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Traceable and Transparent Fishing in the Indian Ocean Addressing Iuu

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Traceable and Transparent Fishing in the Indian Ocean Addressing Iuu World Maritime University The Maritime Commons: Digital Repository of the World Maritime University World Maritime University Dissertations Dissertations 2015 Traceable and transparent fishing in The ndiI an Ocean addressing IUU Ghazi Salahuddin World Maritime University Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons Recommended Citation Salahuddin, Ghazi, "Traceable and transparent fishing in The ndI ian Ocean addressing IUU" (2015). World Maritime University Dissertations. 495. http://commons.wmu.se/all_dissertations/495 This Dissertation is brought to you courtesy of Maritime Commons. Open Access items may be downloaded for non-commercial, fair use academic purposes. No items may be hosted on another server or web site without express written permission from the World Maritime University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WORLD MARITIME UNIVERSITY Malmö, Sweden TRACEABLE AND TRANSPARENT FISHING IN THE INDIAN OCEAN ADDRESSING IUU By Ghazi Salahuddin PAKISTAN A dissertation submitted to the World Maritime University in partial Fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In MARITIME AFFAIRS (MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND OCEAN MANAGEMENT) 2015 Copyright Ghazi Salahuddin 2015 Declaration I certify that all the materials in this dissertation that is my own work has been identified, and that no material is included for which a degree has previously been conferred on me. The content of this dissertation reflect my own personal views, and are not necessarily endorsed by the University. ………………………………………….. ………………………………………….. Supervised by: Professor Neil Bellefontaine World Maritime University Assessor: Professor Olof Linden…… World Maritime University Co-assessor: Fisheries Consultant Peter Hamilton Flewwelling ii Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to my Organization Pakistan Maritime Security Agency for nominating me to the World Maritime University. I am particularly grateful to the Director General Pakistan Maritime Security Agency Rear Admiral Ather Mukhtar my colleagues and faithful friends especially Phillipa Reid for assisting me in the preparation of my dissertation work. I really take it as a privilege to express my profound thanks to the IMO South Korea for their generous fellowship for my subsequent professional growth. I really admit that it was all made possible through smooth coordination of all WMU staff. In this regard I would like to thank Susanna Perlheden who really helped me through her instant responds to my mails regarding procedural formalities required for induction in WMU Master’s degree Programme. The highest appreciation goes to my supervisor Professor Bellefontaine for his patient guidance, constant encouragement and caring attitude, without which, this thesis would not have been possible. I gratefully acknowledge advice provided by Professor Manuel during the development of the research proposal. I am eternally thankful to my family for their unwavering love and supported during this period. Finally, I want to thank my friends at WWF Pakistan and would like to specifically mention specially Mr Umair and Mr Moazzam khan. Their passion of work towards the protection of marine resources should be an inspiration for us all to strive towards. iii ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: Traceable and Transparent fishing in the Indian Ocean addressing IUU Degree: MSc Traceability and transparency in fishing and the trade of fish products has been brought to the forefront of the international fisheries policy agenda and is recognized as a core issue. Governments have awakened to the fact that IUU (illegal, unreported and unregulated) fishing has global impacts on the social, economic and ecological aspects of fisheries and therefore requires regional collaboration to combat this global issue. Developing countries severely suffer from the effects of IUU, particularly within their exclusive economic zones (EEZ) due to lack of resources and infrastructure to properly manage waters under their jurisdiction and in remote areas where surveillance is often difficult or neglected Thus, in this research core issues related to transparent fishing will be discussed with an aim to develop a Western and Northern Indian Ocean strategy to identify and adequately address core components of transparent and traceable fishing so as to streamline IUU work broadly in the Indian Ocean context. This dissertation starts with examining the extent of its impact in all dimensions along with drivers behind IUU fishing in global perspectives. Then the dissertation examines the global and regional initiatives with focused analysis of port state measures of FAO viz-a-viz practical challenges and opportunities in implementation and adoption of the corresponding regional and international instruments in this regard are mainly discussed. Most importantly, a case study with regards to counter IUU fishing by the Mozambique and Mauritius are presented and analyzed with an aim to assess and detect conceivable measures which helps in developing strategies by other Regional States by considering these two countries as a role model. Finally, a gap analysis along with strategy proposal on this essential subject is presented along with pertinent proposals/recommendations to promote further awareness and development on the subject. KEYWORDS: sustainable fisheries, marine resources, Implementation and enforcement, IUU fishing, Port state, Flag State. iv Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgement .................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iv Contents ............................................................................................................... v List of Tables .......................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ........................................................................................................... ix List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................. x Chapter I Introduction ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Brief Overview.............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Definitions of IUU Fishing ............................................................................. 2 1.3 Why IUU Fishing is a major Problem ........................................................... 4 1.4 IUU and Tuna .............................................................................................. 5 1.5 Objectives of the study ................................................................................. 6 1.6 Methodology of the study ............................................................................. 8 1.7 Organization of dissertation.......................................................................... 9 1.8 Limitations of the study .............................................................................. 10 1.9 Intended Outcome .................................................................................... 10 Chapter II Implications and impacts of IUU on fisheries management ................... 11 2.1 Impacts of IUU - Economic, Social and Environmental Perspectives ......... 11 2.1.1 Economic impacts ............................................................................. 11 2.1.2 Social impacts ................................................................................... 12 2.1.3 Environmental Effects ....................................................................... 18 2.2 Drivers of IUU Fishing Activities ................................................................. 18 2.2.1 Internal drivers .................................................................................. 18 2.2.2 External Drivers ................................................................................ 20 2.2.3 Organized crime in the fishing industry ................................................ 24 Chapter III Approaches and measures to address IUU Fishing – Case Studies ..... 29 v 3.1 Global Initiatives ......................................................................................... 29 3.2 Transparent Seas Project .......................................................................... 30 3.3 Regional initiatives ..................................................................................... 31 3.3.1. Fish-i-Africa ....................................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Indian Ocean Tuna Commission ...................................................... 34 3.4 Salient Analysis of Port State Measures..................................................... 35 3.5 Trend and Capacity Analysis in IUU ........................................................... 38 3.6 Measures to curb IUU- Mozambique Case Study in Regional Perspectives39 3.7 Mauritius - Case Study in Regional Perspectives ....................................... 41 3.7.1 International and Regional Measures adopted by Mauritius ................. 42 3.7.2 Dealing with IUU Vessels .................................................................
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