Destruction des Pirogues Artisanales: Une 1994 étude rétrospective des années 1989-1991 sur le littoral guinéen (Conakiy)- Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 21p., DIPA/WP/59
Demuynck, K., arid DETMAC Associates, The Participatory Rapid Appraisal on perceptions and pratices 1994 of fisherfolk on fishery resource management in ari artisanal fishing community in Cameroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 32p., IDAF/WP/60 Dernuynck, K., et les associés de DETMAC, Méthode Accélérée de Recherche Participative sur les 1995 perceptions et pratiques des pêcheurs en matière de gestion des ressources halieutiques dans une communauté de pêche au Cameroun. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 33p., DIPAJWP/60 Satia, B.P., J.P. Gallèrie, and F. Houéhou Sub-regional Workshop on Artisanal Safety at Sea. Banjul, The 1994 Gambia 26-28 September 1994. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 57p., IDAF/WP/61
Satia, B.P., J.P. Gallène, et F. Houéhou, Rapport de l'atelier sous-régional sur la Sécurité en Mer de la pêche 1994 artisanale Banjul, Gambie 26-28 septembre 1994. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, t5lp., DIPAJWP/6 I
Kamphorst, B., A socio-economie study on the distribution and marketing pattern of marine fish products 1994 in the Ndian division, South West Province, Republic of Cameroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 4lp., IDAF/WP/62 Kamphorst, B., Etude socio-économique du mode de distribution et de commercialisation des produits 1994 halieutiques du département de Ndian, Province du Sud-Ouest, Républillique du Cameroun. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 42p., DIPA/WP/62
Heinbuch, U., Population and Development in Fishing Communities: The challenge ahead. Cotonou, IDAF 1994 Project, Sip., 1DAF/WP/63 Anon., Report of the Eighth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 03-04 November 1994. 1994 Cotonou Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, 97p., IDAF/WP/64
Anon., Rapport de la Huitième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, du DIPA. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 03-04 1994 novembre 1994. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. iO2p., DIPA/WP/64
Horemans, B. Kébé, M., and W. Odoi-Akersie, Working Group on capital needs and availability in artisanal 1994 fisheries methodology and lessons learned from case studies. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 62p., IDAF/WP/65
Horemans, B,, Kébé, M., et W. Odoi-Akersie, Groupe de travail sur les besoins et la disponibilité en capital 1994 en pêche artisanale: méthodologie et leçons apprises des études de cas. Cotonou, Bénin, Progrannne pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afriquc de l'Ouest (DIPA), 62p., DIPA/WP/65 Teutscher F., Tall A., and Jallow A.M., Workshop on Seeking Improvements in Fish Technology in West 1995 Africa. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 7-9 November 1994. Cotonou, Benin. Programme for the hitegrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa,(IDAF) 75p., IDAFIWP/66.
Teutscher F., Tall A., et Jallow A.M., Rapport de l'Atelier sur le thème "A la Recherche des Améliorations 1995 en Tecimologie du Poisson en Afrique de l'Ouest". Pointe-Noire. Congo, 7-9 novembre 1994. Cotonou, Bénin, Proramnme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, (DIPA) 82p., DIPA/WP/66. Kamphorst, B., A cost and earnings study at Cotonou harbour, Benin, for 1994. Cotonou, Benin Programme 1995 for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa ([DAF) 42p., IDAF/WP!67 Kamphorst, B., Etude de Coûts et Revenus au port de pêche de Cotonou, Bénin, Programme pour le 1995 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, (DIPA) 45p., DIPA/WP167.. Kamphorst, B., et Teixeira, M. Caractéristíques socio-économiques de la pêche à Sao Tomé et Principe. 1995 Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de POuest. (DIPA) Cotonou, Bénin 3lp. DIPA/WP/68.
Karnphorst, B., e Teixeira, M., Caracteristicas socio-económicas da pesca artesanal maritima em São Tomé 1995 e Principe Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental. (DIPA) Cotonou Benin, 28p.. IDAF/WP/68 Horemans, B., The situation of artisanal fisheries in West Africa in 1994. Programme for the Integrated 1995 Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin 40p., IDAF/WP/69.
Horernans, B., La situation de la pêche artìsanale en Afrique de 1 Ouest en 1994. Cotonou, Bénin Programme 1995 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 38p. DIPAIWP/69.
Kébé. M., J-C. Njock, et J. Gallène, Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale maritime du Congo. Cotonou, 1995 Bénin, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA) 37p., DIPA/WPI7O.
Gallène, J.P., Data Compendium on Safety at Sea for Seven West African Countries. Mauritania, Senegal, 1995 The Gambia, Guinea-Bissan, Guinea, Sierra-Leone and Cape Verde 1991 - 1994. Cotonou, Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. l3p., IDAF/WP/7 1 Gallène, J.P., Compendium des Données sur la Sécurité en Mer dans Sept Pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest: 1995 Mauritanie, Sénégal, Gambie, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée, Sierra-Leone et Cap Vert 1991- 1994. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, ISp., DIPA/WP/71. Jallow A.M., Report of the First Meeting of the IDAF Working Group on Costs and Earnings in Artisanal 1995 Fisheries in West Africa, (Dakar, Senegal, 12 - 13 June 1995). Cotonou, Benin, Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. 81p. IDAF/WP/72.
Jallow AM., Rapport de la Première Réunion du Groupe de Travail du DIPA sur Coûts et Revenus en Pêche 1995 Artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest, (Dakar, Senegal, 12 - 13 juin 1995). Cotonou, Bénin, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, 82p., DIPA/WP/72. Anon., Report of the Ninth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting, Conakiy, Guinea, 9-10 November 1995. 1995 Cotonou, Programme for Intç.grated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa l02p., IDAF/WP/73 Anon., Rapport de la Neuvième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, Conakry, Guinée, 9-10 novembre 1995 1995. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, i l2p. DIPAi'WP/73. Satia. B.P. and B.W. Horemans, Report of the Workshop on Participatory Approaches and Traditional 1995 Fishery Management Pratices in West Africa. Conakry, Guinea, 13-15 November 1995. Cotonou, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. 95p.. IDAF/WP/74. Satia. B.P. et B.W. Horemans, Rapport de l'Atelier sur les Approches Participatives et l'Aménagement 1995 Traditionnel des Pêches en Afrique de l'Ouest. Conakiy, Guinée, 13-IS novembre 1995. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, 98p., DIPA/WP/74. Ndiaye Y.. Le crédit à la pêche artisanale au Sénégal. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches 1997 Artisanales en Afrique de lOuest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 19p. DJPA/WP/l 15.
Gallênc J,, Compendium des enquêtes sur les accidents en mer dans six pays de l'Afrique Centrale Cameroun, 1997 Gabon, Congo, Sao-Tomé et Principe, République Démocratique du Congo, Angola, 1989- 1996. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 16p., DIPA/WP/l 16.
Anon., Report of the Eleventh IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting, Douala, Cameroon, 17 - 21 November 1997. 1997 Programme for the Inte2rated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF), Cotonou, Benin, 76p.. IDAF/WP/l 17
Anon., Rapport de la Onzième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, Douala, Cameroun, i 7-21 novembre 1997 1997. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 84p,, DIPA/WP/1 17 Horemans, B., and Jallow A.M., (eds.) Report of the Workshop on Socio-Economie Aspects of Artisanal 1997 Fisheries in West Africa, Douala, Cameroon, 17-21 November 1997. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF), Cotonou. Benin, 29p., IDAF/WP/1 18. Horemans, B., and Jallow A.M., (éds.) Rapport de l'Atelier sur les Aspects Socio-Economiques de la pêche 1997 Artisanale en Afnque de l'Ouest, Douala, Cameroun, 17-21 novembre 1997. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 33p., DIPA/WP/l 18 Diallo, MO., et Fautrel V., Eléments d'analyse économique et fmancière de la pêche artisanale maritime en 1997 Guinée: Le cas du débarcadère de Boulbinet à Conakiy. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 26p., DIPAIWP/1 19
Diallo, MO.,et Diallo, M.M., Enquête-cadre et socio-économique de la pêche artisanale maritime en Guinée. 1997 Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 7Op., DIPA/WP/120
Kouakou, Y.»Coût et revenus de la transformation et commercialisation du poisson à Adiaké. Programme 1998 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 29p. DIPA/WP/121. Horemans B.,-L'état de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1997. Cotonou. Programme pour le 1998 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 5 1p. DIPA/WP/ 122.
H. Manue's de terrain / Field Manuals
Johnson, J.P.et M.P. Wilkie, Pour un développement intégré des pêches artisanales; du bon usage 1988 de participation et de la planification. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, l5'7p. + annexes, Manuel de Terrain° i. Meynall. P.J.,J.P. Johnson, and M.?. Wilkie, Guide för planning monitoring and evaluation in fisheries 1988 development units. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 116 p., IDAF Field Manual N 2.
IDAF Newsletter / La Lettre du DIPA
IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, October/Octobre 1985, 4 p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, January/Janvier 1986, 14 p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, June/Juin 1986,40 p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA,4/5, Sept./Dec. 1986, 76 p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, September 1987, 58 p. IDAF News letier/Lettre du DIPA, June/Juiti 1988, 84 p. IDAF NewsletteriLettre du DIPA. June/Juin 1989, 74 p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, October/Octobre 1989, 84 p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, August/Août 1990, 84 p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, January/Janvier 1991, 6 p. IDAF News letter/Lettre du DIPA, April/Avril 1991, 8 p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, July/Juillet 1991, 6 p. IDAF Newsietter/Lettre du DIPA, October/January 1992, 12 p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, September/Septembre 1992, 85p IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, December/Décembre 1992, 3 Ip. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, March/Mars 1993, 39p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, June/Juin 1993, 38p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, September/Septembre 1993, 32p IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, December/Décembre 1993, 28p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, March/Mars 1994, 32p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, June/Juin 1994, 32p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, September/Septembre 1994, 52p IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, December/Décembre 1994, 36p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, March/Mars 1995, 32p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, June/Juin 1995, 32p. IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, September/Septembre 1995, 4Op IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, December/Décembre 1995, 12p. IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, MarchfMars 1996, 28p. IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, June/Juin 1996, 24p. IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, September/Septembre 1996, 28p IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, December/Décembre 1996, 28p. IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, March/Mars 1997, 28p. IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, June/Juin 1997, 28p. IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, September/Septembre 1997, 28p IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, December/Décembre 1997, 32p.
IV. Documents de travail du Projet Modèle, Bénin / Working papers of the Model Project, Benin
Coackley, A.D.R., Report on installation of a diesel inboard motor in a Ghana canoe. Cotonou, Model 1988 Project, 7 p. + annexes, PMB/WP/1 (En). Coackley, A.D.R., Installation dun moteur diesel'inboard" dans une pirogue ghanéenne. Cotonou, 1988 Projet Modèle, 9 p. + annexe, PMB/WP/1 (Fr). Zannou, L.H., Etudes teclmico-économiques des fours améliorées pour le fumage de poisson en 1988 République Populaire du Bénin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 8p. + 6 tableaux, PMB/WP/2. Atti-Mama, C., et M. Raïs, Etude démographique des communautés cibles du projet Modèle Bénin. 1988 Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 20p. + 10 annexes, PMB/WP/3. Jorion, P., Non-monetary distribution of fish as food in Beninois small-scale fishing villages and its 1988 importance for auto-consumption. Cotonou, Model Project, 26p., PMB/WP/4. Tanimomo, PF., Catalogue des engins de pêche maritime artisanale du Benin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 1989 46 p. + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/4, PMB/WP/5. Tanimomo, PF., Rapport de consultation sur la formation des jeunes pêcheurs de 1'UNICOOPEMA 1989 à Lomé. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 17 p. + 6 annexes, PMB/WP/6.
Atti Mama, C., Impact socio-économique de la piste Pahou-Kpota. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 10p. 1989 + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/7. Ahouanmènou, C., C. Atti-Mama, B. Houndékon, D. Tempelman et D. Turcotte, Animation, gestion 1989 et planification, séance de travail avec les agents de terrain. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 142 p. + annexes, PMB/WP/8. Atti-Mama, C., D. Turcotte, et W. Wentholt, Evaluation interne des activités du projet modèle Bénin 1989 dans le secteur de Ouidah. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 36 p.f7 annexes, PMB/WP/9. Williams. S., Rôle Economique des Femmes dans les Conmiunautés de Pêche: Le Cas de Koko Cotonou. 1996 Bénin. Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 3Op., IDAF/WP/94. Nie, M., and Jones, R., People's Participation and Sustainability Aspects in the fisheries project of Yeji, 1996 Ghana. Cotonou, Benin, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF) 4 Ip., IDAF/WP/95
N5ie, M., et Jones, R., Participation des populations et développement durable: le cas du Projet de pêche de 1997 Yeji au Ghana. Cotonou, Bénin, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA) 45p., DIPAIWP/95
Anon., Report of the Tenth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting, Lome, Togo, 9-10 December 1996. 1997 Cotonou, Benin, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, lOOp., IDAFIWP/96. Anon., Rapport de la dixième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, Lomé, Togo, 9- 10 décembre 1997 1996. Cotonou, Bénin, Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. lOE7p., DIPA/WP/96. Horemans, B., and Jallow A.M., (eds.) Report of the Workshop on Gender Roles and Issues in Artisanal 1997 Fisheries in West Africa, Lomé, Togo, 11-13 December 1996. Cotonou, Benin, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, 4'7p., IDAF/WP/97 Horemans, B., et Jallow, AM., (éds.) Rapport de l'atelier sur les rôles des hommes et des femmes et les 1997 questions liées aux rapports entre les hommes et les femmes dans la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest, Lomé, Togo, li- 13 décembre 1996. Cotonou, Bénin, Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 49p., DIPAIWP/97.
Gallene, J.P., (ed.); Lessons Learned from Training Artisanal Fishermen in West Africa. Programme for the 1997 Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin. 92p., IDAF/WP/98 Gallene, J.P., (éd.); Enseignements tirés de la formation des pêcheurs artisans en Afrique de l'Ouest. 1997 Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Bénin, 9lp., DIPAJWP/98.
Jallow AM., Study on Elements and Mechanisms of Participation in WNW-AFCOD and Tombo Projects 1997 in Sierra Leone, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin. 23p., IDAF/WP/99. Turay F., and Verstralen K., Costs and Earnings in Artisanal Fisheries: Methodology and Lessons learned 1997 from Case Studies, Programme for the Intgrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin, 27 p., IDAF/WP/100.
Turay F., et Verstralen K., Coûts et revenus en pêche artisanale: méthodologie et leçons retenues des études 1997 de cas. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 4Op., DIPAIWP/100 Kalibu, M.-K., Lubambala K., et Nkomko T., Enquête-Cadre et Etude Socio-Economique de la Pêche 1997 Artisanale à la Côte Maritime et à l'Estuaire du Fleuve ZaIre en 1996. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 66p., DIPAIWP/101.
Denke AM.; Enquête-cadre et socio-économique sur la pêche artisanale maritime au Togo. Programme pour 1997 le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 7lp., DIPA/WP/l02. Kébé, M., Etude des coûts et revenus des unités de pêche artisanale à Hann, Sénégal. Programme 1997 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Bénin, 2Op., DIPA/WP/103. Horemans B. and Jallow AM., Present State arid Perspectives of Marine Fisheries Resources Co- 1997 Management in West Africa, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin, 22p., IDAF/WP/104
Horemans B., et Jallow A.M., Etat actuel et perspectives de la co-gestion des ressources halieutiquesen 1997 Afrique de l'Ouest. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 25p., DIPA/WP/104
Kébé, M., Anato C.B. et Gallòne J., Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale au Bénin, Programmepour le 1997 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 50p.. DIPA/WP/105
Yeboah DA., Use of Capital Income in Artisanal Fisheries: A Case Study of Boat Owners in Elmina, Ghana. 1997 Prograrnnie for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF), Cotonou Benin, 23p., IDAF/WP/ 106
Yeboah D.A., Utilisation du Revenu sur Capital dans les Pêches Artisanales: une étude de cas des Armateurs 1997 de Elmina, Ghana. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afriquc de l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 24p., DIPA!WP/106 Bortey A., Study of the Credit and Savings Systems in Artisanal Fisheries in Ghana. Programme for the 1997 Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF), Cotonou, Benin, 2Op., IDAF/WP/107
Bortey A., Etude des systèmes de crédit et d'épargne pour la pêche artisanale au Ghana. Programme pour le 1997 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 23p., DIPAIWP/1 07
Verstralen K., arid Isebor C., Costs, Earnings, and Expenditure Structures of Fisherwomen, Fish Processors, 1997 and Fish Traders in Ogheye, Delta State, Nigeria. Programme for the Integrated Develo s ment of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin, 36p., IDAF/WP/ 108.
Verstralen K., et Isebor C., Coûts, revenus et structure des dépenses des femmes pêcheurs, transformatrices, 1997 et marchandes de poisson à Ogheye, Etat de Delta, Nigeria, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin 4Op., DIPA/WP/ 108
Gbaguidi A., Cometé A., Dehy L., Tanimomo P., et Verstralen K., Enquête-cadre et Socio-économique de 1997 la pêche artisanale maritime au Bénin Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 76p., DIPAIWP/109 Kebe M., Njock J.C. et Gallène J., Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale maritime et lagunaire en Côte 1997 d'Ivoire. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 45p. + annexes, DIPAIV7P/l 10 Ngo Som J; Report on the Training and Sensitization Workshop for Women in Post-Harvest Artisanal 1997 Fisheries Limbe 1823 August 1997 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF) Cotonou, Benin, 22p. IDAF/WP/l li Ndiaye O., Rapport provisoire du séminaire de formation au profit des femmes transformatrices et 1997 vendeuses de poisson dans les communautés de pêche de Joal et Mbour du 18 au 29 août 1997. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou. Bénin, 25p. DIPA/WP/1 12.
Nock J-C., Rapport du séminaire national sur l'ainenagement et le développement de la pêche artisanale au 1997 Cameroun Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 64p. DIPA/WP/113 Ndiaye O., Rapport de la première réunion du Groupe de Travail pluridisciplinaire en planification 1997 des pêches artisanales au Sénégal, 26 et 27juin 1997, Hôtel Savana Koumba Saly, Mbour, Sénégal. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin, 64p. DIPAIWP/1 14. Njifonjou O., J.Folack, M. Bondja, J-C Njock et D. Njarnen. Enquête-cadre et Etude Socio-économique de 1996 la Pêche Artisanale Maritime au Cameroun. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, 80p., DIPA/WP/75 Houndékon M.B., Rapport des ateliers de formation sur la méthode accélérée de recherche participative à 1996 Kaback et Kamsar (Guinée) du 24juillet au 03 septembre 1995 Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 20p., + annexes DIPA/WP/76. Houédanou M-C., et D. Nyamusenge, Guide de rédaction des rapports. Cotonou, Programme pour 1996 le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest 44p, DIPAIWP/77 Kuyateh M., Rapport de Synthèse sur l'Atelier de Formation Pratique (théorie et application sur 1996 le terrain) sur la MARP à l'intention des Cadres et des Techniciens de la Pêche Artisanale du Sénégal Septembre 1995 - Dakar, Sénégal. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest 75p., DIPAIWP/78
Satia B.P. et C.Z. Wétohossou, (eds) Report of the working group on women's key role and issues related to 1996 gender in fishing communities. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF) Cotonou, Benin, 32p., IDAFIWP/79
Satia B.P, et CZ. Wétohossou, (eds) Rapport du groupe de travail sur la position centrale des femmes et les 1996 questions liées au genre dans les communautés de pêche.. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA) 34p., DIPA/WP/79.
Horemans B., T. Ajayi and J. Gallène - Sector Review of the Artisanal Marine Fisheries in The Gambia. 1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF), Cotonou, Benin. 4Op., IDAF/WP/80
Kébé M., J.0 Njock et J. Gallène, - Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale maritime au Gabon. Programme 1996 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), Cotonou, Bénin. 39p. + annexes, DIPA/WP/8 I
Stamatopoulos C., Rapport de l'Atelier sur l'Utilisation du Logiciel de Statistiques des Pêches (ARTFISH). 1996 Cotonou, Bénin, 6-9 mai 1996. Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin 59p., DIPAIWP/82 StamatopoulosC., Report of the Workshop on the use of a fisheries statistical software (ARTFISH), 1996 Cotonou, Benin 6-9 May 1996. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF). Cotonou, Benin 6lp., IDAF/WP/83 Horemans, B.,The state of artisanal fisheries in West Africa in 1995. Programme for the Integrated 1996 Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin 43p:, IDAF/WP/84. Horemans, B.,L'état de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1995. Cotonou, Bénin Programme 1996 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 45p. DIPA/WP/84.
Beauvallet-Le Coq, C., A Study of Community Participation in the Aguégués Project BEN/88/CO3- 1996 BEN/8 8/014 (Improving the living conditions of the Populations in the District of Aguégués) Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa Cotonou, Bénin. 28p., IDAFIWP/85
Beauvallet-Le Coq, C., Etude de la Participation des Populations des Aguégués au Projet BEN/88/CO3- 1996 BEN/88/014. (Amélioration des Conditions de Vie des Populations de la Sous-Préfecture Lacustre des Aguégués). Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Bénin. 32p., DIPA/WP/85. Sow, A., Curso de foiinaçào sobre a organizaçâo de urna biblioteca. Programa para o Desenvolvimento 1996 Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental (DIPA). Cotonou, Benin. 35p. + anexos, DIPA/WP/86 Sow, A., Cours de formation sur l'organisation d'une bibliothèque. Programme pour le Développement 1996 Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin. 32p., + annexes, DIPA/WP/86
Sy, M. S., Nutritional Condition, Food Security, Hygiene and Sanitation in the Fishing Community of Joal, 1 996 Senegal. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou Benin, l8p., + annex IDAFIWP/87.
Sy, M., Situation nutritionnelle, sécurité alimentaire, hygiène et salubrité dans la conmrnnauté de pêche de 1 996 Joal, Sénégal. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin, 1 9p., + annexes. DIPA/WP/87 Touray, I., Study on Women's Organizations in Brufut and Gunjur Communities and the Factors that Favour I 996 or Impede their Sustainability in the Gambia. Programme for the Integrated Development ofArtisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin, 4lp., IDAFIWP/88 Touray, I., Etude sur les organisations de femmes des communautés de Brufut et Gunjur en Gambie et les 1 996 facteurs qui favorisent ou gênent leur pérennité. Programme FAO pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Bénin, 39p., DIPA/WP188 Ngo Som, J., Nutritional Condition, Food Security, Hygiene and Sanitation in the Fishing Community of 1996 Limbe, Cameroon. Program for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF), Cotonou, Benin, 78p., IDAF/WP/89.
Ngo Som, J., Situation nutritionnelle, sécurité alimentaire, hygiène et salubrité dans la communauté de pêche 1996 de Limbe, Cameroun. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin 92p. DIPA/WP/89 Afful, K., et Kébé, M., Fiscal Policy and the Artisanal Fisheries Sector in Ghana and Senegal. Programme 1996 for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF). Cotonou, Benin, 3'7p., IDAF/WP/90. Afful, K., et Kébé, M., La politique fiscale et le secteur de la pêche artisanale au Ghana et au Senegal. 1996 Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin. 42p., DIPA/WP/90
Horemans, B.,Theoretical Considerations and Practical Implications of Subsidies to the Artisanal Fisheries 1996 Sector in West Africa. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin 2Op., IDAF/WP/9 i Horemans, B.Considérations théoriques et implications pratiques des subventions au secteur de la pêche 1996 artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin, 2lp., DIPAIWP/9 i Ndiaye, Y.D.Use of Capital Income in Artisanal Fisheries: the Case of Boat-Owners in Hann, Senegal. 1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin l6p., IDAF/WP/92. Ndiaye, Y.D.Utilisation des revenus du capital en pêche artisanale: le cas des armateurs de Hann au 1996 Sénégal. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin 21p., DIPA/WP/92
Touray, I., Report on Gender Awareness Workshop for Fisheries Officials and Extension Agents 13th-i 7th 1996 May 1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin, 67p., IDAFIWP/ 93 Touray, i., Rapport de l'Atelier de Sensibilisation sur les Questions Liées au Genre à l'Attention 1996 des Agents de Pêche et Agents de Vulgarisation, 13 - 17 Mai 1996 Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Bénin. 7Op., DIPA/WP/93. Williams, S., Economic Role of Women in Fishing Communities: A Case Study of Koko, Nigeria 1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin. 28p., IDAF/WP/94 Tempelinan, D., The participatory approach in ari integrated artisanal fisheries project; structuring 1989 conmiuiuty development - wornens activities. Cotonou, Model Project, 43 p., PMB/WP/ lO. Landry, J., Cours daiphabétisation fonctionnelle en calcul. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 59 p. + 3 annexes 1989 PMB/WP/ll. Landry. J., and D, Tempelman. Functional literacy, Trainíng Guide for a numeracy course. Cotonou, 1989 Model Project, 55 p. + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/l 1. Atti-Maina, C., Systèmes traditionnels et modernes d'épargne et de crédit en milieu pêcheur au Bénin. 1990 Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 41 p. 1-annexes, PMB/WP/12. Sènouvo, P., Statistiques de pêches des villages du Projet Modèle Année 1987. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 1990 33p., PMB/WP/13. Sheves, G.T., PT. Holler and PF. Tanimomo, Report on demonstration with echo-sounders, compas 1990 ses and multimono gillnets in Ghana. Cotonou, Model Project, 22 p., PMB/WP /14. Coackley, A.D.R., and G.T. Sheves, A review of the experimental introduction of diesel inboard 1990 motors to Ghana canoes. Cotonou, Model Project, 41p., PMB/WP/15. IJff, AM. et DE. Tempelman, Etude sur les relations entre les captures de poisson et l'état nutri 1990 tionnel des communautés de pêcheurs dans la province du Mono, au Bénin Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 27 p., PMB/WP/16. Sènouvo, A.P. et AA. Gbaguidi, Recueil des données statistiques des pêches maritimes au Bénin. 1990 Période de 1984 à 1989. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 134p., PMB/WP/17. Houndékon, BR., Initiative locale et développement: Expérience des communautés de pêcheurs 1990 marins du Bénin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 17 p., PMB/WP/18. Le Gurun, J.F., La section de technique des pêches. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 43 p., PMB/WP/19. 1991
FAO/Government Cooperative Programme, Integrated Development of Small-Scale Fisheries in West 1991 Africa, Model Project Benin, Project findings and recommendations. FAO, Rome, FI:GCP/RAF/198/DEN Terminal Report, 34p. Programme de Coopération FAO/Gouvemements, Développement Intégré de la pêche artisanale en 1991 Afrique de lOuest, Projet Modèle Bénin, Conclusions et recommandations du Projet. FAO, Rome, FI:GCP/RAF/198/DEN Rapport terminal, 40 p.