Bogdan Petru Niculică, Vasile Budui, Daniela Popescu, Liviu Popescu, Ioan Ignat

The Komariv (Komarów) settlement of Adâncata-”Sub pădure” (Adâncata commune, Suceava county). Archaeological researches and habitat conditions

Keywords: Middle Bronze Age, Komariv (Komarów) culture, GIS, prehistoric habitat. Cuvinte cheie: perioada de mijloc a epocii bronzului, cultura Komariv (Komarov), GIS, habitat preistoric. Ключевые слова: средний бронзовый век, комаривская (комаровская) культура, GIS, древнее поселение.

B.P. Niculică, V. Budui, D. Popescu, L. Popescu, I. Ignat The Komariv (Komarów) settlement of Adâncata-”Sub pădure” (Adâncata commune, Suceava county). Archaeological researches and habitat conditions During the period 2000-2005, at Adâncata-”Imaş”, Suceava co., a barrow cemetery dated to the Middle Bronze Age, respectively the Komariv (Komarów) civilization, was investigated. To complete the whole image on the Bronze Age community, there were undertaken archaeological excavations also within the contemporary settlement, situated in the place called “Sub Pădure”. Excavations pointed out the presence of ceramicware similar in terms of preparation and ornamentation to the one discovered within the barrow cemetery, the common denominator being represented by the presence of certain special ingredients, macroscopically visible, in the composition: siliceous accidents (cherts) and quartzite. In the settlement there were identified the traces of three above-ground constructions (dwellings), made of light materials (probably huts), in each of them remains of hearths being signaled. Together with the archaeological investigations, a “landscape archaeology” study was carried out, with the purpose of identifying certain indicators characteristic for the favorability of the human inhabitance. The present study synthetizes the results of interdiscipli- nary researches, undertaken within the settlement, the understanding of the prehistoric habitat of Adâncata requiring a wider approach from the interdisciplinary perspective, also due to the fact that for the first time in Romania, it was possible to identify the relation between a settlement and a cemetery of the Komariv (Komarów) type.

Bogdan Petru Niculică, Vasile Budui, Daniela Popescu, Liviu Popescu, Ioan Ignat Aşezarea culturii Komarov Adâncata-”Sub pădure” (com. Adâncata, jud. Suceava). Investigaţiile arheolo- gice şi condiţiile de habitat În perioada anilor 2000-2005 la Adâncata-„Imaş” (jud. Suceava) a fost cercetată o necropolă tumulară, datată în perioada mijlocie a epocii bronzului şi atribuită culturii Komariv (Komarov). În scopul reconstituirii condiţii- lor de trai ale comunităţilor din epoca bronzului, s-au efectuat, de asemenea, investigaţii arheologice în aşezarea contemporană necropolei, situată în zona numită de localnici „Sub pădure”. A fost descoperită ceramică similară ca mod de executare şi ornament cu cea din necropola tumulară, ce conţine în structura pastei drept ingrediente particule de silex şi cuarţit. În perimetrul aşezării au fost semnalate urmele a trei amenajări de suprafaţă (locu- inţe), construite din materiale uşoare perisabile (probabil colibe), în care s-au descoperit vetre. Concomitent cu investigaţiile arheologice au fost efectuate şi cercetări specifice „arheologiei de landşaft”, în scopul identificării anumitor indicii specifice unui habitat uman favorabil. În lucrarea de faţă sunt sintetizate rezultatele investigaţiilor interdisciplinare efectuate în perimetrul aşezării. Pentru o înţelegere mai bună a condiţiilor de trai preistorice de la Adâncata este foarte importantă şi de perspectivă abordarea largă interdisciplinară. Se subliniază faptul că pentru prima dată în România a fost determinată legătura dintre o aşezare şi o necropolă de tip Komariv (Komarov).

Б.П. Никуликэ, В. Будуй, Д. Попеску, Л. Попеску, И. Игнат Поселение комаровской культуры Адынката-«Суб пэдуре» (ком. Адынката, жудец Сучава). Археологические исследования и условия обитания В период с 2000 по 2005 год, в Адынката -«Имаш» (жудец Сучава) был исследован курганный могиль- ник, датируемый серединой бронзового века и, соответственно, относящийся к комаровской культуре. С целью воссоздания общей картины сообщества бронзового века, были также проведены археологические раскопки на территории современного могильнику поселения, расположенного в местности, называемой “Суб пэдуре”. Раскопки выявили присутствие керамики, схожей по типу изготовления и орнаменту с кера- микой, обнаруженной в курганном могильнике. Ее общей характеристикой является наличие специальных

Revista Arheologică, serie nouă, vol. IX, nr. 1, 2013, p. 144-155 The Komariv (Komarów) settlement of Adâncata-”Sub pădure” 145

микроскопически видимых ингредиентов в тесте: кремня и кварцита. На поселении были выявлены следы трех наземных сооружений (жилищ), изготовленные из легких материалов (вероятно хижин), о каждом из которых сигнализировали обнаруженные очаги. Параллельно с археологическими изысканиями, было про- ведено исследование „палеоландшафта”, с целью выявления определенных показателей, характерных для благоприятности человеческого обитания. Предлагаемая работа синтезирует результаты междисципли- нарных исследований, проведённых на территории поселения. Для лучшего понимания доисторического обитания в Адынкате очень важен и перспективен более широкий междисциплинарный подход. Отмечается факт, что впервые в Румынии была определена связь между поселением и могильником комаровского типа.

Introduction that moment, in the context of the most correct During the period 2000–2005, in the barrow interpretation of the values of the social energy cemetery of Adâncata-”Imaş”, Suceava co., sys- of the prehistoric community of Adâncata is par- tematic archaeological excavations were carried ticularly important. The necessity of studying the out, being investigate 11 barrows out of a total anthropic impact on the natural prehistoric envi- number of 16. This is how there were identified ronment needs no further stressing in the present ceramic archaeological materials, which allowed, context, interdisciplinary investigations, whatever together with the peculiarities of the funeral rite their nature, being benefic and sustaining the his- and ritual, the cultural and chronological inclu- torical reconstruction. This attempt of “shaping sion of the cemetery within the monuments of the the habitat” dated to the Bronze Age of Adâncata Komariv (Komarów) civilization1 (Niculică et alii must be achieved, even in the conditions of lim- 2005: 69–86; Niculică 2006: 45–143), acknow­ ited archaeological investigations, as it represents ledged in the northeast of Romania, the southeast the preamble of further more thorough researches. of Poland, the northwest of Ukraine and the north On the other hand, it was for the first time in Ro- of the Republic of Moldova (Swiesznikow 1967: mania, that the relation between a settlement and a 39–107; Sulimirski 1968: 97–98; Berezanskaja cemetery of the Komariv type could be identified, 1985: 428–437; Sava 1994: 143–144; Dumitroaia this representing a novelty and also a challenge 2000: 127–128; Munteanu 2010: 209–210; Ma- for the specialists in various fields. karowicz 2010; Dergaciov 2010: 301–302). With- out insisting on the archaeological data and on Objectives and results of the archaeological those provided by the interdisciplinary research, research we should specify that, throughout the years, the The archaeological site of Adâncata is located discoveries of Adâncata were published in a se- 12 km NE of the Suceava city, in the central part ries of magazines of Romania and from abroad. of Suceava Plateau, a subunit of Moldavian Pla- Studies were achieved regarding the funeral be- teau, in the interfluve between Suceava and Siret haviour, metallurgy, lithological materials, the rivers (Pl. 1). The site of Adâncata ”Sub Pădure” corresponding analyses of physical anthropol- is situated ca. 300 m NE of the barrow cemetery ogy were carried out, being further completed (Pl. 3: 1) and it was discovered by B. P. Niculică, by the geological, pedological, geomorphologi- during the archaeological surface researches of cal investigations, sustained by GIS applications 2001. In the neighboring area of the cemetery and (Niculică, Budui, Mareş 2004: 270–271; Niculică especially within the perimeter of the settlement, 2005: 61–68; Niculică, Budui 2005: 303–311; surface researches brought to light a ceramicware Niculică 2006: 80–107; Niculică, Cojocaru 2006: similar to the one of the cemetery on the ”Imaş”. 203–207; Ignat et alii 2007: 31–32; Simalcsik, All these data determined us to start in summer Niculică 2012: 119–133; Budui, Niculică 2012: 2006, a more thorough archaeological field evalu- 79–86). The quantification of geographic particu- ation, with the main purpose of precisely delim- larities, of the manner of constructing the barrows iting the settlement, establishing the stratigraphy and local and allogenic natural resources, used at and the consistency of the Komariv inhabitance.

1 During the first researches, the Komarów settlement was situated on the territory of Poland. After the World War II, it was included on the territory of Ukraine, being named Komariv. 146 Bogdan Petru Niculică, Vasile Budui, Daniela Popescu, Liviu Popescu, Ioan Ignat

The stratigraphy of the settlement is relative- ly simple, at least to the extent it could be estab- lished in the investigated areas: - down to -0.10-0.15 m, a layer of grayish veg- etal soil; - between -0.10/0.15 m and -0.35/0.40 m, a layer of light grayish soil (forest soil – the area was deforested after 1990); - between -0.35/0.45 and -0.50/0.60 m, a layer of blackish – grayish soil, representing the archaeological layer, with the width of 0.15- 0.25 m; - from downwards -0.50/0.60 m, a layer of brown-yellowish soil, representing the ar- chaeologically sterile layer. The living compounds identified during the research campaign of summer 2006 have the form of agglomerations of fragments of wattle and daub walls, hearth pieces and small impregnations of coal, associated with potsherds and various cat- egories of lithic materials. Three such areas were noticed, with a shape relatively difficult to appre- ciate; in this phase of research, we consider the dwellings probably were of the type of light huts with wattle walls. The diameters of these con- structions were probably of 4-6 meters; no clay traces on the floor were found, the daub being ap- plied only on the walls. No traces of the previous pillars could be identified, possibly also due to the type of soil, represented by a moderately acid lu- vosoil; within it, the decomposition of the organic Plate 1. 1. The location of the Adâncata-“Sub Pădure” matter was rather advanced, being predominantly (settlement) and Adâncata-“Imaş” (barrow cemetery) archae- caused by fungi. ological sites belonging to the Komariv (Komarów) culture Archaeological inventory. Without insisting within Romania, Suceava County and the Suceava Plateau. in the present study on this aspect of the research, 2. Central part of the Suceava Plateau with the location of which we intend to develop on a different occa- the Adâncata archaeological site (X) (apud Popp, Iosep, Pau- lencu 1973). sion, we point out that the ceramicware discov- ered in the settlement is typologically and orna- Regarding the excavation method, we chose mentally classified within the ceramicware of the the investigation of a piece of land on the south- Komariv type, as it is known in Romania, Ukraine ern side of the settlement, where, during the sur- and Poland. Among the repertory of shapes, we face researches, there were identified numerous should mention the tulip-shaped vessels and the archaeological materials. Thus, nine cassettes biconical ones, with slightly flared or oval-round- were drawn, with dimensions contained between ed rims. The body thereof was ornamented with 4x4 m and 6x6 m, marked C1-C9. Apart from belts in relief, simple or, more rarely, with alveoli. these, a trench marked S I (20x1.50 m, E-W ori- Few shards of vessels with thin walls, resulting ented) was also opened, being located at 30 m to from cups, show ornaments created with hatched the north from the southern limit of the settle- triangles (Pl. 2: 1–2), as well as with parallel in- ment. The total surface investigated in 2005 was cised stripes, accompanied by small notches. We of 225 sq m. also note the massive presence of secondary fir- ing, fact which cannot be explained only through The Komariv (Komarów) settlement of Adâncata-”Sub pădure” 147

The natural environment of the area of Adâncata. The prehistoric habitat From this perspective, our aim was to identify particular aspects, which can help us in our initia- tive of recreating the prehistoric habitat of Adân- cata; our initiative is supported on the landscape study, based on observations, measurements and descriptions undertaken in the field, as well as on applications carried out within a GIS project. Data obtained in the field (geologic, geomorphologic, pedological) provided the possibility of pointing out traits specific to the area of Adâncata. Thus, there were created several types of maps: hypso- metric, of declivity, of sun exposure, of visibility and pedological. The region we are studying is part of the Moldavian Platform, being characterized through a monocline geologic structure, within which harder rock levels (sandstones) alternate with friable rock layers (sands, clays), with a slight NNW–SSE inclination. From geostructural point of view, the area where the archaeological exca- vations were carried out is characterized by the Volhinian calcareous sandstones. Quaternary clay layer lies transgressively on top of Volhinian older deposits. This particular feature represents a direct consequence of the monocline geologic structure specific to Moldavian Plateau (Ionesi 1968; Bâgu, Mocanu 1984; Ionesi 1994; Seceleanu 2000; Gra- su et alii 2002; Budui, Niculică 2012). The Adâncata-”Sub Pădure” settlement does Plate 2. Komariv (Komarów) pottery discovered during the not draw the attention particularly at a first sight. archaeological excavations of Adâncata -”Sub Pădure”. 1-2, It was covered by oak-tree woods, recently defor- decorated pottery; 3-6, pottery ingredients: quartzite and ested, which led to a good conservation of the site, chert - details (apud Niculică et alii: 2013, 68). which was not affected by agricultural or urban works. The study of the land shows us that Bronze Age men were careful in choosing the type of the existence of fires within the perimeter of the habitat. First of all, it needs to be pointed out that settlement but through the long and repeated us- the settlement we refer to is situated on an inter- age of the vessels, within the household activities. fluve slightly inclined towards SE, individualized Regarding the lithic inventory, we should through the structural plateau of Adâncata; this mention that there were discovered whole and interfluve is delimited by valleys of 5-7 m deep, fragmentary flint blades, scrapers, flakes, pol- of two brooks, which get united near the SE end ishers, arrowheads with concave base, as well of the settlement, forming a brook which is a left as fragments of siliceous accidents (chert); apart affluent of Grigoreşti brook. Thus, towards N, E from these during the researches there were also and S, the settlement is limited by abrupt versants. identified flint pebbles, cherts, quartzite clasts, The relative altitude assures it a dominant aspect, which represented the raw material necessary for especially if seen from E. The shape of the settle- the creation of tools and weapons or of ceramic ment is triangular, with the point oriented towards paste (in case of coarse pottery containing chert SE. The absolute altitude of the settlement varies and quartzite). between 385-407 m, being close to the one of the 148 Bogdan Petru Niculică, Vasile Budui, Daniela Popescu, Liviu Popescu, Ioan Ignat cemetery on ”Imaş” (409-412 m for the central life. At the same time, the distance between the group of barrows) (Pl. 2: 1–2). settlement and the cemetery can be judged from The piece of land on which the potsherds many perspectives, including from the point of dated to the Middle Bronze Age were found is of view of social anthropology. about 4-5 ha. Probably the occupational surface Regarding the access way, this is easy to iden- itself of the community of Adâncata varied ac- tify on the topographic, hypsometric and slope cording to certain local needs (deforesting, land maps, the easiest option being from the western exploitation etc.), creating this impression of a side of the settlement, as it is in fact known also large settlement. In reality, judging based on stra- these days (Pl. 3: 1–3; 3: 5). Naturally, one can tigraphy, the consistency of the inhabitance level not exclude the existence of lateral paths on the and the identified archaeological materials, the plateau sideways. settlement itself was much smaller (probably the Concerning the soils specific to the area of dwellings were grouped on a surface of at most Adâncata, we mention that at present luvosoils 0.5-1 ha at a certain moment). That is why it is are typical. These have a moderate fertility, even difficult to specify how long the Komariv inhabit- a vague one, in the case of the albic subtype or ance lasted, especially that the ceramic inventory the occurrence of pseudogley. Spatial variations is typologically not conclusive. are rather large in spite of the occurrence of the The undertaken landscape study shows us geomorphometric monotony, as the arenaceous clearly the peculiarities of the natural environ- substratum is variable as depth in relation to the ment. The land form chosen for the organization surface, and the presence of argillaceous lenses is of the settlement is favorable from this point of local. Based on observations and analyses under- view to a defensive organization. The relative alti- taken within the barrows and outside their area, tude, of about 5-7 m to the adjacent valleys (now- we consider that the soils had evolution profiles adays with a temporary character), provided a nat- and direction similar to those available nowadays, ural defensive character to the settlement. From this perspective, probably the organization of a palisade at the level of the contact area with the central part of the plateau of which the interfluve on which the settlement is located gets detached, eventually also in the marginal areas, facilitated the defense necessities of the community. The land of the settlement is generally flat, with a slight inclination towards SE and E, fact that allows the natural flow of rain water, prevent- ing stagnation (Pl. 3: 3). Regarding the sun expo- sure, the settlement receives sun light most of the day, fact that is also a favoring element (Pl. 3: 4). A special discussion is the one pertaining to the general visibility. We point out the fact that from the settlement limited areas were visible to the N, NW and E, SE. Based on the analysis of the visibility characteristics we consider the Komariv settlement of Adâncata was “hidden” within the general territory (the microzone Adâncata) and did not show the features of a reference settle- ment, imposing, polarizing and with a surveillance role. The subject deserves to be debated in a wider context, of general correlations throughout much wider geographic and historical spaces, as there can be involved elements of daily life, of spiritual Plate 3. Adâncata-“Sub Pădure”. Territory, landscape, relief. The Komariv (Komarów) settlement of Adâncata-”Sub pădure” 149 the presence of Bt horizon, well developed, being troaia 2000: 147; Popescu 2001: 25; Vulpe et alii a proof of the fact that soils evolved under a forest 2004: 105; Vulpe, Popescu, Băjenaru 2006: 141; vegetation of deciduous trees for a long period. 2007: 137; 2008: 116; Popescu, Băjenaru 2008: 9; Vulpe, Popescu, Băjenaru 2007: 136–137; Vulpe, Preliminary considerations Popescu, Băjenaru, Gavrilă 2009: 104; Munteanu In Romania, the settlements of Neamţ coun- 2010: 44). ty: Costişa, Borleşti, Frumuşica and Siliştea and The settlement of Borleşti-Dealul Runcu was of Vaslui county: Dăneşti (Costişa culture, Middle investigated in 1968 on a surface of about 250 sq. Bronze Age), provided interesting data regarding m; it is positioned on the open plateau of a low- the habitat model, which are confirmed, at least er terrace of Nechiu brook, right tributary of the partially in the case of the settlement of Adân- Bistriţa River. Although no information is avail- cata. It was thus possible to notice the predilec- able on the defensive systems of the settlement, tion for naturally fortified sites, by positioning there is important information regarding sev- the dwellings in areas defended on two sides by eral surface dwellings, of rectangular shape (L1: deep valleys / ravines (relative altitudes to the 4x2,8 m), built in a manner similar to those in the adjacent valleys of at least 4-7 m or higher), and settlement of Costişa, with the difference that at sometimes vallum and defense ditches were built Borleşti there were foundations built on the river to complete the defensive system, barring the flat stones, without traces of loam flooring (Florescu portions of the plateaus exposed to attacks (Vulpe, 1970: 51–81; Dumitroaia 2001: 16–17; Munteanu Zamoşteanu 1962: 309–316; Bolohan, Munteanu, 2010: 43). Dumitroaia 2001: 229; Bolohan, Dumitroaia, An important site of the Costişa culture is the Munteanu 2002: 287–289; Bolohan, Bilavschi one of Siliştea-Cetăţuia, researched during the 2003: 292–293; Bolohan, Bilavschi 2004: 292– period 2000-2003, located on a plateau near the 293; Bolohan 2003: 195–206; Dumitroaia 2000: Şarpelui/Lipoveni brook, in the Bistriţa-Siret in- 133, 140; Ignat et alii 2007: 31–32; Munteanu terfluve area. In the plan, the settlement had a tri- 2010: 86–88). angular shape (110x110x75 m), with a NNW-SSE Known already since 1930 and investigated orientation. Benefiting from naturally defended in several phases (1937, 1959-1960, 1962, 2000 sides through abrupt slopes, the more accessible – prezent), the eponymous settlement of Costişa side allowing the access inside the settlement was culture on Cetăţuia Hill is located on a high ter- fortified through a defensive ditch and a vallum race on the left side of Bistriţa River, on an ellip- (Bolohan, Munteanu 2001: 45; Bolohan, Creţu soid form of relief, naturally defended by abrupt 2004: 57; Munteanu 2010: 49). In this settlement slopes towards W, S and E. In the area remained several surface dwellings were discovered, some accessible one can see the traces of two defensive slightly deepened, generally of rectangular shape, ditches with vallum, to the E and W, including por- provided with sandstone floors. Several sandstone tions of the N and SW sides fortified with ditches, floor pieces have red traces of firing, an index carved across the slope (the ditches would reach of the presence of hearths, built without of loam widths of up to 2.6m) (Vulpe et alii 2005: 130– flooring. In certain cases there are visible notches 131; Popescu 2005: 316; Munteanu 2010: 44). in the sandstones floor, which are considered to The Costişa level of the settlement was strongly be the proof of the embedment of wooden floors disturbed by the Monteoru level, still, following (Bolohan, Munteanu 2001: 45–46; Bolohan et alii the archaeological investigations, several adobe 2004: 309–311). agglomerations of pieces of clay walls could be For the Komariv culture (north of the Ro- identified, some of them with traces of wattle, in manian space), approximately the same types of association with carbonized wood pieces, that re- dwellings are documented. Thus, for the settle- sult from surface dwelling structures, built on a ment of Kostjanec’ (Kościaniec) (Rivne region, wooden structure, wattle and daub, with vegetal Ukraine), two pit-houses, of approximately round materials in composition. Traces of angled ar- shape (ca. 3 m diameter and 0.9 m depth) are rangement of the walls suggest a rectangular form known, one of them having inside a hearth. An- of the dwellings. Some such structures were pro- other hearth, consisting in an enclosure of stones, vided with clay floors and interior hearths (Dumi- was investigated outside the dwelling. The second 150 Bogdan Petru Niculică, Vasile Budui, Daniela Popescu, Liviu Popescu, Ioan Ignat dwelling had an oval shape (3.5x5.5 m); floors model (Pl. 3: 1–4), it results that the prehistoric seem to have been daubed (Swieszników 1967: inhabitance of Adâncata was favoured by nature, 48, 75; Florescu 1970: 68; Dascălu 2007: 45). the anthropic intervention being modeled and ad- The dwellings in the eponymous settlement justed to these conditions. Nature provided the fa- of the Komariv culture (in the older specialized vorable framework, through the existence of good literature about 20 dwellings are known), have the life condition and a partial natural protection, as- surfaces of approximately rectangular shape (4x5 sured ab initio; the establishment of the Komariv m), some of which include interior hearths. They community on a plateau delimited by the abrupt consisted in one room and, like in the case of the versants of two brooks suggest the maximum ca- dwellings of Borleşti and Siliştea (of the Costişa pacity/ability to use the local topography, conse- culture), they were built on a stone foundation, the quently the anthropic impact would be slightly floor being made of clay (Swieszników 1967: 49; lower, at least from the perspective of the effort of Berezanskaja 1971: 356; Dascălu 2007: 45). fortifying the settlement. Thus, base of the analysis and reporting of The easy access to various local resources the data obtained for the settlement of Adâncata, (sandstone, clay, springs, wood, cherts, even in the case of the discoveries specified above, re- quartzite etc.) and allogenic (flint stone) was be- sulting from Costişa and Komariv cultural envi- nefic for the development of the community, the ronments, we can state (naturally with a certain ceramicware, tombs, dwellings, hearths being degree of probability and without the excess of a created with the help of autochthonous materials / generalization), that the members of these com- resources which also assured the subsistence of in- munities preferred to found their settlements on dividuals (Budui, Niculică 2012: 85). At the same relatively high forms of relief, naturally defended, time, we mention the presence in the barrows of with good visibility of the territory inhabited and stone axes made of magmatic rocks whose source used for subsistence (in certain situations, such are the Eastern Carpathians (Niculică, Budui, as Costişa and Siliştea, possibly also for control- Mareş 2004: 270–271, nr. 3-4, 287, 293–294; ling intra-extra Carpathian commercial routes), Niculică 2006: 121–122). The presence at Adân- with a good capturing of sun light and near water cata of these types of rocks from the Eastern and sources, for reasons easy to understand (protec- Western Carpathians opens the discussion regard- tion, heat, luminosity etc.). In several cases, one ing the ways of access and the commercial ex- can notice the occurrence of anthropic defense changes at a distance. elements (vallum, ditches, possibly palisades and A special discussion is the one pertaining towers), which shall supplement the need of pro- to the petrographic investigations undertaken on tection in front of the potential animal and human the ceramicware of Adâncata. Preliminary ob- incursions. Taking into account the incomplete servations show that the mixture of grains, arti- research of the settlement, it has not been pos- ficially added to the argillaceous matrix is mainly sible to notice so far whether there is a certain formed of quartz granoclasts, siliceous accidents disposition /arrangement of the dwellings inside (cherts), white and black quartzites lithoclasts, the enclosed space. It is sure that regarding the opaque minerals (Pl. 2: 1–6). manner of construction of the dwelling structures, At Adâncata, the Komariv population mas- approximately the same raw materials and tech- sively used siliceous accidents (cherts) and niques were used (taking into account also the quartzite within the technology of processing the resources offered by the environment): possible ceramicware. Before the vessel firing process, stone foundation, wooden structure, wattle lined the chert and quartzite clasts, after they were with a layer of clay mixed with vegetal materi- broken in small fragments (generally < 2.5/3 als, roof of wooden structure and vegetal materi- mm, rarely > 3 mm), were inserted in the ceram- als. Most of the dwellings are surface dwellings ic paste (Pl. 2: 1–6). Their role was to increase or slightly deepened, rectangular or rounded, and the physical-mechanical qualities of the paste, seem to have a single room, with a general surface in order to provide a higher thermal durability of ca. 20-25 sq.m. and strength (Rye 1981; Shepard 1985; Gibbson, From the processing and synthesis of the top- Woods 1990; Flügel 2004: 912; Niculică et alii ographic and geographic data, including in a GIS 2013: 67–68), both during the firing process, and The Komariv (Komarów) settlement of Adâncata-”Sub pădure” 151 later, during the repeated usage within domestic by the occurrence of a steppe and forested-steppe activities. carpet (Donisă 1993: 243; Cârciumaru 1996: 143; As a general conclusion, following the anal- Dumitroaia 2000: 18; Boşcaiu 2001: 33–34). The ysis of a lot of 80 potsherds resulting from the lack of detailed paleozoologic and archeobotanic settlement, we can state that at Adâncata the flint studies, regarding the period of manifestation of was not used as ingredient in the ceramic paste. the Komariv culture in Romania can be replaced Regarding the presence of quartz granoclasts, we by certain general information, useful for the un- should study in the future whether it is related to derstanding of the natural environment in which metamorphic or sedimentary processes. the community of Adâncata evolved. A special attention should be granted to sili- Biogeographic point of view we are in the ceous accidents (cherts) and quartzite discovered central-European province, and the spontaneous in the settlement of Adâncata. Usually they are vegetation under which soils evolved was rep- encountered along the valleys of the Carpathian resented by woods of pedunculate oak (Quercus Rivers, crossing Suceava Plateau and in the East- robur), sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and beech ern Carpathians (Cotoi, Grasu 2000: 36, 83–84; (Fagus sylvatica), mixed to other wooden essenc- Boghian et alii 2004: 142–144; Juravle 2007; es (silver lime-Tilia tomentosa, small-leaved lime Boghian, Niculică, Budui 2012: 278–279). From – Tilia cordata; hornbeam – Carpinus betulus), our point of view, in this case, cherts and quartz- which were considered to have been present to a ite can be considered as autochthonous sources of lower proportion (Călinescu 1969: 77; Niculică, raw materials, their procurement by the members Budui 2005: 308). Pedological analyses under- of the community of Adâncata being easy. taken in the barrows and the area surrounding the We should also notice the presence of an im- cemetery showed there are proofs of the presence, portant allogenic element – flint (present at Adân- in the past, of wooden vegetation, verified through cata in the form of arrowheads of the type with the existence of vegetal neo-formations in the soil concave base, of blades, scrapers, flakes, cores); profile (cornevine) (Niculică, Budui 2005: 308). this raw material could be brought in the form of Regarding the space occupied by the Bronze Age pebble from rather large distances (more than 100 inhabitants, pedological studies showed that soils km), of the area of the valleys of Prut and Dniester typical for the Adâncata plateau are typical whit- and of the affluent rivers, such outcrops used in ish and stagnic luvosols, soils that evolved under prehistory being known, in the specialized litera- the forest vegetation, slightly and moderately ture (Ionesi, Ionesi 1982; Ionesi L. 1994; Boghian humiferous. Their profile is well developed and 2009: 120–122; Boghian, Niculică, Budui 2012: carbonates are washed in depth (Budui, Niculică 279–280 and notes 29–32 with the literature re- 2012). Secondarily, preluvosols and eutricambo- garding the resources of flint stone in the north- sols also occur, on more sloped lands surrounding eastern Carpathian space). the site. Regarding the Komariv settlement, the Local rocks, such as Sarmatic sandstone, moderately acid luvosoil allowed the ceramic ma- were used for creating the stone ring and the cen- terials (thermally processed) resist relatively well tral tomb of barrow 2 within the cemetery on the to the alteration induced by the soil throughout the “Imaş” (Niculică, Budui 2005: 310), and also time. for the construction of hearths or the creation of Current specific vegetation is represented by querns, as indicated by the finds of the settlement. the forested layer formed of beech (Fagus silvati- The Bronze Age inhabitants of Adâncata also ca), sessile oak (Quercus petraea) and pedunculate valorized the meadows with rich flora and fauna oak (Quercus robur). Species of common horn- of Siret (4 km E) and Suceava (10 km S) rivers, beam (Carpinus betulus), small-leaved lime (Tilia which completed the resources specific to the cen- cordata), wild cherry (Prunus avium ssp. avium), tral part of Suceava Plateau, existing approximate- field maple (Acer campestre) and so on are also ly at mid-Subboreal (ca. 3000-1000 BC). During spread. Meadows are formed of associations of this period, on the territory of Romania, in the Volga fescue (Festuca valesiaca), common mead- hilly areas, there took place the phase of the horn- ow-grass (Poa pratensis), crested wheatgrass (Ag- beam, and in the mountain regions the phase of ropyron cristatum), yellow bluestern grass (Both- the spruce, the Subboreal being characterized also riochloa ischaemum) and so on. 152 Bogdan Petru Niculică, Vasile Budui, Daniela Popescu, Liviu Popescu, Ioan Ignat

In this context, we should specify the fact that were also used during the time when the Komariv regarding the territory of Romania, no wooden re- settlement was functional, the easy access to the mains resulting from sites of the Komariv type water source being decisive in choosing the loca- were analyzed that would suggest certain ele- tion of a settlement. ments of paleo-environment. The only exception The community of Adâncata provided poster- is represented by the data obtained for the forti- ity numerous traces which allow the recreation of fied site of Costişa (Neamţ co.) (Costişa culture), aspects pertaining to daily life, social life (includ- which were very kindly made available to us by ing from the perspective of social energy, if we Anca Popescu PhD (“Vasile Pârvan” Institute of think of the arrangement of funeral constructions, Archaeology in Bucharest). In this case, carbon- some of them being large complex structures). ized archaeological wood results from oak tree – At Adâncata, people of the Bronze Age created Quercus). We should note that traces of oak were a habitat model, a small universe, composed of also identified in barrow no. 2 of Ivanič (Ivanje) the settlement, the barrow cemetery (for now only (Volin’ region, Ukraine), where it was used for barrows were identified, we do not know whether the construction of the tombs (Makarowicz 2008: there were or not flat tombs) and the land used for 333–352). Oak has been recently identified also the subsistence of the community. Local and al- in the barrow cemetery of Bukivna (Bukówna) logenic resources were exploited according to the (Ivano-Frankivs’k region, Ukraine) (information needs (wood, sandstone, quartzite, chert, flint), kindly provided by prof. P. Makarowicz PhD). creating constructions / dwellings, enclosures, For the site of Nezvys’ko (Ivano-Frankivs’k re- hearths, ceramicware, weapons, tools. gion, Ukraine), it is considered that the dwellings Based on the lithological analysis of the in- had pillars made of this species (Florescu 1970: clusions present in the ceramic paste, resulting 68). In tumulus no. 8 of the cemetery of Komariv from the settlement of Adâncata, the usage of (Ukraine) a box made of oak tree wood was iden- chert and quartzite was demonstrated especial- tified, its dimensions being of 0.20x0.4x0.25 m, ly within coarse pottery. At Adâncata, flint was containing several gold and bronze jewelry items not used as ceramic ingredient, fact that con- (Swieszników 1967: 50, 64; Sulimirski 1968: 108; tradicts the data known so far in the Romanian Berezanskaja 1971: 362). As for beech – Fagus, a specialized literature (Dumitroaia 2000: 151). single mention has been recorded so far: tumu- Certainly, our study cannot be generalized, at lus no. 16 of the cemetery of Komariv (Sulimirski present, to the entire area of Komariv culture. 1968: 109). The data specified above confirm the It is possible that at Adâncata the flint, as al- presence of oak tree, which was used apparently, logenic raw material, might have had a special both for making funeral constructions, and for / higher importance / value, as it was used ex- creating certain domestic objects or which were clusively for tools and weapons (arrowheads, possibly used exclusively in the funeral ritual (the axes, scrapers, blades). It is possible that being case of the oak wood box in tumulus no. 8 of Ko- difficult to obtain, the flint was “protected”, and mariv). We can consequently assume that in the in this situation the choice of chert and quartzite area of the settlement of Adâncata there also was was a natural one, considering the easiness in existed an oaks forest (mixed with hornbeam), the providing it to the community. absolute altitude of the area being of about 400 m We don’t know, until now, what kind of rela- and the climatic context thermally moderate and tions they might have with other Komariv settle- more arid (Donisă 1993: 243; Davidescu 1999: ments of the studied area. Equally, we cannot ap- 74–75) being favorable to the development of this preciate whether the barrow cemetery of Adâncata forested-steppe landscape at the chronological was used by one or several settlements; in the area level of Middle Bronze Age. of Adâncata we know five archaeological sites: As for the local resources of the community Adâncata-“Dealul Lipovanului” (Andronic et of Adâncata, we should mention the fact that now- alii 2004: 155, nr. 180; Niculică 2006: 46, nr. 3), adays one can noticed at the base of the plateau Adâncata-“Pleşa” (Andronic et alii 2004: 156, nr. where the settlement is located, several springs 184), Călugăreni-“Grădini” (Andronic et alii 2004: of a minor interest, being used only by the ani- 158, nr. 190; Niculică 2006: 50–51, nr. 13), Feteşti- mal breeders of the area. Probably such springs “La Schit” (Andronic et alii 2004: 159–160, nr. The Komariv (Komarów) settlement of Adâncata-”Sub pădure” 153

195; Niculică 2006: 52–53, nr. 18), Feteşti-“La Ste- All these preliminary data presented in this jari” (Andronic et alii 2004: 161, nr. 197; Niculică study shall have to be completed by new archaeo- 2006: 53, nr. 19). Discussing based on the typologi- logical excavations and other interdisciplinary in- cal analysis of the ceramicware and ornamentation vestigations (palinologic, anthracologic, detailed (unfortunately rather rarely encountered in the ceramic analyses etc.), which shall provide more settlement), we appreciate, as general, preliminary detailed data on the complexity of the Bronze Age dating, that the finds of the settlement of the point habitat and shall point out and outline the ampli- “Sub Pădure”, as well as those of the cemetery on tude of the anthropic impact on the natural envi- “Imaş” belong to the middle development period ronment in old times, impact which resulted and of the Komariv culture (approximately the 18th – was shaped according to the “offer of nature” of 16th/15th centuries), while further details might be those times. possible according to new discoveries.

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Bogdan Petru Niculică, PhD, Museum of Bucovine, Suceava, archeologist; e-mail: [email protected]

Vasile Budui, PhD, “Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, lecturer; e-mail: [email protected]

Daniela Popescu, PhD, ”Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, associate professor; e-mail: [email protected]

Liviu Popescu, PhD, ”Ştefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, associate professor; e-mail: [email protected]

Ioan Ignat, PhD, “Gheorghe Popovici” Secondary School of Lozna, Botoşani county, teacher; e-mail: [email protected]